'  • 


MACMILLAN'S  LATIN  SERIES 


EDITED   BY 

JOHN   COPELAND   KIRTLAND,  JR. 

Professor  of  Latin  in    The  Phillips  Exeter  Academy 


MACMILLAJSTS  LATIN  SERIES 

CORNELIUS  NEPOS:  TWENTY  LIVES.  Edited  by  J.  E. 
BARSS,  Hotchkiss  School.  90  cents. 

THE  POEMS  OF  OVID:  SELECTIONS.  Edited  by  C.  W. 
BAIN,  South  Carolina  College.  $>i.io. 

MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO:  TEN  ORATIONS,  WITH  THE 
LETTERS  TO  HIS  WIFE.  Edited  by  R.  A.  VON  MINCKWITZ, 
De  Witt  Clinton  High  School,  New  York  City. 

CAESAR:  THE  GALLIC  WAR.  Edited  by  A.  L.  HODGES, 
Wadleigh  High  School,  New  York  City. 

VERGIL:  THE  AENEID.  Edited  by  D.  O.  S.  LOWELL  and 
C.  W.  GLEASON,  Roxbury  Latin  School. 

SALLUST :  THE  CATILINE.  Edited  by  J.  C.  KIRTLAND,  JR., 
Phillips  Exeter  Academy. 


MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO 


fHarmtllan's  ILatm  Series 

MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO 

TEN   ORATIONS 

WITH  THE  LETTERS  TO  HIS  WIFE 


EDITED    BY 


RICHARD   ALEXANDER  VON  MINCKWITZ 

INSTRUCTOR   IN   LATIN    IN  THE   DE   WITT   CLINTON 
HIGH    SCHOOL,   NEW   YORK   CITY 


THE    MACMILLAN    COMPANY 

LONDON  :  MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  LTD. 
1903 

All  rights  reserved 


COPYRIGHT,    1903, 
BY   THE    MACMILLAN    COMPANY. 


Set  up,  electrotyped,  and  published  May,  1903. 


Xortoooti 

3.  8.  Cuihing  *  Co.  —  Berwick  fc  Smith  Co. 
Norwood,  Man.,  U.S.A. 


TO 

Ejje  f&otu  3,  F.  C.  Barnes 

THIS   BOOK 
IS   GRATEFULLY   INSCRIBED 


PREFACE 

IN  preparing  this  book  the  editor  has  aimed  to  help 
the  student  to  accomplish  intelligently  the  work  in 
Cicero  required  for  admission  to  college ;  to  give  him 
some  insight  into  the  history,  institutions,  and  language 
of  the  Romans ;  and  to  awaken  in  him  some  apprecia- 
tion of  Roman  life  and  Roman  ways  of  thinking.  The 
special  needs  of  the  high  school  student  have  been  kept 
in  view  throughout.  Latin  and  Greek  authors  are 
quoted  in  their  vernacular  only  when  the  passage  is 
comparatively  simple  in  both  form  and  content,  and  an 
attempt  has  been  made  to  present  only  knowledge  that 
will  be  of  value  either  in  explaining  the  text  or  in 
stimulating  thought  and  interest. 

The  notes  and  vocabulary  are  the  result  of  many 
years  of  class-room  experience.  The  notes  represent 
to  some  extent  the  need  of  explanation  as  shown  by 
the  questions  of  students  in  their  daily  recitations ; 
the  vocabulary  gives,  besides  the  derivation  and  the 
primitive  meaning  of  the  words,  such  English  equiva- 
lents as  indicate  various  uses  in  the  text.  It  has  not 
seemed  wise  to  attempt  to  supply  a  rendering  of  the 
word  in  its  setting  in  every  passage ;  vocabularies  of 
this  sort  leave  no  room  for  real  exercise  in  the  art 
of  translation.  The  word-groups  will,  it  is  hoped, 
prove  a  means  of  enlarging  the  pupil's  vocabulary  and 
of  increasing  his  knowledge  of  Latin  etymology. 

The  chronological  order  of  the  orations  has  been 
sacrificed  from  considerations  of  expediency.  The  four 


vni  PREFACE 

Catilinarian  orations,  which  are  read  first  in  most  schools, 
are  placed  first.  A  further  reason  for  this  arrangement 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  the  entrance  requirements  of 
many  colleges  call  for  special  care  and  thoroughness  in 
the  study  of  the  Catilinarian  orations,  thus  rendering 
it  advisable  that  they  be  annotated  with  great  fulness. 

Following  the  example  of  a  standard  German  edition, 
the  rhetorical  emphasis  has  been  indicated  in  the  text 
of  the  first  oration  by  the  use  of  italic  type  for  words 
made  emphatic  by  position  or  antithesis.  This  feature 
should  prove  helpful  in  teaching  students  to  read  Latin 
aloud  with  expression ;  and  the  ability  to  do  that  is  not 
only  valuable  in  itself,  but  also  of  great  assistance  in 
the  intelligent  appreciation  of  that  which  is  read. 

The  text  of  this  edition  is  that  of  C.  F.  W.  Mueller, 
with  such  changes  in  orthography  and  punctuation  as 
were  necessary  to  bring  it  into  accord  with  the  plan  of 
Macmillan's  Latin  Series.  Lewis'  Elementary  Latin 
Dictionary  has  been  used  as  the  standard  for  etymol- 
ogy, orthography,  and  the  quantity  of  vowels,  except 
in  cases  where  error  was  evident. 

Sincerest  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  J.  C.  Kirtland,  Jr., 
the  chief  editor  of  this  series  of  Latin  text-books,  for 
most  valuable  suggestions  given,  efficient  help  rendered, 
and  unremitting  efforts  made  to  promote  in  every  way 
the  success  of  this  edition. 

Acknowledgment  is  made  to  Dr.  John  T.  Buchanan, 
Principal  of  the  De  Witt  Clinton  High  School,  for 
many  valuable  criticisms  and  practical  suggestions. 


RICHARD  A.  v.  MINCKWITZ. 


NEW  YORK  CITY, 
May  i,  1903. 


CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION  PACK 

MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO       .        .        .        .        .        .  i 

TEN  ORATIONS  OF  CICERO 21 

THE  LETTERS  OF  CICERO 43 

THE  ROMAN  CONSTITUTION 46 

BOOKS  FOR  REFERENCE  AND  READING  .        .        -65 

TEXT 

ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  PRIMA 69 

ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  SECUNDA 84 

ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  TERTIA      .        ...        .        .97 

ORATIO  IN  CATILINAM  QUARTA in 

-   DE  IMPERIO  POMPEI  ORATIO 123 

PRO  ARCHIA  POETA  ORATIO 151 

PRO  MILONE  ORATIO 164 

IN  ANTONIUM  ORATIO  PHILIPPICA  QUARTA  DECIMA     .  203 

SIGHT-READING 

PRO  MARCELLO  ORATIO 219 

PRO  LIGARIO  ORATIO 231 

EPISTULAE  AD  TERENTIAM  UXOREM      ....  246 

NOTES 263 

WORD-GROUPS 383 

VOCABULARY 409 


MAPS   AND    ILLUSTRATIONS 

MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO Frontispiece 

PAGE 

MAP  OF  ROME Before  i 

INSIGNIA  OF  THE  PONTIFICATE 70 

MARIUS 71 

THE  TEMPLE  OF  JUPITER  STATOR  (RESTORATION)     .        .  73 

THE  FORUM  AND  ITS  SURROUNDINGS 75 

THE  SCENE  IN  THE  SENATE 77 

REMAINS  OF  WALL  OF  ROME 78 

THE  FORUM Facing  84 

A  COOK-SHOP 85 

MILITARY  STANDARDS 88 

A  LlCTOR  AND  THE  FASCES 89 

AN  ORATOR  IN  THE  TOGA 93 

GLADIATORS 95 

THE  MULVIAN  BRIDGE 98 

COIN  OF  CINNA 100 

SIGNET-RINGS 101 

WRITING-MATERIALS 102 

THE  TEMPLE  OF  JUPITER  CAPITOLINUS       .        .        .        .106 

THE  TEMPLE  OF  CONCORD  (RESTORATION)          .        .        .  107 

SELLA  CURULIS in 

A  VESTAL  VIRGIN 116 

THE  TEMPLE  OF  VESTA  (RESTORATION)      .        .        .        .120 

PERSEUS 121 

THE  TULLIANUM    .  122 


xii  ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

BEAK  OF  A  SHIP 123 

RESTORATION  OF  HALF  OF  THE  ROSTRA     .        .        .        .124 

COIN  OF  MlTHRIDATES 125 

POMPEY 127 

LUCULLUS 131 

MEDEA 132 

SULLA 135 

A  SEA  FIGHT        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .  137 

MARCELLUS 141 

FORTUNA 142 

HORTENSIUS 144 

THE  SCIPIO  SARCOPHAGUS  AND  BUST  OF  ENNIUS        .        -159 

SCIPIO  AFRICANUS  MAJOR Facing  160 

ANCIENT  BOOKS 162 

THE  APPIAN  WAY Facing  168 

CATO  UTICENSIS 170 

JUNO  OF  LANUVIUM 174 

A  ROMAN  GARDEN 187 

BONA  DEA 195 

A  WAX  MASK 196 

ROMAN  MOURNING 197 

ANTONY 204 

HANNIBAL 205 

A  SHRINE  WITH  HOUSEHOLD  GODS 207 

AUGUR 209 

OCTAVIANUS Facing  212 

JULIUS  CAESAR Facing  222 


MARCUS   TULLIUS    CICERO 


INTRODUCTION 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO 

His  Place  in  History.  —  In  the  long  list  of  illustrious  citizens 
of  republican  Rome,  the  name  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero 
holds  a  place  second  only  to  that  of  Julius  Caesar.  Unaided 
by  the  accidents  of  birth,  wealth,  or  influence,  by  mere  force 
of  natural  talent  and  unceasing  industry,  he  made  himself, 
in  an  age  of  great  men,  a  power  in  the  Roman  state,  an  orator 
with  but  one  superior  in  history,  and  the  greatest  master  of  the 
Latin  language.  The  most  modern  of  the  ancients,  he  is  still 
a  living  influence  in  thought  and  speech. 

The  Story  of  his  Life.  —  Cicero  was  born  January  3,  106  B.C.,  Birth, 
on  his  father's  estate  near  Arpinum,  a  little  mountain  town  of 
the  Volsci  possessing  the  full  Roman  franchise  and  noted  as 
the  birthplace  of  the  great  Marius.  His  father  came  of  an 
old  equestrian  family.  His  mother  Helvia,  according  to  Plu- 
tarch, belonged  to  the  nobility. 

Of  Cicero's  childhood  little  is  known.  None  of  his  family 
had  ever  taken  any  part  in  Roman  official  life,  but  his  father,  a 
man  of  cultivated  tastes  and  means  sufficient  to  gratify  them, 
seems  to  have  been  ambitious  for  his  sons.  At  an  early  age 
Marcus  and  his  younger  brother  Quintus  were  taken  to  Rome  Education, 
on  account  of  the  superior  educational  advantages  to  be  found 
there.  Young  Cicero  was  most  fortunate  in  his  advisers  and 
instructors,  among  whom  from  first  to  last  we  find  such  noted 
names  as  Archias,1  the  poet ;  Molo  of  Rhodes,  the  rhetorician ; 
the  Scaevolae,  jurists ;  Crassus  and  Antonius,  the  orators ; 

1  See  pp.  32,  33. 

B  I 


INTRODUCTION 


Period  of  the 
First  Civil 
War. 


First  appear- 
ance as  an 
advocate. 
81  B.C. 


Roscius  and  Aesopus,  the  actors ;  and  the  philosophers  Philo 
the  Academic,  Phaedrus  the  Epicurean,  Diodotus  the  Stoic. 
At  sixteen  he  received  the  toga  virilis ;  and  at  eighteen  he 
acquired  that  experience  of  military  affairs  which  was  deemed 
an  indispensable  part  of  Roman  education,  by  serving  during 
a  short  campaign  in  the  Social  War  under  Pompeius  Strabo, 
father  of  Pompey  the  Great. 

He  was  neither  old  enough  nor  of  sufficient  prominence  to 
attract  attention  during  the  Sullan-Marian  conflict,  in  which 
public  men  generally  paid  for  their  opinions  with  liberty  or  life. 
Thus  perished  the  orators  Sulpicius,  Antonius,  and  Catulus,  while 
Cotta  was  exiled,  and  Hortensius  was  placed  for  a  time  at  least 
under  the  ban  of  silence.  Amidst  such  scenes  of  disorder, 
Cicero  pursued  his  studies  with  unflagging  industry.  He  spent 
much  time  in  making  metrical  translations  from  the  Greek  and 
in  composing  poems  and  orations,  sparing  no  effort  to  perfect 
his  style.  He  attended  the  theaters  to  study  gesture  and 
expression,  and  haunted  the  law-courts  in  the  Forum,  carefully 
observing  legal  procedure. 

In  8 1  B.C.  Sulla  had  succeeded  in  establishing  the  oligarchy, 
and  order  reigned  once  more.  During  this  year  Cicero,  now 
twenty-five  years  of  age,  entered  upon  his  career  as  an  advo- 
cate. From  the  first  he  acquitted  himself  with  credit ;  and 
in  the  second  year  of  his  practice,  the  magnificent  courage 
and  skill  with  which  he  conducted  his  successful  defense  of 
Sextus  Roscius  —  nefariously  accused  of  parricide  by  Chryso- 
gonus,  a  creature  of  Sulla  —  established  his  standing  at  the 
bar,  and  laid  the  foundations  for  much  of  his  subsequent 
political  popularity.  In  the  following  year  he  again  defied 
the  dictator  by  defending  a  woman  whose  right  to  engage 
in  a  suit  before  a  Roman  court  was  jeopardized  by  a  Sullan 
enactment.  But  soon  after,  either  on  account  of  failing  health 
or  fear  of  Sulla,  Cicero  with  his  brother  Quintus  left  Rome  for 
Athens. 

He  spent  two  delightful  years  of  study  and  travel  in  Greece 


MARCUS   TULLIUS    CICERO  3 

and  Asia  Minor.     From  his  stay  in  Athens  dates  his  intimacy  Foreign 
with  his  lifelong  friend  Titus  Pomponius  Atticus.      He  visited         * 


the  most  prominent  philosophers  and  rhetoricians,  and  placed 
himself  under  the  instruction  of  some  of  them,  among  others 
his  old  teacher  Apollonius  Molo,  then  living  at  Rhodes.  Of 
the  result  of  this  two  years'  absence  he  wrote  :  "  I  returned 
home  not  only  a  more  practised  rhetorician,  but  almost  a 
changed  man.  The  overstraining  of  my  voice  had  abated,  my 
style  had  lost  its  frothiness,  my  lungs  had  grown  stronger,  and 
my  bodily  frame  was  moderately  filled  out."  Sulla  was  now 
dead,  and  Cicero  resumed  the  practice  of  law.  In  the  same 
year  he  married,  his  wife  Terentia  being  presumably  of  a  noble 
family  and  possessed  of  a  considerable  fortune. 

At  the  earliest  legal  age,  thirty-one  years,  Cicero  became   Beginning  of 
quaestor.    The  duties  of  his  office  called  him  to  the  administra-   career* 
tion  of  the  western  portion  of  the  province  of  Sicily,  where  he  ?e  B-c- 
displayed  such  ability,  honesty,  and  disinterestedness  that  he 
carried  away  with  him  the  good-will  of  the  entire  island.     With 
his  election  to  the  quaestorship,  the  first  step  in  the   cursus 
hononim,  his  political  career  begins.     Much  of  his  work  as  an 
advocate,  however,  had  had  political  significance,  and  the  pro- 
fession itself  was  a  recognized  road  to  honor  and  influence  in 
the  state.      He  was  now  entitled  to  a  seat  for  life  in  the  senate. 

There  were  at  this  time  four  active  influences  in  the  Roman  political 
state.  (i)  The  oligarchy  (optimates)  ,  or  senatorial  party,  influen 
was  the  supreme  political  power  under  the  Sullan  constitu- 
tion. It  was  composed  of  the  hereditary  nobility,  the  office- 
holding  class,  and  was  rarely  invaded  by  a  homo  novits. 
(2)  The  democrats  {populares},  the  remnant  of  the  Marian 
party,  embraced  the  masses  of  the  people.  In  its  ranks  the 
power  of  Julius  Caesar  was  beginning  to  be  felt.  (3)  The 
knights  (equites),  the  commercial  and  moneyed  class,  con- 
trolled the  extensive  business  interests  of  Italy  and  the  prov- 
inces. This  was  an  order,  not  a  political  party,  although  it 
had  great  political  influence.  Its  leader  was  the  rich  noble, 


4  INTRODUCTION 

M.  Licinius  Crassus.  (4)  The  army,  which  since  the  time  of 
Marius  was  fast  becoming  a  mercenary  soldiery,  was  a  new  force 
to  be  reckoned  with.  In  this  Cn.  Pompey  already  reigned  un- 
questioned. 

When  Pompey  returned  from  his  victorious  Spanish  campaign 
in  71  B.C.,  he  became  estranged  from  the  senatorial  party,  which 
he  had  previously  supported.  Thereupon  a  coalition  of  the 
democrats  and  knights,  both  of  whom  were  opposed  to  the 
dominant  party,  was  formed  with  Pompey  as  its  leader.  The 
measures  of  the  opposition  were  successful.  Pompey  secured 
the  triumph  which  the  senate  had  jealously  refused  him,  and 
with  Crassus  as  colleague  was  elected  consul  for  the  ensuing 
year.  The  privilege  of  initiating  legislation  was  restored  to  the 
tribunes  of  the  people.  The  knights  were  reinstated  upon  the 
benches  of  the  indicia,  side  by  side  with  the  senators.  In  this 
organized  attack  upon  the  Sullan  constitution  Cicero  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  knights,  and  Pompey  became  henceforth  his 
political  chief. 

The  fortunate  circumstance  of  Cicero's  popularity  in  Sicily 
enabled  him  to  strike  a  forceful  blow  for  the  party  of  opposition. 
Gaius  Verres,  governor  of  Sicily,  whose  name  remains  to  this 
day  a  synonym  for  official  cruelty  and  rapacity,  had  been  guilty 
during  his  administration  of  every  crime  which  lust  and  avarice 
could  suggest.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office,  which 
had  been  prolonged  to  three  years,  he  was  impeached  by  the 
Sicilians  on  a  charge  of  malversation.  They  placed  their  case 
in  Cicero's  hands.  Verres,  on  account  of  his  powerful  connec- 
tions in  the  senate,  could  safely  count  upon  the  assistance  of 
the  government,  while  his  ill-gotten  gains  gave  him  unlimited 
means  for  bribery.  "The  first  year  in  my  province,"  he 
said,  "gave  me  money  enough  for  myself;  the  second,  for 
my  friends ;  the  third,  for  my  judges."  The  great  advocate 
and  orator  Q.  Hortensius  Hortalus  undertook  his  defense,  and 
Verres  entertained  little  fear  as  to  the  outcome.  All  the  usual 
delays  and  evasions,  however,  were  foiled  by  Cicero's  alertness. 


MARCUS   TULLIUS   CICERO  5 

When  the  case  was  actually  brought  to  trial,  the  mass  of 
evidence  presented  by  Cicero  was  so  overwhelming,  the  lash  of 
his  invective  so  terrible,  that  Verres,  realizing  that  no  jury  would 
dare  acquit  him,  withdrew  from  the  trial  by  the  advice  of  Hor- 
tensius  and  went  into  voluntary  exile.  Cicero  published  as  a 
political  document  the  speeches  against  Verres,  including  those 
which  had  not  been  delivered.  The  condition  of  affairs  there 
disclosed  was  so  appalling  that  public  opinion  demanded  the 
restoration  of  the  knights  to  the  benches  of  the  iudicia  as  a 
check  upon -the  evils  of  provincial  administration.  The  su- 
premacy of  Hortensius  was  broken,  and  thenceforth  Cicero 
was  acknowledged  to  be  the  foremost  advocate  of  Rome. 

In  the  course  of  his  busy  life  at  the  bar,  however,  Cicero  kept  curuie  aediie 

60  B  C 

his  eyes  fixed  upon  the  official  succession  by  which  alone  he 
could  reach  the  summit  of  his  ambition.  He  was  elected 
curuie  aediie  while  the  action  against  Verres  was  still  undecided, 
attaining  this  office,  as  he  did  all  the  other  magistracies,  at 
the  earliest  age  permitted  by  law.  Three  years  later  he  served 
as  praetor.  While  holding  this  office  he  made  a  bid  for  popular  Praetor, 
favor  and  the  good-will  of  Pompey  by  delivering  in  the  Forum 
the  oration  Pro  Lege  Manilla J  in  support  of  the  law  investing 
Pompey  with  supreme  command  in  the  war  with  Mithridates. 
This  oration  was  his  first  attempt  to  deal  with  matters  purely 
political,  and  it  was  admirably  adapted  to  the  demands  of  the 
occasion.  At  the  close  of  his  praetorship  he  refused  the  lucra- 
tive command  of  a  province  in  order  to  devote  the  next  two 
years  to  his  canvass  for  the  consulship. 

A  political  canvass  at  that  time  was  a  very  complicated  mat-  Elected  cen- 
ter, and  Cicero  made  use  of  every  advantage  the  system  offered. 
He  was  opposed  by  six  candidates,  of  whom  L.  Sergius  Catilina 
and  C.  Antonius  Hybrida  were  very  prominent  and  dangerously 
popular.  Not  since  the  time  of  the  great  Marius  had  a  '  new 
man  '  been  raised  to  the  consulship.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the 
outcome  would  have  been  favorable  to  Cicero,  had  it  not  been 
1  See  pp.  28  ff. 


6  INTRODUCTION 

for  the  alarm  with  which  the  optimates  viewed  Catiline's  increas- 
ing chances  of  success.  As  the  most  promising  candidate  op- 
posed to  him,  Cicero  was  supported  not  only  by  the  knights, 
but  also  by  the  best  men  of  the  senatorial  nobility.  Catiline 
was  defeated,  and  Cicero  was  returned  at  the  head  of  the  poll 
with  Antonius  as  colleague. 

His  consulship  is  distinguished  by  the  suppression  of  the 
Catilinarian  conspiracy,  the  details  of  which  are  recited  in  the 
introductions  to  the  several  orations  against  Catiline l ;  and  by 
the  development  of  his  peculiar  political  policy,  upon  the  adop- 
tion of  which  he  believed  depended  the  perpetuity  of  the 
republic.  He  sought  to  unite  the  senate  and  the  knights  in  a 
common  interest  by  giving  to  each  a  just  share  in  the  govern- 
ment, and  from  this  union  to  form  a  great  conservative  party 
strong  enough  to  resist  such  forces  of  anarchy  and  lawlessness 
as  already  threatened  the  republic  with  dissolution.  A  lover  of 
the  old  constitution,  a  patriot  by  nature,  a  knight  by  birth,  and 
a  senator  by  political  fortune,  Cicero  failed  to  take  into  account 
both  the  increasing  importance  and  importunity  of  the  masses 
of  the  people,  and  the  utter  inadequacy  of  the  constitution  to 
meet  the  altered  conditions  of  national  life. 

Cicero  always  considered  the  crushing  of  the  Catilinarian 
conspiracy  the  greatest  act  of  his  life.  But  in  executing  the 
conspirators  without  due  process  of  law  he  committed  a  political 
blunder  which  entailed  disastrous  results  upon  his  own  fortunes. 
Although  for  the  next  few  years  he  was  seemingly  at  the  height 
of  prosperity,  intimations  of  danger  had  come  as  early  as  the 
close  of  his  consulship.  As  he  was  about  to  deliver  the  custom- 
ary valedictory  to  the  people  upon  leaving  office,  he  was  pre- 
vented by  the  tribune,  Q.  Metellus  Nepos,  who  said,  "  Those 
who  have  put  Roman  citizens  to  death  without  trial  may  not 
themselves  be  heard,"  and  forbade  Cicero  to  do  more  than 
take  the  formal  oath  that  he  had  served  the  state  faithfully. 
"  I  swear,"  said  Cicero  with  his  usual  readiness,  "  that  I  have 

1  See  pp.  21.  ff. 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO  7 

saved  this  city  and  this  state."  "You  speak  true,"  the  assem- 
bly cried,  and  repeated  the  oath  after  him.  But  the  attack  had 
begun,  and  that  too  from  a  quarter  which  justified  the  most 
serious  alarm.  For  Metellus  Nepos  was  scarcely  more  than 
the  tool  of  Pompey,  whose  inordinate  vanity  was  injured  in  that 
the  conspiracy  had  been  crushed  without  his  aid.  The  marked 
coldness  and  restraint  which  he  displayed  toward  Cicero  during 
this  period  increased  the  boldness  of  the  latter's  enemies. 

Then  came  the  unfortunate  affair  with  P.  Clodius  Pulcher.   ciodius. 
That  profligate  scion  of  a  noble  house  was  detected  while  pro-  6 
faning  with  his  presence  the  celebration  of  the  mysteries  of  the 
Bona  Dea,  from  which  all  men  were  most  rigorously  excluded. 
The  offense  was  of  so  sacrilegious  a  nature  that  he  was  brought 
to  trial  by  a  special  decree  of  the  senate.     His  defense  sought 
to  establish  an  alibi,  which  was  overthrown  by  Cicero's  testi- 
mony.    The  jury  was  bribed  and  Clodius  was  acquitted,  but 
thenceforward  he  was  Cicero's  unrelenting  enemy. 

In  the  year  60  B.C.  Caesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus  formed  the  The  First 
coalition  known  as  the  first  triumvirate.  Overtures  were  made 
to  Cicero  to  join  them,  but  he  had  no  sympathy  with  their 
unlawful  ambitions,  and  preferred  to  retain  his  independence. 
The  power  of  the  senatorial  party  was  now  finally  broken. 
Caesar  was  elected  consul  and  later  secured  the  two  Gallic 
provinces  for  a  term  of  five  years.  Pompey's  acts  in  Asia  were 
ratified,  and  the  agrarian  law  which  settled  his  Asiatic  veterans 
in  Campania  was  passed.  Cicero  refused  to  serve  on  the 
commission  to  allot  the  Campanian  lands,  thus  offending  both 
the  mob  and  the  triumvirs.  His  enemies  were  now  in  the 
ascendency.  Against  him  were  arrayed  the  friends  of  Crassus 
among  the  knights,  the  friends  of  Catiline  and  Clodius  among 
the  nobility,  the  mass  of  the  populares,  and  the  three  who  stood 
at  the  head  of  the  state. 

Clodius,  who  by  means  of  his  adoption  into  a  plebeian  family 
had  secured  the  tribuneship,  seized  the  opportunity  presented, 
and  proposed  in  58  B.C.  that  whoever  had  put  to  death  a  58  B.C. 


8  INTRODUCTION 

Roman  citizen  without  trial  should  be  outlawed.  His  meaning 
was  evident.  Cicero  and  his  friends  —  twenty  thousand  citi- 
zens, he  tells  us — arrayed  themselves  in  mourning  and  appealed 
to  the  compassion  of  the  people.  The  majority  of  the  knights 
stood  by  him,  and  the  senate  passed  a  decree  requiring  its 
members  to  lay  aside  the  dress  of  the  order,  as  was  done  in 
times  of  public  calamity.  This  decree,  however,  was  annulled 
by  the  consul,  and  the  friendly  knights  were  assaulted  by  gangs 
of  roughs  employed  by  Clodius.  But  behind  all  these  outrages 
and  more  ominous  than  all  was  the  approving  silence  of  the 
triumvirs.  Caesar,  it  is  true,  had  endeavored  to  win  Cicero  to 
his  side  by  offering  him  the  protection  of  a  position  on  the 
Campanian  land  commission,  and  again  a  lieutenancy  in  Gaul. 
But  Cicero  had  rejected  these  advances,  and  Caesar  had 
abandoned  him  to  his  fate.  Having  sought  protection  in  vain 
from  the  consuls  and  from  Pompey,  Cicero  was  reduced  to  the 
alternative  of  armed  resistance  or  voluntary  exile,  and  chose 
the  latter.  Upon  his  withdrawal,  a  bill  was  carried  by  Clodius 
exiling  him  by  name  and  enacting  that  no  one  should  harbor 
him  within  four  hundred  miles  of  Rome.  In  despite  of  this,  he 
was  treated  with  the  utmost  consideration  throughout  the  course 
of  his  flight.  He  reached  Thessalonica,  the  city  of  his  exile, 
May  23,  58  B.C. 

There  he  remained  for  six  months,  and  then  went  to  Dyrra- 
chium  to  be  nearer  Italy.  No  admirer  of  Cicero  can  fail  to 
regret  the  utter  abandonment  to  grief  and  despair  disclosed  by 
his  correspondence  of  this  period.  He  betrays  not  a  trace  of 
Roman  fortitude,  but  bewails  constantly,  now  his  cowardice  in 
not  resisting  Clodius  or  taking  his  own  life,  now  the  baseness  of 
Pompey,  now  the  jealousy  and  ingratitude  of  those  whom  he 
had  thought  his  friends.  The  resources  of  literary  pursuits,  the 
love  of  his  family,  the  kindness  of  his  friends,  the  approval  of 
his  conscience  afford  him  no  consolation.  Only  the  hope  of 
recall  enables  him  to  accept  life  on  any  terms.  Fortunately 
the  reaction  in  his  favor  had  set  in  very  quickly.  His  return 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO  9 

was  being  constantly  agitated  in  Rome.  Caesar,  who  had  never 
been  actively  unkind,  was  in  Gaul.  Pompey  had  become 
estranged  from  Clodius,  and  accordingly  used  his  influence  for 
Cicero.  The  knights  and  the  senate  were  generally  urgent  in 
his  behalf.  The  elections  of  the  year  were  favorable  to  him, 
and  on  January  i,  57  B.C.,  the  revocation  of  the  decree  of 
banishment  was  proposed  by  the  consul  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus. 
But  it  was  not  until  August  4th,  after  many  scenes  of  riot  and 
bloodshed,  —  for  the  partizans  of  Cicero  had  begun  to  use 
violence  to  meet  the  violence  of  Clodius,  —  that  the  bill  for 
Cicero's  recall  was  passed  in  the  assembly  of  the  people.  Cicero 
reached  Rome  September  4th.  His  homeward  journey  had 
been  one  continual  ovation.  All  Italy  put  on  gala  attire  to  wel- 
come the  returning  exile.  When  he  reached  Rome  the  "  entire 
population "  flocked  to  the  gates  to  greet  him.  His  ride 
through  the  streets  to  the  Capitol  was  a  triumphal  procession 
which  the  mightiest  imperator  might  have  envied  him.  "This 
day,"  he  writes,  "was  to  me  like  immortality." 

Cicero  had  been  absent  about  a  year  and  a  half.  He  re- 
turned amidst  most  flattering  evidences  of  popularity.  He  took 
at  once  his  old  place  in  the  senate,  delivering  there  and  in  the 
Forum  very  elaborate  speeches  of  thanks  for  his  recall.  His 
property  was  restored  to  him,  and  his  magnificent  home  on  the 
Palatine  was  rebuilt  at  public  expense.  But  his  real  power  was  waning  of 
gone.  His  prestige  had  suffered  an  irreparable  loss.  He  still 
conducted  important  cases  and  won  them  as  before  ;  his  great 
talents  as  a  speaker,  a  molder  of  public  opinion,  were  still 
called  into  play.  But  it  was  at  the  behest  of  others.  He 
proposed  the  bill  giving  Pompey  control  for  five  years  over 
the  provincial  grain  markets.  He  delivered  an  oration  upon 
the  life  and  services  of  Caesar  —  his  recantation,  he  calls  it  — 
in  support  of  the  bill  for  the  extension  of  Caesar's  procon- 
sular authority  in  Gaul.  He  even  defended  Vatinius  and 
Gabinius,  the  one  a  creature  of  Caesar,  the  other  of  Pompey, 
both  of  whom  treated  him  so  shamefully  and  were  so  despi- 


IO 


INTRODUCTION 


Caesar  and 
Cicero. 


Growing 
interest  in 
literature. 


Appointed 
augur. 
53  B.C. 


cable  in  character  that  five  years  later  Cicero  wrote,  "  I  cannot 
see  them  in  the  senate  house  without  pain,  or  associate  with 
them  without  disgrace." 

Caesar  meanwhile  never  faltered  in  his  determination  to 
make  the  orator  his  friend.  He  treated  him  always  with  the 
most  unfailing  courtesy  and  delicate  consideration.  Cicero 
could  not  prefer  a  request  which  Caesar  did  not  immediately 
grant.  He  was  lavish  in  his  favors  to  Quintus  Cicero,  to  whom 
at  his  brother's  petition  he  had  given  a  command  in  Gaul,  and 
whose  stubborn  courage  against  tremendous  odds  was  destined 
one  day  to  save  Caesar's  province  for  him.  Under  such  kind- 
ness Cicero's  reserve  melted,  and  he  wrote  to  his  brother 
Quintus,  "  I  have  taken  Caesar  to  my  bosom  and  will  never  let 
him  go " ;  and  to  Atticus,  "  The  delightful  friendship  with 
Caesar  is  the  one  plank  saved  from  my  shipwreck  which  gives 
me  real  pleasure." 

During  these  years,  though  still  busily  occupied  with  his  legal 
practice,  Cicero  was  beginning  to  turn  his  attention  more  and 
more  from  the  affairs  of  state  to  the  delights  of  literature.  In 
the  years  preceding  his  banishment  he  had  written  two  accounts 
of  his  consulship,  one  a  poem,  the  other  in  Greek  prose.  To 
that  period  also  belongs  his  oration  Pro  Arching  which  is  rather 
a  contribution  to  polite  literature  than  a  forensic  argument. 
But  with  his  return  from  exile  and  the  diminution  of  his  politi- 
cal power  began  his  serious  literary  work.  One  of  his  most 
exquisite  productions,  the  De  Oratore,  was  published  in  55  B.C. 
The  De  Re  Publica,  a  philosophical  treatment  of  a  political 
subject  modeled  after  Plato's  Republic,  was  begun  the  following 
year. 

The  next  two  years  brought  to  Cicero  in  turn  a  long-coveted 
honor  and  a  keen  humiliation.  By  the  death  of  Crassus,  killed 
by  the  Parthians  after  the  battle  of  Carrhae,  a  vacancy  was  left 
in  the  college  of  augurs.  This  Cicero  was  chosen  to  fill.  It 
was  a  position  of  great  dignity,  "  the  only  bribe  in  the  posses- 


1  See  pp.  32,  33. 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO  II 

sion  of  the  triumvirs,"  he  had  written  some  years  before,  "  which 
is  worth  consideration."  In  52  B.C.  Cicero's  old  enemy  Clodius  Defense  of 
was  slain  in  the  "  battle  of  Bovillae  "  by  T.  Annius  Milo.  Cicero 
undertook  the  latter's  defense.  His  lamentable  weakness  at 
the  time  of  the  trial  *  inflicted  a  serious  hurt  not  only  upon 
his  vanity  but  also  upon  his  reputation.  From  a  literary  stand- 
point the  Pro  Milone  is  perhaps  the  finest  of  all  his  orations. 

In  5 1  B.C.,  under  the  operation  of  a  new  law  concerning  pro- 
vincial administration,  Cicero  was  compelled  to  assume  the  Governorship 
governorship  of  Cilicia,  a  province  which  had  been  shamefully  °r 
misgoverned  under  his  predecessor,  Appius  Claudius.  To  his 
contemporaries  Cicero's  theory  that  a  province  should  be  gov- 
erned for  the  benefit  of  the  provincials  was  a  startling  heresy, 
which  brought  him  the  undisguised  resentment  of  all  those 
minor  officials  who  under  a  governor  of  the  usual  type  could 
have  hoped  for  a  fair  share  of  the  plunder.  Cicero  permitted 
the  citizens  to  settle  controversies  in  their  own  courts,  reduced 
their  taxes,  stopped  oppression  and  extortion,  subdued  their 
enemies,  the  tribes  of  the  hills,  and  returned  to  Rome  at  the 
close  of  his  year's  administration  carrying  with  him  the  affec- 
tion of  a  grateful  people.  The  title  of  imperator  had  been 
conferred  upon  him  by  his  victorious  legions,  and  a  supplicatio 
was  decreed  him  by  the  senate.  The  triumph  which  he  coveted 
would  probably  have  been  granted,  had  not  events  been  inter- 
rupted by  the  tremendous  upheaval  which  followed  Caesar's 
crossing  of  the  Rubicon  in  49  B.C. 

The  civil  war  placed  Cicero  in  a  most  uncomfortable  posi- 
tion.  It  was  indeed  a  difficult  matter  to  choose  between  Caesar  war. 
and  Pompey.  Having  tried  in  vain  to  act  as  mediator  be- 
tween the  two,  he  finally  after  long  hesitation  and  much  cor- 
respondence gave  his  support  to  Pompey,  believing  that  he 
represented  the  constitutional  party.  And  having  gained  the 
approval  of  his  conscience,  he  writes  with  the  candor  and  sim- 
plicity of  a  child,  "  I  am  pleased  with  myself,  a  feeling  I  have 

1  See  pp.  33  ff. 


12 


INTRODUCTION 


Pharsalus. 
48  B.C. 


Reconcilia- 
tion with 
Caesar. 


Literary 
activity. 


not  had  for  a  long  time."  He  succeeded  in  joining  Pompey, 
but  on  account  of  illness  took  no  part  in  the  battle  of  Pharsalus. 
After  the  issue  of  that  fateful  struggle,  Cicero,  who  had  never 
been  sanguine  as  to  Pompey's  success,  considered  the  cause 
of  the  Pompeians  wholly  lost.  He  went  at  once  to  Brundisium 
to  await  Caesar's  return  and  to  throw  himself  upon  his  mercy. 
The  waiting  was  long  and  anxious.  Caesar  did  not  return  to 
Italy  as  was  expected,  nor  did  he  reply  to  Cicero's  letter  for 
half  a  year.  When  he  did  write,  however,  he  showed  unex- 
ampled kindness,  and  upon  his  return  the  pardon  was  confirmed 
and  the  reconciliation  complete.  During  the  months  that  imme- 
diately followed,  Cicero  seems  to  have  had  firm  faith  that  Caesar 
would  ultimately  reestablish  the  free  republic.  None  were  so 
ready  with  excuses  as  he.  "  Caesar  is  himself  the  slave  of  the 
situation,"  "  From  him  I  see  no  reason  to  fear  anything,"  are 
but  fair  examples  of  the  expressions  with  which  his  letters  teem. 
All  this  while  he  was  the  avenue  by  which  the  exiled  Pom- 
peians approached  the  uncrowned  king  of  Rome,  the  friend 
through  whom  Caesar  delighted  to  extend  his  grace.  But  he 
spent  much  of  his  time  away  from  Rome  and  took  little  part 
in  the  deliberations  of  the  senate,  now  nothing  more  than  an 
advisory  board  to  the  great  dictator.  Three  orations,  the 
Caesarianae,  delivered  before  Caesar  in  behalf  of  adversaries 
of  his,  have  been  preserved  to  us,  Pro  Marcello,1  Pro  Ligario? 
Pro  Rege  Deiotaro.  Though  these  are  marked  by  the  most 
extravagant  eulogy  of  Caesar,  yet  in  such  words  as,  "  Only  by 
restoring  the  state  can  you  achieve  immortality,"  there  is  a  note 
of  patriotic  suggestion  which  enables  us  to  understand  what 
Cicero  meant  when  he  said,  "  In  the  midst  of  my  slavery  I 
preserved  my  dignity." 

Cut  off  almost  entirely  from  the  duties  which  public  service 
entails,  Cicero  found  his  greatest  source  of  comfort  and  con- 
tentment in  the  pleasure  of  literary  production.     From  Septem- 
ber of  47  B.C.  to  the  close  of  the  year  44  B.C.  was  with  him  a 
*  See  pp.  40,  41.  2  See  pp.  42,  43. 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO  13 

period  of  wonderful  intellectual  activity.  To  this  time  belong, 
among  other  works,  the  treatises  De  Claribus  Oratoribus, 
Orator  ad  Brutum,  De  Finibus  Bonorum  et  Malorum, 
Academica,  Tusculanae  Disputationes,  De  Natura  Deorum, 
De  Senectute,  De  Amicitia,  De  Officiis. 

It  was  during  the  year  46  B.C.  that  the  estrangement  between  Domestic 
Cicero  and  his  wife  Terentia  culminated  in  a  divorce.  Very 
soon  afterward  Cicero  married  Publilia,  a  rich  young  girl  who 
had  been  his  ward.  In  February  of  45  B.C.  his  daughter  Tullia 
died.  The  strongest  love  of  his  heart  had  centered  in  her,  and 
her  death  left  him  in  utter  desolation.  When  his  young  wife, 
who  had  always  been  jealous  of  Tullia,  evinced  a  certain  satis- 
faction at  her  death,  Cicero  became  so  incensed  that  he 
divorced  her  and  would  never  see  her  again.  His  private 
grief  seems  to  have  cleared  his  vision.  His  illusions  in  regard 
to  the  restoration  of  the  republic  by  Caesar  altogether  vanished. 
Henceforth  the  dictator's  government  grew  so  burdensome  to 
him  that  he  could  even  approve  of  the  dastardly  murder  on  the 
Ides  of  March. 

The  assassination  of  Caesar  called  Cicero  from  his  books  and   Assassina- 
plunged   him   into   the   heat   of  a   conflict   which   continued   caesar. 
throughout  the  remainder  of  his  life,  twenty-one  months  of    44  B.C. 
glorious  activity,  the  noblest  in  his  career.      Again  he  saw  his 
duty  clearly.     He  forgot  self,  and  in  his  exaltation  laid  aside 
every  personal  weakness  and  littleness.     Once,  it  is  true,  early 
in  the  struggle,  he  became  disheartened  by  the  incompetency 
and  disorder  of  the  senatorial  party,  and  in  despair  started  for 
Greece.     But  when  he  was  on  the  point  of  embarking,  contrary 
winds  detained  him.    More  favorable  news  came,  and  his  cour- 
age revived.     He  returned  to  Rome,  and  from  that  time  until 
the   end   it   was   his   unflinching   heart   and    brain   that  held 
patriotic  citizens  together  in  their  hopeless  struggle    for   the 
phantom  of  the  republic. 

Though  Cicero  had  no  part  in  the  assassination  of  Caesar  Cicero  and 
and  no  knowledge  of  the  plot,  he  was  heartily  in  sympathy  with 


INTRODUCTION 


Octavianus 
and  Antony. 


The 
Philippics. 


the  deed  of  the  conspirators.  Under  the  conviction  which 
had  gradually  formed  that  Caesar  had  ruthlessly  destroyed  the 
constitutional  liberties  of  Rome,  he  wrote  to  Atticus  concern- 
ing the  assassins,  "  Their  names  will  be  glorious  as  heroes,  nay 
rather  as  gods."  He  hastened  to  put  himself  in  communica- 
tion with  them,  and  counseled  the  most  energetic  measures. 
But  the  conspirators,  frightened  by  the  attitude  of  the  people, 
far  from  assuming  control  of  the  government,  remained  shut  up 
in  the  Capitol  until  assured  of  their  safety  by  Antony.  The 
senate  was  convened,  and  it  was  decided  to  make  no  inquiry 
into  Caesar's  death,  but  to  ratify  his  acts.  The  senate  thus 
gave  Antony  an  advantage  which  he  was  quick  to  seize.  Secure 
in  the  possession  of  Caesar's  papers  and  treasure,  he  was 
gradually  acquiring  entire  control  of  affairs,  and  Cicero  saw 
with  dismay  his  growing  strength.  Meanwhile  Octavianus, 
Caesar's  grandnephew  and  heir,  had  appeared  upon  the  scene 
to  demand  his  heritage.  Antony  endeavored  to  ignore  his 
claims,  but  Octavianus  with  a  persistence  remarkable  for  his 
years  refused  to  be  set  aside.  His  emissaries  were  soon  busy 
undermining  Antony  in  the  army.  Two  legions  were  won  over 
to  him,  and  in  Rome  too  his  cause  made  great  progress.  Cicero, 
now  the  life  and  soul  of  the  senatorial  party,  was  his  stanch 
champion,  and  used  every  means  to  secure  his  allegiance  to  the 
interests  of  the  state.  He  was  given  a  seat  in  the  senate,  his 
command  of  an  army  was  legalized,  and  his  enormous  debts  were 
assumed  by  the  state.  With  the  consuls  Hirtius  and  Pansa,  he 
took  the  field  against  Antony,  who  was  endeavoring  to  wrest  Cis- 
alpine Gaul,  a  province  of  supreme  importance  to  one  who  would 
be  master  of  Rome,  from  the  senatorial  governor  D.  Brutus. 

Cicero's  duel  with  Antony  was  begun  by  the  delivery  of  the 
first  Philippic  in  the  senate,  September  2,  44  B.C.  The  second 
of  the  series  was  never  spoken,  but  published  as  a  political 
pamphlet.  It  is  probably  the  bitterest  excoriation  in  existence. 
There  were  fourteen  of  these  speeches,  the  last  of  which  was 
delivered  April  21,  43  B.C.,  upon  the  news  of  the  defeat  of 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO  15 

Antony  at  Forum  Gallorum.1  It  was  the  final  effort  of  Rome's 
greatest  orator  for  the  commonwealth  which  he  had  tried  to 
save. 

The  consular  forces  were  successful  in  a  second  engagement,  The  second 
but  Pansa  had  been  mortally  wounded  in  the  first  battle,  and  ^"E.G™ 
in  the  second  Hirtius  was  killed.  Octavianus,  now  left  in  sole 
command  of  the  large  forces,  became  in  his  turn  an  object  of 
suspicion  to  the  senate.  It  was  manifestly  to  his  interest  to 
make  common  cause  with  Antony.  He  accordingly  deserted 
the  senatorial  party,  and  with  Lepidus  and  Antony  formed 
the  second  triumvirate.  A  merciless  proscription  followed. 
Among  the  first  victims  demanded  by  Antony  was  Cicero,  and 
Octavianus,  the  slender  lad  to  whom  from  the  first  the  old 
orator  had  opened  his  heart,  whose  cause  he  had  pleaded  in  the 
senate,  and  for  the  integrity  of  whose  purposes  he  had  stood 
sponsor,  basely  consented  to  the  sacrifice. 

Cicero  and  his  brother  Quintus,  who  was  also  proscribed,  The  end. 
received  the  news  at  Tusculum  and  at  once  set  out  for  Mace-  43 
donia.  But  the  necessary  means  for  the  journey  were  lacking, 
and  Quintus  was  forced  to  return  to  Rome  to  procure  them. 
There  he  and  his  son  Quintus  were  taken  by  the  assassins  and 
met  death  bravely  together.  Cicero  proceeded  to  the  coast. 
He  might  have  made  good  his  escape,  but  his  usual  irresolu- 
tion prevented  him,  and  finally  at  Caieta,  weary  in  body  and 
mind,  he  refused  to  continue  his  flight.  "  Let  me  die,"  he 
said,  "in  the  country  I  have  so  often  saved."  He  was  over- 
taken by  Antony's  cutthroats  on  the  sea-shore  near  his  villa 
at  Formiae.  Forbidding  his  slaves  to  sacrifice  their  lives  use- 
lessly in  his  defense,  he  ordered  them  to  set  down  the  litter,  and 
with  a  steadfast  composure  worthy  of  the  great  career  just  closing 
he  offered  his  neck  to  the  knife  of  the  assassins.  "  Of  all  the 
ills  of  life,"  writes  Livy,  "  Cicero  bore  none  with  the  spirit  becom- 
ing a  man  save  death  itself."  By  Antony's  orders  the  head  and 
hands  were  severed  from  the  body,  and  taken  to  Rome  and  nailed 

1  See  pp.  37  ff. 


i6 


INTRODUCTION 


Conflicting 
opinions. 


His  strength 
and  his 
weakness. 


upon  the  Rostra.  Years  afterward  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  Cicero's  son, 
then  consul  with  Augustus,  to  decree  the  destruction  of  Antony's 
statues  and  the  eternal  damnation  of  his  name.  The  Nemesis 
of  history  is  sometimes  dramatic  in  her  judgments. 

Cicero  as  a  Statesman.  —  Cicero's  character  was  far  from  a 
simple  one ;  and  though  nineteen  centuries  have  passed  since 
he  labored  and  wrote,  he  is  still,  as  he  was  in  his  own  time,  the 
recipient  of  the  most  extravagant  praise  and  the  most  violent 
abuse..  To  some,  as  to  Middleton,  he  stands  as  a  monument 
of  all  the  virtues.  To  others,  as  to  Drumann  and  Mommsen, 
he  is  a  shallow  politician  devoid  of  every  attribute  of  greatness. 
Others  still,  such  as  Tyrrell  and  Boissier,  entering  with  sympa- 
thetic insight  into  the  difficulties  of  a  life  cast  upon  such  troubled 
times,  show  us  a  man  of  many  weaknesses,  but  of  much  strength  ; 
a  statesman  who,  while  he  lacked  abilities  of  the  highest  order, 
was  yet  a  great  power  in  his  age. 

In  the  light  of  his  unguarded  correspondence  we  may  read 
him  best.  Imaginative,  emotional,  pure  in  thought  and  upright 
in  purpose,  over-confident  of  his  ability,  childishly  vain  of  his 
achievements,  morbidly  sensitive  to  every  breath  of  criticism,  he 
broke  where  an  unimaginative  man  would  not  have  bent,  and 
failed  pitifully  where  a  less  scrupulous  man  would  have  triumphed 
gloriously.  His  strength  lay  in  his  inherent  patriotism,  his  abso- 
lute incorruptibility,  his  marvelous  persuasive  eloquence,  and 
his  superior  administrative  ability.  On  the  other  hand,  his 
influence  was  often  weakened  by  a  lack  of  self-restraint,  by  a 
peculiar  inability  to  gauge  correctly  either  the  strength  of  his 
own  position  or  that  of  his  opponents,  and  by  a  certain  vacilla- 
tion of  purpose,  such  as  that  which  led  him  to  veer  now  to 
the  side  of  Caesar,  now  to  that  of  Pompey,  until  his  attitude 
became  a  matter  of  indifference  to  both.  This  last  weakness 
arose  partly  from  the  keen  sensibilities  and  vivid  imagination 
which  enabled  him  to  see  every  side  of  a  question  at  once ; 
partly  from  the  innate  desire  of  a  nature  averse  to  strife  to 


MARCUS   TULLIUS    CICERO  17 

please  all  factions ;  and  partly  from  a  lack  of  earnest  convic- 
tion, which  may  have  resulted  from  the  advocate's  lifelong 
habit  of  sacrificing  principle  to  expediency.  It  is  only  by 
remembering  this  weakness  that  we  can  realize  the  intensity  of 
patriotism  which  kept  him  unswervingly  true  to  his  ideal  of  a 
free  republic  and  gave  him  courage  for  his  last  grand  struggle 
in  its  behalf.  In  his  blind  idolatry  of  this  ideal  he  showed 
little  political  sagacity.  The  irresistible  logic  of  the  events  of 
the  last  hundred  years  made  no  appeal  to  his  understanding. 
He  could  comprehend  neither  the  resistless  forces  at  work  for 
the  destruction  of  the  Roman  republic  nor  the  hope  of  renewed 
national  life  under  imperial  rule. 

Cicero  as  a  Man.  —  In  private  life  his  irresolution  and  mer-  Home 
curial  temperament  were  not  attended  with  the  unavoidably 
fatal  consequences  which  they  occasioned  in  his  public  career. 
In  the  atmosphere  of  home  and  among  friends  we  find  him 
amiable,  considerate,  indulgent,  loving,  and  lovable.  His  fidelity 
to  his  prudent  friend  Atticus,  his  affection  for  his  loyal  freed- 
man  Tiro,  his  unfailing  courtesy  toward  his  wife  Terentia,  the 
love  he  lavished  upon  his  daughter  Tullia,  his  unworthy  son 
Marcus,  and  his  sturdy  brother  Quintus,  stand  forth  in  striking 
contrast  to  the  coldness  of  the  typical  Roman  of  his  day.  Late 
in  life,  it  is  true,  he  divorced  his  faithful  wife,  but  it  aroused  no 
injurious  comment  among  his  contemporaries,  and  even  in  his 
private  correspondence  he  remains  chivalrously  silent  as  to  the 
cause  of  the  separation. 

Though  the  age  was  notorious  for  bribery  and  official  corrup-   Purity  of  his 
tion,  there  is  not  the  slightest  evidence  that  the  large  fortune   llie' 
of  his  later  years  was  amassed  by  other  than  legitimate  means. 
In  his  administration  of  public  affairs  there  is  not  even  a  sug- 
gestion of  scandal  in  connection  with  his  name.     In  purity  of 
personal  habits  and  manner  of  life  he  stands  almost  alone  among 
the  men  who  controlled  the  fortunes  of  the  last  generation  of 
republican  Rome, 
c 


i8 


INTRODUCTION 


Cicero's 
predecessors. 


Schools  of 
oratory. 


Cicero  as  an  Orator.  —  Above  all  else,  Cicero  was  both  by 
taste  and  temperament  an  orator,  and  he  met  with  conditions 
most  favorable  for  developing  his  natural  gift.  There  had 
always  been  great  orators  in  Rome.  Her  peculiar  political 
institutions  furnished  a  magnificent  field  for  the  exercise  of 
oratorical  ability,  which  indeed  in  Cicero's  time  was  almost  a 
necessary  requisite  for  public  life.  Roman  eloquence  reached 
its  culmination  in  Cicero,  but  there  had  been  a  long  line  of 
worthy  predecessors. 

Cicero  himself  had  read  the  speech  by  which,  six  genera- 
tions before,  blind  old  Appius  Claudius,  standing  before  the 
senate  and  breathing  out  his  soul  in  fiery  eloquence,  had  foiled 
the  diplomacy  of  the  ambassadors  of  Pyrrhus.  He  had  studied 
the  orations  of  Cato,  'the  last  of  the  natural  orators,'  whose 
biting  sarcasm  almost  equaled  Cicero's  own,  and  whose 
Karthaginem  esse  delendam  at  last  erased  Dido's  city  from  the 
map  of  the  world.  Greek  polish  had  first  come  in  with  Galba 
and  Lepidus,  the  former  of  whom  owed  his  immunity  from 
punishment  for  an  infamous  crime  quite  as  much  to  his  adroit 
pleading  as  to  his  Spanish  gold.  The  Gracchi,  we  are  told, 
heralded  a  new  era  in  eloquence.  Of  the  younger,  Cicero 
writes :  "  Latin  literature  has  lost  irreparably  by  his  early 
death.  I  know  not  whether  his  name  would  not  have  stood 
above  all  others."  In  Cicero's  own  day  the  famous  orators 
Marcus  Antonius  and  Licinius  Crassus  passed  from  the  stage 
just  in  time  to  escape  rivalry  with  him,  while  the  great  Hor- 
tensius  long  contested  his  claim  to  the  first  place.  "  We  two 
were  engaged  in  the  most  important  cases  with  unbroken  friend- 
liness," says  Cicero.  "  I  always  considered  him  my  superior. 
He  put  me  first." 

Two  schools  of  oratory  flourished  at  Rome  at  this  time.  The 
most  gifted  exponent  of  the  older  or  Asiatic  style  was  Horten- 
sius.  It  was  distinguished  by  its  fulness  of  words  and  abun- 
dance of  ornament,  often  degenerating  into  mere  show  and 
overworked  effect.  The  Attic  style  originated  as  a  protest 


MARCUS    TULLIUS    CICERO  19 

against  the  Asiatic,  and  so  far  did  it  swing  from  the  luxuriance 
of  the  older  school  that  it  became  almost  devoid  of  ornamen- 
tation. In  his  earlier  speeches  Cicero  followed  the  Asiatic 
school,  but  the  orations  delivered  after  his  return  from  Rhodes 
show  him  leaning  more  toward  the  Attic,  and  finally  adopting 
a  golden  mean  between  the  two. 

It  has  been  Cicero's  lot  to  be  criticized  for  the  very  charac-  character- 
teristics  which  gave  him  his  great  persuasive  power,  by  which,  ^c^rVs 
after  all,  an  orator's  success  must  be  measured.  He  spared  no  oratory. 
labor  in  detail,  putting  strong  arguments  in  a  clear  light  and 
obscuring  weak  ones  with  a  cloud  of  words.  He  never  scrupled 
to  adjust  his  statements  to  the  exigencies  of  the  occasion,  and 
yet  he  was  seemingly  always  convinced  of  the  righteousness  of 
his  cause.  He  was  possessed  of  wide  and  varied  knowledge,  a 
phenomenal  memory,  incisive  wit,  a  keen  sense  of  humor,  and 
an  incomparable  mastery  of  words.  To  these  mental  gifts  were 
added  a  charming  presence,  a  wondrous  grace,  a  powerful  yet 
melodious  voice.  It  is  true  that  he  lacked  the  concise  brevity, 
the  strength  of  thought,  and  the  moral  earnestness  of  Demos- 
thenes, but  in  richness  of  expression  and  in  literary  art  he  is 
the  Greek's  equal,  if  not  his  superior.  Among  Roman  orators 
he  is  facile  princeps,  and  no  other  state  save  Athens  in  her 
champion  against  Philip  has  ever  produced  his  equal. 

Cicero's  Place  in  Literature.  —  Like  that  royal  warrior  of  the  Late  deveiop- 


eighteenth  century  who  fancied  that  he  was  a  poet,  and  that      erary 
French  poet,  his  contemporary,  who  prided  himself  upon  his   genius. 
statesmanship,  Cicero  in  his  deep  concern  for  political  great- 
ness undervalued  his  best  gift  —  the  literary  genius  which  has 
crowned  him  with  imperishable  glory.      It  was  not  until  the 
active  political  life  which  had  brought  his  oratory  to  its  highest 
development  was  practically  closed  that  he  turned  to  win  new 
laurels  in  the  field  of  letters.     He  did  not  at  once  follow  up  the 
first  brilliant  success  of  the  De  Oratore  and  De  Re  Pubiica,  both 
published  after  he  was  fifty  years  of  age.     The  period  of  the 


20 


INTRODUCTION 


His 

philosophical 
works. 


Poetry  and 
letters. 


His  style. 


civil  war  is  illuminated  only  by  his  letters.  It  was  reserved  for 
the  last  four  years  of  his  life  to  produce  the  richest  fruit  of  his 
many-sided  genius. 

It  was  during  these  years  that  he  reproduced  the  philoso- 
phies of  Greece,  and  with  the  formerly  rigid  Latin  almost  out- 
Hellenized  his  models  in  delicate  beauty  and  pliant  grace.  It 
would  be  useless  to  claim  for  him  any  originality  of  philosophi- 
cal thought,  but  on  passing  through  the  alembic  of  his  mind  the 
grand  thoughts  of  the  old  Greeks  appear  in  a  new  and  charm- 
ing guise,  and  it  is  due  to  his  genius  that  their  teachings  have 
become  the  common  heritage  of  all  mankind.  "  What  does  it 
matter  to  us  after  all,"  writes  Duruy,  "  that  he  was  only  an 
echo,  since  that  ringing  echo  has  made  all  the  world  listen  to 
words  which  but  for  him  would  be  unknown."  Cicero  wrote 
with  remarkable  ease  and  speed,  and  as  a  result  he  often  yielded 
to  the  temptation  to  substitute  matter  for  manner,  to  sacrifice 
quality  to  quantity.  While  we  never  encounter  awkwardness 
or  stiffness,  we  are  sometimes  confronted  with  shallow  thought 
and  careless  preparation. 

He  made  some  attempts  at  poetry  ;  but  while  his  form  sense 
was  perfect  in  producing  accurate  meter,  the  divine  afflatus  was 
wanting.  Poeta  nascitnr,  non  fit.  His  letters,  which  are  treated 
in  detail  elsewhere,1  not  only  furnish  an  invaluable  history  of 
the  time,  but  have  been  in  their  variety  of  style,  in  their  wit, 
grace,  ease,  and  abandon,  at  once  the  model  and  the  despair 
of  those  who  have  attempted  that  most  difficult  branch  of 
literary  art. 

In  general  his  prose  work  is  characterized  by  unerring  taste. 
Its  essential  beauties  are  a  pleasing  variety  in  sentence  struc- 
ture ;  order,  harmony,  and  balance  in  the  correlation  of  premise 
and  conclusion  ;  an  exalted  dignity  of  tone  and  rhythm,  the 
employment  of  sonorous  words  and  cadenced  phrases.  It  may 
safely  be  said  that  in  no  literature  can  there  be  found  a  greater 
perfection  of  style.  It  is  his  enduring  glory  that  though  he 

1  See  pp.  43  ff. 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  21 

failed   to  save   the   Roman   republic,  he   made    Latin   prose 
immortal. 

Regarding  him  as  orator,  philosopher,  essayist,  and  letter  His  claim  to 
writer,  we  may  say  with  Forsyth  :  "  To  appreciate  his  full  fame' 
worth,  let  us  consider  what  a  blank  there  would  have  been  in 
the  annals  of  Rome  and  the  history  of  the  world,  if  Cicero  had 
never  lived.  He  illumines  the  darkness  of  the  past  with  the 
light  of  his  glorious  intellect,  like  some  lofty  beacon  that  sheds 
its  rays  over  the  waste  of  waters.  And  the  more  we  think  of 
all  we  owe  him  —  of  all  he  did,  and  wrote,  and  spoke  —  the 
more  shall  we  be  disposed  to  agree  with  the  prophetic  judg- 
ment of  the  historian  :  Vivit,  vivetque  per  omnem  saeculorum 
memoriam ;  .  .  .  citiitsque  e  mundo  genus  homimun  quam 
Ciceronis  gloria  e  memoria  hominum  umquam  cedet" 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

I.  In  Catilinam  Oratio  Prima.  —  The  famous  conspiracy  of  Conditions  in 
Catiline  was  made  possible  only  by  the  spirit  of  disorder  and 
unrest  that  had  long  pervaded  the  Roman  state.  The  consti- 
tution had  proved  wholly  inadequate  to  meet  the  demands  of 
the  growing  empire.  The  administration  of  state  affairs  had 
degenerated  into  a  confused  network  of  intrigue.  Laws  were 
disregarded,  elections  carried  by  bribery.  Throughout  Italy 
great  dissatisfaction  existed.  The  disbanded  veterans  of  Sulla's 
huge  armies  and  the  multitudes  made  penniless  by  his  ruthless 
confiscations  were  alike  ready  for  revolutionary  enterprise.  The 
city  of  Rome,  swarming  as  it  was  with  ruined  nobles,  disgraced 
senators,  desperate  bankrupts,  an  idle  and  vicious  populace, 
furnished  fallow  ground  for  the  seeds  of  civil  anarchy  matured 
during  the  bloody  usurpations  of  the  civil  war. 

These  disintegrating  elements  uniting  in  the  radical  wing  of    The  leader  of 
the  popular  party  found  their  natural  chief  in  Lucius  Sergius  conspiracy. 
Catilina,  a  high-born  patrician  of  great  personal  courage  and 


22 


INTRODUCTION 


Catiline's 

previous 

career. 


The  consular 
election  ot 
63  B.C 


magnetism,  fascinating  address,  and  unusual  intellectual  ability, 
but  of  totally  depraved  character.  While  he  was  probably 
not  so  black  as  he  has  been  painted,  the  most  favorable  opin- 
ion pronounces  him  a  dissolute,  rash,  and  unprincipled  politi- 
cian, who  attempted  to  mend  his  ruined  fortunes  by  bloodshed 
and  revolution ;  and  who  failed  in  this,  as  he  had  failed  in 
legitimate  means,  because  he  lacked  that  keen  judgment  of  men 
and  conditions  so  essential  to  successful  leadership. 

He  had  long  been  before  the  public.  As  Sulla's  zealous 
partizan  he  had  won  during  the  time  of  the  proscriptions  an 
unenviable  notoriety  by  the  atrocity  of  the  murders  which  he 
committed.  He  had  held  the  offices  of  quaestor,  aedile,  and 
praetor.  In  66  B.C.  he  announced  himself  a  candidate  for  the 
consulship.  From  this  canvass,  however,  he  was  debarred  on 
account  of  an  action  then  pending  against  him  for  the  extortions 
which  he  had  committed  the  previous  year  when  propraetor  of 
Africa.  His  acquittal,  secured  by  the  expenditure  of  nearly  all 
his  ill-gotten  gains,  left  him  free  to  enter  upon  the  canvass  of 
the  year  64  B.C.  In  this  he  was  defeated,  Cicero  and  C.  Antonius 
Hybrida,  a  man  notoriously  in  sympathy  with  Catiline's  plans, 
being  his  successful  rivals.  In  the  interval  between  these  two 
attempts  to  obtain  the  consulship  he  had  been  concerned  in  a 
revolutionary  plot,  the  details  of  which  are  not  clearly  known. 
This  so-called  first  conspiracy  failed  utteily. 

Undaunted  by  these  reverses,  Catiline  again  in  63  B.C.  offered 
himself  for  the  consulship.  Cicero  was  most  active  in  his  oppo- 
sition. By  securing  to  Antonius  the  proconsular  administration 
of  the  province  of  Macedonia  he  succeeded  in  estranging  him 
from  Catiline's  interests.  Among  the  means  which  he  used  to 
insure  Catiline's  defeat,  Cicero  carried  a  stringent  law  against 
bribery.  Thereupon,  fearing  that  he  might  become  again  dis- 
qualified, Catiline  resolved  upon  the  assassination  of  Cicero  and 
many  of  the  leading  senators.  The  slaughter  was  set  for  the  day 
of  the  consular  elections.  Information  of  the  plot,  however,  was 
conveyed  to  Cicero  in  fullest  detail  by  one  of  the  many  spies 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  23 

whom  he  kept  continually  in  his  employ.  He  attacked  Catiline 
October  aoth  in  open  senate,  and  succeeded  in  postponing 
until  the  28th  the  election,  which  for  various  reasons  had  been 
repeatedly  deferred.  The  next  day  (October  21)  he  obtained 
from  the  senate  the  extraordinary  decree,  Videant  consules  ne 
quid  res  publica  detrimenti  capiat.  Thus  virtually  armed  with 
dictatorial  power  Cicero  held  the  election  under  the  pressure  of 
military  force.  The  success  of  Catiline's  competitors  was  a 
foregone  conclusion. 

Rendered  desperate  by  his  defeat,  Catiline  now  determined  The 
to  put  in  motion  his  schemes  for  the  utter  overthrow  of  the  c 
existing  regime.  His  plans  included  assassination  of  his  op- 
ponents, confiscation  of  property,  and  abolition  of  debts  {novae 
tabulae} .  His  plots  for  a  general  insurrection  in  the  disaffected 
districts  of  Italy  had  been  previously  arranged.  A  considerable 
force  had  been  organized  at  Faesulae  in  Etruria  and  placed  in 
command  of  Gaius  Manlius,  one  of  Sulla's  former  captains. 
Armed  bands  were  gathering  in  Apulia  and  Picenum.  An 
uprising  of  slaves  and  gladiators  seemed  imminent.  The  time 
appeared  to  be  especially  propitious  for  the  conspirators'  designs, 
since  the  absence  of  Pompey  and  his  legions  in  the  east  left  no 
large  forces  available  at  Rome.  The  date  of  October  27  had 
been  set  for  a  general  uprising. 

Before  this  time,  however,  active  counter-measures  had  been  Measures  of 
taken.  Two  proconsuls  who  were  waiting  for  a  triumph  and  government 
had  therefore  not  laid  aside  their  imperium,  were  despatched, 
one  to  Apulia  and  the  other  to  Faesulae.  New  forces  were 
levied,  and  Rome  was  put  in  a  state  of  siege.  An  attack  upon 
Praeneste,  a  strongly  fortified  city  of  Latium,  was  foiled.  But 
Catiline  remained  at  Rome,  and  a  widespread  feeling  of  in- 
credulity and  indifference  made  it  impossible  for  Cicero  and  the 
senate  to  proceed  against  him.  Fearing  that  the  vigilance  of 
Cicero  might  prove  fatal  to  his  plans,  Catiline  decided  to  bring 
matters  to  a  crisis.  On  the  night  of  November  6th  he  called  a 
meeting  of  the  conspirators  to  arrange  the  last  details  before  his 


INTRODUCTION 


Cicero's 
attack  upon 
Catiline. 


Flight  of 
Catiline. 


departure  to  Faesulae.  The  movements  in  various  parts  of 
Italy,  the  burning  and  pillaging  of  Rome,  the  assassination  of 
their  enemies  —  Cicero  to  be  the  first  victim  —  were  allotted  to 
individual  conspirators.  Everything  was  in  readiness  for  the 
coup  d'etat. 

Cicero,  fully  informed  as  usual,  took  all  necessary  precautions, 
and  on  the  morning  of  November  8  convened  the  senate  in  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  Stator  to  take  counsel  for  the  protection  of 
the  commonwealth.  With  brazen  effrontery  Catiline  appeared 
at  the  sitting.  The  alarmed  and  astounded  senators  spoke  no 
word  of  greeting,  but  abandoned  that  part  of  the  hall  in  which 
he  had  seated  himself.  At  this  dramatic  moment  Cicero, 
burning  with  indignation  and  addressing  Catiline  directly,  burst 
forth  in  the  fierce  invective,  the  first  oration  against  Catiline, 
famous  through  all  the  centuries  as  "  a  masterpiece  of  passion- 
ate and  defiant  eloquence." 

II.  In  Catilinam  Oratio  Secunda.  —  When  Cicero  had  finished 
his  speech,  Catiline  arose  and  with  averted  face  and  troubled 
voice  besought  the  senate  not  to  believe  the  infamous  story  de- 
tailed by  a  personal  enemy,  but  to  take  time  to  investigate  the 
charges  before  condemning  him.  But  as  he  proceeded  he  grew 
incautious  and  began  to  use  violent  and  abusive  language. 
The  senate  interrupted  him  with  cries  of  "  hostis  "  and  " parri- 
cida"  His  fury  broke  bounds.  With  curses  he  hastily  with- 
drew, and  left  Rome  that  very  night  with  three  hundred  followers, 
to  join  the  army  under  Manlius  at  Faesulae. 

His  partizans  at  once  spread  the  report  that  an  innocent 
man,  a  victim  of  Cicero's  malevolent  hostility,  he  had  voluntarily 
gone  into  exile  rather  than  embroil  the  city  in  civil  strife.  These 
falsehoods  gained  credence.  Popular  sympathy  was  aroused, 
and  Cicero  was  bitterly  criticized.  If  guilty,  why  had  Catiline 
been  permitted  to  escape?  Was  it  not  proof  of  his  innocence 
that  he  had  not  been  arrested  and  held  for  trial? 

On  the  day  following  Catiline's  departure,  November  pth, 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  25 

Cicero   delivered    before   the  assembly  of  the  people  in  the  Cicero 


Forum  the  second  of  the  Catilinarian  orations.     In  this  he  action68 
explained  the  entire  situation,  and  in  convincing   eloquence 
justified  both  his  failure  to  arrest  Catiline  and  his  action  in  driv- 
ing him  from  the  city.     He  also  warned  the  citizens  against  the 
machinations  of  the  conspirators  still  lurking  at  Rome. 

III.  In  Catilinam  Oratio  Tertia.  —  The  next  few  weeks  were  war  declared 
times  of  anxious  suspense  in  Rome.  Catiline  after  attempting 
to  rally  to  his  standard  of  revolt  the  districts  through  which  he 
passed,  had  finally  made  his  appearance  in  the  Manlian  camp, 
clad  in  consular  robes  and  preceded  by  the  fasces,  the  insignia 
of  command.  Upon  this  news  the  senate  formally  declared 
Catiline  and  Manlius  enemies  of  the  state  and  directed  Cicero 
to  protect  the  city.  Meanwhile  at  Rome  the  conspiracy  con- 
tinued its  insidious  burrowing,  gaining  new  strength  day  by  day. 
The  air  was  rife  with  rumors  of  conflagration  and  massacre. 
Yet  in  spite  of  Cicero's  unremitting  efforts  there  was  for  some 
time  no  substantial  proof. 

The  denouement,  when  it  did  come,  was  convincing.  In  The 
furthering  their  designs  the  conspirators  attempted  to  corrupt 
a  delegation  of  Allobroges  who  had  come  to  Rome  to  the  Aiiobroges. 
senate  to  seek  relief  from  the  oppression  of  Roman  officials 
and  the  avarice  of  Roman  usurers.  These  Allobroges,  though 
unsuccessful  in  their  mission,  after  due  consideration  finally 
decided  not  to  engage  in  so  dubious  an  enterprise,  and  by 
advice  of  their  patron,  Q.  Fabius  Sanga,  laid  before  Cicero 
the  proposition  that  had  been  made  to  them.  The  consul 
induced  them  to  continue  the  negotiations  and,  if  possible,  to 
obtain  written  evidence  of  the  conspiracy.  Lentulus,  the  leader 
in  Catiline's  absence,  fell  into  the  snare.  He  supplied  the 
ambassadors  with  treasonable  papers  and  sent  a  guide  to  con- 
duct them  tp  Catiline.  By  preconcerted  arrangement  the 
Allobroges,  with  the  papers  in  their  possession,  were  ambushed 
by  Cicero's  troops. 


INTRODUCTION 


The  evidence  The  next  morning,  December  3d,  Cicero  summoned  the  prin- 
cipal leaders  of  the  conspiracy  and  convened  the  senate.  The 
Allobroges  and  their  guide  were  examined,  and  the  letters  that 
had  been  found  upon  them  were  opened  and  read.  Thereupon 
Lentulus  and  his  three  associates  confessed  and  were  consigned 
to  prison  by  decree  of  the  senate.  The  senate  also  passed  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  Cicero. 

The  address  At  the  close  of  the  day's  session  Cicero  informed  the  crowd 
to  the  people.  tnat  nad  gathered  in  the  Forum  in  detail  of  everything  that  had 
taken  place.  This  address,  the  third  of  the  series,  resulted,  if 
we  may  believe  Sallust,  in  a  great  wave  of  popular  indignation 
against  the  conspirators  who  had  summoned  to  the  destruction 
of  Rome  the  Gauls,  her  hereditary  enemies ;  while  Cicero,  who 
had  laid  bare  the  plot  in  all  its  atrocity,  was  received  everywhere 
with  the  most  intense  enthusiasm  and  "  extolled  to  the  skies." 

The  difficulty  IV.  In  Catilinam  Oratio  Quarta.  —  The  position  which  Cicero 
of  dealing  now  occupied  was  indeed  a  trying  one.  What  danger  might 
conspirators,  yet  be  apprehended  from  the  conspirators  could  only  be  sur- 
mised. There  was  good  reason  to  believe  that  Catiline's 
revolutionary  schemes  were  at  least  indirectly  favored  by  men 
of  far  greater  political  influence  than  himself,  men  who  hoped 
in  the  general  upheaval  to  further  their  own  ambitious  plans. 
Names  of  such  prominence  as  those  of  Caesar  and  Crassus 
were  publicly  mentioned  in  this  connection.  That  there  was 
need  of  prompt  action  on  the  part  of  the  government  to  put  an 
end  once  and  for  all  to  the  schemes  of  the  conspirators  in  the 
city  and  thus  to  cripple  hopelessly  the  operations  of  Catiline 
from  without,  was  beyond  question.  The  five  ringleaders  now 
in  confinement  had  been  taken  in  open  treason.  Their  own 
confession  attested  their  guilt,  and  the  safety  of  the  state 
demanded  their  summary  punishment.  Yet  the  letter  of  the 
Roman  law  forbade  the  execution  of  a  citizen  without  a  trial 
before  the  people,  and  to  risk  a  trial  under  existing  conditions 
would  have  been  madness.  It  is  true  that  in  times  of  extraordi- 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  27 

nary  danger  the  senate  claimed  that  their  '  ultimate  decree ' 
(senatus  consultum  ultimuni)  conferred  upon  the  consuls  the 
right  to  execute  persons  who  had  been  declared  public  enemies. 
But  the  legality  of  this  claim  had  never  been  acknowledged  by 
the  people,  and  there  did  not  exist  a  clear  precedent  for  exer- 
cising such  a  prerogative  except  in  the  case  of  traitors  actually 
in  arms.  In  this  respect  the  position  of  Lentulus  and  his  con- 
federates differed  widely  from  that  of  Catiline  in  his  camp. 
When,  however,  plans  were  formed  to  rescue  the  prisoners, 
Cicero  decided  to  take  the  responsibility ;  but  to  protect  him- 
self as  far  as  possible,  he  determined  to  ask  the  senate  to  share 
it  with  him. 

Accordingly,  he  convened  the  senate  on  December  5th  in  the  The  debate  * 
temple  of  Concord  and  submitted  to  that  body  the  question  of 
the  punishment  of  the  conspirators.  Many  senators  evaded 
the  issue  by  not  attending  the  session.  With  numerous  empty 
benches  the  debate  began.  We  are  fortunate  in  having  quite 
a  complete  report  of  the  principal  arguments.  Cicero  has  given 
us  his  own  ;  Sallust  records  those  of  Caesar  and  Cato. 

Silanus,  consul-elect,  declared  himself  in  favor  of  the  death 
penalty.     Nearly  all  the  senators  following  were  of  the  same 
opinion  until  Julius  Caesar,  not  at  all  daunted  by  the  rumors  of 
his  own  complicity,  made  an  elaborate  plea  in  favor  of  only 
such  measures  as  fell  within  the  provision  of  the  laws,  and  gave 
his  vote  for  confiscation  of  property  and  imprisonment  for  life. 
The  senate  seemed  to  veer  over  to  Caesar's  view,  until  Cicero  The 
was  forced  to  show  his  hand  and  delivered  the  fourth  speech  in  £" nt<heemnatl< 
the  Catilinarian  series.     The  turning  point,  however,  in  the  conspirators, 
debate  was  a  passionate,  patriotic  appeal  from  Cato,  whose  well- 
sustained  argument  secured  from  the  hesitating  senators  an  ex- 
pression in  favor  of  capital  punishment. 

Immediately  upon  the  adjournment  of  the  senate,  Cicero 
himself  conducted  Lentulus  to  the  dungeon  called  Titllianum. 
The  other  conspirators  followed,  each  in  charge  of  a  praetor. 
There  the  sentence  was  executed.  When  all  was  over,  Cicero  the  sentence 


28  INTRODUCTION 

turned  toward  the  waiting  crowds  and  uttered  the  ominous  cry 
'  Vixerunt?  Amidst  the  acclamations  of  the  throngs  who 
escorted  the  consul  to  his  home,  there  is  said  to  have  been 
heard  for  the  first  time  that  title  with  which  grateful  nations 
have  ever  since  honored  their  greatest  benefactors,  'Pater 
Patriae: 

The  fate  of  The  force  of  the  conspiracy  was  broken.  The  words  ascribed 
by  Sallust  to  Cato,  "  Rest  assured  of  this,  that  when  you  pass 
sentence  concerning  Lentulus  and  the  rest  you  will  decide  at 
the  same  time  the  fate  of  Catiline's  army  and  of  the  whole  con- 
spiracy," were  almost  literally  to  be  fulfilled.  Nearly  two- 
thirds  of  Catiline's  army  deserted  when  the  news  of  the  collapse 
at  Rome  reached  them.  Catiline  while  attempting  to  lead  the 
remainder  of  his  forces  to  Gaul  was  hemmed  in  between  two 
armies  near  Pistoria  and  compelled  to  give  battle.  Quarter 
was  neither  asked  nor  given.  As  they  stood  in  their  ranks  the 
Catilinarians  fell.  When  all  was  lost,  their  chief,  "  mindful  of 
his  race  and  former  dignity,"  rushed  into  the  midst  of  the 
enemy  and  fighting  bravely  died  a  soldier's  death. 

V.  Pro  Lege  Manilla  Oratio.  —  The  study  of  two  topics  is 
essential  to  a  thorough  understanding  of  this  oration,  the  Mithri- 
datic  wars  and  the  career  of  Pompey  previous  to  the  year  66  B.C. 
Mithridates.  From  92  B.C.  to  62  B.C.  the  Roman  republic  had  a  trouble- 
some '  eastern  question  '  upon  its  hands.  Mithridates  VI,  king 
of  Pontus,  a  country  lying  on  the  southern  shore  of  the  Black 
Sea,  had  extended  his  sovereignty  over  nearly  all  the  lands  in- 
closing that  sea.  His  career  is  one  of  the  most  romantic  in 
history,  and  many  myths  are  mingled  with  the  historical  facts 
of  his  biography.  His  aims  were  purely  selfish,  his  means  fre- 
quently atrocious  ;  but  for  a  period  of  twenty-five  years  he  was 
the  able  and  intelligent  foe  of  Rome,  the  brain  and  heart  of  the 
East  in-  its  struggle  with  the  West.  That  struggle,  in  so  far  as 
it  was  waged  during  his  lifetime,  is  divided  into  the  three  wars 
which  bear  his  name. 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  29 

The  first  Mithridatic  war  was  precipitated  by  the  folly  of  the    The  first  war 

QQ      O         T>     f 

Roman  Manius  Aquillius,  sent  as  a  special  envoy  to  replace 
upon  their  thrones  the  kings  of  Bithynia  and  Cappadocia,  who 
had  been  expelled  by  the  agents  of  Mithridates.  The  king  of 
Pontus  disavowed  his  agents'  acts  and  consented  to  the  Roman 
demands.  But  Nicomedes  III  of  Bithynia,  one  of  the  restored 
kings,  was  induced  by  Aquillius  to  make  an  inroad  upon  the 
possessions  of  Mithridates.  When  the  latter  demanded  that 
Nicomedes  be  recalled  by  the  Romans  or  that  he  be  permitted 
to  defend  himself,  Aquillius  not  only  refused  to  comply  with  this 
request,  but  took  the  field  himself  against  him.  In  an  incredibly 
short  time  Mithridates  had  defeated  the  Roman  armies  and 
overrun  Asia  Minor.  Aquillius  was  captured,  and  the  exas- 
perated king  quenched  the  thirst  of  the  avaricious  envoy  by 
pouring  molten  gold  down  his  throat.  In  the  height  of  his 
success  Mithridates  perpetrated  a  crime  as  foolish  as  it  was 
atrocious.  He  ordered  the  Asians  to  put  to  the  sword  all  the 
Italians  within  their  boundaries.  No  one  was  spared.  Men, 
women,  and  children  to  the  number  of  eighty  thousand,  ac- 
cording to  the  lowest  estimate,  were  butchered  in  one  day. 
The  king  continued  his  advance.  Most  of  Greece  and  a  large 
part  of  Macedon  were  brought  under  his  power,  and  Athens 
became  his  European  capital. 

Thus  affairs  stood  when  Sulla  landed  in  Epirus  in  the  The  successes 
summer  of  87  B.C.  with  an  inconsiderable  force,  no  money,  and 
no  ships.  To  add  to  his  embarrassments,  shortly  after  the 
campaign  began  the  democrats  of  Rome  outlawed  him  and  sent 
a  successor  to  take  command  of  his  army.  Disregarding  these 
disturbances  at  Rome,  Sulla  prosecuted  his  campaign  with  such 
success  that  in  83  B.C.  he  was  able  to  report  that  he  had  fought 
and  won  the  great  battles  of  Chaeronea  and  Orchomenus,  had 
rescued  Europe,  had  reestablished  in  Asia  the  status  quo  ante 
bellum,  and  had  secured  a  large  indemnity  from  Mithridates. 

The  second  war  was  caused  by  the  ambition  and  rapacity  of  The  second 

W3T 

Sulla's  lieutenant  Murena,  whom  his  chief  had  left  in  charge  of  83-81  B.C. 


INTRODUCTION 


Cn.  Pompeius 
Magnus. 


affairs  in  Asia.  He  invaded  Pontus,  but  Mithridates  expelled 
him  and  made  a  counter  invasion  of  Cappadocia.  Sulla  inter- 
fered, and  peace  was  restored  in  81  B.C.  on  the  same  basis  as 
before. 

The  third  war  sprang  up  after  an  interval  of  seven  years,  in 
74  B.C.  It  was  occasioned  by  mutual  distrust,  the  immediate 
cause  being  the  bequest  of  Bithynia  to  Rome  by  King  Nico- 
medes,  the  last  of  his  dynasty.  Mithridates  was  the  aggressor. 
He  was  defeated  by  Lucullus,  the  ablest  general  of  the  oligarchy, 
at  Cyzicus  and  Cabira,  and  was  forced  to  flee  from  Pontus 
almost  unattended.  He  took  refuge  with  his  son-in-law 
Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia,  who,  although  he  had  at  first  refused 
to  engage  in  the  war,  became  involved  in  it  by  harboring  him. 
With  only  twelve  thousand  soldiers,  a  band  that  Tigranes 
thought  "  too  many  for  an  embassy  and  too  few  for  an  army," 
Lucullus  overthrew  at  Tigranocerta  the  immense  force  arrayed 
against  him.  The  two  kings  now  decided  to  avoid  pitched  bat- 
tles and  to  lure  Lucullus  into  the  mountains  where  they  could 
cut  off  his  supplies.  Shortly  after,  however,  the  Roman  general 
was  compelled  by  his  mutinous  soldiers  to  abandon  all  that  he 
had  so  gallantly  won.  In  67  B.C.  his  unpopularity  at  Rome 
among  the  democrats  and  the  equestrian  order  resulted  in  his 
being  superseded  by  M*.  Acilius  Glabrio  ;  but  the  latter,  appalled 
by  the  difficulties  of  the  situation,  refused  to  undertake  any 
active  measures  in  the  field. 

While  affairs  were  in  this  condition,  Pompey  was  in  the 
eastern  Mediterranean,  completing  his  brilliant  conquest  of  the 
pirates.  He  was  now  at  the  zenith  of  his  glory.  He  was  born 
in  the  same  year  as  Cicero,  106  B.C.  He  began  his  military 
service  at  seventeen  under  his  father  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo ; 
was  a  soldier  under  Sulla  during  the  civil  war ;  gained  the  title 
of  Magnus  from  that  general  on  account  of  his  victories  in  Sicily 
and  Africa ;  and  was  given  a  triumph,  although  he  was  but  a 
knight  and  too  young  to  enter  upon  the  career  of  office.  In 
76  B.C.  he  was  the  only  Roman  general  able  and  willing  to  cope 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF    CICERO  31 

with  Sertorius  in  Spain.  Returning  from  this  victorious  cam- 
paign, he  dispersed  the  remnant  of  the  army  of  rebellious 
slaves  that  had  followed  Spartacus.  Though  still  a  knight,  he 
was  granted  a  second  triumph,  and  a  special  law  was  passed 
enabling  him  to  stand  for  the  consulship.  Thus  in  the  year 
70  B.C.,  without  having  held  any  other  office  and  seven  years 
before  the  legal  age,  he  became  consul.  At  the  close  of  his 
term  of  office  he  refused  a  province,  abandoned  politics,  and 
retired  to  private  life  until  Rome  should  require  his  services. 

His  seclusion  lasted  two  years.  Under  the  negligent  rule  of  War  with  the 
the  Sullan  oligarchy  the  corsairs  who  had  long  infested  the  plM 
Mediterranean  had  gained  great  strength,  even  organizing  states 
in  Cilicia  and  on  the  island  of  Crete.  These  pirates  burned 
Roman  ships,  sacked  the  towns  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  and 
terrorized  the  Mediterranean  shores.  They  controlled  com- 
merce, and  even  made  it  impossible  for  the  corn-ships  to  come 
to  Rome.  In  this  emergency,  Aulus  Gabinius,  a  tribune  of  the 
people,  proposed  in  67  B.C.  that  Pompey  be  invested  for  three 
years  with  unlimited  power  over  all  the  Mediterranean  and  its 
coasts  for  fifty  miles  inland.  The  senate  resisted,  but  the 
people  passed  the  law.  In  only  three  months  after  taking 
command  Pompey  had  accomplished  his  task,  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean was  free. 

While  he  was  still  absent  on  this  enterprise,  the  tribune  Gaius   The  Maniiian 
Manilius  brought  forward  the  bill  known  to  history  by  his  name.   Law' 
This   gave    Pompey   supreme   command    over    the   war   with 
Mithridates.     Again  the  senate  resisted,  but  it  was  evident  that 
the  people  would  adopt  the  proposal.    It  was  in  support  of  this 
measure  that  Cicero  delivered  in  the  Forum  his  first  political 
address. 

Cicero  undoubtedly  spoke  in  praise  of  Pompey  in  all  sincer-   Cicero  and 
ity ;  for  the  great  general  had  as  yet  shown  none  of  the  griev- 
ous and  selfish  weakness  that  later  led  him  into  fatal  mistakes. 
He  was  a  good  soldier,  unacquainted  with  defeat,  who  seemed  to 
fight  under  a  star  of  favoring  destiny.    He  had  not  betrayed  what 


32  INTRODUCTION 

a  political  blunderer  he  could  be,  simply  because  he  had  kept 
free  from  politics.  His  home  relations  were  ideal,  and  he  was 
honest  and  upright  in  all  his  dealings.  He  had  refused  to  seize 
the  reins  of  government  when  he  was  evidently  able  to  do  so ; 
and  it  was  not  unnatural  that  Cicero  looked  to  him  as  the  first 
patriot  of  Rome,  the  great  protector,  the  future  preserver  of  the 
republic.  Cicero's  task  was  a  congenial  one.  He  was  under- 
taking to  please  an  audience  ready  to  be  pleased.  And  indeed 
the  oration  he  delivered  on  this  occasion,  while  it  is  not  distin- 
guished by  any  depth  of  thought  in  dealing  with  the  questions 
presented,  not  only  delighted  with  its  masterly  arrangement,  its 
polished  phrases  and  sonorous  eloquence,  the  city  filled  with 
Pompey's  worshipers,  but  is  one  of  the  models  by  which  Latin 
oratory  delights  posterity. 

Pompey  again  justified  the  confidence  that  was  reposed  in 
him.  Although  he  meanly  and  jealously  quarreled  with  Lucul- 
lus,  who  had  prepared  the  way  for  his  victory,  he  conducted  the 
campaign  with  such  vigor  that  by  the  year  63  B.C.  Mithridates 
was  a  wanderer,  a  king  without  a  kingdom,  and  a  general  with- 
out an  army.  Convinced  that  he  could  not  recover  either,  the 
grim  old  warrior,  the  able  opponent  of  three  great  Romans, 
Sulla,  Lucullus,  and  Pompey,  asked  and  received  death  from 
the  sword  of  one  of  his  attendants. 

VI.  Pro  Archia  Oratio.  —  This  oration,  which  is  scarcely  more 
than  a  tribute  to  the  delights  of  literature,  was  an  argument 
delivered  in  a  court  of  law  in  defense  of  the  civil  rights  of  a  poet. 

Archias,  a  Greek  born  in  119  B.C.  at  Antioch  in  Syria,  had 
been  a  teacher  of  Cicero  and  was  his  close  friend.  His  youth 
was  precocious.  He  had  come  to  Rome  when  but  seventeen 
years  of  age,  well  educated,  widely  traveled,  and  having  already 
gained  considerable  reputation  as  a  poet.  In  Rome  he  pro- 
duced the  happiest  impression  and  was  at  once  admitted  into 
the  higher  circles  of  society,  in  which  at  that  time  an  apprecia- 
tion of  the  Greek  language  and  literature  was  distinctly  fashion- 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  33 

able.     He  attached  himself  particularly  to  the  Luculli,  assuming 
their  family  name  Licinius  with  the  praenomen  Aulus. 

Under  the  patronage  of  Marcus  Lucullus  he  visited  Sicily, 
and  later  accompanied  Lucius  Lucullus  upon  his  Asiatic  cam- 
paigns. The  poem  in  which  he  celebrated  the  victories  of 
the  latter  brought  him  into  the  unfavorable  notice  of  the  friends 
of  Pompey,  between  whom  and  Lucullus  there  existed  a  spirited 
rivalry.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  this  was  the  motive  for 
the  suit  which  was  instituted  against  him  in  62  B.C.  by  a  certain  The  suit. 
Grattius,  known  only  from  his  connection  with  this  case.  The 
/<".v  Papia  passed  in  65  B.C.  had  enacted  that  all  foreigners 
(peregrini)  be  expelled  from  Rome,  and  Grattius  charged 
Archias  with  usurping  the  privileges  of  citizenship. 

The  case  was  tried  before  the  praetor  Quintus  Cicero,  the  Cicero's 
orator's  brother.  Grattius  seems  to  have  failed  signally  in  both  8pee' 
proof  and  argument.  Cicero  was  easily  able  to  establish  the 
fact  that  the  citizenship  which  Archias  had  exercised  for  twenty- 
seven  years  had  been  legally  acquired  under  the  provisions  of 
the  lex  Plautia  Papiria  of  89  B.C.,  which  gave  Roman  citizen- 
ship to  all  citizens  of  Italian  towns  allied  with  Rome  (civitates 
foederatae},  provided  they  had  their  home  in  Italy  and  should 
enroll  themselves  within  sixty  days  with  one  of  the  Roman 
praetors.  Then  dismissing  the  legal  questions  as  of  no  impor- 
tance, he  devoted  himself  to  the  more  congenial  task  of  dilating 
upon  the  value  of  poetry  and  letters  to  individual  and  national 
life.  It  is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  all  of  Cicero's  orations. 
"  Cicero  speaks  in  Archias,"  says  Lawton,  "  to  any  appreciative 
student  of  Western  Europe,  as  it  were  in  a  mother  tongue." 

Archias  was  doubtless  acquitted,  and  Cicero  mentions  him  as 
late  as  44  B.C.  Judging  from  the  few  fragments  that  remain, 
his  poetic  talent  was  greatly  overestimated  by  his  contemporaries. 
It  has  been  remarked  that  though  Cicero  thought  to  gain 
immortality  from  Archias'  poem  on  his  consulship,  by  the  irony 
of  fate  it  is  Cicero's  oration  that  has  kept  the  name  of  Archias 
from  oblivion. 


34  INTRODUCTION 

importance  VII.    Pro  Milone  Oratio.  —  The  oration  for  Milo  is  of  great 

of  the  oration.    ,•,•,.„  ri--i         •  •  *    •       • 

historical  interest  on  account  of  the  insight  which  it  gives  into 

the  lawless  conditions  obtaining  in  the  Rome  of  its  day.  To 
understand  the  catastrophe  which  forms  the  subject  of  the 
oration,  it  is  necessary  to  review  briefly  a  series  of  events 
extending  over  the  decade  from  62  to  52  B.C.  Neither  of  the 
principals  in  the  Milo-Clodian  feud  is  deserving  of  any  real 
place  in  history ;  neither  was  a  good  man  or  possessed  of 
unusual  talent ;  both  were  violent  and  unscrupulous  demagogues 
of  a  type  which  flourished  during  this  strange  period  of  political 
turbulence  when  the  governing  city  of  the  world  was  itself 
without  a  government. 

Clodius.  Publius  Clodius  Pulcher  belonged  to  that  proud  patrician 

gens  which  afterward  furnished  Rome  with  several  emperors. 
In  energy,  reckless  audacity,  and  dissoluteness  of  private  life  he 
was  a  second  Catiline  ;  and  by  his  ultrademocratic  legislation 
he  had  made  himself  the  idol  of  the  lowest  classes  of  the 
populace.  His  implacable  enmity  toward  Cicero  is  connected 
with  one  of  his  most  notorious  crimes.  In  62  B.C.,  disguised  as 
a  woman,  he  penetrated  into  the  house  of  Julius  Caesar,  where 
the  patrician  matrons  of  Rome  were  celebrating  the  mysteries 
of  the  Bona  Dea,  a  peculiarly  sacred  festival  never  before 
profaned  by  the  presence  of  a  man.  The  scandal  was  made 
the  subject  of  an  investigation  by  the  senate.  In  the  trial  which 
followed  the  next  year  Clodius  asserted  that  on  the  day  when 
the  sacrilege  was  committed  he  had  been  at  Interamna,  fifty 
miles  from  Rome.  The  alibi  was  disproved  by  Cicero,  however, 
who  stated  that  on  the  day  in  question  he  had  seen  and  con- 
versed with  Clodius  in  Rome.  Clodius  escaped  condemnation 
only  by  bribing  his  judges,  and  thereafter  he  pursued  Cicero 
with  the  most  vindictive  hatred.  Three  years  later  he  scored 
his  triumph  in  the  decree  of  banishment  against  Cicero  on  the 
ground  of  the  illegal  execution  of  the  Catilinarian  conspirators. 

Milo.  Titus  Annius  Milo,  a  man  of  noble  lineage  overwhelmed 

by  debt  and  anxious  to  secure  the  interest  of  the  senatorial 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF    CICERO  35 

faction,  first  came  into  notice  in  57  B.C.,  when  as  tribune  of  the 
people  he  made  himself  the  champion  of  Cicero's  recall.  Open 
conflict  between  him  and  Clodius  ensued.  Each  went  about 
accompanied  by  an  armed  band  of  slaves  and  gladiators.  Street 
brawls  were  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  all  Rome  was  terror- 
ized by  the  license  and  violence  of  the  two  ruffians.  When  Conditions 
after  some  months  Clodius  was  temporarily  worsted  and  Cicero  B 
recalled,  the  fury  of  the  storm  abated,  only  to  break  out  still 
more  fiercely  four  years  later  when  Milo  began  his  canvass  for 
the  consulship,  and  Clodius  for  the  praetorship.  Bribery  and 
violence  were  resorted  to  by  all  factions,  and  so  far  prevailed 
that  the  elections  could  be  held  neither  in  July  nor  at  any  date 
during  the  autumn  to  which  they  were  from  time  to  time  post- 
poned. Cicero  in  Pro  Sestio  gives  us  a  vivid  picture  of  the 
anarchy  existing  in  the  capital  at  this  time.  "  You  remember 
how  the  Tiber  was  full  of  corpses  and  the  public  sewers  choked, 
and  how  the  blood  had  to  be  swabbed  up  with  sponges  in  the 
Forum."  An  attack  was  made  upon  Cicero  himself  on  the  Via 
Sacra,  but  it  was  repelled  by  his  unusually  strong  bodyguard. 
"  Clodius  might  easily  have  been  killed,"  he  writes,  "  but  I  am 
tired  of  surgical  operations."  The  senate  wished  to  name  an 
interrex,  but  this  action  was  vetoed  by  a  tribune,  and  Rome  was 
actually  for  a  time  without  any  lawful  executive  authority. 

Jan.  18,  52  B.C.,  Milo,  accompanied  by  his  wife  and  a  retinue 
of  three  hundred  attendants,  set  out  in  a  heavy  traveling  car- 
riage for  Lanuvium,  of  which  town  he  was  dictator.  On  the 
same  day  Clodius  was  returning  with  a  guard  of  thirty  armed 
slaves  from  Aricia  to  Rome.  The  two  parties  met,  probably  by 
chance,  near  Bovillae,  not  far  from  a  shrine  of  the  Bono,  Dea. 
They  had  nearly  passed  each  other  when  an  altercation  arose  The  death  of 
between  some  gladiators  in  Milo's  train  and  Clodius'  slaves.  In 
the  brawl  which  followed  Clodius  was  wounded.  He  was  car- 
ried into  a  neighboring  inn,  from  which  by  Milo's  orders  he 
was  afterward  dragged  and  slain.  His  body  was  left  lying  in 
the  roadway  until  the  senator  Sextus  Tedius  chancing  to  pass 


36  INTRODUCTION 

that  way  discovered  it  and  had  it  carried  to  Rome.  Here  with 
wounds  exposed  the  dead  man  was  laid  in  the  atrium  of  his 
house  on  the  Palatine,  and  lamented  over  by  his  wife  Fulvia 
and  crowds  of  relatives  and  friends. 

The  burning         The  next  day  was  one  of  indescribable  confusion  in  Rome. 

house  SCnate  Great  crowds  surged  about  the  house.  Excited  by  the  ad- 
dresses of  the  tribunes,  the  people  carried  the  body  to  the 
Forum  and  placed  it  upon  the  Rostra.  Then  in  their  frenzy 
they  took  it  into  the  senate-house,  where  on  a  funeral  pyre  con- 
structed of  benches  and  books  and  papers  it  was  burned.  The 
Curia  itself  caught  fire  and  was  wholly  consumed. 

The  rioting  continued.      Interrex  succeeded  interrex,  but  all 
seemed  equally  impotent  to  put  a  stop  to  this  reign  of  terror. 

A  special         Finally  as  a  last  resort,  Pompey,  who   had  previously  been 
commission  .       .      ,  -         .  .  ..    .          . 

appointed.        authorized  to  levy  troops  for  the  protection  of  the  city,  was 

declared  '  consul  without  colleague,'  a  position  which  made  him 
dictator  in  all  but  name.  He  at  once  took  steps  to  restore 
order.  New  and  more  rigid  laws  were  passed  in  regard  to 
bribery,  illegal  election  clubs,  and  acts  of  violence.  A  special 
commission  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  all  cases  arising  out  of 
the  affray  on  the  Appian  road.  Bodies  of  troops  were  stationed 
in  the  city,  and  in  the  trial  of  Milo  for  the  first  time  in  Roman 
history  armed  guards  surrounded  the  law  courts  in  the  Forum. 
Milo  had  returned  to  the  city  and  continued  his  canvass  for 
the  consulship,  alleging  that  he  had  slain  his  enemy  in  self- 
defense,  and  endeavoring  by  wholesale  bribery  to  lessen  the 
The  trial.  odium  which  he  had  incurred.  He  did  not  lack  defenders. 
To  many  of  the  senatorial  party  at  least  the  murder  of  Clodius 
seemed  a  thing  to  be  devoutly  thankful  for,  and  Cato  dared  to 
say  in  open  senate  that  Milo  had  played  the  part  of  a  good 
citizen.  Cicero  out  of  gratitude  undertook  his  defense,  although 
by  so  doing  he  drew  upon  himself  the  ill-will  of  the  mob  and  the 
disapproval  of  Pompey,  who  was  evidently  anxious  to  be  rid 
once  for  all  of  Milo  and  his  influence.  The  special  court  ap- 
pointed to  try  Milo  consisted  of  fifty-one  members,  mainly  men 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF    CICERO  37 

of  dignity  and  worth.  The  first  three  days  were  given  to  the 
examination  of  witnesses,  rather  a  farcical  proceeding,  since  in 
spite  of  Pompey  and  his  soldiers  the  clamors  of  the  mob 
drowned  out  any  testimony  in  favor  of  Milo.  The  last  day  was 
devoted  to  the  summing  up  of  the  counsel,  two  hours  being 
given  to  the  prosecution,  three  to  the  defense.  The  speech  of 
the  prosecution  was  listened  to  in  respectful  silence  or  with  evi- 
dence of  approval,  but  when  Cicero  arose,  the  demonstrations 
were  so  violent  and  threatening  that  the  orator  seems  to  have 
lost  in  some  measure  his  self-control.  He  did  not  speak  long, 
and  his  words  were  wanting  in  their  usual  vigor  and  feeling. 
Milo  was  convicted  by  a  vote  of  thirty-eight  to  thirteen,  Cato 
being  one  of  the  minority.  He  was  banished  for  life,  and  chose 
Massilia  as  his  place  of  exile.  In  48  B.C.  he  joined  Caelius  in 
his  insurrection  against  Caesar,  and  met  an  inglorious  death. 

Cicero,  ashamed  of  his  weakness  at  the  time  of  the  trial,  wrote  The  oration 
out  in  the  form  known  to  us  the  speech  which  he  had  not  had 
the  courage  to  deliver,  and  sent  a  copy  of  it  to  Milo.  That 
worthy  after  reading  it  remarked  :  "  How  glad  I  am  that  it  was 
not  spoken  ;  for  in  that  case  I  should  not  have  known  the 
delicious  flavor  of  these  Massilian  mullets."  The  oration  is  a 
brilliant  and  specious  plea,  the  best  example  of  Roman  legal 
oratory  now  extant. 

VIII.  In  Antonium  Oratio  Quarta  Decima.  —  After  the  assassi-   condition  of 
nation  of  Julius  Caesar  in  44  B.C.,  the  consul  Marcus  Antonius   the  death  oj 
attempted  to  assume  supreme  power  in  Rome.     He  was  a  man  Caesar 
of  unscrupulous  character  but  commanding  ability,  a  friend  of 
Caesar,  and  one  of  his  officers.      Cicero  considered  that  the 
removal  of  Caesar  made  possible  the  restoration  of  the  republic 
under  senatorial  rule,  and  vigorously  opposed  Antony  from  the 
first.     It  was  no  easy  task  he  had  undertaken.     The  vacillation 
and  indecision  of  the  senatorial  party  resulted  in  leaving  all 
authority  in  Antony's  hands.    "  The  tyrant  is  dead,"  said  Cicero, 
"  but  the  tyranny  still  lives."     At  one  time  he  was  so  discour- 


INTRODUCTION 


The 
Philippics. 


Events  of 
44-43  B.C. 


aged  by  the  popular  enthusiasm  for  Antony  that  he  made  a 
half-hearted  attempt  to  leave  Italy  for  Greece.  Hearing,  how- 
ever, that  Antony's  power  was  beginning  to  decline  and  that  he 
had  adopted  a  more  moderate  course,  he  decided  to  abandon 
his  voyage  and  return  to  Rome.  He  reached  the  city  on 
the  last  day  of  August  and  was  given  a  most  enthusiastic  wel- 
come. According  to  Plutarch,  such  multitudes  flocked  out  to 
meet  him  that  the  compliments  and  civilities  which  were  paid 
him  at  the  gates  and  on  his  entrance  into  the  city  took  up 
almost  one  whole  day's  time. 

On  the  following  day  Antony  convened  the  senate.  Divine 
honors  were  to  be  bestowed  upon  the  dead  Julius,  a  measure 
with  which  Cicero  could  have  no  sympathy ;  and  accordingly, 
under  the  pretense  of  illness,  he  stayed  away  from  the  session. 
Antony  was  indignant  at  the  affront,  and  assailed  him  in  his 
absence  in  a  bitter  speech,  which  Cicero  answered  on  the  fol- 
lowing day,  when  Antony  was  himself  not  in  attendance.  In 
this  first  speech  Cicero  was  careful  to  keep  within  bounds  which 
would  not  necessitate  an  irrevocable  rupture.  But  when,  on 
September  iQth,  Antony  replied  with  a  furious  declaration  of 
mortal  enmity,  charging  Cicero  with  many  crimes,  among  them 
the  murders  of  Clodius  and  Caesar,  Cicero  could  hold  no 
middle  ground.  He  did  not  venture  to  answer  Antony  in  the 
senate,  but  in  November  published  in  pamphlet  form  the 
memorable  second  oration,  in  which  in  language  always  defiant 
and  often  unspeakably  coarse  he  arraigned  Antony's  public  life 
as  traitorous  and  his  private  life  as  infamous.  These  two  ora- 
tions, together  with  the  twelve  that  followed,  are  called  Phi- 
lippics on  account  of  their  resemblance  to  the  speeches  of 
Demosthenes  against  Philip  of  Macedon. 

The  events  which  led  directly  to  the  delivery  of  the  four- 
teenth Philippic  were  as  follows.  Decimus  Brutus  was  governor 
of  Cisalpine  Gaul  for  43  B.C.  by  virtue  of  the  appointment  made 
by  Caesar  and  ratified  by  the  senate  after  Caesar's  death ;  but 
Antony  demanded  that  the  governorship  be  transferred  to  him, 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  39 

and  this  demand  was  granted  by  the  people.  He  thereupon  with- 
drew to  Gaul  and  laid  siege  to  Brutus  in  Mutina.  The  winter  of 
44-43  B.C.  was  consumed  by  the  senate  in  unprofitable  debate 
and  in  sending  an  embassy  to  Antony  to  treat  of  peace.  Cicero's 
voice  during  this  whole  time  was  uncompromisingly  for  war 
upon  Antony  as  an  enemy  of  the  state.  At  last,  the  senate 
finding  it  impossible  to  entertain  the  terms  of  peace  proposed 
voted  that  there  was  a  state  of  insurrection  (tumultus),  and 
determined  upon  aggressive  military  action.  The  consuls 
Hirtius  and  Pansa  recognized  the  authority  of  the  senate,  and 
took  the  field  against  Antony  in  conjunction  with  Octavianus, 
the  grandnephew  and  heir  of  Julius  Caesar,  who  was  endeavor- 
ing to  serve  his  own  purposes  by  acting  in  concert  with  the 
republicans,  and  had  already  made  himself  the  strongest  antag- 
onist with  whom  Antony  had  to  deal.  On  April  isth  they 
defeated  Antony  at  Forum  Gallorum  near  Mutina,  but  Pansa 
received  a  mortal  wound.  A  second  battle  was  fought  April 
zyth  at  Mutina.  In  this  battle  Antony  was  again  defeated,  but 
Hirtius  was  killed.  In  the  interval  between  these  two  engage- 
ments, and  while  Pansa's  fate  was  still  unknown,  the  despatches 
of  Hirtius  announced  the  victory  at  Forum  Gallorum.  The  news 
was  received  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm,  and  the  old  orator 
who  had  so  courageously  accepted  the  dangerous  post  of  republi- 
can leadership  was  the  hero  of  the  hour.  Again  jubilant  crowds 
thronged  about  his  house  and  attended  him  in  triumphal  pro- 
cession to  the  Capitol,  where  he  rendered  thanks  for  the  victory. 
On  the  day  following  the  receipt  of  the  news,  probably  April  21, 
the  senate  was  convened  to  hear  the  reading  of  the  despatches. 
A  resolution  was  offered  by  Publius  Servilius  that  the  military 
garb  be  laid  aside,  and  that  a  general  thanksgiving  be  voted. 
On  this  motion  Cicero  delivered  the  Fourteenth  Philippic,  his  Cicero's  last 
last  public  speech.  The  oration  contains  many  forceful  and  p 
eloquent  passages,  and  as  a  whole  is  no  unworthy  close  to  the 
famous  orator's  career.  It  concludes  with  a  resolution  to 
bestow  the  title  of  imperator  upon  the  consuls  Hirtius  and 


40  INTRODUCTION 

Pansa  and  upon  the  propraetor  Octavianus ;  to  extend  the 
period  of  thanksgiving  to  fifty  days ;  and  to  erect  a  public 
monument  in  memory  of  the  slain. 

His  death.  The  jubilation  was  short-lived.    When  Octavianus  at  the  head 

of  the  consular  legions  came  to  terms  with  Antony  and  Lepidus 
and  marched  upon  Rome,  the  cause  of  the  republic  was  doomed. 
In  the  proscriptions  that  followed  Cicero  was  one  of  the  first 
victims.  All  that  human  effort  could  do  to  stem  the  tide  of 
imperial  rule,  he  had  done.  To  the  last  he  was  true  to  the  part 
to  which  he  had  pledged  himself  in  the  glowing  words  with 
which  he  closed  his  second  oration  against  Antony  : 

"  In  my  youth  I  defended  the  state ;  I  shall  not  desert  it  in 
my  old  age.  Catiline's  swords  caused  me  no  fear ;  I  shall  not 
shrink  from  yours.  Nay,  gladly  would  I  offer  this  body  of  mine 
as  a  sacrifice,  could  I  thus  secure  the  liberty  of  my  country.  If 
twenty  years  ago  I  could  triumphantly  state  here  in  the  senate 
that  death  could  never  come  untimely  to  an  ex-consul,  with 
how  much  more  truth  can  I  make  the  same  claim  now  in  my 
advanced  years?  To  me  who  have  finished  the  labor  of  my 
life,  death  would  even  be  welcome  after  all  the  honors  that  I 
have  attained,  after  all  the  exploits  I  have  achieved.  Two 
things  remain  as  yet  for  which  I  pray  :  the  one,  that  when  I  die 
I  may  behold  my  country's  liberty,  than  which  the  immortal 
gods  no  greater  gift  can  bestow ;  the  other,  that  each  one  of  us 
may  prosper  as  he  deserves  for  his  services  to  our  common 
land." 

Marceiiusand  IX.  Pro  Marcello  Oratio.  —  Among  the  opponents  of  Caesar 
none  had  shown  a  more  uncompromising  hostility  to  him  than 
M.  Claudius  Marcellus-,  a  descendant  of  an  illustrious  plebeian 
branch  of  the  great  Claudian  gens,  a  distinguished  advocate,  and 
a  strong  and  able  leader  of  the  senatorial  party.  As  consul  in 
51  B.C.  he  had  proposed  Caesar's  recall  from  his  province,  and 
throughout  he  was  most  active  in  those  measures  which  finally 
drove  Caesar  to  an  appeal  to  arms.  When  civil  war  broke  out, 


TEN    ORATIONS    OF   CICERO  4! 

he  followed  the  fortunes  of  Pompey.  After  Pharsalus,  however, 
he  withdrew  to  Mytilene,  and  tranquilly  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  philosophy,  absolutely  refusing  to  make  any  effort 
toward  conciliating  Caesar. 

Late  in  the  summer  of  46  B.C.  the  matter  of  his  restoration  Marceiius 
was  broached  in  the  senate  by  Caesar's  step-son,  Lucius  Piso.  pard 
Gaius  Marceiius,  brother  of  the  exile,  threw  himself  in  entreaty 
at  Caesar's  feet,  and  the  entire  senate  rose  to  second  the 
appeal.  Caesar,  after  recounting  the  offenses  of  Marceiius 
against  him,  said  that  he  should  not  allow  his  personal  resent- 
ment to  outweigh  the  wishes  of  the  senate.  The  question  was 
then  put  to  a  formal  vote.  When  Cicero's  turn  came,  he  arose, 
and  seemingly  under  the  excitement  of  the  moment  breaking 
the  silence  which  he  had  so  steadfastly  maintained  in  the  senate 
under  the  dictatorship,  launched  into  a  brilliant  panegyric  upon 
Caesar's  clemency. 

This  oration,  for  centuries  admired  as  a  masterpiece  of  Opposing 
eloquence,  has  been  of  late  years  most  bitterly  attacked  both  as  ^oration 
to  style  and  subject  matter.  It  is  full  of  extravagant  flattery, 
and  its  tone  is  strangely  at  variance  with  the  sentiments  which 
Cicero  expressed  after  Caesar's  death.  But  its  eulogy  could 
not  have  seemed  so  inordinate  to  those  who  heard  it  as  it  does 
to  us  who  read  it  in  the  light  of  conditions  vastly  changed  from 
the  days  when  massacre  and  proscription  were  the  usual  ac- 
companiments of  victory.  The  humanity  of  Caesar,  remarkable 
in  any  age,  was  indeed  a  new  experience  to  men  who  had 
known  the  atrocity  of  a  Sulla.  Cicero's  hopes  of  a  restored 
republic  and  his  exuberant  enthusiasm  for  the  generous  victor 
may  well  have  been  at  this  time  sincere. 

Marceiius  did  not  live  to  enjoy  the  pardon  which  he  reluc-  Death  of 
tantly  accepted.  While  stopping  at  Athens  on  his  homeward 
journey  he  was  assassinated  by  one  of  his  own  retinue,  P. 
Magius  Chilo.  His  body  was  burned  in  the  Athenian  Acad- 
emy, and  a  marble  tomb  was  erected  in  commemoration  of  his 
virtues. 


42  INTRODUCTION 

X.  Pro  Ligario  Oratio.  —  This  oration  is  of  special  interest, 
as  it  gives  us  the  first  glimpse  of  the  great  dictator  in  his 
character  of  judge  without  a  jury  in  the  law-courts  of  the 
Forum. 

In  49  B.C.  C.  Considius  Longus,  governor  of  Africa,  returned 
to  Rome,  leaving  his  province  in  command  of  his  legate  Quintus 
Ligarius.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  civil  war,  Ligarius,  in  spite  of 
the  urgency  of  the  Pompeians  in  Africa,  refused  to  take  any 
active  measures  in  Pompey's  behalf.  As  soon,  however,  as  the 
Pompeian  general,  Attius  Varus,  who  had  been  defeated  in  the 
first  battle  of  the  war,  came  to  Africa,  of  which  province  he  had 
once  been  governor,  Ligarius  surrendered  the  province  to  him. 
When  L.  Aelius  Tubero,  the  governor  appointed  by  the  senate, 
reached  Utica,  Varus,  or  perhaps  Ligarius,  refused  to  allow  him 
to  disembark,  notwithstanding  the  illness  of  his  son  Quintus, 
who  was  on  board.  The  two  Tuberones,  mortally  offended, 
betook  themselves  to  the  east  and  joining  Pompey's  forces 
fought  at  Pharsalus.  Shortly  afterward,  however,  they  made 
their  peace  with  Caesar.  Ligarius  remained  in  Africa,  and  after 
the  battle  of  Thapsus  was  sentenced  to  remain  in  exile. 

In  46  B.C.  the  brothers  of  Ligarius,  who  had  been  partizans 
of  Caesar,  petitioned  for  his  recall.  While  Caesar  was  con- 
sidering the  application,  Quintus  Tubero  brought  an  action 
against  Ligarius,  charging  that  he  had  resisted  Caesar  and  allied 
himself  with  Juba,  king  of  Numidia,  an  enemy  of  the  state. 

Cicero  conducted  the  case  for  the  accused  with  the  most 
consummate  skill,  adroitly  impugning  Tubero's  motives,  touch- 
ing the  question  of  guilt  only  in  the  most  casual  way,  and  throw- 
ing himself  wholly  upon  Caesar's  mercy.  The  speech  is  of 
conspicuous  literary  merit.  Its  simple  direct  style,  in  striking 
contrast  to  the  sonorous  periods  which  Cicero  would  have 
addressed  to  a  different  court,  its  fine  flavor  of  irony,  its  pathos 
and  delicate  eulogy,  could  scarcely  have  been  improved  upon. 
According  to  Plutarch,  it  stands  as  a  monument  to  Cicero's 
powers  of  persuasion.  "  '  We  know  the  man  is  an  enemy  and  a 


THE    LETTERS    OF   CICERO  43 

pestilent  fellow,'  Caesar  had  said,  'but  why  not  hear  another  itseffectupon 

speech  from  Cicero  ? '     But  when  Cicero  began  to  'speak,  he  Caesar 

wonderfully  moved  him,  and  proceeded  in  his  speech  with  such 

varied  pathos  and  such  charm  of  language  that  the  color  of 

Caesar's  countenance  often  changed,  and  it  was  evident  that 

all  the  passions  of  his  soul  were  in  commotion.     At  length,  the 

orator  touching  upon  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  he  was  so  affected 

that  his  body  trembled,  and  some  papers  he  held  dropped  out 

of  his  hand.     And  thus  he  was  overpowered   and   acquitted 

Ligarius." 

Not  much  more  than  a  year  later,  among  the  daggers  that 
struck  down  Caesar  was  one  aimed  by  the  hand  of  Quintus 
Ligarius.  He  himself  perished  in  the  proscriptions  of  the 
triumvirate. 


THE    LETTERS    OF   CICERO 

Their  Discovery  and  Number.  —  Of  Cicero's  extensive  corre- 
spondence about  870  letters  have  come  down  to  our  time, 
among  these  98  letters  addressed  to  him.  When  interest  in 
Roman  literature  died  away  after  the  fall  of  the  Western  Roman 
Empire,  the  correspondence  was  forgotten  and  the  letters  were 
finally  lost.  Their  rediscovery  we  largely  owe  to  Francesco 
Petrarca,  the  Italian  poet  and  scholar,  who  in  1345  A.D.  found 
at  Verona  the  letters  to  Atticus,  Quintus  Cicero,  and  Brutus. 
Toward  the  end  of  the  same  century  the  letters  ad  familiares 
were  discovered  at  Vercelli.  At  present  we  possess  the  following  The  extant 
collections  :  Ad  Familiares,  sixteen  books  ;  Ad  Atticum,  sixteen  collectlons- 
books ;  Ad  Quintum  Fratrem,  three  books ;  Ad  Brutum,  two 
books.  These  letters  cover  the  period  from  68  to  43  B.C.,  the 
last  having  been  written  but  a  few  months  before  Cicero's  death. 
None  from  the  year  of  his  consulship  are  extant.  The  i4th 
book  ad  familiares  addressed  to  Terentia  by  her  husband,  and 
to  their  children,  has  been  selected  for  this  edition. 


44  INTRODUCTION 

Their  Interest.  —  Correspondence  was  of  much  greater  im- 
portance to  the  Romans  than  to  us  because  their  letters  con- 
tained to  some  extent  the  information  furnished  to  us  by 
newspapers.  In  them  the  news  from  the  provinces  was  brought 
to  the  statesman  and  financier  at  the  capital,  and  the  Roman 
by  their  means  sent  word  of  what  took  place  in  the  city  to  his 
friends  living  permanently  or  stationed  temporarily  in  the 
various  parts  of  the  empire.  For  two  reasons  Cicero's  letters 
are  of  special  importance  and  interest  to  us.  Of  this  kind  of 
literature  they  are  the  only  considerable  example  extant  from 
ancient  times.  They  naturally  show  us  the  tendency  of  the 
times  and  the  character  of  men  from  a  point  of  view  entirely 
different  from  that  of  orations,  historical  works,  or  philosophical 
writings.  Second,  while  Cicero  intended,  as  he  himself  states 
in  one  of  his  letters  to  Atticus,  to  edit  his  correspondence  and 
place  it  before  the  public,  his  life's  work  was  ended  before  he 
succeeded  in  doing  this.  Atticus,  his  closest  friend,  made  a 
collection  of  the  letters  which  Cicero  had  directed  to  him. 
Tiro,  Cicero's  trusted  freedman  and  secretary,  probably 
arranged  the  others,  if  arrangement  we  can  call  their  present 
order.  The  letters  therefore  have  probably  come  down  to  us 
in  their  original  form,  giving  us  a  true  insight  into  their  author's 
character.  We  see,  on  the  one  hand,  his  loyalty  toward  his 
friends,  his  honesty  in  matters  of  business,  his  deep  attachment 
to  his  daughter,  whom  he  proudly  calls  "  her  father's  very  image 
in  countenance,  speech,  and  character."  On  the  other  hand, 
we  see  his  vanity ;  his  deceitfulness  toward  men  whom  he 
hates,  yet  professes  to  love  ;  his  sarcastic  malice  toward  those 
from  whom  he  differs  ;  his  fickleness  and  irresolution.  Now  he 
sinks  into  the  depth  of  despair,  thinking  even  of  suicide  ;  now 
again  he  swims  on  the  crest  of  the  billow  apparently  carrying 
him  to  his  goal,  the  recognized  leadership  of  the  Roman  state. 

Yet  his  weaknesses  are  but  human,  his  virtues  far  beyond  the 
average  of  his  time.  A  faithful  husband,  a  loving  father,  an 
honest  steward  wherever  his  country  placed  him,  a  scholar 


THE    LETTERS    OF   CICERO  45 

refined  and  pure  in  thought  and  word,  he  is  dearer  perhaps 
to  our  hearts  with  all  his  foibles  than  had  he  possessed  all 
the  icy  perfection  of  the  ideal  statue. 

Their  Style.  —  In  style  and  language  the  letters  necessarily 
differ  from  the  orations.  Neither  rhetorical  art  nor  deep 
reflection  determines  here  the  choice  of  words  or  their  position. 
The  language  flows  as  from  a  natural  spring,  the  learned  armor 
is  laid  aside,  and  the  pen  follows  the  dictation  of  the  heart. 
Popular  terms  and  expressions  from  every-day  language  are  Some 
numerous,  and  frequent  alliteration  lends  charm  to  the  sound,  peculiarities. 
A  harmless  pun  shows  the  writer's  good  nature ;  often  an  ellipsis 
suggests  rather  than  explains.  Occasional  epistolary  tenses  show 
the  politeness  of  the  Roman,  who  places  himself  in  the  position 
of  the  person  addressed  and  in  the  time  at  which  his  message 
will  be  read.  Greek  terms  and  quotations  here  and  there 
flatter  the  writer's  vanity  or  help  him  in  skillful  periphrase. 
Diminutives  betray  the  tenderness  of  affection  ;  and  compounds 
mper-  and  sub-  convey  degrees  of  emphasis  not  expressed  by 
the  simple  word. 

Writing  Materials.  —  For  writing  material  the  Romans  em-  waxed 
ployed  in  early  times  wooden  or  ivory  tablets  covered  with  wax  Ublets- 
(tabellae}  in  which  the  letters  were  scratched  by  means  of  a 
metal  or  ivory  pencil  (stilus}.     Only  one  side  of  these  tablets 
was  written  upon,  and  a  raised  wooden  border  protected  the 
writing  when  two  or  more  of  them  were  joined  together.     To 
secure  the  privacy  of  the  letter  and  to  attest  its  genuineness,  a 
thread  (linuni)  was  passed  around  it  and  through  holes  in  the 
center,  and   the  knot  covered  with  wax  which  was  stamped 
(obsignare)  with  a  signet- ring  (anulits). 

As  early  as  200  B.C.  paper  (charta)  made  of  the  Egyptian  Paper, 
papyrus  was  imported  into  Italy,  and  to  a  great  extent  the  use 
of  the  heavy  wooden  tablets  was  dispensed  with.     A  reed  pen 
(calamus}  took  the  place  of  the  stilus ;  the  ink  (atramentuni) 


40  INTRODUCTION 

had  soot  and  gum  for  its  main  ingredients.  When  the  letter 
was  finished,  the  papyrus  was  rolled  up  and  fastened  by  means 
of  a  thread  which  was  sometimes  passed  through  the  sheet 
itself.  This  was  sealed  like  the  tabellae. 

The  No  public  mail  system   existed  in  Cicero's  time.     Private 

onette"re!i0n  couriers  (tabellarit),  either  persons  who  happened  to  be  going 
in  the  desired  direction  or  the  writer's  own  slaves,  carried  the 
letters. 


THE    ROMAN   CONSTITUTION 

The  Roman  Constitution  was  the  result  of  slow  growth.  It 
was  not  a  symmetrical  exposition  of  principles  of  government 
made  at  any  one  time  or  by  any  one  political  body,  but  the 
gradual  embodiment  of  changing  conditions  and  of  the  practical 
wisdom  gained  from  actual  experience.  Hence  it  is  lacking  in 
unity  and  confusing  in  detail.  The  following  sketch  attempts 
to  give  only  such  information  regarding  it  as  is  necessary  to  an 
intelligent  comprehension  of  political  conditions  at  the  time  of 
Cicero. 

citizenship.  I.  Citizens.  —  The  class  of  citizens  (cives,  Quirt  tes)  possess- 
ing the  full  Roman  franchise  now  included  all  the  free  inhabit- 
ants of  Rome  and  Italy.  In  earlier  times  the  citizenship 
(civitas)  could  be  acquired  only  by  the  inhabitants  of  Rome 
and  its  immediate  environs.  With  the  spread  of  Roman  do- 
minion, however,  it  was  extended  in  different  degrees  to  various 
colonies  (colonial)  sent  out  from  Rome  to  occupy  conquered 
territory,  and  to  subject  and  allied  Italian  communities  (muni- 
cipia,  civitates  foederatae),  whose  relation  to  Rome  depended 
upon  the  terms  under  which  they  had  been  annexed.  As  the 
result  of  the  Social  War,  all  Italy  became  Roman,  and  by  the 
lex  lulia  of  90  B.C.  and  the  lex  Plautia-Papina  of  89  H.C. 
practically  all  citizens  of  Italian  municipalities  were  given  the 
full  Roman  franchise.  Since  the  principle  of  representation  was 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  47 

unknown,  however,  the  value  of  the  franchise  to  Italian  citizens 
was  much  restricted  by  the  fact  that  they  must  go  to  Rome 
in  order  to  exercise  their  right  of  suffrage. 

Roman  citizenship  could  be  acquired  in  three  ways,     (i)  By  How 
birth  from  Roman  parents  in  lawful  marriage.     (2)  By  presenta-  acquu 
tion,  either  by  direct  gift  of  the  Roman  people  or  from  victori- 
ous generals  or  founders  of   colonies  who  had  been  granted 
the  power  to  bestow  it.     It  was  given  in  this  way  sometimes  to 
individuals,  sometimes  to  entire  cities.     (3)   By  manumission. 
Slaves  legally  set  free  received  the  civitas  subject  to  certain 
restrictions. 

In  its  fullest  sense  the  Roman  franchise  included  (a)  political   Rights  of 

...  .,..,         ..  ,    .     .        ,  citizenship, 

rights:   (i)  tits  suffragi,  the  right  to  vote;   (2)   ins  nonontin, 

the  right  to  hold  office,  (b)  Personal  rights  :  (i)  ius  conubi, 
the  right  to  enter  upon  a  legal  marriage  ;  (2)  ius  commerci,  the 
right  to  make  contracts,  including  the  holding  and  bequeathing 
of  property;  (3)  ius  provocation  is,  the  right  to  appeal  to  the 
people  from  the  decision  of  a  magistrate  ;  (4)  by  the  lex  Clodia 
frit  men  fa  ria  of  the  year  58  B.C.  Roman  citizens  living  at  the 
capital  were  entitled  to  a  share  in  the  public  largess  of  grain. 
In  Cicero's  time  from  200,000  to  300,000  citizens  received 
monthly  five  bushels  (modii}. 

Outside  the  pale  of  full  citizenship  were  (a)  the  peregrini,  Non-citizens, 
foreigners,  or  persons  who  were  not  citizens,  but  domiciled  in 
Roman  territory.  To  this  class  belonged  :  ( i )  all  those  allies 
(s0cii  )  to  whom  the  rights  of  citizenship  had  not  been  granted  ; 
(2)  alien  residents  in  the  Roman  state ;  (3)  dediticii,  inhabit- 
ants of  communities  which  had  been  compelled  to  surrender 
to  Rome  unconditionally.  In  general  the  peregrini  were  pro- 
tected in  personal  and  property  rights.  The  extent  of  their 
political  rights  was  determined  by  the  relation  to  Rome  of  the 
various  communities  from  which  they  came.  (^)  The  servi.  In 
the  beginning  the  slave  population  of  Rome  was  very  small,  but 
its  numbers  were  constantly  increased  by  the  captives  taken  in 
her  continuous  wars,  until  in  the  time  of  Cicero  the  enormous 


48 


INTRODUCTION 


Classes  of 
citizens. 


Ordo 
senatorius. 


Ordo 
equester. 


hordes  of  slaves  had  almost  entirely  supplanted  the  class  of  free 
laborers.  Slaves  had  no  rights  whatever.  In  the  eye  of  the 
law  they  were  mere  chattels,  their  lives  being  wholly  subject  to 
the  will  of  their  masters.  Their  wretched  condition  under  the 
republic  led  to  numerous  uprisings,  but  they  were  given  no  legal 
protection  until  the  time  of  the  empire. 

There  were  at  Rome  two  privileged  classes,  (i)  the  ordo 
senatorius  and  (2)  the  ordo  equester.  Opposed  to  these  was 
the  plebs  or  populus,  the  great  mass  of  the  citizens. 

When  after  a  struggle  of  more  than  two  hundred  years  the 
old  political  distinctions  between  patricians  and  plebeians  had 
been  swept  away,  an  aristocracy  of  office  replaced  the  old 
patrician  aristocracy  of  birth.  The  senatorial  order  was  now 
practically  a  hereditary  nobility,  consisting  of  those  whose 
ancestors  had  held  a  curule  magistracy,  or  who  had  themselves 
attained  to  that  distinction.  Any  free-born  citizen  might  be- 
come a  candidate  for  office,  but  the  opposition  of  the  solid 
phalanx  of  the  nobility  made  it  very  difficult  for  a  new  man 
(homo  novus)  to  enter  the  political  field.  If  he  was  elected 
to  a  curule  office,  however,  he  thereby  ennobled  his  posterity. 
The  members  of  the  senatorial  order  were  debarred  from  engag- 
ing in  any  trade  or  business.  The  badge  of  the  senators  was 
the  tunic  with  a  broad  purple  stripe  flatus  claims'), 

The  knights  (ordo  equester  or  equites)  owed  their  distinction 
entirely  to  a  property  qualification.  Any  free-born  citizen 
possessing  a  fortune  of  not  less  than  400,000  sesterces  ($i  7,000) 
was  eligible  to  the  order.  The  knights  first  received  political 
recognition  from  Gaius  Gracchus,  who  gave  them  the  right  to 
sit  on  juries,  a  privilege  which  previously  had  belonged  exclu- 
sively to  the  senators.  From  their  number  came  the  farmers 
of  the  revenue  (publicani)  and  the  large  merchants  and 
capitalists  (negotiatores) . 

Originally  the  equites  formed  a  branch  of  the  Roman  army. 
Under  the  Servian  legislation  eighteen  centuries  of  the  richest 
men,  most  of  them  young  nobles,  were  organized  as  cavalry. 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  49 

Since  a  certain  sum  of  money  was  given  them  for  the  purchase 
and  keeping  of  a  horse,  they  were  called  equites  equo  publico. 
For  military  purposes  there  were  added  later  equites  equo 
private,  wealthy  citizens  not  nobles  who  served  in  the  cavalry 
at  their  own  expense.  From  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  the  name 
equites  was  applied  to  all  who  possessed  the  original  equestrian 
census,  and  it  now  had  no  reference  to  military  service.  The 
badge  of  the  order  was  the  tunic  with  narrow  purple  stripe 
(angustus  clavus). 

Under  the  term  of  plebs  or  populus  was  included  the  great   Piebs  or 
mass  of  voters  whose  census  was  below  that  of  the  equestrian  p 
rank.      Strictly  they  did   not  form  an  order.      They  had  no 
special  privileges,  no  insignia.      In  the  time  of  Cicero  they 
were  scarcely  more  than  a  wretched  rabble,  living  largely  upon 
public  bounty.      Within  their  ranks  a   distinction  was  made 
between  the  free-born  (ingenui}  and  the  freedmen  (lihertini~). 
Slaves  did  not  obtain  by  manumission  the  full  rights  of  citizens  ; 
according  to   some   authorities   three   generations  of  freedom 
were  required  to  remove  the  taint  of  slavery. 

The  government  of  the  Roman  state  was  administered  by  the  Governing 
assemblies,  the  senate,  and  the  magistrates. 

II.  The  Assemblies.  —  The  people  exercised  their  authority 
through  the  medium  of  three  constitutional  assemblies.  They 
were  historically  developed  as  follows  :  — 

i.  The  comitia  curiata,  the  most  ancient  of  the  assemblies,  Comma 
dates  from  the  earliest  regal  period.  It  was  an  assembly  of 
patricians  in  their  thirty  curiae  or  wards,  ten  from  each  of  the 
original  tribes  of  Ramnes,  Tities,  and  Luceres.  It  was  at 
first  the  supreme  authority  in  the  state,  but  its  influence  declined 
as  the  patricians  gradually  lost  their  preponderance  of  power. 
In  Cicero's  time  its  functions  were  purely  formal,  such  as 
bestowing  the  imperium  upon  the  consul,  and  receiving  non- 
patricians  into  the  patrician  order.  These  duties  were  dis- 
charged through  a  representation  of  thirty  lictores  curiati. 


5° 


INTRODUCTION 


Comitia 
centuriata. 


Comitia 
tnbuta. 


2.,  The  comitia  centuriata  was  an  assembly  of  the  people 
voting  in  centuries  (centitriae).  It  was  established  by  Servius 
Tullius.  As  originally  constituted,  it  was  made  up  of  193  cen- 
turies, embracing  the  entire  number  of  citizens,  the  distinction 
between  its  five  classes  and  their  relative  importance  being 
determined  by  property  qualifications.  During  the  latter  half 
of  the  third  century  B.C.  a  political  reorganization  of  the  comitia 
centuriata  took  place.  Each  one  of  the  thirty-five  tribes  fur- 
nished ten  centuries,  which  together  with  eighteen  centuries  of 
knights,  four  centuries  of  artisans,  and  one  century  of  the  pro- 
letarii  (citizens  of  the  lowest  class)  made  the  373  centuries  of 
Cicero's  time.  Under  the  early  republic  its  powers  were  very 
extensive.  They  included  the  election  of  the  chief  magistrates, 
the  right  of  declaring  war,  the  final  jurisdiction  over  capital 
crimes  (in  consequence  of  the  ins  provo cationis) ,  and  the  right 
to  pass  upon  laws  proposed  by  the  magistrates.  Since  it  was 
organized  as  a  military  assembly,  it  held  its  meetings  outside 
the  city  walls,  generally  in  the  Campus  Martius.  It  was  pre- 
sided over  by  a  consul,  praetor,  or  dictator.  Gradually  its  im- 
portance began  to  wane.  After  the  first  century  of  the  republic 
some  of  its  powers  were  surrendered  to  the  senate,  others  to  the 
courts,  while  others  still  were  assumed  by  the  comitia  tribute. 

3.  The  comitia  tributa  was  an  assembly  of  the  thirty-five 
tribes  (tribus}.  It  was  regularly  summoned  by  a  patrician 
magistrate,  and  met  in  the  Forum,  the  Capitol,  or  the  Fla- 
minian  Circus.  It  increased  rapidly  in  importance,  absorbing 
many  of  the  powers  relinquished  by  the  two  older  assemblies. 
After  the  year  286  B.C.  its  decrees  were  binding  upon  the 
whole  people.  To  exercise  its  several  powers  it  was  convened 
under  two  distinct  names,  (a)  The  comitia  tributa  proper 
was  an  assembly  of  all  the  people  to  elect  curule  aediles, 
quaestors,  and  certain  lesser  magistrates  and  ministers  of  re- 
ligion. Each  tribe  had  one  vote,  the  city  tribes  voting  origi- 
nally before  the  rural ;  in  Cicero's  time  all  the  tribes  voted 
simultaneously,  and  the  presiding  magistrate  decided  either 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  51 

• 
at  his  discretion  or  by  the  drawing  of  lots  which  tribe  should 

have  its  vote  announced  first  (principium).  (b)  The  con- 
cilium plebis  was  presided  over  by  a  tribune,  and  patricians 
were  excluded  from  it.  It  chose  the  plebeian  tribunes  and 
plebeian  aediles,  and  was  the  chief  legislative  body  of  the 
commonwealth. 

Due  and  formal  notice  was  required  for  every  meeting  of  The  session, 
each  of  the  assemblies,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  concilium 
plebis  they  were  never  opened  without  first  securing  favorable 
auspices.  The  presiding  officer,  who  was  the  magistrate  by 
whom  the  session  had  been  called,  could  adjourn  it  at  his 
pleasure.  He  could  also  defeat  any  measure  for  the  time 
being  by  refusing  to  announce  the  result.  Any  magistrate  of 
equal  or  higher  rank  than  the  presiding  officer  could  adjourn 
the  session  by  announcing  an  unfavorable  omen.  All  sessions 
had  to  close  at  sunset.  If  an  assembly  was  adjourned  for  any 
reason  before  all  the  business  on  hand  had  been  completed, 
all  voting  had  to  be  done  anew,  even  that  for  candidates  who 
had  been  already  elected. 

In  none  of  these  assemblies  were  the  proceedings  delibera-  The  vote, 
tive.  They  voted  yes  or  no  upon  the  proposition  submitted 
without  even  the  right  of  amendment.  All  assemblies  adopted 
in  substance  the  same  manner  of  voting.  Each  citizen  cast 
one  ballot  within  his  tribe  or  century  or  ward.  The  majority 
of  the  ballots  cast  determined  the  vote  of  that  tribe,  century, 
or  ward  in  obtaining  the  final  result,  each  one  of  these  sub- 
divisions voting  as  a  unit. 

To  atone  for  the  absence  of  deliberative  assemblies,  con-  Contiones. 
tiones,  or  meetings  of  the  people,  were  called,  and  in  these  the 
masses  were  enlightened  upon  matters  of  public  policy.  No 
debate  was  allowed  even  here.  The  presiding  officer  addressed 
the  meeting  himself,  or  indicated  those  who  might  do  so. 
Such  assemblies  had  no  authority,  but  they  were  a  powerful 
factor  in  molding  public  opinion.  It  was  in  a  contio  that 
Cicero  delivered  his  speech  Pro  Lege  Manilla. 


INTRODUCTION 


Number  of 

senators. 


Qualifica- 
tions of 
senators. 


Functions  of 
the  senate. 


III.  The  Senate. — The  senate  was  originally  instituted  as 
an  advisory  board  for  the  kings.  During  the  republican  era 
it  had  gradually  encroached  upon  the  functions  of  the  assem- 
blies and  magistrates,  until  in  Cicero's  time  it  had  become  the 
highest  administrative  body  in  the  state.  This  usurpation  had 
been  made  possible  by  the  high  character  and  ability  of  the 
men  composing  it  in  earlier  times.  The  official  designation 
of  the  senators  assembled,  patres  conscripti,  had  historical 
significance,  patres  referring  to  the  original  patrician  mem- 
bers, conscripti  to  the  plebeians  added  later  to  bring  the 
number  up  to  three  hundred.  This  continued  to  be  the  mem- 
bership until  80  B.C.,  when  Sulla  increased  it  to  six  hundred. 
Julius  Caesar  raised  the  number  to  nine  hundred.  Augustus 
again  reduced  it  to  six  hundred.  The  only  qualification  de- 
manded for  admission  to  the  senate  in  Cicero's  time  was  that 
one  should  have  filled  the  office  of  quaestor.  In  the  best 
days  of  the  senate  only  curule  magistrates  were  eligible  to 
membership,  but  the  constitution  of  Sulla  extended  the  sena- 
torial privilege  to  the  quaestorship.  All  the  higher  state  officials 
could  be  present  at  any  session  of  the  senate  and  were  allowed 
to  speak,  but  not  to  vote.  The  senator  held  his  seat  for  life 
unless  removed  by  the  censors  for  immoral  conduct. 

Among  the  prerogatives  which  the  senate  had  assumed,  the 
following  deserve  notice,  (i)  Religions.  The  senate  guarded 
the  public  worship,  ordered  the  consultation  of  the  haruspices 
and  of  the  Sibylline  books,  and  decreed  games,  holidays,  and 
thanksgivings.  (2)  Financial.  It  took  entire  charge  of  finan- 
cial administration,  fixed  the  amount  of  taxes  and  the  manner 
of  their  collection,  and  supervised  all  expenditures  of  public 
money.  (3)  Foreign  relations.  The  entire  control  of  foreign 
relations  lay  with  the  senate.  It  sent  and  received  embassies, 
prepared  treaties  to  be  placed  before  the  people  for  ratifica- 
tion, and  granted  honors  and  titles  to  foreign  potentates. 
(4)  War.  Wars  were  declared  by  the  comitia  upon  the  ad- 
vice of  the  senate.  The  senate  took  charge  of  the  levying 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  53 

• 

of  troops  and  their  assignment  to  their  respective  commanders, 
received  the  reports  of  generals,  and  granted  triumphs  and  the 
right  to  the  title  of  imperator.  (5)  Provinces.  Provincial  gov- 
ernments were  wholly  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  senate. 
(6)  Legislative.  The  senate  discussed  and  formulated  laws  to 
be  presented  to  the  assemblies.  Its  decrees  were  not  binding 
without  the  consent  of  the  comitia,  but  this  was  seldom  re- 
fused. (7)  Extraordinary  conditions.  During  an  interregnum 
the  senate  appointed  the  interrex.  In  times  of  extreme  dan- 
ger the  senate  instructed  the  consuls  to  name  a  dictator  with 
unlimited  power.  After  that  office  fell  into  disuse,  the  senate 
claimed  the  right  to  pass  the  ultimate  decree,  Videant  consules 
ne  quid  res  publica  detrimenti  capiat,  which  practically  sus- 
pended the  operation  of  the  laws. 

A  session  of  the  senate  could  be  held  only  in  the  senate   The  session, 
house  (Curia  Hostilia)  or  in  a  temple.     It  was  convened  by 
a  consul,  praetor,  or  tribune.     It  was  the  only  legislative  body 
in  the  state  in  which  debate  was  allowed. 

After  speaking  himself,  if  he  so  desired,  the  presiding  officer 
called  upon  the  senators  for  the  expression  of  their  opinion 
in  the  order  of  their  relative  importance,  ex-consuls  (con- 
sulares]  first,  then  ex-praetors,  and  so  on.  Magistrates  elect, 
however,  took  precedence  in  their  respective  classes.  The 
first  senator  of  all  to  be  asked  his  opinion  (princeps  senatus} 
was  a  man  chosen  as  most  worthy  of  the  honor.  After  the 
discussion,  the  question  was  put  to  a  vote  by  the  president. 
The  vote  was  given  by  division,  the  senators  passing  either  to 
the  right  or  to  the  left:  qui  hoc  censetis,  illuc  transite ;  qui 
alia  omnia,  in  hanc  partem.  After  adjournment  (misso  or 
dimisso  senatu},  the  decree  was  formulated  {perscribere)  by 
the  magistrates  and  senators  interested.  It  was  called  a 
senatus  consitltum  ;  if  vetoed  by  a  tribune,  and  therefore  not 
binding,  senatus  auctoritas.  The  senatus  consulta  were  kept 
under  charge  of  the  quaestors  in  the  state  treasury  (Aerarium) 
in  the  temple  of  Saturn. 


54 


INTRODUCTION 


Military 
service. 


Cursus 
honorum. 


Classifica- 
tion of  offices. 


IV.  The  Magistrates.  —  It  had  become  customary  during 
the  last  two  centuries  of  the  republic  for  young  Romans  of 
illustrious  families,  before  entering  upon  a  public  career,  to  gain 
some  experience  of  military  life  and  render  some  service  to 
the  state  by  joining  the  army  as  companions  (contube males) 
of  some  general,  or  as  officers  under  him.  Such  service  was 
voluntary,  however,  and  not  a  necessary  condition  of  entrance 
upon  a  public  career. 

Custom  at  Rome  had  always  favored  a  certain  order  in 
holding  the  various  public  offices  (gradus  or  cursus  honorum). 
The  lex  Villia  annalis  of  the  year  180  B.C.  determined  that 
only  one  who  had  held  the  quaestorship  could  become  a  can- 
didate for  the  praetorship,  and  only  an  ex-praetor  could  be- 
come consul.  Moreover  two  years  must  intervene  between 
these  offices.  The  office  of  aedile  was  generally  held  by  an 
ex-quaestor  before  he  became  a  candidate  for  the  praetorship ; 
but  the  tenure  of  this  office  was  not  obligatory.  The  earliest 
age  of  eligibility  to  these  offices  was  :  quaestor,  thirty- one  ; 
aedile,  thirty-seven  ;  praetor,  forty ;  consul,  forty-three. 

The  Roman  magistrates  may  be  classified  as  (i)  ordinary, 
chosen  at  fixed  times  for  a  fixed  term  :  consul,  praetor,  aedile, 
quaestor,  tribune,  and  censor ;  (2)  extraordinary,  chosen  as  the 
name  indicates  at  critical  times  :  dictator,  magister  equitunt, 
interrex.  By  another  classification  the  dictator,  consul,  prae- 
tor, curule  aedile,  and  censor  were  known  as  curule  magistrates. 
They  were  those  officials  who  sat  while  transacting  public  busi- 
ness in  the  ivory  chair  (sella  cunt  Us)  ;  other  magistrates  used 
the  simple  sella  ;  the  plebeian  aediles  and  the  tribunes  of  the 
people  the  subsellium,  a  low  wooden  bench,  which,  in  contrast 
to  the  sella  curulis  and  the  sella,  offered  a  seat  to  the  whole 
college  of  officials. 

Some  characteristics  were  common  to  all  the  magistrates, 
(i)  Term  of  office.  All  the  ordinary  magistrates  except  the 
censors  held  office  for  one  year.  The  term  of  the  censor- 
ship was  eighteen  months.  The  senate  called  the  elections, 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  55 

generally  for  the  month  of  July.     Quaestors  assumed  office  the  Common 

characteris- 
following  5th  of  December,  tribunes  December  10,  all  others  tics. 

except  censors  January  i.  To  the  censors  no  fixed  date  was 
assigned.  They  were  elected  in  the  year  in  which  by  decree 
of  the  senate  a  census  was  to  be  taken,  soon  after  the  consuls 
had  commenced  their  term  of  office.  They  entered  upon 
their  duties  as  soon  as  their  election  had  been  announced  (re- 
nuntiare).  They  were  not  eligible  for  reelection.  (2)  Salary. 
No  magistrate  was  paid  for  his  services.  Public  positions  were 
eagerly  sought  in  the  early  days  for  the  honor  they  brought, 
in  later  times  for  the  sake  of  the  enormous  wealth  that  could 
be  accumulated  from  the  administration  of  a  province  by  those 
who  had  filled  the  higher  magistracies.  (3)  Qualifications. 
The  only  qualifications  required  were  those  of  age  and  the 
sequence  of  the  cursus  honorum  ;  but  the  incumbency  of  two 
offices  at  the  same  time  was  forbidden,  and  an  interval  of  ten 
years  must  have  elapsed  between  two  elections  to  the  same 
office.  Any  free  citizen  could  aspire  to  any  office  save  the 
tribuneship  or  plebeian  aedileship.  To  these  only  plebeians 
were  eligible.  But  ambitious  politicians,  in  order  to  enjoy  the 
privilege  of  these  magistracies  or  to  curry  favor  with  the  mob, 
sometimes  became  plebeians  by  adoption.  (4)  Impeachment. 
With  the  exception  of  the  dictator,  censor,  and  tribune,  all 
magistrates  were  subject  to  impeachment,  but  not  until  after 
the  expiration  of  their  term  of  office.  (5)  Resignation.  A 
magistrate  could  be  compelled  to  resign  (abdicare)  if  it  was 
proved  that  the  auspices  had  not  been  properly  observed 
before  his  election,  that  his  election  had  been  secured  by 
illegal  means,  or  that  he  was  a  traitor.  (6)  Veto  power.  Any 
magistrate  had  the  right  to  veto  any  official  act  of  a  colleague 
or  inferior  magistrate.  (7)  Oath.  At  the  beginning  of  his 
term  every  magistrate  took  an  oath  that  he  would  obey  the 
laws  of  the  state  while  in  office ;  and  at  the  close  of  his  term 
another,  that  he  had  obeyed  them. 

Upon  the  request  of  the  senate  the  consuls  in  times  of  great 


56  INTRODUCTION 

danger  appointed  a  dictator,  who  held  supreme  power  for  a 
term  of  not  more  than  six  months.  With  the  other  extraordi- 
nary magistrates,  he  possessed  the  imperium,  or  military  power. 
From  his  decisions  there  was  no  appeal.  The  office  gradually 
fell  into  disuse,  the  last  dictator  being  appointed  in  202  B.C. 
The  so-called  dictatorships  of  Caesar  and  Sulla  were  not  con- 
stitutional, but  usurpations  of  monarchical  power.  The  in- 
signia of  a  dictator  were  the  sella  curulis,  the  toga  praetexta, 
and  an  attendance  of  twenty-four  lictors. 

The  master  of  horse  (magister  equituin)  was  appointed  by 
the  dictator.  He  was  his  most  important  officer,  and  in  the 
absence  of  the  dictator  acted  in  his  stead.  In  the  field  he 
had,  as  the  title  indicates,  charge  of  the  cavalry.  His  insignia 
were  the  sella  curulis,  the  toga  praetexta,  and  six  lictors. 

The  interrex  dates  from  the  earliest  regal  period.  He  was 
appointed  by  the  senate  from  its  own  membership  to  take 
charge  of  the  government  during  the  interval  between  the 
death  of  one  king  and  the  succession  of  another  (interre- 
gnum}. He  held  his  position  for  five  days.  If  at  the  end  of 
that  time  a  new  king  had  not  been  elected,  the  interrex  named 
a  successor  to  himself  and  withdrew  from  the  magistracy. 
This  course  was  continued  until  a  king  was  chosen.  In  the 
same  way  an  interrex  was  appointed  by  the  senate  during  the 
republic  in  case  of  a  vacancy  in  the  chief  magistracy  caused 
by  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  consuls. 

After  the  expulsion  of  the  kings,  the  supreme  executive 
power  was  vested  in  two  consuls,  who  until  366  B.C.  were 
chosen  from  the  patricians  only.  In  the  later  republic  the 
executive  power  was  shared  to  a  large  extent  with  other  magis- 
trates. The  consuls  took  precedence  over  all  other  magistrates 
in  convoking  the  senate,  and  executed  its  decrees.  They 
presided  over  the  comitia  during  the  election  of  curule  magis- 
trates. Within  the  city  their  power  was  limited  by  the  ins 
provocations  and  by  the  veto  of  the  tribunes,  but  outside  the 
city  they  possessed  supreme  civil,  judicial,  and  military  author- 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  57 

ity.  Their  names  were  given  to  their  year  of  office.  The 
insignia  of  the  consul  were  the  sella  curulis,  the  toga  praetexta, 
and  twelve  lictors. 

In  the  early  republic  the  magistrate  afterward  known  as  the  Praetors, 
consul  was  called  praetor.  The  first  praetor  in  the  later  mean- 
ing of  the  term  was  appointed  in  366  B.C.  from  among  the 
patricians.  No  plebeian  was  eligible  to  this  magistracy  until 
337  B.C.  The  praetor  was  called  conlega  consulibus,  and  was 
elected  by  the  comitia  centuriata.  His  chief  function  was 
judicial  administration.  He  possessed  the  imperium,  ~and  dur- 
ing the  absence  of  the  consuls  from  the  city  acted  as  their 
representative.  In  243  B.C.  a  second  praetor  was  added. 
Thereafter  the  one  to  whom  was  assigned  by  lot  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice  when  both  parties  were  citizens  was  known 
as  praetor  urbanus;  the  other,  to  whom  fell  the  adjudication 
of  questions  between  citizens  and  foreigners  or  between  for- 
eigners, was  the  praetor  inter  peregrines.  With  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  first  provinces  their  number  was  increased  to  four. 
In  the  time  of  Cicero  there  were  eight,  six  of  whom  had 
charge  of  the  criminal  courts  (quaestiones).  At  the  close  of 
their  year  of  office  they  were  assigned  the  command  of  a  prov- 
ince. Their  insignia  were  the  sella  curulis,  the  toga  practexta, 
two  lictors  while  in  the  city,  and  six  while  in  the  provinces. 

There  were  four  aediles.  Two  were  chosen  by  the  concilium  Aediies. 
plebis,  and  were  known  as  plebeian  aediles.  The  other  two 
were  chosen  by  the  comitia  tributa  proper,  and  were  called 
curule  aediles.  The  duties  of  the  two  classes  were  essentially 
the  same.  They  had  supervision  of  the  streets  and  public 
buildings,  and  of  sanitation,  the  fire  department,  and  the 
police  (cura  urbis}.  They  had  charge  of  the  grain  markets, 
and  superintended  the  largess  to  the  populace  (cura  annonae). 
They  managed  the  public  games  and  festivals  (cura  ludoruni) . 
If  the  aedile  by  means  of  his  private  fortune  furnished  mag- 
nificent spectacles  for  the  people,  he  found  the  popularity  thus 
acquired  of  great  advantage  when  he  next  sought  office. 


INTRODUCTION 


Colossal  sums  were  often  spent  in  this  way.  To  the  plebeian 
aediles  appertained  distinctly  the  keeping  of  the  law  archives, 
the  making  of  arrests  at  the  order  of  the  tribunes,  and  the 
management  of  the  Plebeian  Games.  The  plebeian  aediles 
were  distinguished  by  no  insignia.  The  insignia  of  the  curule 
aediles  were  the  sella  citrulis  and  the  toga  praetexta. 

Quaestors.  The  quaestors,  originally  two  in  number,  were  appointed  at 

first  by  the  kings,  later  on  by  the  consuls ;  finally  they  were 
elected  by  the  comitia  tributa.  Their  number  was  gradually 
increased.  Sulla  raised  it  to  twenty,  Caesar  to  forty.  Two 
remained  in  Rome,  one  went  with  each  consul  to  the  field, 
four  were  stationed  in  Italy,  and  the  remainder  in  the  prov- 
inces. They  were  the  public  treasurers ;  received  all  taxes, 
duties,  and  fines ;  kept  the  state  accounts ;  and  paid  out  the 
public  funds  upon  order  of  the  senate.  They  had  no  insignia 
of  office. 

The  tribunes  of  the  people  {tribuni  plebis),  originally  two 
in  number,  afterward  ten,  must  be  plebeians  either  by  birth 
or  adoption.  They  were  chosen  by  the  concilium  plebis  to 
protect  the  popular  interests.  They  had  no  positive  duties, 
but  they  possessed  in  their  power  of  veto  (intcrcessid)  the 
greatest  single  authority  in  the  state.  By  virtue  of  this  power 
they  could  annul  any  law  of  any  assembly  and  any  decree  of 
the  senate,  and  arrest  every  function  of  the  state.  In  addition 
they  convoked  the  concilium  plebis,  and  there  initiated  legis- 
lation. Their  power  could  be  exercised  only  in  the  city  and 
within  one  mile  of  its  limits.  In  their  character  of  protectors 
of  the  people  their  houses  must  stand  open  night  and  day, 
and  only  at  the  time  of  the  Latin  festival  (feriae  Latinae) 
could  they  be  absent  an  entire  day  from  the  city.  The  person 
of  a  tribune  was  inviolable.  He  possessed  no  insignia  and 
had  only  one  attendant  (viator). 

Censors.  The  censors  were  chosen  from  the  consulares  and  were  two 

in  number.  The  office  was  created  in  443  B.C.,  and  thrown 
open  to  the  plebeians  in  350  B.C.  The  censors  supervised  the 


Tribunes  of 
the  people. 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  59 

registry  of  citizens  of  every  class  and  order,  and  the  assess- 
ment of  their  property ;  guarded  the  public  morals ;  and  pun- 
ished immorality  of  knights  and  senators  by  degradation  from 
their  rank.  Their  insignia  were  the  sella  curulis  and  the  toga 
praetexta.  The  censor  had  no  lictors,  but  was  attended  by 
via  tores  and  praecones. 

Besides  these  principal  magistrates  mention  should  be  made  inferior 
of  the  six  boards  of  lesser  officials  having  a  total  of  twenty-six  magis 
members,  and   collectively   called    the   Board   of  Twenty-six 
(vigintisexviri) .     The  members  of  one  of  these  boards  were 
the  legal  advisers  of  the  tribunes ;  another  board  looked  after 
prisons  and  executions ;  a  third  superintended  the  coinage  of 
money ;  a  fourth,  under  direction  of  the  censors  and  aediles, 
took  care  of  the  city  streets ;  a  fifth  had  charge  of  the  roads 
outside  the  city ;  and  the  sixth,  a  board  of  judges,  acted  for 
the  praetor  in  Campania. 

There  was  a  large  force  of  scribae  (clerks),  lie  tores  and   Salaried 
riatores  (both  a  species  of  police  body-guard  for  the  magis- 
trates), and  praecones   (heralds  who   made   proclamation  to 
the  people  by  word  of  mouth).     All  these  were  paid  for  their 
services,  and  held  office  during  good  behavior. 

V.  .The  Courts.  —  (i)  Civil.  Judicial  authority  belonged  to 
the  imperium,  at  first  to  that  of  the  consul,  but  after  367  B.C. 
also  to  that  of  the  praetor.  On  court  days  (dies  fasti)  from 
his  tribunal  in  the  Forum  the  praetor  meted  out  justice  to 
citizens  requiring  his  services.  He  either  tried  the  whole  case  Procedure, 
himself,  acting  both  as  judge  and  jury ;  or  he  took  upon  him- 
self only  the  preliminary  steps  of  the  trial  (the  process  in  iure), 
merely  examining  the  material  offered  in  evidence  and  ascer- 
taining the  value  of  the  object  contested.  In  the  latter  case 
he  left  the  further  examination  and  final  decision  (the  process 
/'//  indicia)  with  special  instructions  to  a  single  judge  or  referee 
(iudex  or  arbiter),  or  to  a  college  of  three  or  five  judges. 
After  a  decision  was  reached,  the  execution  of  the  verdict  fell 


6o 


INTRODUCTION 


Execution  of  to  the  gainer  of  the  suit.  If  the  loser  offered  resistance,  a  new 
suit  had  to  be  brought  (actio  iudicati) .  Only  after  the  decision 
of  this  second  suit  did  the  state  execute  the  judgment. 

(2)  Criminal.  In  case  of  any  infringement  of  laws  or 
edicts  which  might  be  considered  as  menacing  the  welfare 
of  the  commonwealth  the  state  took  action.  The  conduct  of 

Procedure.  criminal  cases  was  in  three  ways,  (a)  The  summary  action 
of  the  tresviri  capitales.  Ordinary  criminals,  slaves,  or  people 
of  low  station  caught  in  flagranti  were  punished  summarily. 
Against  men  of  prominence  this  method  of  procedure  was  not 
allowable.  (/>)  A  magistrate  could  pronounce  capital  punish- 
ment or  a  fine  against  a  citizen.  In  case  of  capital  punishment 
or  a  fine  of  more  than  3020  asses,  the  condemned  had  the  right 
of  appeal  (ius  provocationis}  to  the  comitia  centuriata  and 
eomitia  tributa  respectively.  In  these  assemblies  the  magistrate 
who  had  rendered  judgment  defended  his  decision,  (c)  Special 
courts  (quaestiones  extraordinariae}  were  appointed  by  the 
senate,  generally  through  a  decree  of  the  people,  to  investigate 
unusual  crimes.  If  found  guilty,  the  condemned  did  not  have 
the  right  of  provocatio.  These  trials  had  generally  a  political 
bearing.  In  later  times  standing  courts  (quaestiones  perpetuae) 
were  established,  at  first  to  investigate  cases  of  malversation 
(de  repetundis) .  Similar  courts  were  established,  most  of  them 
in  Sulla's  time,  for  the  trial  of  cases  of  murder  (de  sicariis  and 
de  venefids)  ;  forgery  and  perjury  (de  falsis)  ;  illegal  canvass 
for  office,  as  by  bribery  (de  ambifu)  ;  embezzlement  (de  pecu- 
latu}  ;  treason  (de  mates tate}  ;  and  assault  (de  vi}.  These 
courts  were  presided  over  by  a  praetor  or  ex-aedile.  The 
jurors  were  selected  by  lot  from  a  body  of  three  hundred 
and  sixty  men,  appointed  annually  by  the  praetor.  Up  to  the 
time  of  C.  Gracchus  only  senators  could  serve  as  jurors ;  from 
Gracchus  to  Sulla  only  knights  ;  under  the  Sullan  constitution 
again  only  senators ;  and  after  70  B.C.  the  jurors  were  drawn 
in  equal  numbers  from  among  the  senators,  knights,  and 
tribuni  aerarii. 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  6 1 

Every  citizen  had  the  right  to  bring  suit  in  such  cases.  Trial  and 
Many  ambitious  young  men  began  their  political  career  by  }U^^mejlt- 
acting  as  public  prosecutors.  One-fourth  of  the  fine  or  of  the 
property  confiscated  was  the  reward ;  yet  professional  prosecu- 
tion was  forbidden  by  law.  In  the  beginning  of  the  trial  the 
prosecutor  asked  the  presiding  officer  to  allow  the  suit.  If  the 
request  was  granted,  the  accused  was  summoned  to  appear, 
and  the  jurors  were  selected.  Every  means  to  gain  the  jury 
was  admissible  except  bribery.  After  the  taking  of  the  testi- 
mony and  the  pleading  of  the  attorneys,  the  jurors  voted 
with  A  (absolve),  C  (condemno),  or  N  L  (non  liquet}  ;  and 
fixed  the  punishment,  which  in  early  times  consisted  of  either 
capital  punishment  or  a  fine  not  to  exceed  one-half  of  one's 
property.  At  a  later  period  the  interdictio  aquae  et  ignis,  ac- 
companied by  confiscation  of  all  property,  took  the  place  of 
the  death  penalty.  Since  this  interdictio  cut  off  the  guilty  one 
from  all  civic  communion,  it  practically  compelled  him  to 
leave  the  country. 

VI.  Religious  Officials. — The  ministers  of  the  national  re- 
ligion were  so  intimately  associated  with  public  affairs  that  the 
Roman  state  can  hardly  be  understood  without  some  note 
being  taken  of  their  place  in  the  national  economy.  Two  col- 
leges were  of  special  importance. 

The  pontiffs  (fonfifices),  fifteen  in  number,  superintended  Pontiffs, 
all  religious  observances  and  ceremonials.  The  head  of  the 
conlegiurn  was  the  pontifex  maximus,  the  most  august  dignitary 
in  the  state.  He  was  appointed  by  the  college  of  pontiffs 
from  among  their  own  number.  His  tenure  of  office  was  for 
life.  He  selected  the  vestals  and  the  flamens,  directed  mar- 
riage and  other  family  ceremonies,  regulated  the  calendar,  and 
superintended  the  observance  of  festivals.  His  influence  was 
very  great,  not  only  in  religious  matters,  but  also  in  matters 
of  civil  life. 

The  augurs,  originally  three,  finally  fifteen  in  number,  inter-   Augurs. 


62 


INTRODUCTION 


preted  the  auspices.  These  indications  of  the  divine  will  were 
obtained  by  them  in  five  different  ways :  by  signs  from  the 
heavens  (ex  caelo)  ;  from  the  flight  of  birds  (ex  avibus}  ;  from 
the  behavior  of  the  sacred  chickens  (ex  tripudiis}  ;  from  the 
cries  or  motions  of  animals  (ex  quadmpedibus)  ;  from  any 
ill-boding  portent  (ex  dins}.  The  interpretation  determined 
events  of  the  greatest  political  significance,  the  election  of 
officers,  the  passage  of  laws,  the  declaration  of  war,  and  so 
on.  So  influential  were  they  that  Cicero  speaks  of  his  election 
to  the  college  of  augurs  in  53  B.C.  as  the  greatest  honor  of 
his  life. 

VII.  Political  Parties.  —  Since  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  the 
optimate^s  and  the  populares  had  waged  a  continuous  struggle 

Optimates.  f°r  tne  control  of  the  state.  The  optima tes  (the  dpio-rot  or 
/caXoi  Ka.ya.dol  of  the  Greeks)  may  be  compared  to  the  con- 
servative parties  of  our  times.  They  wished  to  retain  their 
supremacy  and  their  privileges.  They  claimed  to  have  the 
public  welfare  nearest  to  heart.  Their  nucleus  naturally  was 
formed  by  the  nobility.  Cicero  defines  them  thus,  "  All  those 
are  optimates  who,  no  matter  to  what  class  of  citizens  they 
belong,  bravely  defend  the  institutions  of  our  ancestors." 

Populares.  On  the  other  hand,  the  populares,  or  democratic  party, 

wished  to  enforce  the  will  of  the  masses  against  the  classes, 
and  to  protect  and  enlarge  the  rights  of  the  people.  Their 
leaders  were  either  enthusiastic  illusionists  like  the  Gracchi, 
who  attempted  the  impossible,  or  unprincipled  demagogues, 
who  made  use  of  the  mob  to  further  their  own  interests.  It 
was  reserved  for  Caesar's  sagacity  and  statesmanship  to  appre- 
ciate fully  the  latent  strength  of  the  populares,  to  become 
their  champion,  and  finally  their  master. 

VIII.  The  Provinces. — The  Roman  provincial  system,  that 
is  the  establishment  of  Roman  dominion  beyond  the  bounda- 
ries of  Italy  proper,  dates  from  the  acquisition  of  the  islands 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  63 

of  Sicily  and  Sardinia  at  the  close  of  the  first  Punic  war.  In  Extent, 
the  two  succeeding  centuries  Rome  had  brought  under  her 
sway  almost  the  entire  circle  of  lands  surrounding  three  sides 
of  the  Mediterranean  and  a  part  of  its  southern  coast.  The 
provinces  bequeathed  by  the  republic  to  the  empire  were : 
Sicily,  Sardinia  and  Corsica,  Hispania  Ulterior  and  Citerior, 
Gallia  Cisalpina  and  Transalpina,  Illyricum,  Macedonia,  Asia, 
Bithynia,  Cilicia,  Syria,  Crete,  Africa,  and  Cyrene. 

With  the  first  acquisition  of  territory  beyond   Italy  a  dis-  Administra- 
tinction  was  made  between  the  government  of  these  districts  tlon' 
and  that  of  Rome  and  the  Italian  communities.     They  were 
removed  from  the  consular  jurisdiction  and  placed  under  the 
absolute   control  of  a  special  magistrate.     To  territory  thus 
governed  the  name  prorincia  was  applied,  a  word  originally 
signifying  the  field  of  jurisdiction  of  the  magistrate. 

Each  province  was  governed  in  accordance  with  a  formula  constitution 
or  constitution  specially  drawn  up  for  it.  While  maintaining 
a  firm  control  over  her  provinces,  the  Roman  state  avoided  as 
far  as  possible  the  details  of  administration.  Hence,  wherever 
practicable,  the  freedom  of  the  provincials  in  local  matters 
was  not  interfered  with.  Conditions  were  not  uniform  even  in 
the  same  province.  In  order  that  a  people  might  not  become 
a  unit  through  an  equally  hated  oppression,  burdens  were  dis- 
tributed unequally.  Individuals  and  cities  were  singled  out 
for  certain  exemptions  and  privileges.  In  one  and  the  same 
province  might  be  found  coloniae,  whose  inhabitants  were  full 
Roman  citizens ;  municipia,  enjoying  all  the  rights  of  citizen- 
ship except  the  franchise  ;  cii'itates  foederatae,  whose  indepen- 
dence was  guaranteed  by  treaty ;  cities  exempt  from  taxation ; 
cities  whose  magistrates  were  eligible  for  citizenship. 

At  first  the  provinces  were  not  looked  upon  as  a  source  of   Tribute, 
revenue  for  the  state,  and  the  tax  (stipendiuni)  imposed  upon 
them  was  not  far  in  excess  of  the  expense  incurred  for  their 
maintenance.     The  amount  of  that  tax,  paid  either  in  money 
or  in  kind,  was  determined  by  the  senate,  and  was  collected 


64  INTRODUCTION 

either  by  Roman  revenue-farmers  {pubticani)  or  native  tax- 
gatherers.  Large  sums  were  also  raised  from  duties  and  roy- 
alties, and  all  mines  were  held  as  Roman  property.  The 
coinage  of  money  was  also  reserved  for  the  Roman  state. 

officers.  The  first  provinces  were  placed  under  the  control  of  the 

praetors,  whose  number  was  then  increased  from  two  to  four. 
With  the  increase  in  the  number  of  provinces,  it  became  cus- 
tomary for  the  senate  to  extend  (prorogare)  the  term  of  office 
of  the  consul  and  praetor  for  one  year  or  longer,  and  to 
assign  to  them  for  this  time,  under  the  title  of  proconsul  or 
propraetor,  the  government  of  a  province.  The  more  impor- 
tant provinces,  especially  those  in  which  a  war  was  going  on 
or  threatened  to  break  out,  were  given  to  the  proconsuls. 
The  senate  determined  which  provinces  should  be  consular; 
they  were  then  all  assigned  by  lot. 

The  governor.  The  authority  of  the  governor  in  his  province  was  absolute 
except  over  Roman  citizens,  who  had  the  right  of  appeal 
to  Rome.  All  civil  and  criminal  cases  were  decided  by  him, 
assisted  by  a  council  selected  from  his  suite  and  from  Roman 
citizens  residing  in  the  province.  Decisions  were  rendered  in 
accordance  with  the  edictum  published  at  the  beginning  of  his 
administration,  which  laid  down  the  lines  of  his  policy.  For 
administrative  purposes  the  province  was  divided  into  districts 
called  conventus.  The  assizes  were  expected  to  be  public, 
and  to  follow  the  usual  mode  of  procedure. 

Legates,  The  governor  was  assisted  by  his  legati,  officers  appointed 

by  him  and  approved  by  the  senate.  Their  number  was 
determined  by  the  necessities  of  the  province.  To  them  was 
generally  allotted  the  administration  of  different  sections  of 
the  province.  The  financial  management  was  intrusted  to 
the  quaestors,  who  were  accountable  for  the  discharge  of  their 
duties  only  to  the  Roman  senate,  but  might  be  assigned  to 
further  administrative  duty  at  the  will  of  the  governor.  The 
retinue  of  the  governor  included  friends  who  followed  him  to 
the  province  (tomtits),  young  nobles  desiring  some  experience 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  65 

in  the  management  of  public  affairs ;  and  also  a  large  num- 
ber of  subordinates  paid  by  the  state  —  such  as  scribes,  sooth- 
sayers, engineers,  interpreters,  and  messengers. 

When  Cicero  wrote,  Difficile  est  dictu,   Quirites,  quanto  in   Evils  of 
odio  simus  apud  exteras  nationes,  he  stated  no  more  than  the   administra- 
simple  fact.     The  condition  of  the  provinces  during  the  later  tion- 
republic  was  one  of  unspeakable  misery.     Regarded  as  con- 
quered subjects,  and  therefore  legitimate  prey,  the  provincials 
were  plundered  remorselessly  by  the  governor  and  his  subordi- 
nates on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Roman  tax-farmers  and  usurers 
on  the  other.     After  the  governor's  term  of  office  had  expired, 
a  province  could  bring  an  action  against  him  at  Rome,  but  his 
conviction  was  a  difficult  matter,  and  if  secured,  had  but  little 
bearing  upon  the  condition  of  the  province  itself.     The  dis- 
tress of  the  provinces  grew  steadily  greater  until  the  advent 
to  power  of  Julius  Caesar  inaugurated  a  system  of  reform. 


BOOKS   FOR   REFERENCE   AND   READING 
Histories  of  Rome 

ARNOLD  :  History  of  the  Later  Roman  Commonwealth. 
DURUY  :  History  of  Rome  and  of  the  Roman  People. 
OILMAN  :  The  Story  of  Rome. 

HOW-LEIGH  :  History  of  Rome  to  the  Death  of  Caesar. 
LEIGHTON  :  History  of  Rome. 

LIDDELL  :  History  of  Rome  to  the  Establishment  of  the  Empire. 
MERIVALE  :  Fall  of  the  Roman  Republic. 
MERIVALE  :  History  of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire. 
MERIVALE:  The  Roman  Triumvirates. 
MOMMSEN  :  History  of  Rome. 
NIEBUHR  :  History  of  Rome. 
NIEBUHR  :  Lectures  on  the  History  of  Rome. 
PELHAM  :  Outlines  of  Roman  History. 
SHUCKBURGH  :  History  of  Rome  to  the  Battle  of  Actium. 
WHITE  :  Translation  of  Appian's  Roman  History. 
F 


66  INTRODUCTION 

Biographies 

BARING-GOULD  :  The  Tragedy  of  the  Caesars, 
BEESLY  :  Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius. 
BOISSIER  :   Cicero  and  his  Friends. 

COLLINS  :  Ancient  Classics  for  English  Readers :  Cicero. 
DE  QUINCEY  :  Historical  Essays  and  Researches  :  Cicero. 
FAUSSET  :   The  Student's  Cicero. 
FORSYTH  :  Life  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 
FOWLER  :  Heroes  of  the  Nations :  Julius  Caesar. 
FROUDE  :  Caesar,  a  Sketch. 

LAWTON  :  Article  Cicero  in  TJie  World^s  Best  Literature. 
LORD:  Beacon  Lights  of  History :  Cicero. 

MERIVALE  :  Translation  of  Abakan's  Life  and  Letters  of  Cicero. 
MIDDLETON  :  Life  of  M.  Tullius  Cicero. 
NAPOLEON  III :  History  of  Julius  Caesar. 
NEWMAN  :  Historical  Sketches :  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 
PLUTARCH  :  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men :  Cicero. 
STRACHAN-DAVIDSON  :  Cicero  and  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Republic. 
TROLLOPE  :  Life  of  Cicero. 

TYRRELL:  Introductions  to  Tyrrell  and  Purser's  Correspondence  of 
Cicero. 

Histories  of  Roman  Literature 

BROWNE  :  History  of  Roman  Classical  Literature. 

CRUTTWELL  :  History  of  Roman  Literature. 

DUNLOP  :  History  of  Roman  Literature. 

MACKAIL  :  Latin  Literature. 

MiDDLETON-MiLLS:  Students'*  Companion  to  Latin  Authors. 

SlMCOX  :  History  of  Latin  Literature. 

TEUFFEL-SCHVVABE  :  History  of  Roman  Literature. 

Miscellaneous 

ARNOLD  :  Roman  Provincial  Administration. 

BECKER  :  Callus. 

BOISSIER  :  Rome  and  Pompeii. 

CHURCH  :  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero. 


THE    ROMAN    CONSTITUTION  67 

CHURCH  :  Two  Thousand  Years  Ago. 

COULANGES  :  The  Ancient  City. 

CRAWFORD  :  Ave  Roma  Immortalis. 

CROLY  :  Catiline. 

DAVIS  :  A  Friend  of  Caesar. 

DENNIE  :  Rome  of  To-day  and  Yesterday. 

ECKSTEIN  :  Prusias. 

FORSYTH  :  Hortensius. 

FOWLER  :  Roman  Festivals  of  the  Period  of  the  Republic. 

GUHL-KONER  :   The  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

INGE  :  Society  in  Rome  under  the  Caesars. 

BEN  JONSON  :   Catiline. 

LANCIANI  :  Ruins  and  Excavations  of  Ancient  Rome. 

LANDOR:    Imaginary  Conversations. 

LORD  :   Old  Roman  World. 

MONTESQUIEU  :   Grandeur  and  Decadence  of  the  Romans. 

PRESTON-DODGE  :  Private  Life  of  the  Romans. 

SHAKSPERE  :  Julius  Caesar. 

SHUMWAY  :  A  Day  in  Ancient  Rome. 

TIGHE:  Development  of  the  Roman  Constitution. 


ORATIO    IN   CATILINAM    PRIMA 

Catiline's  audacity  and  the  cowardly  inaction  of  the  consuls. 

I.  Quo  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catillna,  patientia  nostra? 
Quam  diu  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos  eludet?  Quern  adfinem 
sese  effrenata  iactabit  audacia?  Nihilne  te  nocturnum  prae- 
sidium  Palati,  nihil  urbis  vigiliae,  nihil  timor  popull,  nihil 
concursus  bonorum  omnium,  nihil  hie  munltissimus  habendi  5 
senatus  locus,  nihil  horum  ora  vultusque  moverunt?  Pa  fere 
tua  consilia  non  sentls?  Constrictam  iam  horum  omnium 
scientia  teneri  coniurationem  tuam  non  vides?  Quid  proxima, 
quid  superiore  nocte  egeris,  ubi  fueris,  quos  convocaveris,  quid 
consill  ceperis,  quern  nostrum  ignorare  arbitraris?  10 

O  tempora  !  O  mores !  Senatus  haec  intellegit,  consul 
videt ;  hie  tamen  vivit.  Vivit?  Immo  vero  etiam  in  senatum 
venit,  fit  publici  consill  particeps,  notat  et  designat  oculis  ad 
caedem  unum  quemque  nostrum.  Nos  autem,  fortes  viri,  satis 
facere  rei  publicae  videmur,  si  istius  furorem  ac  tela  infemus.  15 

Ad  mortem  te,  Catillna,  duel  iussu  consulis  iam  pridem 
oportebat ;  in  fe  conferri  pestem  quam  tu  in  nos  machinaris. 
An  vero  vir  amplissimus,  P.  Sclpio,  pontifex  maximus,  Ti.  Grac- 
chum  mediocriter  labefactantem  statum  rei  publicae  privatus 
interfecit  ;  Catilinam  orbem  terrae  caede  atque  incendils  20 
vastare  cupientem  nos  consules  perferemus?  Nam  ilia  nimis 
antiqua  praetereo,  quod  C.  Servllius  Ahala  Sp.  Maelium  novis 
rebus  studentem  manu  sua  occidit.  Fuit,fuit  ista  quondam  in 
hac  re  publica  virtus  ut  viri  fortes  acrioribus  suppliciis  clvem 
perniciosum  quam  acerbissimum  hostem  coercerent.  HaKmus  25 
senatus  consultum  in  te,  Catillna,  vehemens  et  grave.  Non 

69 


70  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

deest  rei  publicae  consiKum,  neque  auctoritas  huius  ordinis ; 
rids,  nos,  dlco  aperte,  consults  desumus. 


>< 


INSIGNIA   OF  THE  PONTIFICATE 

Precedents  for  rigorous  measures.    Cicero's  motives  for  temporizing. 

II.  Decrevit  quondam  senatus  ut  L.  Opimius  consul  videret 
ne  quid  res  publica  detriment!  caperet.  Nox  riulla  intercessit ; 
5  interfectus  est  propter  quasdam  seditionum  suspiciories  C. 
Gracchus,  clarissimo  patre,  av5,  maioribus ;  occisus  est  cum 
liberls  M.  Fulvius  consularis.  SimilT  senatus  consults  C.  Mario 
et  L.  Valerio  consulibus  est  permissa  res  publica.  Num 
unum  diem  postea  L.  Saturnlnum  tribunum  plebis  et  C. 

10  Servllium  praetorem  mors  ac  rei  publicae  poena  remorata 
est?  At  rids  vicesimum  iam  diem  patimur  hebescere  aciem 
horum  auctoritatis.  HaUemus  enim  huiusce  modi  senatus 
cdnsultum,  verum  inclusum  in  tabulis,  tamquam  in  vagina 
reconditum,  quo  ex  senatus  consulto  cdnfestim  te  interfectum 

15  esse,  Catilma,  convenit.  Vlvis,  et  vlvis  non  ad  deponendain, 
sed  ad  confirmandam  audaciam. 

Cupio,  patres  conscriptl,  me  esse  clementem,  cupio  in  tantls 
rei  publicae  periculls  me  non  dissolution  viderl ;  sed  iam  me 
ipse  inertiae  mquitiaeque  condemno.  Castra  stint  in  Italia 

20  contra  populum  Romanum  in  Etruriae  faucibus  conlocata, 
crescit  in  dies  singulos  hostium  numerus ;  eorum  autem  castro- 
rum  imperatorem  ducemque  hostium  infra  moenia  atque  adeo 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA 


in  senatu  videmus,  intestinam  aliquam  cottidie  perniciem  rel 

publicae  molientem. 

Si  te  iam,  Catilma,  comprehend!,  si  interficl  iusser5,  credo, 

erit  verendum  mihi  ne  non  hoc  potius  omnes  boni  serius  a  me 

quam  quisquam  crudelius  fac-    5 
turn  esse  dlcat.   Verum  ego  hoc, 
quod   iam  pridem  factum  esse 
oportuit,  certa  de  causa  nondum 
adducor  ut  faciam.     Turn  deni- 
que  interficiere  cum  iam  nemo  10 
tam    improbus,    tam   perditus, 
tam  tin  similis  inveniri  poterit 
qul  id  non  iure  factum  esse  fa- 
teatur.      Quam    diu   quisquam 
erit  qui   te   defendere  audeat,  15 
vtves ;    et   t'wes    ita    ut    vim's, 
multis  meis  et  firmis  praesidiis 
obsessus,  ne  commovere  te  con- 
tra rem  publicam  possls.  Multo- 
r u  ni    te    etiam    oculi    et  aures  20 
non    sentientem,    slcut    adhuc 
fecerunt,   speculabuntur   atque 
MAKII^  custodient. 

Catiline's  plans  of  no  avail;  they  are  fully  known. 

III.    Etenim  quid  est,  Catilma,  quod  iam  amplius  exspectes, 
si  neque  nox  tenebris  obscurare  coeptus  nefarios  nec  prirata  25 
downs  parietibus  continere  voces  coniurationis  tuae  potest ;  si 
inliistrantur,  si  erumpunt  omnia?     Muta  iam  istam  mentem, 
mihi   crede,  obliv'iscere  caedis   atque   incendiorum.      Teneris 
undicjue  ;  luce  sunt  clariora  nobis  tua  cdnsilia  omnia,  quae  iam 
mecum   licet   recognoscas.       Meministlne   me   ante  diem  xn  30 
Kalendas  Novembris  dlcere  in  senatu  fore  in  arm'is  certd  die, 
qu!  dies   futurus  esset  ante  diem  vi  Kalendas  Novembris,  (7. 
Manlium,  audaciae  satellitem  atque  administrum  tuae?      Num 


72  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

me  fefellit,  Catillna,  non  modo  res  tanta,  tarn  atrox  tamque  in- 
credibilis,  verum,  id  quod  multo  magis  est  ndmlrandum,  dies  ? 

Dixi  ego  Idem  in  senatu  caedem  te  optimatium  contulisse  in 
ante  diem  v  Kalendas  Novembrls,  turn  cum  multi  principes 

5  civitatis  Roma  non  tarn  sui  conservandi  quam  tuorum  consili- 

orum  reprimendorum  causa  profugerunt.     Num  tnfitiari  potes 

te  illo  ipso  die  meis   praesidils,  mea  diligentia  circumclusum 

commovere   te   contra   rem   piiblicam   non  potuisse,  cum    tii 

.  discessu  ceterorum,  nostra  tamen  qul  remansissemus^aede  te 

10  contentum  esse  dlcebas?  Quid  ?  Cum  te  Praeneste  Kalendls 
ipsis  Novembribus  occupaturum  nocturno  impetu  esse  con- 
fideres,  sensistme  illam  coloniam  rneo  iussu  meis  praesidils, 
custodils,  vigiliis  esse  munitam  ?  Nihil  agis,  nihil  moliris,  nihil 
cogitas,  quod  non  ego  non  modo  audiam,  sed  etiam  videam 

15  planeque  sentiam. 

Certain  senators  implicated  in  the  conspiracy.     Other  details. 

IV.  Recognosce  tandem  mecum  noctem  illam  superiorem; 
iam  intelleges  multo  me  vigilare  acrius  ad  salutem  quam  te  ad 
perniciem  rel  piiblicae.  Dico  te  priore  nocte  venisse  inter 
falcarios  —  non  agam  obscure  —  in  M.  Laecae  domum ;  conve- 

20  nisse  eodem  compluris  eiusdem  amentiae  scelerisque  socios. 
Num  negare  audes  ?  Quid  taces?  Convincam,  si  negas.  Video 
enim  esse  hie  in  senatu  quosdam  qul  tecum  una  fuerunt. 

O  dl  immortales  !  Ubinam  gentium  sumus?  In  qua  urbe 
vivimus?  Quam  rem  publicam  habemus?  H~ic,  h'lc  sunt,  in 

25  nostro  numero,  patres  c5nscriptl,  in  hoc  orbis  terrae  sanctissim5 
gravissimoque  consilio,  qul  de  nostro  omnium  interitu,  qul  de 
huius  urbis  atque  aded  de  orbis  terranim  exitio  cogitent.  Hos 
ego  video  consul  et  de  re  publica  sententiam  rogo ;  et  quos 
ferro  trucidari  oportebat,  eos  nondum  voce  vulnero. 

30  Fuisti  igitur  apud  Laecam  ilia  nocte,  Catillna ;  distribuisti 
partis  Italiae  ;  statuisti  quo  quemque  proficlscl  placeret ;  dele- 
gistl  quos  R5mae  relinqueres,  quos  tecum  educeres ;  discrip- 
sisti  urbis  partis  ad  incendia ;  conflrmasti  te  ipsum  iam  esse 


73 


exiturum  ;  dixisti  paulum  tibi  esse  etiam  nunc  morae,  quod  ego 
viverem.  Repert'i  stint  duo  equites  R5mani  qul  te  ista  cura 
liberarent,  et  sese  ilia  ipsa  nocte  paulo  ante  lucem  me  in 
me5  lectulo  interfecturos  esse  pollicerentur.  Haec  ego  omnia, 
vixdum  etiam  coetu  vestro  dimisso,  comperi.  Domum  meam  5 
maioribus  praesidiis  mumvi  atque  firmavi ;  exclusT  eos  quos  tu 
ad  me  salutatum  mane  miseras,  cum  tin  ipsi  venissent  quos 
ego  iam  multls  ac  summis  viris  ad  me  id  temporis  ventures  esse 
praedixeram. 

Catiline  not  ordered,  but  advised,  to  leave  Rome. 

V.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Catilina,  perge  quo  coepisti.    Egredere  I0 
aliquando  ex  urbe.    Patent  portae.     Proficlscere.     Nimium  diu 
te  imperatorem   tua  ilia   Manliana  castra   deslderant.      Educ 
tecum   etiam  omriis  tuos ;  si  minus,  quam  pliirinios.     Purga 


THE   TEMPLE    OF   JfPITER    STATOR 
(Restoration) 

urbem.     Magno  me  metii  llberabis,  dum  modo  inter  me  atque 
te  munis  intersit.     Nob'iscum  versari  iam  diutius  non  potes ;  '5 
non  feram,  non  patiar,  non  sinam.     Mdgna  dis  immortalibus 


74  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

habenda  est  atque  hide  ips!  lovl  Statori,  antiquissimo  custodi 
huius  urbis,  gratia,  quod  hanc  tarn  taetram,  tarn  horribilem, 
tamque  infestam  rel  publicae  pestem  totiens  iam  effugimus. 
Non  est  saepius  in  urio  homine  summa  salus  perlclitanda  ret 

5  publicae. 

Quam  diu  mihi  consul!  designate,  Catilma,  Insidiatus  es,  non 
publico  me  praesidio,  sed  private  dlligentia  defend! ;  cum 
proximis  comiti!s  consularibus  nil  consulem  in  campo  et 
competitores  tuos  interficere  voluisti,  compress!  conatus  tuos 

10  nefarios  aniicorum  praesidio  et  copiis,  nullo  tumultu  publice 
concitato ;  denique,  quotienscumque  nie  petisti,  per  me  tibi 
obstiti,  quamquam  videbam  perniciem  meant  cum  magna 
calamitate  re~i  publicae  esse  coniunctam.  Nunc  iam  aperte 
rem  publicam  universam  petis ;  templa  deorum  immortalium, 

15  tecta  urbis,  vitam  omnium  c!vium,  Italiam  totam  ad  exitium  et 
vastitatem  vocas. 

Qua  re  quoniam  id  quod  est  primum,  et  quod  huius  imperi 
disciplinaeque  maiorum  proprium  est,  facere  nondum  aiideo, 
faciam  id  quod  est  ad  severitatem  lenius  et  ad  communem 

20  salutem  utilius.  Nam  si  te  interfici  iussero,  residebit  in  re 
publica  reliqua  coniurat5rum  manus ;  sin  tu,  quod  te  iam 
dudum  hortor,  exicris,  exhaurietur  ex  urbe  tuorum  comitum 
magna  et  perniciosa  sentina  re!  publicae.  Quid  est,  Catilma? 
Num  dubitas  id  me  imperante  facere  quod  iam  tua  sponte  facie- 

25  bas?  Exire  ex  urbe  iubet  consul  hostem.  Interrogas  me,  num 
in  cxsilium?  Non  iubeo  ;  sed  s!  me  consulis,  suadeo. 

His  private  vices  and  public  crimes  make  him  an  object  of  hatred. 

VI.  Quid  est  enim,  Catilina,  quod  te  iam  in  hac  urbe  delec- 
tare  possit,  in  qua  nemo  est  extra  istam  coniurationem  perdito- 
rum  hominum  qui  te  non  me  tua  t,  nemo  qu!  non  oderit?  Quae 
30  nota  domesticae  turpitudinis  non  inusta  v!tae  tuae  est  ?  Quod 
privatarum  rerum  dedecus  non  haeret  in  fama?  Quae  libido 
ab  ocul!s,  quod  facinus  a  manibus  umt/nam  tuis,  quod  flagitium 
a  toto  corpore  afuit?  Cui  tu  adulescentulo,  quern  corruptela- 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA 


75 


mm  inlecebns  inretlsses,  non  aut  ad  auddciam  ferrum  aut  ad 
libidinem  facem  praetulistl?  Quid  vero?  Nuper  cum  morte 
superioris  ux5ris  novis  nuptiis  domum  vacuefecisses,  nonne 
etiam  alio  incredibili  scelere  hoc  scelus  cumulastl?  Quod  ego 
praetermitto  et  facile  patior  sileri,  ne  in  hac  civitate  tanti  faci-  5 
noris  immanitas  aut  exstitisse  aut  non  vindicate  esse  videatur. 

Praetermitto  rulnas  fortiinarum  tuarum,  quas  omnls  impen- 
dere  tibi  proximis  Idibus  senties.  Ad  ilia  venio  quae  non  ad 
priratam  Ign5miniam  vitiorum  tuorum,  non  ad  domesticam 
tuam  difficultatem  ac  turpitudinem,  sed  ad  summam  rem  pu-  10 


IMKAr  4  C0.,ll.r. 


THE   FORUM   AND    ITS   SURROUNDINGS 


blicam  atque  ad  omnium  nostrum  vitam  salutemque  pertinent. 
Potestne  tibi    haec  lux,  Catillna,  aut   huius  caell  splritus  esse 


76  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

tucundus,  cum  scias  horum  esse  rieminem  qul  nesciat  te  pridie 
Kalendas  lanuarias  Lepido  et  Tull5  consulibus  stetisse  in 
comitio  cum  felo,  manum  consulum  et  prlncipum  clvitatis 
interficiendorum  causa  paravisse,  scelerl  ac  furori  tuo  non 
5  mentem  aliquam  aut  timorem  tuum,  sed  fortunam  popult 
Roniarii  obstitisse? 

Ac  iam  ilia  omitto,  neque  enim  sunt  aut  obscura  aut  non 
multa  commissa :  quotiens  tu  me  destgnatum,  quotiens  con- 
sulem  interficere  conatus  es ;  quot  ego  tuas  petitiones,  ita 

10  coniectas  ut  vitari  posse  non  viderentur,  parva  quadam  declina- 
tione  et,  ut  aiunt,  corpore  efiugl.  Nihil  agis,  nihil  adsequeris, 
neque  tamen  conari  ac  velle  desistis.  Quotiens  tibi  iam  extorta 
est  ista  sica  de  manibus  !  Quotiens  vero  excidit  casu  aliquo  et 
elapsa  est !  Quae  quidem  quibus  abs  te  initiata  sacris  ac 

15  devota  sit  nescio,  quod  earn  necesse  putas  esse  in  consults 
corpore  deflgere. 

The  bearing  of  senators  toward  him,  his  country's  fear  and  hate,  should 
suggest  exile. 

VII.  Nunc  vero  quae  tua  est  ista  vita  ?  Sic  enim  iam  tecum 
loquar  non  ut  odio  permotus  esse  videar,  quo  debeo,  sed  ut 
misericordia,  quae  tibi  nulla  debetur.  Venisti  paulo  ante  in 

20  senatum.  Quis  te  ex  hac  tanta  frequentia  /0/que  tuls  amicis 
ac  necessarils  salutavit?  Si  hoc  post  hominum  memoriam 
contigit  nemirii,  vocis  exspectas  contumeliam,  cum  sis  gravis- 
simo  iudicio  taciturnitatis  oppressus?  Quid,  quod  adventu 
tuo  ista  subsellia  vacuefacta  sunt  ?  Quod  omnes  consulares,  qul 

25  tibi  persaepe  ad  caedem  constituti  fuerunt,  simul  atque  adse- 
distT,  partem  istam  subselliorum  nudam  atque  inanem  relique- 
runt?  Quo  tandem  animo  hoc  tibi  ferendum  putas? 

Senn,  me  hercule,  mel  si  me  isto  pacto  metuerent  ut  te 
metuunt  omnes  ewes  tuT,  domum  meam  relinquendam  putarem  ; 

30  tu  tibi  urbem  non  arbitraris?  Et  si  me  meis  civibus  iniuria 
suspectum  tarn  graviter  atque  offensum  viderem,  carere  me 
aspectu  clvium  quam  infesfis  omnium  oculis  conspici  mallem. 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA 


77 


Tu  cum  conscientia  scelerum  tuorum  agnoscas  odium  omnium 
iustum  et  iam  diu  tibi  d'ebitum,  dubitas,  quorum  mentis  sen- 
susque  vulneras,  eorum  aspectum  praesentiamque  vltare?  Si 
te  parenfes  timerent  atque  odissent  tul  neque  eos  ulla  ratione 


THE   SCENE   IN  THE   SENATE 

placare  posses,  ut  oplnor,  ab  eorum  oculis  aliquo  concederes.    5 
Nunc  te  patria,  quae  communis  est  parens  omnium  nostrum, 
odit  ac  metuit,  et  iam  diu  nihil  te  iudicat  nisi  de  parricidio  suo 
cogitare ;  huius  tu  neque  auctoritatem  verebere  nee  indicium 
sequere  nee  vim  pertimesces? 

Quae  tecum,  Catilina,  sic  agit  et  quodam  modo  tacita  loqui-  10 
tur  :  "Nullum  iam  aliquot  annis  facinus  exstitit  nisifler  fe,nullum 
flagitium  sine  te;    tibi  urii  multorum  civium  neces,  tibi  vexatio 
dlreptidque  sociorum  impunlta  fuit  ac  llbera ;  tu  non  solum  ad 
neglegendas   leges  et  quaestiones    verum  etiam  ad  evertendas 
pcrfringendasque  valuisti.     Superwra  ilia,  quamquam   ferenda  15 
non  fuerunt,  tamen,  ut  potm,  tuli ;  nuhc  vero  me  to  tarn  esse  in 
metu  propter  unum  te,  quicquid  increpuerit  Catilmam  timerl, 
nullum  videri  contra  me  consilium  inm  posse  quod  a  tuo  scelere 
abhorreat,  non  est  ferendum.     Quam  ob  rem  discede  atque 


78  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

hunc   mihi   timorem    eripe  —  si   est  verus,  ne   opprimar;   sin 
falsus,  ut  tandem  aliquando  timere  desinam." 

The  silence  of  the  senate,  the  disapproval  of  all  good  men,  even  his  own 
actions,  condemn  him. 

VIII.    Haec  si  tecum,  ut  dixl,  patria  loquatur,  nonne  impe- 

trare  debeat,  etiam  si  vim  adhibere  non  possit  ?    Quid,  quod  tu 

5  te  ipse  in  custodiam  dedistl,  quod  vltandae  susplcionis  causa 

ad  M'.  Lepidum  te  habitare  velle  dixistl?    A  quo  non  receptus 

etiam  ad  me  venire  ausus  es,  atque  ut  doml  me  tie  te  adservarem 


REMAINS  OF  WALL   OF   KOMI. 

rogasti.  Cum  a  me  quoque  id  responsum  tulisses,  me  nullo 
modo  posse  Isdem  parit-tilnts  tiito  esse  tecum,  qul  magno  in 
10  periculo  essem  quod  Isdem  moenibus  contineremur,  ad  Q. 
Metellum  praet5rem  venisti.  A  quo  reptidiatus  ad  sodalem 
tuum,  I'intm  optimum  M.  Metellum,  demigrastl,  quern  tu  vide- 
licet et  ad  custodiendum  diligcntissimum  et  ad  suspicandum 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA  79 

sagacissimum  et  ad  vindicandum  fortissimum  fore  putastl. 
Sed  quam  longe  videtur  a  carcere  atque  a  vincutls  abesse 
debere  qui  se  ipse  iam  dlgnum  custodia  iudicarit?  Quae  cum 
ita  sint,  Catilina,  dubitas,  si  'emori  aequo  animo  non  potes,  afire 
in  aliquas  terras,  et  vitam  istam  multls  suppliers  iustls  debitisque  5 
ereptam  fugae  solitudinlque  mandare? 

"  Refer,"  inquis,  "  ad  senatum."    Id  enim  postulas,  et  si  hie 
ordo  placere  decreverit  te  Tre  in  exsilium,  obtemperaturum  te 
esse  dicis.     Non  referam,  id  quod  abhorret  a  mels  moribus,  et 
tamen  faciam  ut  intellegas  quid  hi  de  te  sentiant.     Egredere  10 
ex  urbe,  Catilina  ;  libera  rem  publicam  metu ;  in  exsilium,  si 
hanc  vocem  exspectas,  proficiscere.    Quid  est,  Catilina  ?   Ecquid 
attendis  ?    Ecquid  animadvertis  horum  silentium  ?     Patiuntur, 
tacent.     Quid  exspectas  auctoritatem  loquentium,  quorum  vo- 
luntatem  tacitorum  perspicis  ?     At  si  hoc  idem  huic  adulescentl  15 
optimo  P.  Sestio,  si  fortissimo  viro  M.  Marcello  dixissem,  iam 
mihi  consult  hoc  ipso  in  templo  Jure  optimo  senatus  vim  et 
ma  mis  intulisset.     De  te  autem,  Catilina,  cum  quiescunt,  pro- 
bant  ;  cum  patiuntur,  decernunt ;  cum  tacent,  clamant.     Neque 
Jii  solum,  quorum  tibi  auctoritas  est  videlicet  cara,  into,  in/is-  20 
sirna,  sed  etiam  ill!  equifes  Romani,  honestissimi  atque  optiml 
viri,  ceterique  fortissimi  elves,  qui  circumstant  senatum,  quorum 
tu  et  frequentiam  videre  et  studia  perspicere  et  voces  paulo  ante 
exaudlre  potuisti.    Quonim  ego  rix  abs  te  iam  diu  manus  ac  tela 
contineo,  eosdem  facile  adducam  ut  te  haec  quae  vastare  iam  25 
pridem  studes  relinquentem  usque  ad  portas  prosequantur. 

Lost  both  to  shame  and  to  reason,  he  will  not  go  into  exile,  even 
though  he  could  ruin  his  enemy  by  so  doing. 

IX.  Quamquam  quid  loquor  ?  77  ut  Tilla  res  frangat  ?  Tu  ut 
umquam  te  corrigas  ?  Tu  ut  ullam  fugam  meditere  ?  Tu  ut  ullnm 
exsilium  cogites?  Utinam  tibi  istam  mentem  dl  immortales 
duint !  TametsI  video-,  si  mea  voce  perterritus  Ire  in  exsilium  30 
animum  induxeris,  quanta  tempestas  invidiae  nobis  —  si  minus 
in  praesens  tempus  recentl  memoria  scelerum  tuorum,  at  in 


80  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

posteritatem  —  impendeat.  Sed  est  tantl,  dum  modo  ista  sit 
privata  calamitas  et  a  ret  publicae  periculls  seiungatur.  Sed 
tu  ut  vitils  tuis  commoveare,  ut  legum  poenas  pertimescas,  ut 
temporibus  rei  publicae  cedas,  non  est  postulandum,  Neque 
5  enim  is  es,  Catillna,  ut  te  aut  pudor  umquam  a  turpitudine  aut 
metus  a  periculo  aut  ratio  a  furore  revocarit. 

Quam  ob  rem,  ut  saepe  Jam  dixi,  proficiscere ;  ac  si  mihi 
ininiico,  ut  praedicas,  tuo  conflare  vis  invidiam,  recta  perge  in 
exsilium.  Vix  feram  sermones  hominum,  si  id  feceris ;  vix  mo- 

10  lem  istius  invidiae,  si  in  exsilium  iussu  consults  ieris,  sustinebo. 
Sin  autem  servire  meae  laudl  et  gloriae  mavis,  egredere  cum 
importuna  scelerat5rum  manu,  confer  te  ad  Manlium,  concita 
perditos  civis,  secerne  te  a  bonis,  infer  patriae  bellum,  exsulta 
impio  latrocinio,  ut  a  me  non  eiectus  ad  attends,  sed  im'itatus 

15  ad  tuos  isse  videaris. 

Quamquam  quid  ego  fe  invitem,  a  quo  iam  sciam  esse  prae- 
missos  qui  tibi  ad  Forum  Aurelium  praestolarentur  annafi  ; 
cui  iam  sciam  pactam  et  constitutam  cum  Manlio  diem ;  a  quo 
etiam  aquilam  illam  argenteam,  quam  tibi  ac  tuis  omnibus 

20  confldo  perniciosam  ac  fiinestam  futuram,  cui  domi  tuae  sacra- 
rium  c5nstitutum  fuit,  sciam  esse  praemissam?  Tu  ut  ilia 
carere  diutius  possis,  quam  venerari  ad  caedem  proficiscens 
solebas,  a  cuius  altaribus  saepe  istam  impiam  dexteram  ad 
necem  clvium  transtulistl  ? 

Catiline  a  criminal  both  by  nature  and  by  habit. 

25  X.  Ibis  tandem  aliquando  quo  te  iam  pridem  ista  tua  cupi- 
ditas  effrenata  ac  furiosa  rapiebat ;  neque  enim  tibi  haec  res 
adfert  dolorem,  sed  quandam  incredibilem  voliiptatem.  Ad 
hanc  te  amentiam  natTira  peperit,  ro/untas  exercuit,  fortuna 
servavit.  Numquam  tu  non  modo  otium,  sed  ne  bellum  quidem 

30  nisi  nefarittm  concupisti.  Nactus  es  ex  perditis  atque  ab  omni 
non  modofcv'tuna  verum  etiam  spe  derelictls  conflatam  impro- 
borum  manum.  Hie  tu  qua  laetitia  perfruere,  quibus  gaudiis 
exsultabis,  quanta  in  voluptate  bacchabere,  cum  in  tanto  nu- 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA  8 1 

mero  tuorum  neque   audies  viram   bonum  quemquam  neque 
videbis  ! 

Ad   huius    vitae    studium    meditati    ill!    sunt    qui    feruntur 
labor'es  tul,  iacere  hum'i  non  solum  ad  obsidendum  stuprum 
verum  etiam  ad  /acinus  obeundum,  vigilare  non  solum  Tnsidi-     5 
antem  somno  maritorum  verum  etiam  boiiis  otiosorum.     Habes 
ubi  ostenfes  tuam  illam  praeclaram  patientiam  famis,  frigoris, 
inopiae   rerum   omnium,  quibus  te  brevi   tempore  confectum 
esse  senties.     Tantum  profecl  turn  cum  te  a  c5nsulatu  reppuli, 
ut  exsul  potius  temptare  quam  consul  vexare  rem  publicam  10 
posses,  atque  ut  id  quod  esset  a  te  scelerate  susceptum  latro- 
cinium  potius  quam  bellum  nominaretur. 

Rome  arraigns  the  consul  for  ingratitude,  indecision,  inactivity. 

XL   Nunc,  ut  a  me,  patres  cdnscripti,  quandam  prope  iustam 
patriae  querimoniam  detester  ac  deprecer,  percipite,  quaes5, 
diligenter  quae  dicam,  et  ea  penitus  animis  vestris  mentibusque  15 
mandate.      Etenim  si  mecum  patria,  quae  mihi  vita  mea  multo 
est  carior,  si  cuncta  Italia,  si  omnis  res  publica  loquatur : 

"  M.  Tulli,  quid  agis?  Tune  eum  quern  ossz-hostem  com- 
peristl,  quern  ducem  belft  futurum  vides,  quern  exspectari 
impcraforem  in  castris  hostium  sentis,  aucforem  sceleris,  prin-  20 
cipem  coniuratidnis,  'evocatorem  servorum  et  civium  perditorum, 
ex'ire  patiere,  ut  abs  te  non  'e missus  ex  urbe,  sed  immissus  in 
urbem  esse  videatur?  Nonne  hunc  in  vincula  duel,  ndn  ad 
mortem  rapi,  non  summo  supplicio  mactari  imperabis?  Quid 
tandem  te  impedit?  Mosne  maiorum?  At  persaepe  etiam  25 
privafi  in  hac  re  publica  perniciosos  clvis  morte  multarunt.  An 
leges,  quae  de  civium  Rom  a  no  rum  supplicio  rogatae  sunt?  At 
numquam  in  hac  urbe  qui  a  re  publica  defecerunt  civium  iura 
tenuerunt.  An  invidiam  posteritatis  times  ?  Praeclaram  vero 
populo  Romano  refers  gratiam,  qui  te,  hominem  per  te  cogni-  30 
turn,  nulla  commendatione  maiorum,  tarn  mature  ad  summum 
imperium  per  omnis  honorum  gradus  extulit,  si  propter  invidiae 
aut  alicuius  perlculi  metum  salutem  civium  tuorum  neglegis. 
G 


82  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

Sed  si  quis  est  invidiae  metus,  non  est  vehementius  severitatis 
ac  fortitudinis  invidia  quam  inertiae  ac  riequitiae  pertime- 
scenda.  An  cum  bello  vastabitur  Italia,  vexabuntur  urbes, 
tecta  ardebunt,  turn  te  non  exlstimas  invidiae  incendio  con- 
flagraturum?  " 


Cicero's  self-defence.     He  has  sought  to  force  secret  treason  into 
open  war. 

XII.  His  ego  sanctissimls  rel  publicae  vocibus  et  eorum 
hominum  qul  hoc  idem  sentiunt  mentibus  pauca  respondebo. 
Ego  si  hoc  optimum  factu  iudicarem,  patres  conscript!,  Catill- 
nam  morte  multarl,  uriius  usuram  horae  gladiator!  isti  ad  vlven- 

10  dum  non  dedissem.  Etenim  si  summl  virl  et  clarissimi  elves 
Saturmni  et  Gracchorum  et  Flacci  et  superi5rum  complurium 
sanguine  non  modo  se  non  contaminarunt  sed  etiam  honestd- 
runt,  certe  verendum  mihi  non  erat  ne  quid  hoc  parricida 
civium  interfecto  invidiae  mihi  in  posteritatem  redundaret. 

15  Quod  si  ea  mihi  maxinie  impenderet,  tamen  hoc  animo  semper 

fui  ut  invidiam  virfiite  partam  gloriam,  non  invidiam  putarem. 

Quamquam   non  nulll  sunt  in  hoc  ordine  qul  aut  ea  quae 

imminent  non  videant  aut   ea  quae   vident  dissimulent;    qui 

spem  Catillnae  mollibus  sententils  aluerunt  coniurationemque 

20  nascentem  non  credendo  corroboraverunt ;  quorum  auctoritate 
multl,  non  solum  improbl  verum  etiam  imperiti,  si  in  hunc  ani- 
madvertissem,  crud'eliter  et  regie  factum  esse  dicerent.  Nunc 
intellego,  si  iste,  quo  intendit,  in  Manliana  castra  pervenerit, 
neminem  tarn  stultum  fore  qul  non  videat  coniurationem  esse 

25  factam,  neminem  tarn  improbum  qui  nonfa/eatur.  Hoc  autem 
unb  interfecto  intellego  hanc  rel  publicae  pestem  paulisper 
reprinii,  non  in  perpetuum  comprinii  posse.  Quod  si  se  eiecerit 
secumque  suds  eduxerit,  et  eodem  ceteros  undique  conlectos 
naufragos  aggregarit,  exstinguetur  atque  delebitur  n5n  modo 

30  haec  tarn  adulta  rel  publicae  pestis  verum  etiam  stirps  ac 
semen  malorum  omnium. 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA  83 

The  removal  of  Catiline  only  a  temporary  relief ;  let  all  the  wicked  with- 
draw.   An  invocation  to  Jupiter. 

XIII.  Etenim  tarn  diu,  patres  conscript!,  in  his  periculls  con- 
iurationis  Insidiisque  versamur,  sed  nescid  quo  pacto  omnium 
scelerum  ac  veteris  furoris  et  audaciae  maturitas  in  nostri  con- 
suldtus  tempus  erupit.  Quod  si  ex  tanto  latrocinio  iste  unus 
tolletur,  videbimur  fortasse  ad  breve  quoddam  tempus  cura  et  5 
metu  esse  relevat! ;  periculum  autem  residebit  et  erit  inclusum 
penitus  in  venls  atque  in  visceribus  rel  publicae.  Ut  saepe  ho- 
mines aegri  morbo  gravi,  cum  aestu  febrique  iactantur,  si 
aquam  gelidam  biberunt,  primo  relevari  videntur,  deinde  multo 
gravius  vehementiusque  adfllctantur ;  sic  hie  morbus  qui  est  10 
in  re  publica,  relevatus  istius  poena  vehementius  reliquis  invis 
ingravescet. 

Qua  re  secedant  improbi,  secernant  se  a  bonis,  unum  in  locum 
congregentur,  muro  denique,  quod  saepe  iam  dixi,  secernantur 
a  n5bis ;  desinanf  Insidiari  domi  suae  consull,  circumstare  tri-  15 
bunal  praet5ris  urban!,  obsidere  cum  gladiis  curiam,  malleolos 
et  faces  ad  Inflammandam  urbem  comparare ;  sit  denique 
inscriptum  in  fronte  unius  cuiusque  quid  de  re  publica  sentiat. 
Polliceor  hoc  vobis,  patres  conscript!,  tantam  in  nob!s  cdnsuli- 
bus  fore  diligentiam,  tantam  in  vobis  auctoritatemy  tantam  in  20 
equitibus  Romanis  virtutem,  tantam  in  omnibus  bon!s  consen- 
sionem  ut  Catilinae  profectione  omnia  patefacta,  inlustrata, 
oppressa,  vindicata  esse  videatis. 

Hisce  ominibus,  Catilina,  cum  summa  re!  publicae  salute, 
cum  tua  peste  ac  pernici'e,  cumque  eorum  exitio  qu!  se  tecum  25 
omni  scelere  parricldioque  iunxerunt,  profiascere  ad   impium 
belluin  ac  nefarium.     Tu,  luppiter,  qui  isdem  quibus  haec  urbs 
auspiciis  a  R5mulo  es  constitutus,  quern  Statorem  huius  urbis 
atque   imperi  vere  nominamus,  hunc    et   huius  socios  a   tuls 
ceterisque  templ!s,  a  tect!s  urbis  ac  moenibus,  a  vita  fortiimsque  30 
clvium  arcebis ;  et  homines  bonorum  inim'icds,  hosfis  patriae, 
latrones  Italiae,  scelerum  foedere  inter  se  ac  nefaria  societate 
coniunctos,  aeterms  suppliciis  vlvos  mortuosque  mactabis. 


84  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

ORATIO    IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA 

Catiline  has  withdrawn.    His  departure  defeats  him  and  relieves  the  city. 

I.  Tandem  aliquando,  Quirites,  L.  Catillnam,  furentem  auda- 
cia,  scelus  anhelantem,  pestem  patriae  nefarie  molientem,  vobls 
atque  huic  urbi  ferro  flammaque  minitantem,  ex  urbe  vel  eieci- 
mus  vel   emlsimus   vel    ipsum    egredientem   verbis    prosecuti 

5  sumus.  Abiit,  excessit,  evasit,  erupit.  Nillla  iam  pernicies 
a  monstro  illo  atque  prodigio  moenibus  ipsis  intra  moenia 
comparabitur. 

Atque  hunc  quidem  unum  huius  belli  domestic!  ducem  sine 
controversial  vlcimus.     Non  enim  iam  inter  latera  nostra  sica 

10  ilia  versabitur ;  non  in  campo,  non  in  foro,  non  in  curia,  non 
denique  intra  domesticos  parietes  pertimescemus.  Loco  ille 
motus  est,  cum  est  ex  urbe  depulsus.  Palam  iam  cum  hoste 
nullo  impediente  bellum  iustum  geremus.  Sine  dubio  perdidi- 
mus  hominem  magnificeque  vlcimus,  cum  ilium  ex  occultis 

15  Insidils  in  apertum  latrocinium  coniecimus.  Quod  vero  non 
cruentum  mucronem,  ut  voluit,  extulit,  quod  vivls  nobis  egressus 
est,  quod  el  ferrum  e  manibus  extorsimus,  quod  incolumls  clvls, 
quod  stantem  urbem  rellquit,  quanto  tandem  ilium  maerore 
esse  adfllctum  et  proflTgatum  putatis?  lacet  ille  nunc  pro- 

20  stratus,  Quirites,  et  se  perculsum  atque  abiectum  esse  sentit,  et 
retorquet  oculos  profecto  saepe  ad  hanc  urbem,  quam  e  suls 
faucibus  ereptam  esse  luget ;  quae  quidem  mihi  laetari  videtur, 
quod  tantam  pestem  evomuerit  forasque  proiecerit. 

He  merited  death,  but  public  policy  demanded  delay. 

II.  Ac   si    quis  est  talis,  quails  esse  omnis  oportebat,  qui 
25  in   hoc   ipso   in   quo    exsultat    et    triumphat   oratio    mea  me 

vehementer  accuset,  quod  tarn  capitalem  hostem  non  com- 
prehenderim  potius  quam  emiserim,  non  est  ista  mea  culpa, 
Quirites,  sed  temporum.  Interfectum  esse  L.  Catillnam  et 
gravissimo  supplicio  adfectum  iam  pridem  oportebat,  idque  a 


IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA  85 

me  et  mos  maiorum  et  huius  imperi  severitas  et  res  publica 
postulabat.  Sed  quam  multos  fuisse  putatis  qul  quae  ego 
deferrem  non  crederent,  quam  multos  qul  etiam  defenderent? 
Ac  si  illo  sublatd  depelli  a  vobis  omne  perlculum  iudicarem, 
iam  pridem  ego  L.  Catillnam  non  modo  invidiae  meae  verum 
etiam  vltae  periculo  sustulissem. 


A   COOK-SHOP 


Sed  cum  viderem,  ne  vobis  quidem  omnibus  re  etiam  turn 
probata,  si  ilium,  ut  erat  meritus,  morte  multassem,  fore  ut  eius 
socios  invidia  oppressus  persequi  n5n  possem,  rem  hue  deduxi 
ut  turn  palam  pugnare  possetis  cum  hostem  aperte  videretis.  10 
Quern  quidem  ego  hostem,  Quirites,  quam  vehementer  foris 
esse  timendum  putem,  licet  hinc  intellegatis,  quod  etiam  illud 
moleste  fero  quod  ex  urbe  paruin  comitatus  exierit.  Utinam 
ille  omnis  secum  suas  copias  eduxisset  !  Tongilium  mihi  eduxit, 
quern  amare  in  praetexta  coeperat,  Publicium  et  Minucium,  t- 


86  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

quorum  aes  alienum  contractum  in  poplna  nullum  rei  publicae 
motum  adferre  poterat ;  rellquit  quos  viros,  quanto  acre  alieno, 
quam  valentis,  quam  n5bills  ! 

Not  Catiline's  army,  but  his  confederates  in  Rome,  the  real  menace 
to  the  state. 

III.  Itaque  ego  ilium  exercitum  prae  Gallicanis  legionibus  et 
5  hoc  dllectu  quern  in  agro  Plceno  et  Gallico  Q.  Metellus  habuit, 

et  his  copils  quae  a  ndbls  cottidie  comparantur,  magno  opere 
contemno,  conlectum  ex  senibus  desperatls,  ex  agrestl  luxuria, 
ex  rusticls  decoctoribus,  ex  ils  qui  vadimonia  deserere  quam 
ilium  exercitum  maluerunt.  Quibus  ego  non  modo  si  aciem 

10  exercitus  nostri,  verum  etiam  si  edictum  praetoris  ostendero, 
concident.  Hos  quos  video  volitare  in  foro,  quos  stare  ad 
curiam,  quos  etiam  in  senatum  venire,  qui  nitent  unguentls,  qui 
fulgent  purpura,  mallem  secum  su5s  milites  eduxisset ;  qui  si 
hie  permanent,  mementote  non  tarn  exercitum  ilium  esse  nobls 

15  quam  hos  qui  exercitum  deseruerunt  pertimescendos.  Atque 
hoc  etiam  sunt  timendi  magis,  quod  quid  cogitent  me  sclre 
sentiunt,  neque  tamen  permoventur.  Video  cui  sit  Apulia  attri- 
buta,  quis  habeat  Etriiriam,  quis  agrum  Plcenum,  quis  Gallicum, 
quis  sibi  has  urbanas  Insidias  caedis  atque  incendiorum  depo- 

20  poscerit.  Omnia  superioris  nocti§  consilia  ad  me  perlata  esse 
sentiunt ;  patefeci  in  senatu  hesterno  die.  Catillna  ipse  perti- 
muit,  profugit ;  hi  quid  exspectant  ?  Ne  ill!  vehementer  errant, 
si  illam  meam  pristinam  lenitatem  perpetuam  sperant  futuram. 

Warned  that  leniency  is  exhausted,  let  them  follow  their  infamous 
leader. 

IV.  Quod   exspectavl   iam   sum   adsecutus,  ut  vos   omnes 
25  factam  esse  aperte  coniiirationem  contra  rem  publicam  vide- 

retis ;  nisi  vero  si  quis  est  qui  Catilinae  simills  cum  Catillna 
sentire  non  putet.  Non  est  iam  lenitati  locus  ;  severitatem  res 
ipsa  flagitat.  Unum  etiam  nunc  concedam  :  exeant,  proficl- 
scantur,  ne  patiantur  desiderio  sui  Catilmam  miserum  tabescere. 


IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA  87 

Demonstrabo  iter :    Aurelia  via   profectus   est;    si   accelerare 
volent,  ad  vesperam  consequentur. 

O  fortunatam  rem  publicam,  si  quidem  hanc  sentinam  urbis 
eiecerit !     Un5,  me  hercule,  Catilina  exhausto,  levata  mihi  et 
recreata  res  publica  videtur.     Quid  enim  mall  aut  sceleris  fingi    5 
aut  cogitari  potest  quod  non  ille  conceperit?     Quis  tota  Italia 
veneficus,  quis  gladiator,  quis  latro,  quis  sicarius,  quis  parriclda, 
quis  testamentorum  subiector,  quis  circumscriptor,  quis  ganeo, 
quis  nepos,  quis  adulter,  quae  mulier  infamis,  quis  corruptor 
iuventiitis,  quis  corruptus,  quis  perditus  invenlri  potest  qui  se  10 
cum  Catilina  non  familiarissime  vixisse  fateatur?     Quae  caedes 
per  hosce  annos  sine  illo  facta  est,  quod  nefarium  stuprum  non 
per  ilium?      lam  vero  quae   tanta   umquam  in  ullo  homine 
iuventutis  inlecebra  foit  quanta  in  illo  ?    Qui  alios  ipse  amabat 
turpissime,  aliorum  amorl  flagitiosissime  serviebat.    Aliis  fruc-  15 
turn  libldinum,  aliis  mortem  parentum  non  modo  impellendo 
verum  etiam  adiuvando  pollicebatur.     Nunc  vero  quam  subito 
non  solum  ex  urbe  verum  etiam  ex  agris  ingentem  numerum 
perditorum  hominum   conlegerat.     Nemo  non  modo  Romae 
sed  ne  iillo   quidem  in   angulo  totius  Italiae  oppressus  acre  20 
alieno  fuit  quern  non  ad  hoc  incredibile  sceleris  foedus  asciverit. 

In  the  infamy  of  the  conspirators'  lives  is  Rome's  greatest  danger. 

V.  Atque  ut  eius  diversa  studia  in  dissimill  ratione  perspicere 
possitis,  nemo  est  in  ludo  gladiatorio  paulo  ad  facinus  audacior 
qui  se  non  intimum  Catillnae  esse  fateatur,  nem5  in  scaena 
levior  et  nequior  qui  se  non  eiusdem  prope  sodalem  fuisse  com-  25 
memoret.  Atque  idem  tamen,  stuprorum  et  scelerum  exercita- 
tione  adsuefactus,  frigore  et  fame  et  siti  et  vigiliis  perferendis 
fortis  ab  istis  praedicabatur,  cum  industriae  subsidia  atque  In- 
strumenta  virtutis  in  libidine  audaciaque  consumeret. 

Hunc  vero  si  secuti  erunt  sui  comites,  si  ex  urbe  exierint  30 
desperatdrum  hominum  flagitiosi  greges,  O  nos  beatos  !  O  rem 
publicam  fortunatam  !   O  praeclaram  laudem  consulates  mei ! 
Non  enim  iam  sunt  mediocres  hominum  libidines,  non  humanae 


88 


ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 


ac  tolerandae  audaciae ;  nihil  cogitant  nisi  caedem,  nisi  incen- 
dia,  nisi  raplnas.  Patrimonia  sua  profuderunt,  fortunas  suas 
obligaverunt ;  res  eos  iam  prldem  deseruit,  fides  nuper  deficere 


MILITARY   STANDARDS 

coepit ;  eadem  tamen  ilia  quae  erat  in  abundantia  libido  per- 
5  manet.  Quod  si  in  vino  et  alea  comissationes  solum  et  scorta 
quaererent,  essent  illi  quidem  desperandi,  sed  tamen  essent 
ferendi ;  hoc  vero  quis  ferre  possit,  inertis  homines  fortissimls 
viris  Insidiari,  stultissimos  prudentissimls,  ebriosos  sobrils, 
dormientis  vigilantibus  ?  QuI  mihi  accubantes  in  convivils, 

10  complex!  mulieres  impudicas, ,  vino  languid!,  conferti  cibo, 
sertls  redimlti,  unguentis  obliti,  debilitati  stupris,  eructant  ser- 
monibus  suis  caedem  bonorum  atque  urbis  incendia. 

Quibus  ego  confldo  impendere  fatum  aliquod,  et  poenam  iam 
diu  improbitati,  nequitiae,  sceleri,  libldini  debitam  aut  instare 

13  iam  plane  aut  certe  appropinquare.  Quos  si  meus  consulatus, 
quoniam  sanare  non  potest,  sustulerit,  non  breve  nescio  quod 
tempus,  sed  multa  saecula  propagarit  rel  piiblicae.  Nulla  est 
enim  natio  quam  pertimescamus,  nullus  rex  qul  bellum  popul5 
Romano  facere  possit.  Omnia  sunt  externa  unlus  virtute  terra 

20  marique  pacata,  domesticum  bellum  manet ;  intus  Insidiae 
sunt,  intus  inclusum  perlculum  est,  intus  est  hostis.  Cum  lu- 
xuria  nobis,  cum  amentia,  cum  scelere  certandum  est.  Huic 
ego  me  belld  ducem  profiteor,  Quirltes;  suscipio  inimlcitias  ho- 


IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA 


89 


minum  perditorum.  Quae  sanarl  poterunt,  quacumque  ratione 
sanabo ;  quae  resecanda  erunt,  non  patiar  ad  perniciem  civitatis 
manere.  Proinde  aut  exeant  aut  quiescant  aut,  si  et  in  urbe  et 
in  eadem  mente  permanent,  ea  quae  merentur  exspectent. 

Catiline  was  not  banished.    Undoubtedly  he  has  gone  to  join  his  army. 

VI.     At  etiam  sunt  qui  dicant,  Quirites,  a  me  eiectum  in  5 
exsilium  esse  Catilinam.     Quod  ego  si  verbo  adsequl  possem, 
istos  ipsos  eicerem  qui  haec  loquuntur.     Homo  enim  videlicet 
timidus  aut  etiam  permodestus  vocem  consulis  ferre  non  potuit ; 
simul  atque  ire  in  exsilium  iussus  est,  paruit,  ivit.     Hesterno 
die,  Quirites,  cum  domi  meae  paene  interfectus  essem,  senatum  10 
in  aedem  lovis  Statoris  convocavi,  rem  omnem  ad  patreo  con- 
scriptos  detuli.    Quo  cum  Catilina  venisset, 
quis  eum  senator  appellavit,  quis  salutavit, 
quis  denique  ita  aspexit  ut  perditum  civem, 
ac  non  potius  ut  importunissimum  hostem?  J5 
Quin  etiam  principes  eius  ordinis  partem 
illam  subselliorum  ad  quam  ille  accesserat 
nudam  atque  inanem  reliquerunt. 

Hie  ego,  vehemens  ille  consul  qui  verbo 
civis  in  exsilium  eicio,  quaesivi  a  Catilina  20 
in  nocturno  conventu    apud    M.  Laecam 
fuisset  necne.      Cum  ille  homo  audacis- 
simus    conscientia    convictus  prlmo   reti- 
cuisset,    patefeci    cetera ;    quid  ea   nocte 
egisset,    quid   in    proximam  constituisset,  25 
quern  ad  modum  esset  ei  ratiS  totius  belli 
descripta,  edocui.      Cum  haesitaret,  cum 
teneretur,  quaesivi  quid  dubitaret  proficisci 
eo  quo  iam  prldem  pararet,  cum   arma, 
cum  securls,  cum  fascis,  cum  tubas,  cum  30 
signa  militaria,  cum  aquilam  illam  argen- 
team,  cui  ille  etiam  sacrarium  domi  suae  fecerat,  sclrem  esse 
praemissam.     In  exsilium  eiciebam  quern  iam  ingressum  esse 


A    LIC1OR  AND   THE 
FASCES 


90  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

in  bellum  videbam  ?  Etenim,  credo,  Manilas  iste  centurio, 
qui  in  agro  Faesulano  castra  posuit,  bellum  populo  Romano 
suo  nomine  indlxit,  et  ilia  castra  nunc  non  Catilinam  ducem 
exspectant,  et  ille  eiectus  in  exsilium  se  Massiliam,  ut  aiunt, 
5  non  in  haec  castra  conferet. 

Should  he  really  go  into  exile,  it  would  please  Cicero  but  alarm  the 
conspirators. 

VII.  O  condicionem  miseram  non  modo  administrandae 
verum  etiam  conservandae  rei  publicae  !  Nunc  si  L.  Catilma 
consiliis,  laboribus,  periculis  mels  circumclusus  ac  debilitatus 
subito  pertimuerit,  sententiam  mutaverit,  deseruerit  suds,  con- 

10  silium  belli  faciendi  abiecerit,  ex  hoc  cursu  sceleris  ac  belli 
iter  ad  fugam  atque  in  exsilium  converterit,  non  ille  a  me 
spoliatus  armis  audaciae,  non  obstupefactus  ac  perterritus 
mea  diligentia,  non  de  spe  c5natuque  depulsus,  sed  indemna- 
tus,  innocens  in  exsilium  eiectus  a  consule  vi  et  minis  esse 

15  dicetur ;  et  erunt  qui  ilium,  si  hoc  fecerit,  non  improbum 
sed  miserum,  me  non  diligentissimum  consulem  sed  crude- 
lissimum  tyrannum  exlstimari  velint. 

Est  mihi  tanti,  Quirltes,  huius  invidiae  falsae  atque  iniquae 
tempestatem  sublre,  dum  modo  a  vobis  huius  horribilis  belli 

20  ac  nefarii  periculum  depellatur.  Dlcatur  sane  eiectus  esse  a 
me,  dum  modo  eat  in  exsilium.  Sed,  mihi  credite,  non  est 
iturus.  Numquam  ego  a  dis  immortalibus  optabo,  Quirites, 
invidiae  meae  levandae  causa  ut  L.  Catilinam  ducere  exerci- 
tum  hostium  atque  in  armis  volitare  audiatis,  sed  triduo  tamen 

25  audietis  ;  multoque  magis  illud  timeo,  ne  mihi  sit  invidiosum 
aliquando  quod  ilium  emiserim  potius  quam  quod  eiecerim. 
Sed  cum  sint  homines  qui  ilium,  cum  profectus  sit,  eiectum 
esse  dicant,  Idem,  si  interfectus  esset,  quid  dicerent? 

Quamquam    isti  qui  Catilinam  Massiliam  Ire  dictitant,  non 

30  tarn  hoc  queruntur  quam  verentur.  Nemd  est  istorum  tarn 
misericors  qui  ilium  non  ad  Manlium  quam  ad  Massiliensls  Ire 
malit.  Ille  autem  si,  me  hercule,  hoc  quod  agit  numquam 


IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA  91 

antea  cogitasset,  tamen  latrocinantem  se  interfid  mallet  quam 
exsulem  vivere.  Nunc  vero,  cum  el  nihil  adhuc  praeter  ipsius 
voluntatem  cogitationemque  accident,  nisi  quod  vivls  nobls 
Roma  profectus  est,  optemus  potius  ut  eat  in  exsilium  quam 
queramur.  5 

The  conspirators.    First :  rich  men  unwilling  to  pay  their  debts. 

VIII.  Sed  cur  tarn  diu  de  uno  hoste  loquimur,  et  de  eo 
hoste  qui  iam  fatetur  se  esse  hostem  et  quern,  quia,  quod 
semper  volul,  murus  interest,  non  timeo ;  de  his  qui  dissimu- 
lant,  qui  Romae  remanent,  qui  nobiscum  sunt,  nihil  dlcimus? 
Quos  quidem  ego,  si  ullo  modo  fieri  possit,  n5n  tarn  ulclsci  10 
studeo  quam  sanare  sibi  ipsos,  placare  re!  publicae ;  neque  id 
qua  re  fieri  non  possit,  si  me  audlre  volent,  intellego.  Exponam 
enim  vobis,  Quirites,  ex  quibus  generibus  hominum  istae  copiae 
comparentur  ;  deinde  singulls  medicinam  consili  atque  orationis 
meae,  si  quam  potero,  adferam.  15 

Unum  genus  est  eorum  qui  magno  in  acre  alieno  maiores 
etiam  possessiones  habent,  quarum  am5re  adductl  dissolvl 
nullo  modo  possunt.  Horum  hominum  species  est  honestis- 
sima,  sunt  enim  locupletes ;  voluntas  vero  et  causa  impu- 
dentissima.  Tu  agris,  tu  aedificils,  tu  argento,  tu  familia,  tu  20 
rebus  omnibus  ornatus  et  copiosus  sis,  et  dubites  de  posses- 
sione  detrahere,  adquirere  ad  fidem?  Quid  enim  exspectas? 
Bellum?  Quid  ergo?  In  vastatione  omnium  tuas  possessiones 
sacrosanctas  futiaras  putas  ?  An  tabulas  novas  ?  Errant  qui 
istas  a  Catillna  exspectant ;  meo  beneficio  tabulae  novae  pro-  25 
ferentur,  verum  auctionariae  ;  neque  enim  istl  qui  possessiones 
habent  alia  ratione  ulla  salvi  esse  possunt.  Quod  si  maturius 
facere  voluissent  neque,  id  quod  stultissimum  est,  certare  cum 
usuris  fructibus  praediorum,  et  locupletioribus  his  et  melio- 
ribus  civibus  uteremur.  Sed  hosce  homines  minime  puto  3° 
pertimescendos,  quod  aut  deducl  de  sententia  possunt  aut,  si 
permanebunt,  magis  mihi  videntur  vota  facturi'  contra  rem 
publicam  quam  arma  laturi. 


92  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

Second :   men  harassed  by  debt  and  ambitious  for  political  power.     Third : 
Sulla's  veterans,  ruined  by  idleness  and  luxury. 

IX.  Alterum  genus  est  eorum  qui,  quamquam  premuntur 
acre  alieno,  dominationem  tamen  exspectant,  rerum  potirl 
volunt ;  honores,  quos  quieta  re  publica  desperant,  perturbata 
se  consequl  posse  arbitrantur.  Quibus  hoc  praecipiendum 
5  videtur,  unum  scilicet  et  idem  quod  reliquls  omnibus,  ut 
desperent  se  id  quod  conantur  consequl  posse :  prlmum 
omnium  me  ipsum  vigilare,  adesse,  prdvidere  rei  publicae ; 
deinde  magnos  animus  esse  in  bonls  virls,  magnam  concordiam 
in  maxima  multitudine,  magnas  praeterea  copias  militum  ;  deos 

10  denique  immortalls  huic  invicto  populo,  clarissimo  imperio, 
pulcherrimae  urbi,  contra  tantam  vim  sceleris  praesentis  auxi- 
lium  esse  laturos.  Quod  si  iam  sint  id  quod  summo  furore 
cupiunt  adept!,  num  illl  in  cinere  urbis  et  in  sanguine  clvium, 
quae  mente  conscelerata  ac  nefaria  concupiverunt,  consules  se 

15  aut  dictatores  aut  etiam  reges  sperant  futures?  Non  vident 
id  se  cupere  quod,  si  adept!  sint,  fugitivo  alicui  aut  gladiatorl 
concedl  sit  necesse? 

Tertium  genus  est  aetate  iam  adfectum,  sed  tamen  exercita- 
tione   robustum ;    quo  ex   genere  iste  est   Manlius  cui   nunc 

20  Catilina  succedit.  HI  sunt  homines  ex  ils  colonils  quas  Sulla 
c5nstituit ;  quas  ego  Sniversas  clvium  esse  optimorum  et  for- 
tissimorum  virorum  sentio,  sed  tamen  il  sunt  colonl  qui  se 
in  insperatis  ac  repentinis  pecuniis  sumptuosius  msolentiusque 
iactarunt.  HI  dum  aedificant  tamquam  beati,  dum  praedils 

25  lectis,  familils  magnis,  convlvils  apparatis  delectantur,  in  tantum 
aes  alienum  inciderunt  ut,  si  salvl  esse  velint,  Sulla  sit  ils  ab 
inferis  excitandus ;  qui  etiam  non  nullos  agrestis,  homines 
tenuls  atque  egentis,  in  eandem  illam  spem  rapinarum  veterum 
impulerunt.  Quos  ego  utrosque  in  eodem  genere  praedatorum 

3°  direptorumque  pono.  Sed  eos  h5c  moneo,  desinant  furere  ac 
proscriptiones  et  dictaturas  cogitare.  Tantus  enim  illorum  ten»- 
porum  dolor  inustus  est  clvitati  ut  iam  ista  non  modo  homines 
sed  ne  pecudes  quidem  mihi  passurae  esse  videantur. 


IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA  93 

Fourth:   bankrupt  debtors.      Fifth:   criminals  of  every  kind. 
Sixth  :   abandoned  profligates. 

X.  Quartum  genus  est  sane  varium  et  mixtum  et  turbu- 
lentum  :  qui  iam  pridem  premuntur,  qui  numquam  emergunt, 
qul  partim  inertia,  partim  male  gerendd  negotio,  partim  etiam 
sumptibus  in  vetere  acre  alieno  vacillant  ;  qui  vadimdniis,  iudi- 
ciis,  proscripti5ne  bonorum  defatlgatl,  permulti  et  ex  urbe  et  5 
ex  agris  se  in  ilia  castra  conferre  dicuntur.  Hosce  ego  non 
tam  milites  acris  quam  infitiatores 
lentos  esse  arbitror.  Qui  homines 
quam  primum,  si  stare  non  possunt, 
corruant  ;  sed  ita  ut  non  modo  civitas,  ib 
sed  ne  vicini  quidem  proximi  sentiant. 
Nam  illud  non  intelleg5,  quam  ob  rem, 
si  vivere  honeste  non  possunt,  perire 
turpiter  velint  ;  aut  cur  minore  dolore 
perituros  se  cum  multis  quam  si  soli  15 
pereant  arbitrentur. 

Quintum  genus  est  parricidarum, 
sicariorum,  denique  omnium  facinor5- 
sorum.  Quos  ego  a  Catilina  non 
revoco  ;  nam  neque  ab  eo  divelli  pos-  20 
sunt,  et  pereant  sane  in  latrocinio, 
quoniam  sunt  ita  multi  ut  eos  career 
capere  non  possit. 

Postremum    autem    genus    est   non 
solum  numero,  verum  etiam  genere  ipso  25 

Catilinae  CSt, 


AN    ORATOR    IN    THE    TOUA 

de  eius  dilectti,  immo  vero  de  complexu 

eius  ac  sinu  ;  quos  pexo  capill5,  nitidos,  aut  imberbis  aut  bene 
barbatds  videtis,  manicatis  et  talaribus  tunicis,  veils  amictos,  ndn 
togis  ;  quorum  omnis  industria  vitae  et  vigilandi  labor  in  ante-  30 
lucanis  cenls  expromitur.  In  his  gregibus  omnes  aleatores, 
omnes  adulterl,  omnes  impuri  impudicique  versantur.  Hi 
pueri  tam  lepidi  ac  delicati  non  solum  amare  et  amari,  neque 


94  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

saltare  et  cantare,  sed  etiam  slcas  vibrare  et  spargere  venena 
didicerunt.  QuI  nisi  exeunt,  nisi  pereunt,  etiam  si  Catilina 
perierit,  scltote  hoc  in  re  publica  seminarium  Catilinarum  futu- 
rum.  Verum  tamen  quid  sibi  isti  miseri  volunt?  Num  suas 
5  secum  mulierculas  sunt  in  castra  ducturi  ?  Quern  ad  modum 
autem  illis  carere  poterunt,  his  praesertim  iam  noctibus  ?  Quo 
autem  pacto  illl  Appennlnum  atque  illas  pruinas  ac  nivis  per- 
ferent?  Nisi  idcirco  se  facilius  hiemem  toleraturos  putant, 
quod  nudi  in  conviviis  saltare  didicerunt. 

A  comparison  of  the  opposing  forces. 

10  XI.  O  bellum  magno  opere  pertimescendum,  cum  hanc  sit 
habiturus  CatilTna  scortorum  cohortem  praetoriam  !  Instruite 
nunc,  Quirites,  contra  has  tarn  praeclaras  Catilinae  copias  ves- 
tra  praesidia  vestrosque  exercitus.  Et  primum  gladiatori  illi 
confecto  et  sauci5  consules  imperatoresque  vestros  opponite. 

15  Deinde  contra  illam  naufragorum  eiectam  ac  debilitatam  ma- 
num  florem  totius  Italiae  ac  robur  ediicite.  Iam  vero  urbes 
coloniarum  ac  municipiorum  respondebunt  Catilinae  tumulis 
silvestribus.  Neque  ego  ceteras  copias,  ornamenta,  praesidia 
vestra  cum  illius  latronis  inopia  atque  egestate  conferre  debeo. 

20  Sed  si  omissis  his  rebus  quibus  nos  suppeditamur,  eget  ille,  — 
senatu,  equitibus  Romanls,  urbe,  aerario,  vectigalibus,  cuncta 
Italia,  provinciis  omnibus,  exteris  nationibus,  —  si  his  rebus 
omissis  causas  ipsas  quae  inter  se  confligunt  contendere  vell- 
mus,  ex  eo  ips5  quam  valde  ill!  iaceant  intellegere  possumus. 

25  Ex  hac  enim  parte  pudor  pugnat,  illinc  petulantia  ;  hinc  pudi- 
citia,  illinc  stuprum  ;  hinc  fides,  illinc  fraudatio  ;  hinc  pietas, 
illinc  scelus  ;  hinc  constantia,  illinc  furor ;  hinc  honestas,  illinc 
turpitude ;  hinc  continentia,  illinc  libido ;  denique  aequitas, 
temperantia,  fortitud5,  prudentia,  virtutes  omnes  certant  cum 

30  iniquitate,  luxuria,  ignavia,  temeritate,  cum  vitiis  omnibus  ;  po- 
stremo  copia  cum  egestate,  bona  ratio  cum  perdita,  mens  sana 
cum  amentia,  bona  denique  spes  cum  omnium  rerum  despera- 
tione  confligit.  In  eius  modi  certamine  ac  proelio,  nonne,  si 


IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA 


95 


hominum  studia  deficiant,  di  ipsi  immortales  cogant  ab  his 
praeclarissimls  virtutibus  tot  et  tanta  vitia  superari  ? 


Cicero's  vigilance  will  insure  the  public  safety.    The  conspirators  are 
again  warned. 

XII.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Quirites,  vos,  quern  ad  modum  iam 
antea  dixi,  vestra  tecta  custodiis  vigiliisque  defendite  ;  mihi,  ut 
urbl  sine  vestro  motu  ac  sine  ullo  tumultu  satis  esset  praesidi, 
consultum  atque  provisum  est.  ColonI  omnes  municipesque 
vestri  certiores  a  me  fact!  de  hac  nocturna  excursione  Catilinae 
facile  urbls  suas  finisque  defendent.  Gladiatores,  quam  sibi  ille 


GLADIATORS 

manum  certissimam  fore  putavit,  quamquam  animo  meliore 
sunt  quam  pars  patriciorum,  potestate  tamen  nostra  contine-  10 
buntur.  Q.  Metellus,  quern  ego  hoc  prospiciens  in  agrum 
Gallicum  Picenumque  praemisi,  aut  opprimet  hominem  aut 
omnis  eius  motus  cSnatusque  prohibebit.  Reliquls  autem  de 
rebus  constituendls,  maturandis,  agendis,  iam  ad  senatum 
referemus,  quern  vocari  videtis.  15 

Nunc  illos  qui  in  urbe  remanserunt,  atque  adeo  qul  contra 
urbis  salutem  omniumque  vestrum  in  urbe  a  Catilina  relicti  sunt, 
quamquam  sunt  hostes,  tamen,  quia  sunt  cives,  monitos  etiam 
atque  etiam  volo.  Mea  lenitas  adhuc  si  cui  solutior  visa  est, 
hoc  exspectavit,  ut  id  quod  latebat  erumperet.  Quod  reliquum  20 
est,  iam  non  possum  oblivisci  meam  hanc  esse  patriam,  me  h5- 


96  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

rum  esse  consulem,  mihi  aut  cum  his  vivendum  aut  pro  his 
esse  moriendum.  Nullus  est  portis  custos,  nullus  msidiator 
viae ;  si  qul  exlre  volunt,  conlvere  possum.  Qul  vero  se  in 
urbe  commoverit,  cuius  ego  non  modo  factum  sed  inceptum 
5  ullum  conatumve  contra  patriam  deprehendero,  sentiet  in  hac 
urbe  esse  consules  vigilantls,  esse  egregios  magistrates,  esse 
fortem  senatum,  esse  arma,  esse  carcerem,  quern  vindicem  nefa- 
riorum  ac  manifestorum  scelerum  maiores  nostri  esse  voluerunt. 

Fears  of  tumult  and  anarchy  groundless.     The  immortal  gods  will 
protect  the  state. 

XIII.    Atque  haec  omnia  sic  agentur,  Quirites,  tit  maximae 

10  res  minimo  motu,  perlcula  summa  nullo  tumultu,  bellum  intesti- 
num  ac  domesticum  post  hominum  memoriam  crudelissimum 
et  maximum  me  uno  togato  duce  et  imperatore  sedetur.  Quod 
ego  sic  administrabo,  Quirites,  ut,  si  iillo  modo  fieri  poterit,  ne 
improbus  quidem  quisquam  in  hac  urbe  poenam  sui  sceleris 

15  sufferat.  Sed  si  vis  manifestae  audaciae,  si  impendens  patriae 
perlculum  me  necessario  de  hac  animi  lenitate  deduxerit,  illud 
profecto  perficiam,  quod  in  tanto  et  tarn  Insidioso  bello  vix 
optandum  videtur,  ut  neque  bonus  quisquam  intereat,  pauco- 
rumque  poena  vos  omnes  salvi  esse  possitis. 

20  Quae  quidem  ego  neque  mea  prudentia  neque  humanis 
consilils  fretus  polliceor  vobis,  Quirites,  sed  multls  et  non  dubiis 
deorum  immortalium  slgnificationibus,  quibus  ego  ducibus  in 
hanc  spem  sententiamque  sum  ingressus ;  qul  iam  non  procul, 
ut  quondam  solebant,  ab  externo  hoste  atque  longinquo,  sed 

25  hie  praesentes  suo  numine  atque  auxili5  sua  templa  atque  urbis 
tecta  defendunt.  Qups  v5s,  Quirites,  precarl,  venerari,  im- 
plorare  debetis  ut,  quam  urbem  pulcherrimam  fldrentissimam- 
que  esse  voluerunt,  hanc  omnibus  hostium  copiis  terra  manque 
superatls  a  perditissimorum  civium  nefario  scelere  defendant. 


IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA  97 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM    TERTIA 

The  state  has  been  saved  from  destruction.    Thanks  are  due  to  the 
consul. 

I.  Rem  publicam,  QuirTtes,  vitamque  omnium  vestrum,  bona, 
fortunas,  coniuges  Hberosque  vestros,  atque   hoc   domicilium 
clarissimi    imperi,   fortunatissimam    pulcherrimamque'  urbem, 
hodierno   die   deorum   immortalium   summo  erga  vos  amore, 
Iab5ribus,  consiliis,  perlculis    meis   e    flamma   atque   ferro  ac    5 
paene  ex  faucibus  fall  ereptam  et  vdbls  conservatam  ac  restitu- 
tam  videtis. 

Et  si  n5n  minus  nobis  iucundi  atque  inlustres  sunt  ii  dies 
quibus  conservamur   quam  ill!  quibus  nascimur,  quod    salutis 
certa  laetitia  est,  nascendl  incerta  condicio,  et  quod  sine  sensu  10 
nascimur,  cum   voluptate   servamur,  profecto,  quoniam  ilium 
qul   hanc   urbem    condidit   ad   de5s   immortalis   benevolentia 
famaque   sustulimus,    esse   apud   vos    posterosque   vestros   in 
honore  debebit   is  qui  eandem   hanc  urbem  conditam  ampli- 
ficatamque  servavit.     Nam  t5ti  urbi,  templis,  delubris,  tectis  ac  15 
moenibus  subiectos  prope  iam  Ignis  circumdatosque  restinximus  ; 
idemque  gladios  in  rem  publicam  destrictos  rettudimus,  mucro- 
nesque  eorum  a  iugulis  vestris  deiecimus.     Quae  quoniam  in 
senatu  inlustrata,  patefacta,  comperta  sunt  per  me,  vobls  iam 
exponam  breviter,  Quirites,  ut  et  quanta  et  quam  manifesta  et  20 
qua  ratione  investlgata  et  comprehensa  sint,  vos,  qui  et  Tgnoratis 
et  exspectatis,  scire  possltis. 

His  untiring  efforts.    The  arrest  at  the  Mulvian  bridge. 

II.  Principio,  ut  Catilina  paucis  ante  diebus  erupit  ex  urbe, 
cum  sceleris  sui  socios,  huiusce  nefarii  belli  acerrimos  duces, 
Romae  reliquisset,  semper  vigilavT  et  provldl,  QuirTtes,  quern  ad  25 
modum  in  tantis  et  tam  absconditis  Insidiis  salvl  esse  possemus. 
Nam  turn  cum  ex  urbe  Catilinam  eiciebam  —  non  enim  iam 

H 


98 


ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 


vereor  huius  verb!  invidiam,  cum  ilia  magis  sit  timenda,  quod 
vlvus  exierit  —  sed  turn  cum  ilium  exterminari  volebam,  aut 
reliquam  coniuratorum  manum  simul  exituram  aut  eos  qui 
restitissent  infirmos  sine  illo  ac  debilis  fore  putabam.  Atque 
5  ego  ut  vidl  quos  maximo  furore  et  scelere  esse  mflammatos 
sciebam,  eos  noblscum  esse  et  Romae  remansisse,  in  eo  omnis 
dies  noctlsque  consumpsi,  ut  quid  agerent,  quid  molirentur 
sentirem  ac  viderem,  ut  quoniam  auribus  vestris  propter  incre- 
dibilem  magnitudinem  sceleris  minorem  fidem  faceret  oratio 


THE   MULVIAN    BRIDGE 

10  mea,  rem  ita  comprehenderem  ut  turn  demum  animls  saluti 
vestrae  provideretis  cum  oculls  maleficium  ipsum  videretis. 

Itaque  ut  comperi  legatos  Allobrogum  belli  Transalpini  et 
tumultus  Gallic!  excitandi  causa  a  P.  Lentulo  esse  sollicitatos, 
eosque  in  Galliam  ad  suos  civls  eodemque  itinere  cum  litteris 

15  mandatisque  ad  Catilmam  esse  missos,  comitemque  iis  adiunc- 
tum  esse  T.  Volturcium,  atque  huic  esse  ad  Catilmam  datas 
litteras,  facultatem  mihi  oblatam  putavl,  ut  —  quod  erat  diffi- 
cillimum  quodque  ego  semper  optabam  ab  dis  immortalibus  — 
tola  res  non  solum  a  me  sed  etiam  a  senatu  et  a  vobis  mani- 

20  festo  deprehenderetur. 

Itaque  hesterno  die  L.  Flaccum  et  C.  Pomptmum  praet5res, 


IN    CATILINAM    TERTIA  99 

fortissimos  atque  amantissimos  rel  publicae  viros,  ad  me  vocavl ; 
rem  exposui,  quid  fieri  placeret  ostendi.  Illi  autem,  qui  omnia 
de  re  publica  praeclara  atque  egregia  sentlrent,  sine  recusatione 
ac  sine  ulla  mora  negotium  susceperunt,  et  cum  advesperasce- 
ret,  occulte  ad  pontem  Mulvium  pervenerunt,  atque  ibi  in  5 
proximis  villis  ita  bipartite  fuerunt  ut  Tiberis  inter  eos  et  pons 
interesset.  Eodem  autem  et  ipsi  sine  cuiusquam  suspicione 
multos  fortis  viros  eduxerant  et  ego  ex  praefectura  Reatma 
compluris  delectos  adulescentls,  quorum  opera  utor  adsidue  in 
rel  publicae  praesidio,  cum  gladiis  miseram.  Interim  tertia  10 
fere  vigilia  exacta,  cum  iam  pontem  Mulvium  magno  comitatu 
legati  Allobrogum  ingredi  inciperent  unaque  Volturcius,  fit  in 
eos  impetus ;  educuntur  et  ab  illis  gladii  et  a  nostris.  Res 
praetoribus  erat  nota  solis,  Ignorabatur  a  ceteris. 

Seizure  of  treasonable  letters.     Certain  leaders  of  the  conspiracy 
summoned  before  the  senate. 

III.   Turn   interventu   Pomptim   atque   FlaccT  pugna  quae  15 
erat   commissa   sedatur.     Litterae,  quaecumque   erant   in   eo 
comitatu,  integris  slgnls  praetoribus  traduntur;   ipsi  compre- 
hensi  ad  me,  cum  iam  dilucesceret,  deducuntur.     Atque  horum 
omnium    scelerum    improbissimum    machinatorem    Cimbrum 
Gablnium  statim  ad  me  nihildum  suspicantem  vocavl ;  deinde  20 
item  arcessitus  est  L.  Statilius  et  post  eum  C.  Cethegus ;  tar- 
dissime  autem   Lentulus  venit,  credo  quod  in  litteris  dandis 
praeter  consuetudinem  proxima  nocte  vigilarat. 

Cum  summls  et  clarissimis  huius  civitatis  viris,  qui  audlta  re 
frequentes  ad  me  mane  convenerant,  litteras  a  me  prius  aperirT  25 
quam  ad  senatum  deferri  placeret,  ne,  si  nihil  esset  inventum, 
temere  a  me  tantus  tumultus  iniectus  clvitati  videretur,  negavi 
me  esse  facturum  ut  de  periculo  publico  non  ad   consilium 
publicum  rem   integram   deferrem.      Etenim,    Quirites,   si  ea 
quae  erant  ad  me  delata  reperta  non  essent,  tamen  ego  non  30 
arbitrabar  in  tantis  rel  publicae  perlculis  esse  mihi  nimiam 
diligentiam  pertimescendam.      Senatum  frequentem  celeriter, 


IOO 


ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 


ut  vidistis,  coegi.  Atque  interea  statim  admonitu  Allobrogum 
C.  Sulpicium  praetdrem,  fortem  viriim,  misl,  qui  ex  aedibus 
Cethegi  si  quid  telortim  esset  efferret ;  ex  quibus  ille  maximum 
sicarum  numerum  et  gladiorum  extulit. 

Facts  disclosed  by  Volturcius  and  the  Gauls. 

5  IV.  Introduxi  Volturcium  sine  Gallis,  fidem  publicam  iussu 
senatus  dedi,  hortatus  sum  ut  ea  quae  sciret  sine  timore  in- 
dicaret.  Turn  ille  dixit,  cum  vix  se  ex  magno  timore  recreasset : 
a  P.  Lentulo  se  habere  ad  Catilinam  mandata  et  litteras,  ut 
servorum  praesidio  uteretur,  ut  ad  urbem  quam  primum  cum 

10  exercitu  accederet ;  id  autem  eo  c5nsilio,  ut  cum  urbem  ex 
omnibus  partibus,  quern  ad  modum  descnptum  distributumque 
erat,  incendissent  caedemque  Infinitam  civium  fecissent,  praesto 
esset  ille,  qui  et  fugientis  exciperet  et  se  cum  his  urbanis  ducibus 
coniungeret. 

15  Introducti  autem  Galli  ius  iurandum  sibi  et  litteras  ab  Lentulo, 
Cethego,  Statilio  ad  suam  gentem  data  esse  dixerunt,  atque  ita 
sibi  ab  his  et  a  L.  Cassio  esse  praescriptum,  ut  equitatum  in 
Italiam  quam  primum  mitterent ;  pedestris  sibi  copias  non 


COIN  OF  CINNA 


defuturas.  Lentulum  autem  sibi  confirmasse  ex  fatis  Sibyllinis 
20  haruspicumque  responsis  se  esse  tertium  ilium  Cornelium  ad 
quern  regnum  huius  urbis  atque  imperium  pervenire  esset 
necesse  ;  Cinnam  ante  se  et  Sullam  fuisse  ;  eundemque  dixisse 
fatalem  hunc  annum  esse  ad  interitum  hiiius  urbis  atque  imperi, 
qui  esset  annus  decimus  post  virginum  absolutionem,  post 


IN    CATILINAM    TERTIA 


101 


Capitoll  autem  incensionem  vlcesimus.  Hanc  autem  Cethego 
cum  ceteris  controversiam  fuisse  dixerunt,  quod  Lentulo  et  aliis 
Saturnalibus  caedem  fieri  atque  urbem  incendi  placeret,  Cethego 
nimium  id  longum  videretur. 

The  letters  are  identified  and  read. 

V.   Ac  ne  longum  sit,  Quirites,tabellas  proferri  iussimus  quae  5 
a  quoque  dicebantur  datae.      Primo  ostendimus  Cethego  sl- 
gnum ;  cognovit.     Nos  linum  incldimus,  legimus.     Erat  scrip- 
turn   ipsius  manu  Allobro- 
gum  senatui  et  populo,  sese 
quae  e5rum  legatls  confir-  10 
masset  facturum  esse,  orare 
ut  item  ill!  facerent  quae 
sibi  eorum   legati   recepis- 
sent.     Turn  Cethegus,  qui 
SIGNET-RINGS  paulo   ante   aliquid   tamen  15 

de  gladils  ac  sicls  quae  apud 

ipsum  erant  deprehensa  respondisset,  dixissetque  se  semper 
bonorum  ferrament5rum  studiosum  fuisse,  recitatis  litterls 
debilitatus  atque  abiectus  cdnscientia  repente  conticuit.  Intro- 
ductus  est  Statilius  ;  cognovit  et  signum  et  manum  suam.  Reel-  20 
tatae  sunt  tabellae  in  eandem  fere  sententiam ;  confessus  est. 
Turn  ostendi  tabellas  Lentuld  et  quaesivl  cognosceretne  signum. 
Adnuit.  "  Est  vero,"  inquam,  "  notum  quidern  signum,  imago 
avi  tui,  clarissimi  viri,  qui  amavit  unice  patriam  et  clvls  suos;  quae 
quidem  te  a  tanto  scelere  etiam  muta  revocare  debuit."  Legun-  25 
tur  eadem  ratione  ad  senatum  Allobrogum  populumque  litterae. 
Si  quid  de  his  rebus  dicere  vellet,  feel  potestatem.  Atque 
ille  primo  quidem  negavit ;  post  autem  aliquanto,  toto  iam 
indicio  exposito  atque  edito,  surrexit ;  quaesivit  a  Gallis  quid 
sibi  esset  cum  iis  quam  ob  rem  domum  suam  venissent,  itemque  30 
a  Volturcio.  Qui  cum  ill!  breviter  cSnstanterque  respondissent, 
per  quern  ad  eum  quotiensque  venissent,  quaesissentque  ab  eo 
nihilne  secum  esset  de  fatis  Sibyllinis  locutus,  turn  ille  subito 


IO2 


ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 


scelere  demens  quanta  conscientiae  vis  esset  ostendit.  Nam 
cum  id  posset  infitiari,  repente  praeter  opinionem  omnium 
confessus  est.  Ita  eum  non  modo  ingenium  illud  et  dlcendi 
exercitatio,  qua  semper  valuit,  sed  etiam  propter  vim  sceleris 

5  manifest!  atque  deprehensi  impudentia,  qua  superabat  omms, 
improbitasque  defecit. 

Volturcius  vero  subito  litteras  proferri  atque  aperlri  iubet 
quas  sibi  a  Lentulo  ad  Catilinam  datas  esse  dicebat.  Atque 
ibi  vehementissime  perturbatus  Lentulus  tamen  et  signum  et 

10  manum  suam  cognovit.     Erant  autem  sine   nomine,  sed  ita : 


WRITING-MATERIALS 

"  Quis  sim  scies  ex  eo  quern  ad  te  mlsi.    Cura  ut  vir  sis,  et  cogita 
quem  in  locum  sis  progressus.     Vide  ecquid  tibi  iam  sit  necesse, 
et  cura  ut  omnium  tibi  auxilia  adiungas,  etiam  Infimorum." 
Gablnius   deinde   introductus,   cum   primo   impudenter  re- 

15  spondere  coepisset,  ad  extremum  nihil  ex  iis  quae  Galll  Insimu- 
labant  negavit.  Ac  mihi  quidem,  Quirltes,  cum  ilia  certissima 
visa  sunt  argfimenta  atque  indicia  sceleris,  tabellae,  signa, 
manus,  denique  unius  cuiusque  confessio ;  turn  multo  certiora 
ilia,  color,  ocull,  vultus,  taciturnitas.  Sic  enim  obstupuerant,  sic 

20  terram  intuebantur,  sic  furtim  n5n  numquam  inter  sese  aspicie- 
bant,  ut  non  iam  ab  aliis  indicari,  sed  indicare  se  ipsl  viderentur. 

The  senate's  decree.    Arrest  of  the  chief  conspirators. 

VI.   Indiciis  expositis  atque  editis,  Quirites,  senatum  con- 
sulul  de  summa  re  publica  quid  fieri  placeret.     Dictae  sunt  a 


IN   CATILINAM    TERTIA  103 

principibus  acerrhnae  ac  fortissimae  sententiae,  quas  senatus 
sine  ulla  varietate  est  secutus.  Et  quoniam  nondum  est  per- 
scriptum  senatus  consultum,  ex  memoria  vobis,  Quirites,  quid 
senatus  censuerit  exponam. 

Prlmum  mihi  gratiae  verbls  amplissimis  aguntur,  quod  virtute,    5 
consilio,   providentia   mea   res   publica   maximis  periculls   sit 
Hberata.     Deinde  L.  Flaccus  et  C.  Pomptlnus  praetores,  quod 
eorum  opera  forti  fidellque  usus  essem,  merito  ac  iure  laudan- 
tur.     Atque  etiam  viro  forti,  conlegae  meo,  laus  impertltur, 
quod  eos  qui  huius  coniurationis  participes  fuissent  a  suls  et  a  10 
rei  publicae  consilils  removisset 

Atque  ita  censuerunt,  ut  P.  Lentulus,  cum  se  praetura  abdi- 
casset,  in  custodiam  traderetur ;  itemque  uti  C.  Cethegus,  L. 
Statilius,  P.  Gabinius,  qui  omnes  praesentes  erant,  in  custodiam 
traderentur ;  atque  idem  hoc  decretum  est  in  L.  Cassium,  qui  15 
sibi  procurationem  incendendae  urbis  depoposcerat,  in  M.  Ce- 
parium,  cui  ad  sollicitandos  pastores  Apuliam  attributam  esse 
erat  indicatum,  in  P.  Furium,  qui  est  ex  ils  col5nls  quos  Faesu- 
las  L.  Sulla  deduxit,  in  Q.  Annium  ChTlonem,  qui  una  cum  hoc 
Furio  semper  erat  in  hac  Allobrogum  sollicitatione  versatus,  in  20 
P.  Umbrenum,  Hbertinum  hominem,  a  quo  prlmum  Gallos  ad 
Gabinium  perductos  esse  constabat.     Atque  ea  lenitate  senatus 
est  usus,  Quirites,  ut  ex  tanta  coniuratione  tantaque  hac  multi- 
tudine  domesticorum  hostium  novem  hominum  perditissimorum 
poena  re  publica  conservata,  reliquorum  mentis  sanari  posse  25 
arbitraretur. 

Atque  etiam  supplicatio  dis  immortalibus  pro  singular!  eorum 
merito  meo  nomine  decreta  est,  quod  mihi  prlmum  post  hanc 
urbem  conditam  togato  contigit ;  et  his  decreta  verbls  est, 
quod  urbem  incendils,  caede  civis,  Italiam  bello  liberassem.  30 
Quae  supplicatio  si  cum  ceterls  supplicationibus  conferatur, 
hoc  interest,  quod  ceterae  bene  gesta,  haec  una  conservata  re 
publica  constituta  est. 

Atque   illud    quod    faciendum    prlmum    fuit    factum    atque 
transactum    est.      Nam    P.    Lentulus,    quamquam    patefactls  35 


104  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

indiciis,  confessionibus  suls  iudicio  senatus  non  modo  praetoris 
ius  verum  etiam  civis  amlserat,  tamen  magistratu  se  abdicavit, 
ut  quae  religio  C.  Mario,  clarissimo  viro,  non  fuerat  quo  minus 
C.  Glauciam,  de  quo  nihil  nominatim  erat  decretum,  praet5rem 
5  occideret,  ea  nos  religione  in  prlvato  P.  Lentulo  puniendo 
liberaremur. 

Success  mainly  due  to  Catiline's  enforced  flight  from  Rome. 

VII.  Nunc  quoniam,  Quirites,  consceleratissiml  perlculosissi- 
mique  belli  nefarios  duces  captos  iam  et  comprehensos  tenetis, 
existimare  debetis  omnis  Catilinae  copias,  omnis  spes  atque  opes 

10  his  depulsis  urbis  periculis  concidisse.  Quern  quidem  ego  cum 
ex  urbe  pellebam,  hoc  pr5videbam  animo,  Quirites,  remote 
Catilina  non  mihi  esse  P.  Lentuli  somnum  nee  L.  Cassi  adipes 
nee  C.  Cethegi  furiosam  temeritatem  pertimescendam.  Ille 
erat  unus  timendus  ex  istis  omnibus,  sed  tarn  diu  dum  urbis 

15  moenibus  cohtinebatur.  Omnia  norat,  omnium  aditus  tenebat ; 
appellare,  temptare,  sollicitare  poterat,  audebat.  Erat  el  con- 
silium  ad  facinus  aptum,  consilio  autem  neque  manus  neque 
lingua  deerat.  Iam  ad  certas  res  cdnficiendas  certos  homines 
delectos  ac  descriptos  habebat.  Neque  vero,  cum  aliquid 

20  mandarat,  confectum  putabat ;  nihil  erat  quod  non  ipse  oblret, 
occurreret,  vigilaret,  laboraret ;  frigus,  sitim,  famem  ferre 
poterat. 

Hunc  ego  hominem  tarn  acrem,  tarn  audacem,  tarn  paratum, 
tarn  callidum,  tarn  in  scelere  vigilantem,  tarn  in  perditis  rebus 

25  diligentem,  nisi  ex  domesticis  insidiis  in  castrense  latrocinium 
compulissem,  —  dicam  id  quod  sentio,  Quirites,  —  non  facile 
hanc  tantam  molem  mali  a  cervicibus  vestris  depulissem.  Non 
ille  nobis  Saturnalia  constituisset,  neque  tanto  ante  exiti  ac 
fati  diem  rei  publicae  denuntiavisset,  neque  commisisset  ut 

30  signum,  ut  litterae  suae  testes  manifest!  sceleris  deprehende- 
rentur.  Quae  nunc  illo  absente  sic  gesta  sunt  ut  nullum  in 
privata  domo  fiirtum  umquam  sit  tam  palam  inventum  quam 
haec  tanta  in  re  publica  coniuratio  manifesto  inventa  atque 


IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA  105 

deprehensa  est.  Quod  si  Catilina  in  urbe  ad  hanc  diem  re- 
mansisset,  quamquam,  quoad  fuit,  omnibus  eius  consiliis  occurri 
atque  obstiti,  tamen,  ut  levissime  dicam,  dimicandum  nobls  cum 
illo  fuisset ;  neque  nos  umquam,  cum  ille  in  urbe  hostis  esset, 
tantls  perlculis  rem  publicam  tanta  pace,  tanto  otio,  tanto  si-  5 
lentio  Hberassemus. 

The  interest  of  the  gods  made  manifest. 

VIII.  Quamquam  haec  omnia,  Quirltes,  ita  sunt  a  me  admi- 
nistrata  ut  deorum  immortalium  nutu  atque  consilio  et  gesta  et 
provisa  esse  videantur.  Idque  cum  coniectura  c5nsequi  possu- 
mus,  quod  vix  videtur  human!  consili  tantarum  rerum  guberna-  10 
tio  esse  potuisse,  turn  vero  ita  praesentes  his  temporibus  opem 
et  auxilium  nobls  tulerunt  ut  eos  paene  oculis  videre  possemus. 
Nam  ut  ilia  omittam,  visas  nocturno  tempore  ab  occidente 
faces  ard5remque  caelT,  ut  fulminum  iactus,  ut  terrae  motus 
relinquam,  ut  omittam  cetera,  quae  tarn  multa  nobls  consulibus  15 
facta  sunt  ut  haec  quae  nunc  fmnt  canere  di  immortales  vide- 
rentur,  hoc  certe  quod  sum  dicturus  neque  praetermittendum 
neque  relinquendum  est. 

Nam  profecto  memoria  tenetis  Cotta  et  Torquato  consulibus 
compluris  in  Capitolio  res  de  caelo  esse  percussas,  cum  et  20 
simulacra  deorum  depulsa  sunt  et  statuae  veterum  hominum 
deiectae  et  legum  aera  liquefacta ;  et  tactus  etiam  ille  qui 
hanc  urbem  condidit  Romulus,  quern  inauratum  in  Capitolio, 
parvum  atque  lactentem,  uberibus  lupims  inhiantem,  fuisse 
meministis.  Quo  quidem  tempore  cum  haruspices  ex  tota  25 
Etruria  convenissent,  caedis  atque  incendia  et  legum  interitum 
et  bellum  civile  ac  domesticum  et  totius  urbis  atque  imperi 
occasum  appropinquare  dixerunt,  nisi  di  immortales  omni  ra- 
tione  placatl  suo  numine  prope  fata  ipsa  flexissent. 

Itaque  ill5rum  responsis  turn  et  ludi  per  decem  dies  fact!  30 
sunt  neque  res  ulla  quae  ad  placandos  deos  pertineret  prae- 
termissa  est.     Idemque  iusserunt  simulacrum  lovis  facere  ma- 
ius,  et  in  excelso  conlocare  et  —  contra  atque  antea  fuerat  —  ad 


io6 


ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 


orientem  convertere ;   ac  se  sperare  dixerunt,  si  illud  signum, 
quod  videtis,  solis  ortum  et  forum  curiamque  conspiceret,  fore 


THE  TEMPLE   OF  JUPITER   CAPITOLINUS 

ut  ea  consilia  quae  clam  essent  inita  contra  salutem  urbis  atque 
imperi  inlustrarentur,  ut  a  senatu  populoque  Rdmano  perspici 
5  possent.  Atque  illud  signum  conlocandum  consules  illi  locave- 
runt ;  sed  tanta  fuit  operis  tarditas  ut  neque  superioribus  con- 
sulibus  neque  nobis  ante  hodiernum  diem  conlocaretur. 

By  their  help  the  city  has  been  saved. 

IX.  Hie  quis  potest  esse,  Quirites,  tam  aversus  a  ver5,  tam 
praeceps,  tam  mente  captus  qui  neget  haec  omnia  quae  vide- 
10  mus,  praecipueque  hanc  urbem,  deorum  immortalium  niitFi  ac 
potestate  administrari  ?  Etenim  cum  esset  ita  responsum, 
caedes,  incendia,  interitum  rei  publicae  comparari,  et  ea  per 
civis,  quae  turn  propter  magnitudinem  scelerum  non  nullls 
incredibilia  videbantur,  ea  non  modo  cogitata  a  nefariis  civi- 


IN    CATILINAM    TERTIA 


107 


bus  verum  etiam  suscepta  esse  sensistis.  Illud  verb  nonne  ita 
praesens  est  ut  nutu  lovis  Optimi  Maxim!  facturn  esse  videatur, 
ut  cum  hodierno  die  mane  per  forum  meo  iussu  et  coniurati  et 
eorum  indices  in  aedem  Concordiae  ducerentur,  eo  ipso  tem- 
pore  signum  statueretur?  Qu5  conlocato  atque  ad  vos  sena-  5 
tumque  converse,  omnia  quae  erant  contra  salutem  omnium 
cogitata  inlustrata  et  patefacta  vidistis. 

Quo  etiam  maiore  sunt  isti  odio  supplicioque  dlgni  qul  non 
solum  vestris  domiciles  atque  tectis  sed  etiam  deorum  templis 
atque  delubris  sunt  funestos  ac  nefarios  Ignis   inferre  conati.  10 
Quibus  ego  si  me  restitisse  dicam,  nimium   mihi   sumam   et 
non  sim  ferendus.     Ille,  ille  luppiter  restitit ;  ille  Capitolium, 


THE  TEMPLE    OF    CONCORD 
(Restoration) 


ille  haec  templa,  ille  cunctam  urbem,  ille  vos  omnis  salvos  esse 
voluit.     Dis  ego  immortalibus  ducibus  hanc  mentem,  Quirites, 


108  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

voluntatemque  suscepi  atque  ad  haec  tanta  indicia  pervenl. 
lam  vero  ab  Lentulo  ceterisque  domesticis  hostibus  tarn  de- 
menter  tantae  res  creditae  et  ignotis  et  barbaris  commissaeque 
litterae  numquam  essent  profecto,  nisi  ab  dis  immortalibus  huic 
5  tantae  audaciae  consilium  esset  ereptum.  Quid  vero  ?  Ut  ho- 
mines Galli  ex  civitate  male  pacata,  quae  gens  una  restat  quae 
bellum  populo  Romano  facere  et  posse  et  non  nolle  videatur, 
spem  imperi  ac  rerum  maximarum  ultro  sibi  a  patriciis  homini- 
bus  oblatam  neglegerent  vestramque  salutem  suis  opibus  antepo- 
10  nerent,  id  non  divmitus  esse  factum  putatis,  praesertim  qui  nos 
n5n  pugnando  sed  tacendo  superare  potuerint? 

The  citizens  should  unite  in  thanksgiving  for  their  deliverance. 

X.  Quam  ob  rem,  Quirites,  quoniam  ad  omnia  pulvmaria 
supplicatio  decreta  est,  celebrat5te  illos  dies  cum  coniugibus 
ac  liberis  vestris.  Nam  multi  saepe  honores  dis  immortalibus 

15  iustl  habit!  sunt  ac  debitl,  sed  profecto  iustiores  numquam. 
Erepti  enim  estis  ex  crudelissimo  ac  miserrimo  interitu  ;  erepti 
sine  caede,  sine  sanguine,  sine  exercitu,  sine  dlmicatione  ;  togati 
me  uno  togato  duce  et  imperatore  vicistis.  Etenim  recordamini, 
Quirites,  omnis  civllls  dissensiones,  non  solum  eas  quas  audistis 

20  sed  eas  quas  vosmet  ipsi  meministis  atque  vldistis.  L.  Sulla 
P.  Sulpicium  oppressit ;  eiecit  ex  urbe  C.  Marium,  custodem 
hums  urbis,  multosque  fortls  vir5s  partim  eiecit  ex  clvitate, 
partim  interemit.  Cn.  Octavius  consul  armis  expulit  ex  urbe 
conlegam  ;  omnis  hie  locus  acervis  corporum  et  civium  sanguine 

25  redundavit.  Superavit  postea  Cinna  cum  Mario ;  turn  vero  cla- 
rissimis  viris  interfectis  lumina  civitatis  exstincta  sunt.  Ultus 
est  huius  victoriae  crudelitatem  postea  Sulla,  ne  did  quidem 
opus  est  quanta  deminutione  civium  et  quanta  calamitate  rei 
publicae.  Dissensit  M.  Lepidus  a  clarissimo  et  fortissimo  viro 

3°  Q.  Catulo ;  attulit  non  tam  ipslus  interitus  rei  publicae  luctum 
quam  ceterorum. 

Atque  illae  tamen  omnes  dissensidnes  erant  eius  modi  quae 
non  ad  delendam  sed  ad  commutandam  rem  publicam  perti- 


IN    CATILINAM    TERTIA  109 

nerent.  Non  illl  nullam  esse  rem  publicam,  sed  in  ea  quae 
esset  se  esse  prlncipes,  neque  hanc  urbem  conflagrare,  sed  se 
in  hac  urbe  florere  voluerunt.  Atque  illae  tamen  omnes  dis- 
sensiones,  quarum  nulla  exitium  rei  publicae  quaeslvit,  eius 
modi  fuerunt  ut  non  reconciliatione  concordiae  sed  interne-  5 
cione  civium  diiudicatae  sint.  In  hoc  autem  uno  post  hominum 
memoriam  maximo  crudelissimoque  bello,  quale  bellum  nulla 
umquam  barbaria  cum  sua  gente  gessit,  quo  in  bello  lex  haec 
fuit  a  Lentulo,  CatilTna,  Cethego,  Cassio  constituta,  ut  omnes 
qui  salva  urbe  salvi  esse  possent  in  hostium  numero  ducerentur,  10 
ita  me  gessi,  Quirltes,  ut  salvi  omnes  conservaremim  ;  et  cum  ho- 
stes  vestri  tantum  civium  superfuturum  putassent  quantum  infi- 
nitae  caedi  restitisset,  tantum  autem  urbis  quantum  flamma  obire 
non  potuisset,  et  urbem  et  civis  integros  incolumlsque  servavT. 

Cicero  desires  no  reward  other  than  the  grateful  remembrance  of  his 
countrymen. 

XL    Quibus  pro  tantis  rebus,  Quirltes,  nullum  ego  a  vobis  15 
praemium  virtutis,  nullum  Insigne  honoris,  nullum  monumentum 
laudis  postulo,  praeterquam  huius  die!  memoriam  sempiternam. 
In  animis  ego  vestris  omnls  triumphos  meos,  omnia  ornamenta 
honoris,  monumenta  gloriae,  laudis  Insignia  condl  et  conlocari 
volo.     Nihil  me  mutum  potest  delectare,  nihil  taciturn,  nihil  20 
denique  eius  modi  quod  etiam  minus  dlgm  adsequl  possint. 
Memoria  vestra,  Quirltes,  nostrae  res  alentur,  sermonibus  cre- 
scent, litterarum  monumentls  inveterascent  et  corroborabuntur ; 
eandemque  diem  intellego,  quam  spero  aeternam  fore,  propa- 
gatam  esse  et  ad  salutem  urbis  et  ad   memoriam  consulates  25 
mel,  unoque  tempore  in  hac  re  publica  duos  civis  exstitisse, 
quorum  alter  finis  vestri  imperl  non  terrae  sed  caell  regionibus 
terminaret,  alter  eiusdem  imperi  domicilium  sedlsque  servaret. 

He  intrusts  his  safety  and  reputation  to  good  citizens. 

XII.   Sed  quoniam  earum  rerum  quas  ego  gessi  non  eadem 
est  fortuna  atque  condicio  quae  illorum  qui  externa  bella  gessi-  30 


HO  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

runt,  quod  mihi  cum  ils  vivendum  est  quos  vlcl  ac  subegl,  illl 
hostis  aut  interfectos  aut  oppresses  rellquerunt,  vestrum  est, 
Quirites,  si  ceteris  facta  sua  recte  prosunt,  mihi  mea  ne  quando 
obsint  providere.  Mentes  enim  hominum  audacissimorum 

5  sceleratae  ac  nefariae  ne  vobls  nocere  possent  ego  provldi ;  ne 
mihi  noceant  vestrum  est  providere.  Quamquam,  Quirites, 
mihi  quidem  ips!  nihil  ab  istls  iam  noceri  potest.  Magnum 
enim  est  in  boms  praesidium,  quod  mihi  in  perpetuum  com- 
paratum  est ;  magna  in  re  publica  dlgnitas,  quae  me  semper 

10  tacita  defendet ;  magna  vis  conscientiae,  quam  qui  neglegunt, 
cum  me  violare  volent,  se  ipsl  indicabunt. 

Est  enim  in  nobis  is  animus,  Quirites,  ut  non  modo  nulllus 
audaciae  cedamus,  sed  etiam  omnls  improbos  ultro  semper 
lacessamus.  Quod  si  omnis  impetus  domesticorum  hostium 

»5  depulsus  a  vobls  se  in  me  unum  converterit,  vobis  erit  videndum, 
Quirites,  qua  condicione  posthac  eos  esse  velitis  qui  se  pro 
salute  vestra  obtulerint  invidiae  periculisque  omnibus ;  mihi 
quidem  ipsl  quid  est  quod  iam  ad  vitae  fructum  possit  adquiri, 
cum  praesertim  neque  in  honore  vestro  neque  in  gloria  virtutis 

20  quicquam  videam  altius  quo  mihi  libeat  ascendere?  Illud  per- 
ficiam  profectd,  Quirites,  ut  ea  quae  gessi  in  consulatu  privatus 
tuear  atque  ornem,  ut,  si  qua  est  invidia  in  conservanda  re 
publica  suscepta,  laedat  invidos,  mihi  valeat  ad  gloriam.  Deni- 
que  ita  me  in  re  publica  tractabo  ut  meminerim  semper  quae 

25  gesserim,  curemque  ut  ea  virtute,  non  casu  gesta  esse  videantur. 

Vos,  Quirites,  quoniam  iam  nox  est,  venerati  lovem  ilium, 

custodem  hiiius  urbis  ac  vestrum,  in  vestra  tecta  discedite  ;  et 

ea,  quamquam  iam  est  periculum  depulsum,  tamen  aeque  ac 

priore  nocte  custodils  vigililsque  defendite.    Id  ne  vobis  diutius 

30  faciendum  sit  atque  ut  in  perpetua  pace  esse  possltis,  providebo. 


IN    CATILINAM    QUARTA  III 

ORATIO    IN    CATILINAM    QUARTA 

The  solicitude  of  the  senate  for  the  consul's  safety. 

I.  Video,  patres  conscript!,  in  me  omnium  vestrum  ora  atque 
oculos  esse  converses ;  video  vos  non  solum  de  vestro  ac  rei 
pilblicae  verum  etiam,  si  id  depulsum  sit,  de  meo  periculo  esse 
sollicitos.  Est  mihi  iucunda  in  malls  et  grata  in  dolore  vestra 
erga  me  voluntas,  sed  earn,  per  de5s  immortalis,  deponite  5 
atque  oblltl  salutis  meae  de  vobis  ac  de  vestris  Hberis  cogitate. 
Mihi  si  haec  condicio  consulatus  data  est,  ut  omnls  acerbitates, 
omnls  dolores  cruciatusque  perferrem,  feram  non  solum  fortiter 
verum  etiam  libenter,  dum  modo  meis  laboribus  vobis  populo- 
que  Romano  dignitas  salusque  pariatur.  10 

Ego  sum  ille  consul,  patres  conscript!,  cui  non 
forum,  in  quo  omnis  aequitas  continetur,  non 
campus  consularibus  auspicils  c5nsecratus, 
non  curia,  summum  auxilium  omnium  gentium, 
non  domus,  commune  perfugium,  non  lectus  15 
ad  quietem  datus,  non  denique  haec  sides 

Sr. I.I.A     (.  I    KI.  I.IS 

honoris  umquam  vacua  mortis  periculo  atque 
Insidiis  fuit.  Ego  multa  tacul,  multa  pertuli,  multa  concessl, 
multa  meo  quodam  dolore  in  vestro  timore  sanavl.  Nunc  si 
hunc  exitum  consulatus  mel  dl  immortales  esse  voluerunt,  ut  20 
vos  populumque  Romanum  ex  caede  miserrima,  coniuges 
Hberosque  vestros  virginesque  Vestalis  ex  acerbissima  vexatione, 
templa  atque  delubra,  hanc  pulcherrimam  patriam  omnium 
nostrum  ex  foedissima  flam  ma,  totam  Italiam  ex  bello  et 
vastitate  eriperem,  quaecumque  mihi  unl  proponetur  fortilna,  25 
subeatur.  Etenim  si  P.  Lentulus  suum  nomen  inductus  a  vati- 
bus  fatale  ad  perniciem  rei  publicae  fere  putavit,  cur  ego  non 
laeter  meum  consulatum  ad  salutem  populi  Roman!  prope 
fatale  m  exstitisse? 


112  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

The  welfare  of  the  state  should  be  the  only  consideration. 

II.  Qua  re,  patres  conscript!,  consulite  vobis,  prospicite 
patriae,  conservate  vos,  coniuges,  liberos  fortunasque  vestras, 
populi  Roman!  nomen  salutemque  defendite ;  mihi  parcere  ac 
de  me  cogitare  desinite.  Nam  prlmum  debeo  sperare  omnis 
5  deos  qu!  huic  urbl  praesident  pro  eo  mihi  ac  mereor  relaturos 
esse  gratiam  ;  deinde,  si  quid  obtigerit,  aequ5  animo  paratoque 
moriar.  Nam  neque  ttirpis  mors  forti  viro  potest  accidere 
neque  immatura  consularl  nee  misera  sapient!.  Nee  tamen 
ego  sum  ille  ferreus  qui  fratris  carissimi  atque  amantissimi  prae- 

10  sentis  maerore  non  movear,  horumque  omnium  lacrimis  a 
quibus  me  circumsessum  videtis.  Neque  meam  mentem  ndn 
domum  saepe  revocat  exanimata  uxor  et  abiecta  metu  filia  et 
parvulus  fllius,  quern  mihi  videtur  amplecti  res  publica  tamquam 
obsidem  consulatus  mel,  neque  ille  qui  exspectans  huius  exitum 

15  die!  stat  in  conspectu  meo  gener.  Moveor  his  rebus  omnibus, 
sed  in  earn  partem,  uti  salvl  sint  vobiscum  omnes,  etiam  si  me 
vis  aliqua  oppresserit,  potius  quam  et  illi  et  nos  una  rei  publicae 
peste  pereamus. 

Qua  re,  patres  conscriptl,  incumbite  ad  salutem  rei  publicae, 

20  circumspicite  omnis  procellas  quae  impendent  nisi  providetis. 
Non  Ti.  Gracchus,  quod  iterum  tribunus  plebis  fieri  voluit,  non 
C.  Gracchus,  quod  agrarios  concitare  conatus  est,  non  L.  Sa- 
turnlnus,  quod  C.  Memmium  occidit,  in  discrimen  aliquod 
atque  in  vestrae  severitatis  iudicium  adducitur ;  tenentur  ii  qui 

25  ad  urbis  incendium,  ad  vestram  omnium  caedem,  ad  Catilinam 
accipiendum  Romae  restiterunt ;  tenentur  litterae,  slgna,  manus, 
denique  unlus  cuiusque  confessio ;  sollicitantur  Allobroges, 
servitia  excitantur,  Catilina  arcessitur ;  id  est  initum  consilium, 
ut  interfectls  omnibus  nemo  ne  ad  depl5randum  quidem  populi 

3o  R5mani  nomen  atque  ad  lamentandam  tantl  imperl  calamitatem 
relinquatur. 


IN    CATILINAM    QUART A  113 

The  conspirators  are  virtually  condemned,  and  Rome's  safety  requires 
their  speedy  punishment. 

III.  Haec  omnia  indices  detulerunt,  rel  confess!  sunt,  v5s 
multis    iam    iudicils   iudicavistis :    primum  quod   mihi   gratias 
egistis  singularibus  verbis,  et  mea  virtute  atque  dlligentia  perdi- 
torum    hominum    coniuratidnem  patefactam   esse  decrevistis; 
deinde  quod  P.  Lentulum  se  abdicare  praetura  coegistis ;  turn    5 
quod  eum  et  ceteros  de  quibus  iudicastis  in  custddiam  dandos 
censuistis ;  maximeque  quod  meo  nomine  supplicationem  de- 
crevistis,  qui  honos  togat5  habitus  ante  me  est  nemini ;  po- 
stremd  hesterno  die  praemia  legatls  Allobrogum  TitSque  Voltur- 
cio  dedistis  amplissima.     Quae  sunt  omnia  eius  modi  ut  il  qui  xo 
in  custodiam  nominatim  datl  sunt  sine  villa  dubitati5ne  a  vobis 
damnati  esse  videantur. 

Sed  ego  InstituI  referre  ad  vos,  patres  conscrlpti,  tamquam 
integrum,  et  de  facto  quid  iudicetis  et  de  poena  quid  censeatis. 
Ilia  praedicam  quae  sunt  consulis.     Ego  magnum  in  re  publica  15 
versari  furorem  et  nova  quaedam  misceri  et  concitari  mala  iam 
pridem  videbam ;  sed  hanc  tantam,  tarn  exitidsam  haberi  con- 
iurationem  a  civibus  numquam  putavi.      Nunc  quicquid  est, 
quocumque  vestrae  mentes  inclinant  atque  sententiae,  statuen- 
dum  vobis  ante  noctem  est.     Quantum  facinus  ad  vos  delatum  20 
sit  videtis.     Huic  si  paucos  putatis  adflnls  esse,  veliementer 
erratis.     Latius  opinione  disseminatum  est  hoc  malum  ;  mana- 
vit  non  solum  per  Italiam   verum  etiam  transcendit  Alpis,  et 
obscure  serpens  multas  iam  provincial  occupavit.     Id  oppriml 
sustentando  aut  prolatand5  nulld  pacto  potest ;    quacumque  25 
ratione  placet,  celeriter  vobis  vindicandum  est. 

The  two  motions  before  the  senate. 

IV.  Video  duas  adhuc  esse  sententias  :    unam  D.  Silanl,  qui 
censet  eos  qui  haec  delere  conatl  sunt  morte  esse  multandos ; 
alteram  C.  Caesaris,  qui  mortis  poenam  removet,  ceterorum 
suppliciorum  omnis  acerbitates  amplectitur.     Uterque  et  pro  30 
sua  dignitate  et  pro  rerum  magnitudine  in  summa  severitate 

i 


114  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

versatur.  Alter  eos  qui  nos  omnis  vita  privare  conati  sunt, 
qui  delere  imperium,  qui  populi  Roman!  nomen  exstinguere, 
punctum  temporis  frui  vita  et  hoc  communi  spiritu  non  putat 
oportere ;  atque  hoc  genus  poenae  saepe  in  improbos  dvfs  in 
$  hac  re  publica  esse  usurpatum  recordatur. 

Alter  intellegit  mortem  ab  dis  immortalibus  non  esse  supplici 
causa  constitutam,  sed  aut  necessitatem  naturae  aut  laborum  ac 
miseriarum  quietem  esse.  Itaque  earn  sapientes  numquam  inviti, 
fortes  saepe  etiam  libenter  oppetiverunt.  Vincula  ver5,  et  ea 

10  sempiterna,  certe  ad  singularem  poenam  nefarii  sceleris  inventa 
sunt.  Municipiis  dispertiri  iubet.  Habere  videtur  ista  res 
iniquitatem,  si  imperare  veils ;  difficultatem,  si  rogare.  De- 
cernatur  tamen,  si  placet.  Ego  enim  suscipiam  et,  ut  spero, 
reperiam  qui  id  quod  salutis  omnium  causa  statueritis  non 

15  putent  esse  suae  dignitatis  recusare.  Adiungit  gravem  poenam 
municipiis,  si  quis  e5rum  vincula  riiperit ;  horribilis  custodias 
circumdat  et  dignas  scelere  hominum  perditorum.  Sancit  ne 
quis  eorum  poenam  quos  condemnat  aut  per  senatum  aut  per 
populum  levare  possit ;  eripit  etiam  spem,  quae  sola  homines 

20  in  miseriis  consolari  solet.  Bona  praeterea  publican  iubet ; 
vitam  solam  relinquit  nefariis  hominibus,  quam  si  eripuisset, 
multos  una  dolores  animi  atque  corporis  et  omnis  scelerum 
poenas  ademisset.  Itaque  ut  aliqua  in  vita  formid5  improbis 
esset  posita,  apud  Infer5s  eius  modi  quaedam  ill!  antiqui  suppli- 

25  cia  impiis  constituta  esse  voluerunt,  quod  videlicet  intellegebant 
his  rem5tis  non  esse  mortem  ipsam  pertimescendam. 

Cicero's  reply  to  Caesar's  argument. 

V.  Nunc,  patres  conscripti,  ego  mea  video  quid  intersit.  Si 
eritis  seciitl  sententiam  C.  Caesaris,  quoniam  hanc  is  in  re 
publica  viam  quae  popularis  habetur  secutus  est,  fortasse  minus 
30  erunt  hoc  auctSre  et  cognitore  huiusce  sententiae  mihi  popula- 
res  impetus  pertimescendi ;  sin  illam  alteram,  nescio  an  amplius 
mihi  negoti  contrahatur.  Sed  tamen  meorum  periculorum  ra- 
tiones  utilitas  rei  publicae  vincat. 


IN    CATILINAM    QUARTA  115 

Habemus  enim  a  Caesare,  sicut  ipsius  dignitas  et  maiorum 
eius  amplitude  postulabat,  sententiam  tamquam  obsidem  per- 
petuae  in  rem  publicam  voluntatis.  Intellectual  est  quid  inter- 
esset  inter  levitatem  contionatorum  et  aniraum  vere  popularem, 
saluti  populi  consulentem.  Vided  de  istis  qui  se  popularis  5 
haberi  volunt  abesse  non  neminem,  ne  de  capite  videlicet 
civium  Romanorum  sententiam  ferat.  Is  et  nudius  tertius 
in  custodiam  civis  Romanes  dedit  et  supplicationem  mihi 
decrevit,  et  indices  hesterno  die  maximis  praemiis  adfecit. 
lam  hoc  nemini  dubium  est,  qui  reo  custodiam,  quaesitori  10 
gratulationem,  indici  praemium  decrevit,  quid  de  tota  re  et 
causa  iudicarit. 

At  ver5  C.  Caesar  intellegit  legem  Semproniam  esse  de  clvi- 
bus  Romanis  constitutam ;  qui  autem  rei  publicae  sit  hostis, 
eum  civem  esse  nullo  modo  posse;  denique  ipsum  latorem  15 
Semproniae  legis  iniussu  populi  poenas  rei  publicae  dependisse. 
Idem  ipsum  Lentulum,  largitorem  et  prodigum,  non  putat,  cum 
de  pernicie  populi  Romani,  exitio  huius  urbis  tarn  acerbe,  tarn 
crudeliter  c5gitarit,  etiam  appellari  posse  popularem.  Itaque 
homo  mltissimus  atque  lenissimus  non  dubitat  P.  Lentulum  20 
aeternis  tenebris  vinculisque  mandare,  et  sancit  in  posterum  ne 
quis  huius  supplicio  levando  se  iactare  et  in  perniciem  populi 
Romani  posthac  popularis  esse  possit.  Adiungit  etiam  publi- 
cationem  bon5rum,  ut  omnis  animi  cruciatus  et  corporis  etiam 
egestas  ac  mendicitas  consequatur.  25 

Death  the  proper  penalty  for  such  crimes. 

VI.  Quam  ob  rem  sive  hoc  statueritis,  dederitis  mihi  comitem 
ad  c5ntionem  populo  carum  atque  iucundum  ;  sive  Silani  sen- 
tentiam sequi  malueritis,  facile  me  atque  vos  crudelitatis  vitu- 
peratione  populo  Romano  purgabo,  atque  obtinebo  earn  multo 
leniorem  fuisse.  Quamquam,  patres  conscripti,  quae  potest  30 
esse  in  tanti  sceleris  immanitate  punienda  crudelitas?  Ego 
enim  de  meo  sensu  iudico.  Nam  ita  mihi  salva  re  publica 
vobiscum  perfrui  liceat  ut  ego,  quod  in  hac  causa  vehementior 


n6 


ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 


sum,  non  atrocitate  animl  moveor  — quis  enim  est  me  mitior?  — 

sed  singular!  quadam  humanitate  et  misericordia. 

Videor  enim  mihi  videre  hanc  urbem,  lucem  orbis  terrarum 

atque   arcem   omnium   gentium,  subito   uno   incendio   conci- 
5  dentem ;  cern5  animo  sepulta  in  patria  miser5s  atque  insepul- 

tos  acervos  civium ;  versatur  mihi  ante  oculos  aspectus  Cethegl 

et  furor  in  vestra  caede  bacchantis.     Cum  vero  mihi  proposui 

regnantem  Lentulum,  sicut  ipse  se  ex  fatls  sperasse  confessus 

est,  purpuratum  esse    huic  Gabmium,  cum   exercitu   venisse 
10  Catilinam,  turn  lamentationem  matrum  familias,  turn  fugam  vir- 

ginum  atque  puerdrum  ac  vexationem  virginum  Vestalium  per- 

horresco ;  et  quia  mihi  vehe- 

m  enter  haec  videntur  misera  ^K  ~^\  , 

atque    miseranda,    idcirco  in 
*5  eos  qui  ea  perficere  voluerunt 

me  severum  vehementemque 

praebeo.      Etenim  quaero   si 

quis  pater  familias  liberis  suls 

a  servo  interfectis,  uxore  oc- 
20  clsa,  incensa  domo,  supplicium 

de  servo  non  quam  acerbissi- 

mum  sumpserit,  utrum  is  cle- 

mens  ac  misericors  an  inhu- 

manissimus    et    crudelissimus 
25  esse  videatur  ?     Mihi  vero  im- 

portunus  ac  ferreus,  qui  non 

dolore    et    cruciatu    nocentis 

suum   dolorem   cruciatumque 

lenierit.   Sic  nos  in  his  homini- 
30  bus,  qui  nos,  qui  coniuges,  qui 

liberos  nostros  trucldare  volue- 

A    VKSTAL    VIRGIN 

runt,  qui  singulas  unius  cuius- 

que  nostrum  domos  et  hoc  universum  rel  publicae  domicilium 

delere  conatl  sunt,  qui  id  egerunt  ut  gentem   Allobrogum   in 

35  vestlgils  huius  urbis  atque  in  cinere  deflagratl  imperl  conloca- 


IN   CATILINAM   QUART A  117 

rent,  si  vehementissimi  fuerimus,  misericordes  habebimur ;  sin 
remissiores  esse  voluerimus,  summae  nobis  crudelitatis  in  pa- 
triae  civiumque  pernicie  fama  subeunda  est. 

Nisi  vero  cuipiam  L.  Caesar,  vir  fortissimus  et  amantissimus 
rei  publicae,  crudelior  nudius  tertius  visus  est,  cum  sororis  suae,  5 
feminae  lectissimae,  virum  praesentem  et  audientem  vita  pri- 
vandum  esse  dixit,  cum  avum  suum  iussu  consulis  interfectum 
filiumque  eius  impuberem,  legatum  a  patre  missum,  in  carcere 
necatum  esse  dixit.    Qu5rum  quod  simile  factum  ?    Quod  initum 
delendae  rei  publicae  consilium  ?     Largitionis  voluntas  turn  in  10 
re  publica  versata  est  et  partium  quaedam  contentio.     Atque 
illo  tempore  huius  avus  Lentuli,  vir  clarissimus,  armatus  Grac- 
chum  est  persecutus.     Ille  etiam  grave  turn  vulnus  accepit,  ne 
quid  de  summa  re  publica  deminueretur ;  hie  ad  evertenda  rei 
publicae  fundamenta  Gallos  arcessit,  servitia  concitat,  Catilinam  15 
vocat,  attribuit  nos  trucidandos  Cethego  et  ceteros  civls  inter- 
ficiendos  Gabinio,  urbem  Inflammandam  Cassio,  totam  Italiam 
vastandam  dlripiendamque  Catilinae.      Vereamim    censeo    ne 
in  hoc  scelere  tam  immam  ac  nefando  nimis   aliquid  severe 
statuisse  videamini ;  multo  magis  est  verendum  ne  remissione  20 
poenae  crudeles  in  patriam  quam  ne  severitate  animadversionis 
nimis  vehementes  in  acerbissimos  hostis  fuisse  videamur. 

All  ranks  unite  in  support  of  the  state. 

VII.  Sed  ea  quae  exaudio,  patres  conscript!,  dissimulare  non 
possum.  laciuntur  enim  voces,  quae  perveniunt  ad  auris  meas, 
eorum  qui  vereri  videntur  ut  habeam  satis  praesidl  ad  ea  25 
quae  vos  statueritis  hodierno  die  transigenda.  Omnia  et  pro- 
visa  et  parata  et  constituta  sunt,  patres  conscript!,  cum  mea 
summa  cura  atque  diligentia,  turn  etiam  mult5  maiore  populi 
RomanI  ad  summum  imperium  retinendum  et  ad  communis 
fortunas  cdnservandas  voluntate.  Omnes  adsunt  omnium  ordi-  30 
num  homines,  omnium  generum,  omnium  denique  aetatum ; 
plenum  est  forum,  plena  templa  circum  forum,  pleni  omnes 
aditus  huius  templi  ac  loci.  Causa  est  enim  post  urbem  con- 


Il8  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

ditam  haec  inventa  sola  in  qua  omnes  sentirent  unum  atque 
idem,  praeter  eos  qui,  cum  sibi  viderent  esse  pereundum,  cum 
omnibus  potius  quam  soli  perire  voluerunt. 

Hosce  ego  homines  excipio  et  secerno  libenter,  neque  in 
5  improborum  civium  sed  in  acerbissimorum  hostium  numero 
habendos  puto.  Ceteri  vero,  di  immortales,  qua  frequentia, 
quo  studio,  qua  virtute  ad  communem  salutem  dignitatemque 
consentiunt !  Quid  ego  hie  equites  Romanes  commemorem  ? 
Qui  vobis  ita  summam  ordinis  consillque  concedunt  ut  vobiscum 

10  de  amore  rei  publicae  certent ;  quos  ex  mult5rum  ann5rum  dis- 
sensi5ne  huius  ordinis  ad  societatem  concordiamque  revocat5s 
hodiernus  dies  vobiscum  atque  haec  causa  coniungit.  Quam 
si  coniunctionem,  in  consulatu  confirmatam  meo,  perpetuam  in 
re  publica  tenuerimus,  confirmo  vobis  nullum  posthac  malum 

15  civile  ac  domesticum  ad  ullam  rei  publicae  partem  esse  ventu- 
rum.  Pan  studio  defendendae  rei  publicae  convenisse  video 
tribunes  aerarios,  fortissimos  viros ;  scribas  item  universes,  quos 
cum  casu  hie  dies  ad  aerarium  frequentasset,  video  ab  exspecta- 
tione  sortis  ad  salutem  communem  esse  converses.  Omnis  in- 

20  genuorum  adest  multitude,  etiam  tenuissimorum.  Quis  est 
enim  cui  non  haec  templa,  aspectus  urbis,  possessio  Hbertatis, 
lux  denique  haec  ipsa  et  hoc  commune  patriae  solum  cum  sit 
carum  turn  vero  dulce  atque  iucundum  ? 

Even  the  humblest  citizens  are  loyal. 

VIII.   Operae   pretium   est,  patres   conscripti,  libertlnorum 

25  hominum  studia  cognoscere,  qui  sua  virtute  fortunam  huius  clvi- 

tatis  consecuti  vere  hanc  suam  esse  patriam  iudicant,  quam  qui- 

dam  hie  nati,  et  summo  loco  nati,  non  patriam  suam  sed  urbem 

hostium  esse  iudicaverunt.     Sed  quid  ego  h5sce  homines  ordi- 

nesque  commemoro  quos  privatae  fortunae,  qu5s   communis 

30  res  publica,  quos  denique   libertas,   ea   quae   dulcissima   est, 

ad  salutem  patriae  defendendam  excitavit?    Servus  est  nemo, 

qui  modo  tolerabili  condicione  sit  servitutis,  qui  non  audaciam 

civium  perhorrescat,  qui  non  haec  stare  cupiat,  qui  non  quan- 


IN   CATILINAM    QUARTA  119 

turn  audet  et  quantum  potest  conferat  ad  communem  salutem 
voluntatis. 

Qua  re  si  quern  vestrum  forte  commovet  hoc,  quod  audi- 
tum  est,  lenonem  quendam  Lentuli  concursare  circum  taber- 
nas,  pretio   sperare  sollicitari    posse    animos   egentium   atque    5 
imperitorum,  est  id  quidem   coeptum   atque  temptatum,  sed 
null!  sunt  invent!  tam  aut  fortuna  miser!  aut  voluntate  perditi 
qui  non  ilium  ipsum  sellae  atque  operis  et  quaestus  cottidianl 
locum,  qui  non  cubile  ac  lectulum  suum,  qui  denique  non  cur- 
sum  hunc  otiosum  vitae  suae  salvum  esse  velint.     Multo  verd  10 
maxima  pars  eorum  qui  in  tabernis  sunt,  immo  vero —  id  enim 
potius  est  dicendum  —  genus  hdc  universum  amantissimum  est 
oti.     Etenim  omne  instrumentum,  omnis  opera  atque  quaestus 
frequentia  civium  sustentatur,  alitur  otio  ;  quorum  si  quaestus 
occlusis  tabernis  minui  solet,  quid  tandem   incensis   futurum  15 
fuit? 

Decisive  action  now  will  render  the  future  secure. 

IX.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  patres  conscriptl,  vobis  populi  Roman! 
praesidia  non  desunt ;  vos  ne  populo  Romano  deesse  videamini 
providete.  Habetis  consulem  ex  plurimis  periculis  et  insidiis 
atque  ex  media  morte  non  ad  vitam  suam  sed  ad  salutem  ve-  20 
stram  reservatum.  Omnes  ordines  ad  conservandam  rem  publi- 
cam  mente,  voluntate,  studi5,  virtute,  voce  consentiunt.  Obsessa 
facibus  et  telis  impiae  coniurationis  vobis  supplex  manus  tendit 
patria  communis ;  vobis  se,  v5bis  vitam  omnium  civium,  vobis 
arcem  et  Capitolium,  v5bis  aras  Penatium,  vobis  ilium  ignem  25 
Vestae  sempiternum,  vobis  omnium  deorum  templa  atque  de- 
lubra,  vobis  muros  atque  urbis  tecta  commendat.  Praeterea 
de  vestra  vita,  de  coniugum  vestrarum  atque  liberorum  anima, 
de  fortunis  omnium,  de  sedibus,  de  focis  vestris  hodierno  die 
vobis  iudicandum  est.  3° 

Habetis  ducem  memorem  vestri,  oblitum  sui,quae  non  semper 
facultas  datur ;  habetis  omnis  ordines,  omnis  homines,  universum 
populum  Romanum,  id  quod  in  civili  causa  hodierno  die  pri- 


I2O 


ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 


mum  videmus,  unum  atque  idem  sentientem.  Cogitate  quantis 
Iab5ribus  fundatum  imperium,  quanta  virtute  stabilitam  llberta- 
tem,  quanta  deorum  benignitate  auctas  exaggeratasque  fortunas, 
una  nox  paene  delerit.  Id  ne  umqu-am  posthac  non  modo  non 


THE  TEMPLE   OF   VESTA 
(Restoration) 

5  conficl  sed  ne  cogitari  quidem  possit  a  clvibus,  hodierno  die 
providendum  est.  Atque  haec,  non  ut  vos,  qul  mihi  studio 
paene  praecurritis,  excitarem,  locutus  sum,  sed  ut  mea  vox, 
quae  debet  esse  in  re  publica  princeps,  offici5  ffmcta  consulari 
videretur. 


Cicero  is  confident  of  immortal  fame,  and  trusts  in  his  country's 
protection. 

X.  Nunc,  antequam  ad  sententiam  rede5,  de  me  pauca 
dicam.  Ego,  quanta  manus  est  coniuratorum,  quam  videtis 
esse  permagnam,  tantam  me  inimlcorum  multitudinem  susce- 


IN   CATILINAM    QUARTA  121 

pisse  video ;  sed  earn  iudico  esse  turpem  et  inf  irmam  et  abiec- 
tam.  Quod  si  aliquand5  alicuius  furdre  et  scelere  concitata 
manus  ista  plus  valuerit  quam  vestra  ac  rel  publicae  dignitas, 
me  tamen  meorum  factorum  atque  consiliorum  numquam,  patres 
conscripti,  paenitebit.  Etenim  mors,  quam  illi  mihi  fortasse  5 
minitantur,  omnibus  est  parata;  vltae  tantam  laudem  quanta 
vos  me  vestris  decretis  honestastis  nemo  est  adsecutus.  Ce- 
teris  enim  bene  gesta,  mihi  unl  conservata  re  publica  gratula- 
tionem  decrevistis. 

Sit  Scipio  clarus  ille  cuius  consilio  atque  virtute  Hannibal  in  10 
Africam  redire  atque  Italia  decedere  coactus  est ;  ornetur  alter 
eximia  laude  Africanus,  qui  duas  urbis  huic  imperio  Infestissi- 
mas,  Karthaginem  Numantiamque,  delevit ;  habeatur  vir  egregius 
Paulus  ille  cuius  currum  rex  potentissimus  quondam  et  nobilissi- 
mus  Perses  honestavit ;  sit  aeterna  gloria  Marius,  qui  bis  Italiam  15 
obsidione   et  metu  servitutis  liberavit ;    anteponatur  omnibus 
Pompeius,  cuius  res  gestae  atque   virtutes  isdem  quibus  solis 
cursus  regionibus  ac  termini's  continentur ;  erit  profecto  inter 
horum  laudes  aliquid  loci  nostrae  gloriae,  nisi  forte  maius  est 
patefacere  nobis  provincias  quo  exire  possimus  quam  curare  ut  20 
etiam  illi  qui  absunt  habeant  quo  victores  revertantur. 

Quamquam  est  uno  loco  condicio 
melior  externae  victoriae  quam  do- 
mesticae,    quod   hostes   alienigenae 
aut  oppress!  serviunt  aut  recepti  in  25 
amicitiam  beneficio  se  obligates  pu- 
tant;  qui  autem  ex  numero  civium 
dementia    aliqua    depravati    hostes 
patriae  semel   esse   coeperunt,  eos 
cum    a   pernicie   rel  publicae  rep-  30 
puleris,  nee  vl  coercere  nee  bene- 

PERSEUS 

ficio  placare  possTs.      Qua  re  mihi 

cum  perditls  civibus  aeternum  bellum  susceptum  esse  video. 
Id  ego  vestro  bonorumque  omnium  auxili5  memoriaque  tan- 
torum  periculorum,  quae  non  modo  in  hoc  populo  qui  serva-  35 


122 


ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 


tus  est  sed  in  omnium  gentium  sermonibus  ac  mentibus  semper 
haerebit,  a  me  atque  a  mels  facile  propulsari  posse  confido. 
Neque  villa  profecto  tanta  vis  reperietur  quae  coniunctionem 
vestram  equitumque  Romanorum  et  tantam  consplrationem 
5  bonorum  omnium  confringere  et  labefactare  possit. 

The  senate  is  exhorted  to  act  fearlessly. 

XI.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  pro  imperio,  pro  exercitu,  pro  pro- 
vincia  quam  neglexi,  pr5  triumpho  ceterisque  laudis  jnsignibus 
quae  sunt  a  me  propter  urbis  vestraeque  salutis  custodiam  repu- 
diata,  pro  clientells  hospitiisque  provincialibus,  quae  tamen  urba- 
10  nis  opibus  non  minore  labore  tueor  quam  compare,  pro  his  igitur 
omnibu?  rebus,  pro  mels  in  vos  singularibus  studiis,  proque  hac 
quam  perspicitis  ad  conservandam  rem  publicam  diligentia, 
nihil  a  vobis  nisi  huius  temporis  totlusque  mel  consulatus 


THF.  TULLIANUM 


memoriam  postulo ;    quae  dum  erit  in  vestris  fixa  mentibus, 

1S  tutissimo  me  muro  saeptum  esse  arbitrabor.     Quod  si  meam 

spem  vis  improborum  fefellerit  atque  superaverit,  commendd 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI 


123 


vobls  parvum  meum  filium,  cui  profecto  satis  erit  praesidl 
non  solum  ad  salutem  verum  etiam  ad  dignitatem,  si  eius  qul 
haec  omnia  suo  sollus  periculo  conservarit  ilium  filium  esse 
memineritis. 

Quapropter  de  summa  salute  vestra  popullque  RomanI,  de    5 
vestris  coniugibus  ac  liberis,  de  aris  ac   focls,  de  fanls  atque 
templls,  de  totlus  urbis  tectls  ac  sedibus,  de  imperio  ac  llber- 
tate,  de  salute  Italiae,  de  universa  re  publica,  decernite  dlh'- 
genter,  ut  Instituistis,  ac  fortiter.     Habetis  eum  consulem  qul  et 
parere  vestris  decretis  non  dubitet  et  ea  quae  statueritis,  quoad  10 
vivet,  defendere  et  per  se  ipsum  praestare  possit. 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI   ORATIO 

Cicero's  reasons  for  addressing  at  this  time  a  meeting  of  the  people. 

I.  Quamquam  mihi  semper  fre- 
quens  conspectus  vester  multo  iucun- 
dissimuSjhicautem  locus  ad  agendum 
amplissimus,  ad  dlcendum  ornatissi-  15 
mus  est  visus,  Quirltes,  tamen  hoc 
aditu  laudis,  qul  semper  optim5 
cuique  maxime  patuit,  non  mea  me 
voluntas  adhuc  sed  vitae  meae  ra- 
tiones  ab  ineunte  aetate  susceptae  prohibuerunt.  Nam  cum  20 
antea  per  aetatem  nondum  huius  auctoritatem  loci  attingere 
Auderem,  statueremque  nihil  hue  nisi  perfectum  ingenio,  elabo- 
ratum  industria  adferri  oportere,  omne  meum  tempus  amicorum 
temporibus  transmittendum  putavl. 

Ita  neque  hie  locus  vacuus  umquam  fuit  ab  ils  qul  vestram  25 
causam  defenderent,  et  meus  labor  in  privatorum  periculls  caste 
integreque  versatus  ex  vestro  iudici5  fructum  est  amplissimum 
consecutus.      Nam   cum   propter   dilationem   comitiorum    ter 


HEAK   OF   A    SHIP 


124  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

praetor  primus  centurils  cunctls  renuntiatus  sum,  facile  intellexl, 
Quirites,  et  quid  de  me  iudicaretis  et  quid  alils  praescriberetis. 


RESTORATION   OF  HALF  OF  THE  ROSTRA 


Nunc  cum  et  auctoritatis  in  me  tantum  sit  quantum  vos 
honoribus  mandandis  esse  voluistis,  et  ad  agendum  facultatis 
5  tantum  quantum  homini  vigilant!  ex  forensl  usu  prope  cottidiana 
dicendl  exercitatio  potuit  adferre,  certe  et  si  quid  auctoritatis 
in  me  est  apud  eos  iitar  qul  earn  mihi  dederunt,  et  si  quid  in 
dicendo  consequl  possum  iis  ostendam  potissimum  qul  el  quo- 
que  rel  fructum  suo  iiidicio  tribuendum  esse  duxerunt.  Atque 

10  illud  in  prlmls  mihi  laetandurn  iure  esse  video,  quod  in  hac 
Insolita  mihi  ex  hoc  loco  ratione  dicendl  causa  talis  oblata  est 
in  qua  oratio  deesse  nemini  possit.  Dicendum  est  enim  de  Cn. 
Pompei  singular!  eximiaque  virtute  ;  huius  autem  orationis 
difficilius  est  exitum  quam  principium  invenlre.  Ita  mihi  non 

15  tarn  copia  quam  modus  in  dicendo  quaerendus  est. 

The  situation  explained.    Points  to  be  considered. 

II.  Atque  ut  inde  oratio  mea  proficlscatur  unde  haec  omnis 
causa  ducitur,  bellum  grave  et  perlculosum  vestris  vectlgalibus 
ac  socils  a  duobus  potentissimls  regibus  Infertur,  Mithridate  et 
Tigrane,  quorum  alter  relictus,  alter  lacessltus  occasionem  sibi 
20  ad  occupandam  Asiam  oblatam  esse  arbitratur.  Equitibus 
R5manis,  honestissimls  virls,  adferuntur  ex  Asia  cottldie  litterae, 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI 


I25 


quorum  magnae  res  aguntur  in  vestris  vectigalibus  exercendis 
occupatae,  qui  ad  me,  pro  necessitudine  quae  mihi  est  cum  illo 
ordine,  causam  rei  piiblicae  periculaque  rerum  suarum  detule- 
runt :  Blthyniae,  quae  nunc  vestra  provincia  est,  vicos  exustos 
esse  compluris  ;  regnum  Ariobarzanis,  quod  finitimum  est  vestris  5 
vectigalibus,  totum  esse  in  hostium  potestate ;  L.  Lucullum 
magnis  rebus  gestls  ab  eo  bello  discedere  ;  huic  qui  successerit 
non  satis  esse  paratum  ad  tantum  bellum  administrandum ; 
unum  ab  omnibus  sociis  et  civibus  ad  id  bellum  imperatorem 
deposcl  atque  expeti,  eundem  hunc  unum  ab  hostibus  metuT,  10 
praeterea  neminem. 

Causa  quae  sit  videtis ;  nunc  quid  agendum  sit  considerate. 
Primum  mihi  videtur  de  genere  belli,  deinde  de  magnitudine, 
turn  de  imperatore  deligendo  esse  dicendum.  Genus  est 
enim  belli  eius  modi  quod  maxime  vestros  animos  excitare  15 
atque  inflammare  ad  persequendl  studium  debeat :  in  quo 
agitur  popull  Roman!  gloria,  quae  vobls  a  maioribus  cum 
magna  in  omnibus  rebus  turn  summa  in  re  militari  tradita  est ; 


COIN   OF   MITHRIDATES 

agitur  salus  sociorum  atque  amicorum,  pr5  qua  multa  maiores 
vestri  magna  et  gravia  bella  gesserunt ;  aguntur  certissima  20 
populi  Roman!  vectlgalia  et  maxima,  quibus  amissls  et  pacis 
5rnamenta  et  subsidia  belli  requlretis  ;  aguntur  bona  mult5rum 
clvium,  quibus  est  a  vobis  et  ipsorum  et  rei  publicae  causa 
consulendum. 


126  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

Indecisive  issue  of  former  wars  with  Mithridates. 

III.  Et  quoniam  semper  appetentes  gloriae  praeter  ceteras 
gentis  atque  avidl  laudis  fuistis,  delenda  est  vobls  ilia  macula 
Mithridatico  bello  superiore  concepta,  quae  penitus  iam  insedit 
ac  nimis  inveteravit  in  populi  RomanI  nomine,  quod  is  qul  uno 
5  die,  tota  in  Asia,  tot  in  clvitatibus,  uno  nuntio  atque  una  signi- 
ficatione  litterarum  civis  Romanos  necandos  trucldandosque 
denotavit  non  modo  adhuc  poenam  nullam  suo  dignam  scelere 
suscepit,  sed  ab  illo  tempore  annum  iam  tertium  et  vlcesimum 
regnat ;  et  ita  regnat  ut  se  non  PontI  neque  Cappadociae 

10  latebris  occultare  velit,  sed  emergere  ex  patrio  regno  atque  in 
vestris  vectigalibus,  hoc  est  in  Asiae  luce,  versari.  Etenim 
adhuc  ita  nostri  cum  illo  rege  contenderunt  imperatores  ut  ab 
illo  insignia  victoriae,  n5n  victoriam  reportarent.  Triumphavit 
L.  Sulla,  triumphavit  L.  Murena  de  Mithridate,  duo  fortissimi 

'5  viri  et  summi  imperatores ;  sed  ita  triumpharunt  ut  ille  pulsus 
superatusque  regnaret.  Verum  tamen  illls  imperatoribus  laus 
est  tribuenda  quod  egerunt,  venia  danda  quod  rellquerunt, 
propterea  quod  ab  eo  bello  Sullam  in  Italiam  res  publica, 
Murenam  Sulla  revocavit. 

The  present  condition  of  affairs. 

20  IV.  Mithridates  autem  omne  reliquum  tempus  non  ad  ob- 
llvionem  veteris  belli  sed  ad  comparationem  novl  contulit. 
Qui  postea  cum  maxima's  aedificasset  ornassetque  classis 
exercitusque  permagnos  quibuscumque  ex  gentibus  potuisset 
comparasset,  et  se  Bosporanis  flnitimls  suis  bellum  inferre 

25  simularet,  usque  in  Hispaniam  legates  ac  litteras  mlsit  ad  eos 
duces  quibuscum  turn  bellum  gerebamus,  ut  cum  duobus  in 
locis  disiunctissimis  maximeque  diversis  uno  consilio  a  binls 
hostium  copiis  bellum  terra  manque  gereretur,  vos  ancipiti 
contentione  districtl  de  imperio  dimicaretis. 

3°  Sed  tamen  alterius  partis  periculum,  Sertorianae  atque  Hi- 
spaniensis,  quae  multo  plus  firmament!  ac  roboris  habebat,  Cn. 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI 


127 


Pompei  divino  consilio  ac  singular!  virtute  depulsum  est;  in 
altera  parte  ita  res  a  L.  Luculld,  summo  vir5,  est  administrata 
ut  initia  ilia  rerum  gestarum  magna  atque  praeclara  non  felicitati 
eius  sed  virtuti,  haec  autem  extrema  quae  niiper  acciderunt 
non  culpae  sed  fortunae  tribuenda  esse  videantur.  Sed  de  5 


POMPEY 


Lucullo  dicam  alio  loco,  et  ita  dicam,  Quirites,  ut  neque  vera 
laus  el  detracta  oratione  mea  neque  falsa  adficta  esse  videa- 
tur;  de  vestrl  imperi  dignitate  atque  gloria,  quoniam  is  est 
exorsus  orationis  meae,  videte  quern  vobls  animum  suscipi- 
endum  putetis. 

This  war  endangers  the  honor  of  Rome  and  the  safety  of  her  allies. 

V.    Maiores  nostri  saepe  mercatoribus  aut  naviculariis  nostris 
iniuriosius   tractatls   bella  gesserunt ;    vos,  tot  rnilibus  civium 


128  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

Rdmanorum  uno  nuntio  atque  uno  tempore  necatls,  quo  tan- 
dem animo  esse  debetis?  Legati  quod  erant  appellati  super- 
bius,  Corinthum  patres  vestri,  totius  Graeciae  lumen,  exstinctum 
esse  voluerunt ;  vos  eum  regem  inultum  esse  patiemini  qul  le- 
5  gatum  populi  Roman!  consularem  vinculis  ac  verberibus  atque 
omm  supplicio  excruciatum  necavit  ?  Illi  libertatem  imminu- 
tam  civium  Romanorum  non  tulerunt ;  vos  ereptam  vltam 
neglegetis?  lus  legationis  verbo  violatum  illl  persecuti  sunt; 
vos  legatum  omm  supplicio  interfectum  relinquetis?  Videte 

10  ne,  ut  illis  pulcherrimum  fuit  tantam  vobis  imperi  gloriam  tra- 
dere,  sic  vobis  turpissimum  sit  id  quod  accepistis  tueri  et  con- 
servare  non  posse. 

Quid,  quod  salus  sociorum  summum  in  periculum  ac  discri- 
men  vocatur,  quo  tandem  animo  ferre  debetis?  Regno  est 

15  expulsus  Ariobarzanes  rex,  socius  populi  Romani  atque  amicus ; 
imminent  duo  reges  toll  Asiae,  non  solum  vobis  inimlcissiml 
sed  etiam  vestris  sociis  atque  amicis.  Civitates  autem  omnes 
ciincta  Asia  atque  Graecia  vestrum  auxilium  exspectare  propter 
periculi  magnitudinem  coguntur ;  imperatorem  a  vobis  certum 

20  deposcere,  cum  praesertim  vos  alium  miseritis,  neque  audent 
neque  se  id  facere  sine  summd  periculo  posse  arbitrantur. 

Vident  et  sentiunt  hoc  idem  quod  vos,  unum  virum  esse  in 
quo  summa  sint  omnia,  et  eum  propter  esse,  qu5  etiam  carent 
aegrius ;  cuius  adventu  ips5  atque  ndmine,  tametsi  ille  ad 

25  maritimum  bellum  venerit,  tamen  impetus  hostium  represses 
esse  intellegunt  ac  retardatos.  Hi  vos,  quoniam  libere  loqui 
non  licet,  tacite  rogant  ut  se  quoque,  sicut  ceterarum  provincia- 
rum  socios,  dlgnos  existimetis  quorum  salutem  tall  viro  commen- 
detis ;  atque  hoc  etiam  magis,  quod  ceteros  in  provinciam  eius 

30  modi  homines  cum  imperio  mittimus  ut  etiam  si  ab  hoste  de- 
fendant, tamen  ipsorum  adventus  in  urbis  sociorum  non  mul- 
tum  ab  hostili  expugnatione  dififerant,  hunc  audiebant  antea, 
nunc  praesentem  vident  tanta  temperantia,  tanta  mansuetu- 
dine,  tanta  humanitate  ut  il  beatissim!  esse  videantur  apud 

35  quos  ille  diutissime  commoratur. 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  129 

The  greatest  revenues  of  the  state  are  imperiled. 

VI.  Qua  re   si   propter  socios,  nulla  ipsi  iniuria   lacessitl, 
maiores  nostri  cum  Antiocho,  cum  Philippe,  cum  Aetolls,  cum 
Poenis  bella  gesserunt,  quanto  vos  studi5  convenit  iniurils  pro- 
vocatos  sociorum  salutem  una  cum  imperi  vestri  dlgnitate  de- 
fendere,  praesertim  cum  de  maximis  vestris  vectigalibus  agatur?    5 
Nam  ceterarum  provinciarum  vectigalia,  Quirites,  tanta  sunt  ut 
iis  ad  ipsas  provincial  tutandas  vix  content!  esse  possimus  ;  Asia 
vero  tarn  oplma  est  ac  fertilis  ut  et  ubertate  agrorum  et  varie- 
tate  fructuum  et  magnitudine  pastionis  et  multitudine  earum 
renim  quae  exportentur  facile  omnibus  terris  antecellat.     Ita-  10 
que  haec  vobis  provincia,  Quirites,  si  et  belli  utilitatem  et  pacis 
dignitatem  retinere  vultis,  ndn  modo  a  calamitate  sed  etiam  a 
metu  calamitatis  est  defendenda. 

Nam  in  ceteris  rebus  cum  venit  calamitas,  turn  detrimentum 
accipitur ;  at  in  vectigalibus  non  solum  adventus  mali  sed  etiam  15 
metus  ipse  adfert  calamitatem.     Nam  cum  hostium  copiae  non 
longe  absunt,  etiam  si  inruptio  nulla  facta  est,  tamen  pecuaria 
relinquitur,  agri  cultura  deseritur,  mercatorum  navigatio  con- 
quiescit.      Ita  neque  ex  portu  neque  ex  decumis  neque  ex 
scriptura  vectigal  conservarl  potest ;  qua  re  saepe  t5tius  annl  20 
fructus  uno  rumore  periculi  atque  uno  belli  terrore  amittitur. 

Quo  tandem  igitur  anim5  esse  existimatis  aut  eos  qui  vecti- 
galia nobis  pensitant  aut  eos  qui  exercent  atque  exigunt,  cum 
duo  reges  cum  maximis  copiis  propter  adsint,  cum  una  ex- 
cursio  equitatus  perbrevi  tempore  totius  anni  vectigal  auferre  25 
possit,  cum  publicanl  familias  maximas  quas  in  saltibus  habent, 
quas  in  agris,  quas  in  portubus  atque  custodiis,  magno  periculo 
se  habere  arbitrentur?  Putatisne  vos  illis  rebus  frul  posse  nisi 
eos  qui  vSbls  frifctui  sunt  conservaritis  non  solum,  ut  ante  dlxl, 
calamitate  sed  etiam  calamitatis  formldine  liberates  ?  3° 

The  fortunes  of  many  Roman  citizens  are  involved. 

VII.  Ac  ne  illud  quidem  vobis  neglegendum  est,  quod  mihi 
ego  extremum  prdposueram  cum  essem  de  belli  genere  dic- 

K 


130  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

turus,  quod  ad  multorum  bona  civiutn  Romanorum  pertinet ; 
quorum  vobis  pro  vestra  sapientia,  Quirites,  habenda  est  ratio 
diligenter.  Nam  et  publican!,  homines  honestissimi  atque 
ornatissiml,  suas  rati5nes  et  copias  in  illam  provinciam  con- 
5  tulerunt,  quorum  ipsorum  per  se  res  et  fortunae  vobis  curae 
esse  debent.  Etenim  si  vectigalia  nervos  esse  rei  publicae 
semper  duximus,  eum  certe  ordinem  qui  exercet  ilia  firma- 
mentum  ceterdrum  ordinum  recte  esse  dicemus. 

Deinde  ex  ceterls  ordinibus  homines  gnavi  atque  industrii 

10  partim  ipsl  in  Asia  negotiantur,  quibus  vos  absentibus  consulere 
debetis,  partim  eorum  in  ea  provincia  pecunias  magnas  con- 
locatas  habent.  Est  igitur  humanitatis  vestrae  magnum  nu- 
merum  eorum  civium  calamitate  prohibere,  sapientiae  videre 
multorum  civium  calamitatem  a  re  publica  seiunctam  esse  non 

15  posse.  Etenim  primum  illud  parvi  refert,  nos  publicanls  omissis 
vectigalia  postea  victoria  recuperare  ;  neque  enim  isdem  re- 
dimendi  facultas  erit  propter  calamitatem  neque  aliis  voluntas 
propter  timorem. 

Deinde  quod  nos  eadem  Asia  atque  Idem  iste  Mithridates 

20  initio  belli  Asiatic!  docuit,  id  quidem  certe  calamitate  docti 
memoria  retinere  debemus.  Nam  turn,  cum  in  Asia  res  magnas 
permult!  amiserant,  sclmus  Romae  soluti5ne  impedita  fidem 
concidisse.  Non  enim  possunt  una  in  civitate  multl  rem  ac 
fortunas  amittere  ut  non  plures  secum  in  eandem  trahant 

25  cakmitatem.  A  qu5  periculo  prohibete  rem  publicam,  et  mihi 
credite,  id  quod  ipsl  videtis  :  haec  fides  atque  haec  ratio  pecunia- 
rum  quae  Romae,  quae  in  foro  versatur  implicata  est  cum  illis 
pecunils  Asiaticls  et  cohaeret ;  ruere  ilia  non  possunt  ut  haec 
non  e5dem  labefacta  motu  concidant.  Qua  re  videte  ne  non 

3°  dubitandum  vobis  sit  omni  studi5  ad  id  bellum  incumbere,  in 
quo  gloria  nominis  vestri,  saliis  sociorum,  vectigalia  maxima, 
fortunae  plurimorum  civium  coniunctae  cum  re  publica 
defendantur. 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI 


Lucullus  has  conducted  the  war  ably. 

VIII.  Quoniam  de  genere  belli  dixi,  nunc  de  magnitudine 
pauca  dicam.  Potest  enim  hoc  dici,  belli  genus  esse  ita 
necessarium  ut  sit  gerendum,  non  esse  ita  magnum  ut  sit 
pertimescendum.  In  quo  maxime  laborandum  est  ne  forte  ea 
vobis  quae  diligentissime  providenda  sunt  contemnenda  esse  5 
videantur. 

Atque  ut  omnes  intellegant  me  L.  Lucullo  tantum  impertire 
laudis  quantum  forti  viro  et  sapient!  homini  et  magno  impera- 
tori  debeatur,  dico  eius  adventu  maximas  MithridatI  copias 

omnibus     rebus     5rnatas    atque  10 
mstriictas  fuisse,  urbemque  Asiae 
clarissimam     noblsque     amicissi- 
mam,     Cyzicenorum,     obsessam 
esse  ab  ipso  rege  maxima  multi- 
tudine    et     oppugnatam     vehe-  15 
mentissime,    quam    L.    Lucullus 
virtute,  adsiduitate,  consilio  sum- 
mis  obsidionis  periculls  Hberavit ; 
ab    eodem    imperatore    classem 
magnam  et  ornatam,  quae  duci-  20 
bus  Sertoriams  ad  Italian!  studio 
atque   odi5    inflammata    rapere- 
tur,  superatam  esse  atque  depres- 
sam  ;   magnas  hostium  praeterea 
copias  multis  proeliis  esse  deletas,  25 
patefactumque  nostris  legionibus 

esse  Pontum,  qui  antea  populo  Romano  ex  omni  aditu  clausus 
fuisset ;  Sinopen  atque  Amisum,  quibus  in  oppidis  erant  domi- 
cilia  regis,  omnibus  rebus  ornatas  ac  refertas,  ceterasque  urbis 
Ponti  et  Cappadociae  permultas  uno  aditu  adventuque  esse  3° 
captas ;  regem  spoliatum  regno  patrio  atque  avlto  ad  alios  se 
reges  atque  ad  alias  gentls  supplicem  contulisse  ;  atque  haec 
omnia  salvis  populi  Roman!  sociis  atque  integrls  vectlgalibus 


LUCULLUS 


ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 


esse  gesta.  Satis  oplnor  haec  esse  laudis,  atque  ita,  Quintes, 
ut  hoc  vos  intellegatis,  a  nullo  istorum  qul  huic  obtrectant  leg! 
atque  causae  L.  Lucullum  similiter  ex  hoc  Ioc5  esse  laudatum. 

But  Mithridates  is  still  unconquered,  and  Lucullus  has  been  recalled. 

IX.   Requiretur  fortasse  nunc  quern  ad  modum,  cum  haec 
5  ita  sint,  reliquum   possit   magnum  esse   bellum.     C5gnoscite, 

Quirites  ;  non  enim  hoc  sine  causa  quaeri  videtur.     Prlmum  ex 

su5  regno  sic  Mithridates  profugit  ut  ex  eodem  Ponto  Medea 

ilia  quondam    profugisse    dlcitur, 

quam    praedicant   in   fuga    fratris 
10  sui    membra   in   ils   locis   qua  se 

parens  persequeretur  dissipavisse, 

ut  eorum  conlectio  dlspersa  mae- 

rorque  patrius  celeritatem    perse- 

quendl  retardaret.    Sic  Mithridates 
J5  fugiens  maximam  vim  auri  atque 

argent!  pulcherrimarumque  rerum 

omnium  quas  et  a  maioribus  acce- 

perat   et   ipse   bello  superiore   ex 

tota  Asia  dlreptas  in  suum  regnum 
20  congesserat  in  Pont5  omnem  rell- 

quit.     Haec  dum  nostri  conligunt 

omnia  dlligentius,  rex  ipse  e  mani- 

bus  effugit.      Ita  ilium   in   perse- 

quendi  studio  maeror,  hos  laetitia 
25  tardavit. 

Hunc    in    illo    timore    et    fuga 

Tigranes,    rex    Armenius,   excepit 

dififidentemque    rebus     suls    con- 

flrmavit,  et  adfllctum  erexit  perdi- 
3°  tumque    recreavit.      Cuius   in  re- 
gnum postea   quam    L.    Lucullus   cum    exercitu  venit,  plures 

etiam  gentes  contra   imperatorem    nostrum    concitatae    sunt. 

Erat  enim  metus  iniectus  ils  nationibus  quas  numquam  populus 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI  133 

Romanus  neque  lacessendas  bell5  neque  temptandas  putavit; 
erat  etiam  alia  gravis  atque  vehemens  oplnid  quae  animos 
gentium  barbararum  pervaserat,  fan!  locupletissiml  et  religio- 
sissiml  diripiendi  causa  in  eas  oras  nostrum  esse  exercitum 
adductum.  Ita  nationes  multae  atque  magnae  novo  qu5dam  5 
terrore  ac  metu  concitabantur.  Noster  autem  exercitus,  tametsl 
urbem  ex  Tigranis  regno  ceperat  et  proeliis  usus  erat  secundls, 
tamen  nimia  longinquitate  locorum  ac  deslderio  suorum  com- 
movebatur. 

Hie  iam  plura  non  dlcam.     Fuit  enim  illud  extremum,  ut  ex  10 
iis  locls  a  militibus  nostris  reditus  magis  maturus  quam  proces- 
sio  longior  quaereretur.     Mithridates  autem  et  suam  manum 
iam   conflrmarat,    et   eorum   qui   se    ex    ipsius   regn5   conle- 
gerant    et  magnis  adventlcils  auxiliis  multorum  regum  et  na- 
tionum  iuvabatur.      Nam  hoc  fere  sic  fieri  solere  accepimus,  15 
ut  regum   adfllctae    fortunae   facile  multorum   opes   adliciant 
ad  misericordiam,  maximeque   eorum  qui  aut  reges  sunt  aut 
vivunt  in  regno,  ut  iis  nomen  regale  magnum  et  sanctum  esse 
videatur.     Itaque  tantum  victus  efiicere  potuit  quantum  incolu- 
mis  numquam  est  ausus  optare.     Nam  cum  se  in  regnum  suum  20 
recepisset,  non  ftrit   eo  contentus  quod  el  praeter  spem  acci- 
derat,  ut  illam,  postea  quam  pulsus  erat,  terram  umquam  attinge- 
ret,  sed  in  exercitum  nostrum  clarum  atque  victorem  impetum 
fecit. 

Sinite  hoc  loco,  Quirites,  sicut  poetae  solent  qui  res  Romanas  25 
scribunt,  praeterire  me  nostram  calamitatem,  quae  tanta  fuit 
ut  earn  ad  auris  imperatdris  non  ex  proeli5  nuntius   sed  ex  ser- 
mone  rumor  adferret.     Hie  in  ill5  ipso  malo  gravissimaque  belli 
offensione  L.  Lucullus,  qui  tamen  aliqua  ex  parte  iis  incommo- 
dls  mederi  fortasse  potuisset,  vestro  iussu  coactus,  quod  imperi  3° 
diuturnitatl  modum  statuendum  vetere  exemplo  putavistis,  par- 
tern  mllitum  qui  iam  stlpendils  confecti  erant  dimlsit,  partera 
M'.  GlabrionI  tradidit. 

Multa  praetereo  consults,  sed  ea  vos  coniectura  perspicite  : 
quantum  illud  bellum  factum  putetis  quod  coniungant  reges  35 


ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

potentissiml,   renovent   agitatae   nationes,  suscipiant   integrae 
gentes,  novus  imperator  noster  accipiat  vetere  exercitu  pulso. 

The  appointment  of  a  commander.    Pompey  should  be  chosen,  for  he 
excels  all  others  in  practical  knowledge  of  military  affairs. 

X.  Satis  mihi  multa  verba  fecisse  videor  qua  re  esset  hoc 
bellum  genere  ipso  necessarium,  magnitudine  perlcul5sum. 
5  Restat  ut  de  imperatore  ad  id  bellum  deligendo  ac  tantls  rebus 
praeficiendo  dlcendum  esse  videatur.  Utinam,  Quirltes,  virorum 
fortium  atque  innocentium  copiam  tantam  haberetis  ut  haec 
vobls  deliberatio  difficilis  esset,  quemnam  potissimum  tantls  rebus 
ac  tanto  bello  praeficiendum  putaretis.  Nunc  vero,  cum  sit 

to  unus  Cn.  Pompeius  qui  non  modo  eorum  hominum  qui  nunc 
sunt  gloriam  sed  etiam  antlquitatis  memoriam  virtute  superarit, 
quae  res  est  quae  cuiusquam  animum  in  hac  causa  dubium 
facere  possit? 

Ego  enim  sic  existimo,  in  summo  imperatore  quattuor  has  res 

15  inesse  oportere,  scientiam  rel  militaris,  virtutem,  auctoritatem, 
felicitatem.  Quis  igitur  hoc  homine  scientior  umquam  aut  fuit  aut 
esse  debuit?  Qui  e  ludo  atque  pueritiae  disciplims  bello  maximo 
atque  acerrimis  hostibus  ad  patris  exercitum  atque  in  militiae 
disciplinam  profectus  est ;  qui  extrema  pueritia  miles  in  exercitu 

20  fuit  summl  imperatoris,  ineunte  adulescentia  maxim!  ipse  exer- 
citus  imperator  ;  qui  saepius  cum  hoste  confllxit  quam  quisquam 
cum  inimlcd  concertavit,  plura  bella  gessit  quam  ceteri  legerunt, 
pluris  provincias  confecit  quam  alii  concuplverunt ;  cuius 
adulescentia  ad  scientiam  rel  militaris  non  alienis  praeceptis  sed 

25  suls  imperils,  non  offensionibus  belli  sed  victorils,  non  stlpendils 
sed  triumphls  est  erudlta.  Quod  denique  genus  esse  belli  po- 
test  in  quo  ilium  non  exercuerit  fortuna  rel  publicae?  Civile, 
Africanum,  Transalpinum,  Hispaniense  mlxtum  ex  civitatibus 
atque  ex  bellicosissimls  natiSnibus,  servile,  navale  bellum,  varia 

30  et  diversa  genera  et  bellorum  et  hostium  non  solum  gesta  ab 
hoc  uno  sed  etiam  confecta  nullam  rem  esse  declarant  in  usu 
positam  militari  quae  huius  viri  scientiam  fugere  possit. 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI  135 

His  great  ability,  shown  in  many  successful  wars. 

XI.  lam  vero  virtuti  Cn.  Pompel  quae  potest  oratio  par 
invemri  ?  Quid  est  quod  quisquam  aut  illo  dlgnum  aut  vobis 
novum  aut  cuiquam  inaudltum  possit  adferre?  Neque  enim 
illae  sunt  solae  virtutes  imperatoriae  quae  vulgo  exlstimantur, 
labor  in  negotiis,  fortitude  in  periculls,  industria  in  agendo,  5 
celeritas  in  conficiendo,  consilium  in  providendo ;  quae  tanta 
sunt  in  hoc  un5  quanta  in  omnibus  reliquis  imperatoribus  quos 
aut  vidimus  aut  audivimus  non  fuerunt. 

Testis  est  Italia,  quam  ille  ipse  victor  L.  Sulla 
huius  virtute  et  subsidio  confessus  est  llberatam.  10 
Testis  est  Sicilia,  quam  multls  undique  cinctam 
periculls  non  terrore  belli  sed  consill  celeritate 
explicavit.  Testis  est  Africa,  quae  magnis  op- 
SULLA  pressa  hostium  copiis  eorum  ipsorum  sanguine 

redundavit.     Testis  est  Gallia,  per  quam  legionibus  nostris  iter  J5 
in  Hispaniam  Gallorum  internecione  patefactum  est.     Testis 
est  Hispania,  quae  saepissime  plurimos  hostis  ab  hoc  superatos 
prostratosque  conspexit.      Testis  est  iterum  et  saepius  Italia, 
quae  cum  servlll  bello  taetro  periculosoque  premeretur,  ab  hoc 
auxilium   absente  expetlvit;  quod   bellum  exspectatione  eius  20 
attenuatum  atque  imminutum  est,  adventu  sublatum  ac  sepul- 
tum.      Testes  nunc  vero  iam  omnes  sunt  orae  atque  omnes 
exterae  gentes  ac  nationes,  denique  maria  omnia  cum  universa 
turn  in  singulls  oris  omnes  sinus  atque  portus. 

Quis  enim  toto  marl  locus  per  hos  annos  aut  tarn  firmum  25 
habuit  praesidium  ut  tutus  esset  aut  tarn  fuit  abditus  ut  lateret? 
Quis  navigavit  qui  non  se  aut  mortis  aut  servitutis  periculo  com- 
mitteret,  cum  aut  hieme  aut  referto  praedonum  marl  navigaret  ? 
Hoc  tantum  bellum,  tam  turpe,  tain  vetus,  tarn  late  divlsum 
atque  dlspersum,  quis  umquam   arbitraretur   aut   ab   omnibus  3° 
imperatoribus  uno  anno  aut  omnibus  anms  ab  uno  imperatore 
conficl    posse?      Quam    provinciam   tenuistis   a   praedonibus 
llberam  per  hosce  annos?     Quod  vectlgal  vobis   tutum  fuit? 
Quern    socium   defendistis?      Cui   praesidi5   classibus   vestrls 


136  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

fuistis  ?  Quam  multas  exlstimatis  insulas  esse  desertas  ?  Quam 
multas  aut  metu  relictas  aut  a  praedonibus  captas  urbis  esse 
sociorum  ? 

His  remarkable  victory  over  the  pirates. 

XII.  Sed  quid  ego  longinqua  commemoro  ?  Fuit  hoc  quon- 
5  dam,  fuit  proprium  popull  RomanI  longe  a  domo  bellare,  et  pro- 
pugnaculis  imperi  sociorum  fortunas,  non  sua  tecta  defendere. 
Socils  ego  nostris  mare  per  hos  ann5s  clausum  fuisse  dicam, 
cum  exercitus  vestri  numquam  a  Brundisio  nisi  hieme  summa 
transmlserint  ?  Qui  ad  vos  ab  exteris  nationibus  venirent 

10  captos  querar,  cum  legatl  popull  RomanI  redempti  sint? 
Mercatoribus  tutum  mare  non  fuisse  dicam,  cum  duodecim 
secures  in  praedonum  potestatem  pervenerint?  Cnidum  aut 
Colophonem  aut  Samum,  nobilissimas  urbis,  innumerabilisque 
alias  captas  esse  commemorem,  cum  vestrds  portus,  atque  eos 

15  portus  quibus  vitam  ac  spiritum  ducitis,  in  praed5num  fuisse 
potestate  sciatis? 

An  vero  Ign5ratis  portum  Caietae  celeberrimum  ac  plenis- 
simum  navium  inspectante  praet5re  a  praedonibus  esse  direptum ; 
ex  Mlseno  autem  eius  ipslus  Hberos  qui  cum  praedonibus  antea 

20  ibi  bellum  gesserat  a  praeddnibus  esse  sublatos?  Nam  quid 
ego  Ostiense  incommodum  atque  illam  labem  atque  TgnSminiam 
rei  publicae  querar,  cum  prope  inspectantibus  vobis  classis  ea 
cui  cdnsul  popull  RomanI  praepositus  esset  a  praedonibus  capta 
atque  oppressa  est?  Pro  di  immortales,  tantamne  unlus  homi- 

25  nis  incredibilis  ac  divlna  virtus  tarn  brevi  tempore  lucem  adferre 
rei  publicae  potuit  ut  vos  qui  modo  ante  ostium  Tiberinum 
classem  hostium  videbatis,  il  nunc  nullam  intra  Ocean!  ostium 
praedonum  navem  esse  audiatis? 

Atque   haec   qua   celeritate   gesta   sint   quamquam  videtis, 

3°  tamen  a  me  in  dlcendo  praetereunda  non  sunt.  Quis  enim 
umquam  aut  obeundl  negotl  aut  consequendl  quaestus  studio 
tarn  brevi  tempore  tot  loca  adire,  tantos  cursus  conficere  potuit, 
quam  celeriter  Cn.  Pompeio  duce  tanti  belli  impetus  navigavit? 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI 


137 


QuI  nondum  tempestivo  ad  navigandum  man  Siciliam  adiit, 
Africam  exploravit,  in  Sardinian!  cum  classe  venit,  atque  haec 
tria  frumentaria  subsidia  rei  publicae  flrmissimls  praesidiis  clas- 
sibusque  munlvit. 

Inde  cum  se  in  Italiam  recepisset,  duabus  Hispaniis  et  Gallia 
Transalplna  praesidiis  ac  navibus   conflrmata,  missis   item   in 


A   SEA   FIGHT 


oram  Illyrici  maris  et  in  Achaiam  omnemque  Graeciam  navibus, 
Italiae  duo  maria  maximls  classibus  firmissimlsque  praesidiis 
adornavit ;  ipse  autem  ut  Bnmdisio  profectus  est,  undequlnqua- 
gesimo  die  totam  ad  imperium  popull  Roman!  Ciliciam  adiunxit.  10 
Omnes  qul  ublque  praedones  fuerunt  partim  captl  interfectlque 
sunt,  partim  umus  huius  se  imperio  ac  potestati  dediderunt. 
Idem  Cretensibus,  cum  ad  eum  usque  in  Pamphyliam  legates 
deprecatoresque  mlsissent,  spem  deditionis  n5n  ademit  obsi- 
desque  imperavit.  Ita  tantum  bellum,  tarn  diuturnum,  tarn  '5 
longe  lateque  dispersum,  quo  bello  omnes  gentes  ac  nationes 
premebantur,  Cn.  Pompeius  extrema  hieme  apparavit,  ineunte 
vere  suscepit,  media  aestate  confecit. 


138  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

In  him  are  found  all  the  essential  qualities  of  a  great  commander. 

XIII.  Est  haec  divlna  atque  incredibilis  virtus  imperatoris. 
Quid  ceterae  quas  paulo  ante  commemorare  coeperam,  quantae 
atque  quam  multae  sunt?  Non  enim  bellandl  virtus  solum  in 
summo  ac  perfecto  imperatore  quaerenda  est,  sed  multae  sunt 
5  artes  eximiae  huius  administrae  comitesque  virtutis.  Ac  pri- 
mum  quanta  innocentia  debent  esse  imperatores,  quanta 
deinde  in  omnibus  rebus  temperantia,  quanta  fide,  quanta 
facilitate,  quantd  ingenio,  quanta  humanitate.  Quae  breviter 
qualia  sint  in  Cn.  Pompeio  consideremus.  Summa  enim  omnia 

10  sunt,  Quirites,  sed  ea  magis  ex  aliorum  contention  e  quam  ipsa 
per  sese  cognoscl  atque  intellegl  possunt. 

Quern  enim  imperatorem  possumus  ullo  in  numero  putare 
cuius  in  exercitu  centuriatiis  veneant  atque  venierint?  Quid 
hunc  hominem  magnum  aut  amplum  de  re  piiblica  cogitare  qul 

15  pecuniam  ex  aerari5  depromptam  ad  bellum  administrandum 
aut  propter  cupiditatem  pr5vinciae  magistratibus  dlvlserit  aut 
propter  avaritiam  Romae  in  quaestu  reliquerit?  Vestra  ad- 
murmuratio  facit,  Quirites,  ut  agnoscere  videamini  qul  haec 
fecerint.  Ego  autem  nomino  neminem ;  qua  re  IrascI  mihi 

20  nemo  poterit,  nisi  qul  ante  de  se  voluerit  confiteri. 

Itaque  propter  hanc  avaritiam  imperatorum  quantas  calamita- 
tes,  quocumque  ventum  sit,  nostri  exercitus  ferant  quis  ignorat  ? 
Itinera  quae  per  hosce  annos  in  Italia  per  agros  atque  oppida 
civium  Romanorum  nostri  imperatores  fecerint  recordamini ; 

25  turn  facilius  statuetis  quid  apud  exteras  nationes  fieri  exlstime- 
tis.  Utrum  pliiris  arbitramini  per  hosce  annos  militum  vestro- 
rum  armis  hostium  urbls  an  hlbernls  sociorum  cJvitates  esse 
deletas?  Neque  enim  potest  exercitum  is  continere  imperator 
qul  se  ipse  non  continet  neque  severus  esse  in  iudicando  qui 

3°  alios  in  se  severos  esse  indices  non  vult. 

Hie  miramur  hunc  hominem  tantum  excellere  ceteris,  cuius 
Iegi5nes  sic  in  Asiam  pervenerint  ut  non  modo  manus  tantl 
exercitus  sed  ne  vestigium  quidem  cuiquam  pacato  nocuisse 
dicatur  ?  lam  vero  quern  ad  modum  mllites  hibernent  cottidie 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI  139 

sermones  ac  litterae  perferuntur ;  non  modo  ut  sumptum  facial 
in  militem  nemim  vis  adfertur,  sed  ne  cupienti  quidem  cuiquam 
permittitur.  Hiemis  enim,  non  avaritiae  perfugium  maiores 
nostri  in  sociorum  atque  amlcorum  tectis  esse  voluerunt. 

His  moderation,  self-restraint,  affability,  integrity,  kindness. 

XIV.   Age  vero,  ceteris  in  rebus  qua  sit  temperantia  conside-    5 
rate.     Unde  illam  tantam  celeritatem  et  tarn  incredibilem  cur- 
sum  inventum  putatis  ?     Non  enim  ilium  eximia  vis  remigum 
aut  ars  inaudlta  quaedam  gubernandi  aut  venti  aliqui  novl  tarn 
celeriter  in  ultimas  terras  pertulerunt,  sed  eae  res  quae  cete- 
ros  remorari  solent  non  retardarunt ;    non  avaritia  ab  institute  10 
cursu  ad  praedam  aliquam  devocavit,  non  libido  ad  volupta- 
tem,  non  amoenitas  ad  delectationem,  non  nobilitas  urbis  ad 
cognitionem,  non  denique  labor  ipse  ad  quietem.     Postremo 
slgna  et  tabulas  ceteraque  ornamenta  Graecorum  oppidorum, 
quae  ceteri  tollenda  esse  arbitrantur,  ea  sibi  ille  ne  vlsenda  *S 
quidem  exlstimavit. 

Itaque  omnes  nunc  in  ils  locls  Cn.  Pompeium  sicut  aliquem 
non  ex  hac  urbe  missum  sed  de  caelo  delapsum  intuentur. 
Nunc  denique  incipiunt  credere  fuisse  homines  Romanos  hac 
quondam  continentia,  quod  iam  nationibus  exteris  incredibile  20 
ac  falso  memoriae  proditum  videbatur.  Nunc  imperl  vestri 
splendor  illls  gentibus  liicem  adferre  coepit.  Nunc  intellegunt 
non  sine  causa  maiores  suos,  turn  cum  ea  temperantia  magistra- 
tiis  habebamus,  senire  populo  Romano  quam  imperare  alils 
maluisse.  Iain  vero  ita  faciles  aditus  ad  eum  privatorum,  ita  25 
liberae  querimdniae  de  aliorum  iniuriis  esse  dlcuntur  ut  is, 
qul  dlgnitate  principibus  excellit,  facilitate  infimis  par  esse 
videatur. 

Iam  quantum  consilio,  quantum  dicendi  gravitate  et  copia 
valeat,  in  quo  ipso  inest  quaedam  dlgnitas  imperat5ria,  vos,  3° 
Quirites,  h5c  ipso  ex  loco  saepe  c5gnovistis.     Fidem  vero  eius 
quantam  inter  socios  existimari   putatis,  quam    hostes  omnes 
omnium  generum  sanctissimam  iudicarint?     Humanitate  iam 


140  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

tanta  est  ut  difficile  dictu  sit  utrum  hostes  magis  virtutem  eius 
pugnantes  timuerint  an  mansuetudinem  victl  dilexerint.  Et 
quisquam  dubitabit  quln  huic  hoc  tantum  bellum  transmitten- 
dum  sit,  qui  ad  omnia  nostrae  memoriae  bella  conficienda  dlvlno 
5  quodam  consili5  natus  esse  videatur? 

His  brilliant  reputation. 

XV.  Et  quoniam  auctoritas  quoque  in  bellis  administrandls 
multum  atque  in  imperio  militari  valet,  certe  nemin!  dubium 
est  quin  ea  re  idem  ille  imperator  plurimum  possit.  Vehemen- 
ter  autem  pertinere  ad  bella  administranda  quid  hostes,  quid 

10  socii  de  imperatoribus  nostrls  existiment,  quis  ignorat,  cum 
sciamus  homines  in  tantis  rebus  ut  aut  contemnant  aut  me- 
tuant  aut  oderint  aut  ament  opinione  n5n  minus  et  fama 
quam  aliqua  ratione  certa  commoveri?  Quod  igitur  ndmen 
umquam  in  orbe  terrarum  clarius  fuit  ?  Cuius  res  gestae  pares  ? 

1S  De  quo  homine  vos,  id  quod  maxime  facit  auctoritatem,  tanta 
et  tarn  praeclara  iiidicia  fecistis  ?  An  vero  ullam  usquam  esse 
oram  tarn  desertam  putatis  quo  non  illlus  diel  fama  pervaserit, 
cum  universus  populus  Romanus,  referto  foro  completTsque 
omnibus  templls  ex  quibus  hie  locus  conspici  potest,  unum 

20  sibi  ad  commune  omnium  gentium  bellum  Cn.  Pompeium 
imperatorem  depoposcit? 

Itaque,  ut  plura  non  dicam  neque  aliorum  exemplis  con- 
f Irmem  quantum  auctoritas  valeat  in  bello,  ab  eodem  Cn.  Pom- 
peio  omnium  rerum  egregiarum  exempla  siimantur ;  qui  qu5 

25  die  a  vobis  maritime  bello  praepositus  est  imperator,  tanta 
repente  vllitas  ann5nae  ex  summa  inopia  et  caritate  rel  fru- 
mentariae  cSnsecuta  est  unlus  hominis  spe  ac  nomine  quan- 
tam  vix  ex  summa  ubertate  agrorum  diiiturua  pax  efficere 
potuisset. 

3°  lam  accepta  in  Ponto  calamitate  ex  eo  proelio  de  quo  vos 
paulo  ante  invitus  admonul,  cum  socii  pertimuissent,  hostium 
opes  animlque  crevissent,  satis  firmum  praesidium  provincia 
non  haberet,  amlsissetis  Asiam,  Quirites,  nisi  ad  ipsum  discrimen 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI 


141 


eius  temporis  divlnitus  Cn.  Pompeium  ad  eas  regiones  fortuna 
populi  Roman!  attulisset.  Hiiius  adventus  et  Mithridatem 
insolita  inflammatum  victoria  continuit  et  Tigranem  magnls 
copiis  minitantem  Asiae  retardavit.  Et  quisquam  dubitabit 
quid  virtute  perfectiirus  sit,  qul  tantum  auctoritate  perfecerit ;  5 
aut  quam  facile  imperio  atque  exercitu  socios  et  vectigalia  con- 
servaturus  sit,  qul  ipso  nomine  ac  riimore  defenderit? 

His  wonderful  good  fortune. 

XVI.   Age  vero,  ilia  res  quantam  declarat  eiusdem  hominis 
apud  hostls  populi  Roman!  auctoritatem,  quod  ex  locis    tarn 

longinquls  tamque  dlversls  tarn  10 
brev!  tempore   omnes    huic   se 
uni    dediderunt ;  quod  Creten- 
sium  legati,  cum  in  e5rum  Insula 
noster    imperator    exercitusque 
esset,  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  in  ulti-  *5 
mas  prope  terras  venerunt,  elque 
se   omnis   Cretensium  civitates 
dedere  velle  dixerunt?     Quid? 
Idem    iste    Mithridates    nonne 
ad  eundem  Cn.  Pompeium  lega-  20 
turn  usque  in  Hispaniam  mlsit, 
eum    quem   Pompeius  legatum 
semper  iudicavit,  il  quibus  erat 
molestum  ad   eum  potissimum 
esse  missum  speculat5rem  quam  25 
legatum  iudicari  maluerunt?  Po- 
testis    igitur    iam     constituere, 
Quirites,     hanc      auctoritatem, 
multis  postea  rebus  gestls  ma- 
gnisque  vestris  iudiciis  amplificatam,  quantum  apud  illos  reges,  3° 
quantum  apud  exteras  nationes  valitiiram  esse  existimetis. 

Reliquum  est  ut  de  felicitate,  quam  praestare  de  se  ipso  nemo 
potest,  meminisse  et  commemorare  de  altero  possumus,  slcut 


MARCELl.rS 


1 42 


ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 


aequum  est  homines  de  potestate  deorum,  timide  et  pauca 

dicamus.     Ego  enim  sic  existimo,  Maxim5,  Marcello,  Sclpioni, 

Mario,  et  ceteris  magnls  imperatoribus  non  solum  propter  vir- 

tutem  sed  etiam  propter  fortunam  saepius    imperia  mandata 
5  atque  exercitus  esse  commissos.    Fuit  enim  profecto  quibusdam 

summis  viris  quaedam  ad  amplitudi- 

nem  et  ad  gloriam  et  ad  res  magnas 

bene  gerendas  dlvlnitus  adiuncta  for- 

tuna.     De  huius  autem  hominis  felici- 
10  tate   de  quo  nunc  agimus,  hac  utar 

moderatione  dlcendl  non  ut  in  illlus 

potestate  fortunam  positam  esse  dl- 

cam,  sed  ut  praeterita  meminisse,  reli- 

qua  sperare  videamuf,  ne  aut  invlsa 
X5  dis  immortalibus  oratio  nostra  aut  in- 

grata  esse  videatur. 

Itaque  non  sum  praedicaturus  quan- 

tas  ille  res  dorm  mllitiae,  terra  mari- 

que,  quantaque  felicitate  gesserit ;  ut 
20  eius   semper  voluntatibus  non  modo 

elves  adsenserint,  socil  obtemperarint, 

hostes   oboedierint,  sed   etiam   ventl 

tempestatesque  obsecundarint.     Hoc 

brevissime  dlcam,  neminem  umquam 
25  tarn   impudentem   fuisse    qul   ab  dis 

immortalibus  tot  et  tantas  res  tacitus 

auderet  optare  quot  et  quanta's  dl  immortales   ad  Cn.  Pom- 

peium  detulerunt.     Quod  ut  illl  proprium  ac  perpetuum  sit, 

Quirites,  cum  commiinis  salutis  atque  imperl  turn  ipsius  homi- 
30  nis  causa,  slcutl  facitis,  velle  et  optare  debetis. 

Qua  re  cum  et  bellum  sit  ita  necessarium  ut  neglegi    non 

possit,  ita  magnum  ut  accuratissime  sit  administrandum,  et  cum 

el   imperatorem    praeficere   possltis    in   quo   sit   eximia   belli 

scientia,  singularis  virtus,  clarissima  auctoritas,  egregia  fortuna, 
35  dubitatis,  Quirites,  quln  hoc  tantum  bom  quod  vobls  ab  dis 


FORTUNA 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  143 

immortalibus   oblatum   et   datum  est   in   rem  publicam  con- 
servandam  atque  amplificandam  conferatis  ? 

He  is  near  the  scene  of  action.    The  success  of  the  Gabinian  law  answers 
the  objection  of  Hortensius. 

XVII.  Quod  si  Romae  Cn.  Pompeius  privatus  esset  hoc  tern- 
pore,  tamen  ad  tantum  bellum  is  erat  deligendus  atque  mittendus  ; 
nunc  cum  ad  ceteras  summas  utilitates  haec  quoque  opportuni-  5 
tas  adiungatur,  ut  in  ils  ipsis  locls  adsit,  ut  habeat  exercitum, 
ut  ab  ils  qui  habent  accipere  statim  possit,  quid  exspectamus  ? 
Aut  cur  non  ducibus  dis  immortalibus  eidem  cui  cetera  summa 
cum  salute  re!  publicae  commissa  sunt  h5c  quoque  bellum 
regium  committamus?  10 

At  enim  vir  clarissimus,  amantissimus  rel  publicae,  vestris 
beneficiis  amplissimis  adfectus,  Q.  Catulus,  itemque  summls 
ornamentls  honoris,  fortunae,  virtutis,  ingeni  praeditus,  Q. 
Hortensius,  ab  hac  ratione  dissentiunt.  Quorum  ego  auctori- 
tatem  apud  vos  multls  locls  plurimum  valuisse  et  valere  oportere  IS 
confiteor ;  sed  in  hac  causa,  tametsi  cognoscetis  auctoritates 
contrarias  virorum  fortissimorum  et  clarissimorum,  tamen  omis- 
sis  auctdritatibus  ipsa  re  ac  ratione  exqulrere  possumus  verita- 
tem,  atque  hoc  facilius,  quod  ea  omnia  quae  a  me  adhuc  dicta 
sunt  idem  istl  vera  esse  concedunt,  et  necessarium  bellum  esse  20 
et  magnum,  et  in  uno  Cn.  Pompeio  summa  esse  omnia. 

Quid  igitur  ait  Hortensius?  Si  uni  omnia  tribuenda  sint, 
dlgnissimum  esse  Pompeium,  sed  ad  unum  tamen  omnia  de- 
ferri  non  oportere.  Obsolevit  iam  ista  oratio,  re  multo  magis 
quam  verbls  refutata.  Nam  tu  idem,  Q.  Hortensi,  multa  pro  25 
tua  summa  copia  ac  singular!  facultate  dicendi  et  in  senatu 
contra  virum  fortem  A.  Gablnium  graviter  ornateque  dixistT, 
cum  is  de  un5  imperatore  contra  praedones  constituendo  legem 
promulgasset,  et  ex  hoc  ipso  loco  permulta  item  contra  earn 
legem  verba  fecistT.  Quid?  Turn,  per  deos  immortalls,  si  plus  3° 
apud  populum  Romanum  auctoritas  tua  quam  ipslus  popull 
RomanI  salus  et  vera  causa  valuisset,  hodie  hanc  gloriam  atque 


144  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

hoc  orbis  terrae  imperium  teneremus  ?  An  tibi  turn  imperium 
hoc  esse  videbatur,  cum  popull  Roman!  legatl,  quaestores,  prae- 
toresque  capiebantur,  cum  ex  omnibus  provinces  commeatu  et 


HORTENSIUS 

privatd  et  publico  prohibebamur,  cum  ita  clausa  nobls  erant 
5  maria   omnia   ut   neque   privatam   rem    transmarmam    neque 
publicam  iam  oblre  possemus? 

Condition  of  affairs  before  the  passage  of  that  law. 

XVIII.  Quae  clvitas  antea  umquam  fuit,  —  non  dico  Atheni- 
ensium,  quae  satis  late  quondam  mare  tenuisse  dlcitur ;  non 
Karthaginiensium,  qui  permultum  classe  ac  maritimls  rebus 
10  valuerunt ;  non  Rhodiorum,  qu5rum  usque  ad  nostram  memo- 
riam  discipllna  navalis  et  gl5ria  remansit,  —  quae  clvitas,  in- 
quam,  antea  tam  tenuis,  quae  tarn  parva  Tnsula  fuit  quae  non 
portus  suos  et  agros  et  aliquam  partem  regionis  atque  orae  mari- 
timae  per  se  ipsa  defenderet  ?  At  hercule  aliquot  annos  con- 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  145 

tinuos  ante  legem  Gablniam  ille  populus  Romanus  cuius  usque 
ad  nostram  memoriam  nomen  invictum  in  navalibus  pugnls 
permanserit  magna  ac  multo  maxima  parte  non  modo  utilita- 
tis  sed  dignitatis  atque  imperi  caruit.  Nos  quorum  maiores 
Antiochum  regem  classe  Persemque  superarunt  omnibusque  5 
navalibus  pugnis  Karthaginiensis,  homines  in  maritimls  rebus 
exercitatissimos  paratissimosque,  vicerunt,  ii  nullo  in  loco  iam 
praedonibus  pares  esse  poteramus ;  nos  qui  antea  non  modo 
Italiam  tutam  habebamus  sed  omnls  socios  in  ultimis  oris  auc- 
t5ritate  nostrl  imperi  salvos  praestare  poteramus,  turn  cum  10 
Insula  Delos,  tarn  procul  a  nobis  in  Aegaeo  marl  posita,  quo 
omnes  undique  cum  mercibus  atque  oneribus  commeabant,  re- 
ferta  dlvitiis,  parva,  sine  muro,  nihil  timebat,  Idem  non  modo 
prdvincils  atque  oris  Italiae  maritimls  ac  portubus  nostrls  sed 
etiam  Appia  iam  via  carebamus  ;  et  ils  temporibus  non  pudebat  X5 
magistratiis  popull  Roman!  in  hunc  ipsum  locum  escendere, 
cum  eum  nobis  maiores  nostrl  exuvils  nauticls  et  classium 
spolils  ornatum  rellquissent. 

Gabinius  is  justly  entitled  to  recognition. 

XIX.    Bono  te  animo  turn,  Q.  Hortensi,  populus  Romanus  et 
ceteros  qui  erant  in  eadem  sententia  dicere  existimavit  ea  quae  *o 
sentiebatis ;  sed  tamen  in  salute  communl  Idem  populus  Ro- 
manus dolorl  su5  maluit  quam  auctoritatl  vestrae  obtemperare. 
Itaque  lina  lex,  unus  vir,  unus  annus  non  modo  nos  ilia  mi- 
seria   ac   turpitudine  liberavit  sed  etiam   effecit  ut  aliquando 
vere  videremur  omnibus  gentibus  ac  nationibus  terra  manque  25 
imperare. 

Quo  mihi  etiam  indlgnius  videtur  obtrectatum  esse  adhuc  — 
Gablnio  dlcam  anne  Pompeio  an  utrique,  id  quod  est  verius  ?  — • 
ne  legaretur  A.  Gabinius  Cn.  Pompeio  expetenti  ac  postulantl. 
Utrum  ille,  qui  postulat  ad  tantum  bellum  legatum  quern  velit,  3° 
idoneus  non  est  qui  impetret,  cum  ceteri  ad  expilandos  socios 
diripiendasque  provincias  quos  voluerunt  legatos  eduxerint ;  an 
ipse  cuius  lege  salus  ac  dlgnitas  populo  Romano  atque  omni- 


146  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

bus  gentibus  constituta  est  expers  esse  debet  gloriae  eius  im- 
peratoris  atque  eius  exercitus  qui  consilio  ipsius  ac  perlculo  est 
constitutus  ? 

An  C.  Falcidius,  Q.  Metellus,  Q.  Caelius  Latiniensis,  Cn. 
5  Lentulus,  quos  omnis  honoris  causa  nomino,  cum  tribunl  plebl 
fuissent,  annd  proximo  legati  esse  potuerunt ;  in  uno  Gabinio 
sunt  tarn  diligentes,  qui  in  hoc  bello  quod  lege  Gablnia  geritur, 
in  hoc  imperatore  atque  exercitu  quern  per  vos  ipse  constituit 
etiam  praecipuo  iure  esse  deberet  ?  De  quo  legando  consules 

10  spero  ad  senatum  relaturos.  Qui  si  dubitabunt  aut  gravabuntur, 
ego  me  profiteor  relaturum ;  neque  me  impediet  cuiusquam 
inimlcum  edictum  quo  minus  vobis  fretus  vestrum  ius  benefi- 
ciumque  defendam,  neque  praeter  intercessionem  quicquam 
audiam,  de  qua,  ut  arbitror,  isti  ipsi  qui  minantur  etiam  atque 

J5  etiam  quid  liceat  conslderabunt.  Mea  quidem  sententia,  Qui- 
rites,  unus  A.  Gabmius  belli  maritimi  rerumque  gestarum  Cn. 
Pompeio  socius  ascrlbitur,  propterea  quod  alter  unl  illud  bellum 
suscipiendum  vestris  suffragils  detulit,  alter  delatum  susceptum- 
que  confecit. 

The  objection  of  Catulus  that  the  bill  violates  all  precedent  is 
contradicted  by  facts. 

20  XX.  Reliquum  est  ut  de  Q.  Catull  auctoritate  et  sententia 
dlcendum  esse  videatur.  Qui  cum  ex  vobis  quaereret,  si  in 
uno  Cn.  Pompeio  omnia  poneretis,  si  quid  eo  factum  esset,  in 
quo  spem  essetis  habiturl,  cepit  magnum  suae  virtutis  fructum 
ac  dignitatis  cum  omnes  una  prope  voce  in  eo  ipso  vos  spem 

25  habituros  esse  dixistis.  Etenim  talis  est  vir  ut  nulla  res  tanta 
sit  ac  tarn  difficilis  quam  ille  non  et  consilio  regere  et  integri- 
tate  tueri  et  virtute  conficere  possit.  Sed  in  hoc  ipso  ab  eo 
vehementissime  dissentio,  quod  quo  minus  certa  est  homi- 
num  ac  minus  diuturna  vita,  hoc  magis  res  publica,  dum 

30  per  deos  immortalis  licet,  frui  debet  summl  viri  vita  atque 
virtute.  - 

At  enim  ne  quid  novl  fiat  contra  exempla  atque  Instituta 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  147 

maiorum.  Non  dlcam  hoc  loco  maiores  nostros  semper  in 
pace  cSnsuetudim,  in  bello  utilitati  paruisse,  semper  ad  novos 
casus  temporum  novorum  consiliorum  ratidnes  accommodasse  ; 
non  dicam  duo  bella  maxima,  Punicum  atque  Hispaniense,  ab 
uno  imperatore  esse  confecta,  duasque  urbis  potentissimas,  quae  5 
huic  imperio  maxime  minitabantur,  Karthaginem  atque  Nu- 
mantiam,  ab  eodem  Sclpione  esse  deletas ;  non  commemorabo 
nuper  ita  vobis  patribusque  vestris  esse  visum  ut  in  un5  C. 
Mario  spes  imperl  poneretur,  ut  Idem  cum  lugurtha,  idem  cum 
Cimbris,  idem  cum  Teutoms  bellum  administraret.  In  ipso  10 
Cn.  Pompeio,  in  quo  novi  constitui  nihil  vult  Q.  Catulus, 
quam  multa  sint  nova  summa  Q.  Catuli  voluntate  constituta 
recordamim. 

Pompey's  entire  career  a  series  of  irregularities. 

XXI.   Quid  tarn  novum  quam  adulescentulum  privatum  ex- 
ercitum  difficili  rei  publicae   tempore   conficere?      Confecit.  15 
Huic  praeesse?     Praefuit.      Rem  optime  ductu  suo  gerere? 
Gessit.     Quid  tarn  praeter  consuetudinem  quam  homini  pera- 
dulescenti,  cuius  aetas  a  senatorio  gradu  longe  abesset,  impe- 
rium  atque  exercitum  dan,  Siciliam   permittl,  atque  Africam 
bellumque  in  ea  provincia  administrandum  ?     Fuit  in  his  pro-  2Q- 
vincils  singular!  innocentia,  gravitate,  virtute ;  bellum  in  Africa 
maximum  confecit,  victorem  exercitum  deportavit. 

Quid  vero  tarn  inaudltum  quam  equitem  Romanum  trium- 
phare?     At  earn  quoque  rem  populus  Romanus  non  modo 
vldit  sed  omnium  etiam  studio  vlsendam  et  concelebrandam  25 
putavit. 

Quid  tarn  inusitatum  quam  ut,  cum  duo  consules  clarissiml 
fortissimique  essent,  eques  Romanus  ad  bellum  maximum  for- 
mldolosissimumque  pro  consule  mitteretur?  Missus  est.  Qu5 
quidem  tempore,  cum  esset  non  nemo  in  senatu  qul  dlceret  30 
non  oportere  mitti  hominem  privatum  pro  consule,  L.  Phi- 
lippus  dixisse  dicitur  non  se  ilium  sua  sententia  pro  consule 
sed  pro  cSnsulibus  mittere.  Tanta  in  eo  rei  publicae  bene 


148  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

gerendae  spes  constituebatur  ut  duorum  c5nsulum  munus  unius 
adulescentis  virtutl  committeretur. 

Quid  tarn  singulare  quam  ut  ex   senatus  consulto  legibus 

solutus  cSnsul  ante  fieret  quam  ullum  alium  magistratum  per 

5  leges  capere  licuisset?     Quid  tarn  incredibile  quam  ut  iterum 

eques  Romanus  ex  senatus  consulto  triumpharet?     Quae  in 

omnibus  hominibus  nova  post  hominum  memoriam  constituta 

sunt,  ea  tarn   multa   non   sunt   quam   haec  quae  in  hoc  uno 

homine  videmus.     Atque  haec  tot  exempla,  tanta  ac  tarn  nova, 

10  profecta  sunt  in  eundem  hominem  a  Q.  Catull  atque  a  ceterorum 

eiusdem  dignitatis  amplissimorum  hominum  auctoritate. 

The  judgment  of  the  Roman  people  amply  vindicated.     Pompey  alone 
can  restore  the  national  honor. 

XXII.  Qua  re  videant  ne  sit  periniquum  et  non  ferendum 
illorum  auctoritatem  de  Cn.  Pompe!  dignitate  a  vobis  compro- 
batam  semper  esse,  vestrum  ab  illls  de  eodem  homine  iudicium 

15  populique  Roman!  auctoritatem  improbari,  praesertim  cum  iam 
su5  iure  populus  Romanus  in  hoc  homine  suam  auctoritatem 
vel  contra  omms  qul  dissentiunt  possit  defendere,  propterea 
quod  isdem  istis  reclamantibus  vos  unum  ilium  ex  omnibus 
delegistis  quern  bello  praedonum  praeponeretis.  Hoc  si  vos 

20  temere  fecistis  et  rel  publicae  parum  c5nsuluistis,  recte  isti 
studia  vestra  suis  consiliis  regere  conantur.  Sin  autem  vos  plus 
turn  in  re  publica  vidistis,  vos  iTs  repiignantibus  per  vosmet 
ipsos  dignitatem  huic  imperio,  salutem  orbi  terrarum  attulistis, 
aliquando  isti  principes  et  sibi  et  ceteris  populi  Roman!  uni- 

25  versi  auctoritat!  parendum  esse  fateantur. 

Atque  in  hoc  bello  Asiatico  et  regio  non  solum  militaris  ilia 
virtus,  quae  est  in  Cn.  Pompeio  singularis,  sed  aliae  quoque 
virtutes  anim!  magnae  et  multae  requiruntur.  Difficile  est  in 
Asia,  Cilicia,  Syria,  regmsque  interiorum  nationum  ita  versar! 

3°  nostrum  imperatorem  ut  nihil  aliud  nisi  de  hoste  ac  de  laude 
cogitet.  Deinde  etiam  si  qu!  sunt  pudore  ac  temperantia  mo- 
deratiores,  tamen  eos  esse  talis  propter  multitudinem  cupidorum 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  149 

hominum  nemo  arbitrator.  Difficile  est  dictu,  Quirites,  quanto 
in  odio  simus  apud  exteras  nationes  propter  e5rum  quos  ad 
eas  per  hos  annos  cum  impend  misimus  libldines  et  iniurias. 
Quod  enim  fanum  putatis  in  illls  terns  nostris  magistratibus 
religiosum,  quam  clvitatem  sanctam,  quam  domum  satis  clau-  5 
sam  ac  munitam  fuisse?  Urbes  iam  locupletes  et  copiosae  re- 
quiruntur,  quibus  causa  belli  propter  dlripiendi  cupiditatem 
inferatur. 

Libenter  haec  coram  cum  Q.  Catulo  et  Q.  Hortensio,  summis 
et  clarissimls  virls,  disputarem ;  noverunt  enim  sociorum  vul-  10 
nera,  vident  eorum  calamitates,  querimonias  audiunt.  Pro 
socils  vos  contra  hostis  exercitum  mittere  putatis,  an  hostium 
simulatione  contra  socios  atque  amicos?  Quae  civitas  est  in 
Asia  quae  non  modo  imperatoris  aut  legati  sed  unius  tribum 
militum  animos  ac  spiritus  capere  possit?  15 

The  bill  is  supported  by  many  eminent  citizens. 

XXIII.  Qua  re  etiam  si  quern  habetis  qui  conlatls  signis  exer- 
citus  regies  superare  posse  videatur,  tamen  nisi  erit  Idem  qui  se 
a  pecuniis  sociorum,  qui  ab  eorum  coniugibus  ac  llberis,  qui  ab 
ornamentls  fanorum  atque  oppidorum,  qui  ab  auro  gazaque 
regia  manus,  oculos,  animum  cohibere  possit,  non  erit  idoneus  20 
qui  ad  bellum  Asiaticum  regiumque  mittatur.  Ecquam  putatis 
clvitatem  pacatam  fuisse  quae  locuples  sit,  ecquam  esse  locu- 
pletem  quae  istis  pacata  esse  videatur? 

Ora  maritima,  Quirites,  Cn.  Pompeium  non  solum  propter 
rel   mllitaris   gloriam    sed   etiam   propter  animl  continentiam  25 
requlslvit.      Videbat   enim    imperatSres    locupletarl   quotannis 
pecunia  publica  praeter   paucos,    neque   eos   quicquam   aliud 
adsequl  classium  nomine  nisi  ut  detrlmentls  accipiendis  maiore 
adficl  turpitudine  videremur.     Nunc  qua  cupiditate  homines 
in  provincias,  quibus  iacturis  et  quibus  condicionibus  proficl-  3° 
scantur,  Ignorant  videlicet  istl  qui  ad  unum  deferenda  omnia 
esse  non  arbitrantur.     Quasi  vero  Cn.  Pompeium  non  cum  suls 
virtiitibus  turn  etiam  aliems  vitils  magnum  esse  videamus.    Qua 


150  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

re  nolite  dubitare  quin  huic  urn  credatis  omnia,  qu!  inter  tot 
annos  unus  inventus  sit  quem  socil  in  urbls  suas  cum  exercitu 
venisse  gaudeant. 

Quod  si  auctoritatibus  hanc  causam,  Quirites,  confirmandam 

5  putatis,  est  vobis  auctor  vir  bellorum  omnium  maximarumque 
rerum  peritissimus,  P.  ServTlius,  cuius  tantae  res  gestae  terra 
manque  exstiterunt  ut  cum  de  bello  dellberetis  auctor  vobis 
gravior  esse  nemo  debeat ;  est  C.  Curio,  summis  vestris  bene- 
ficiis  maximisque  rebus  gestls,  summo  ingenio  et  prudentia 

10  praeditus ;  est  Cn.  Lentulus,  in  quo  omnes  pro  amplissimis 
vestris  honoribus  summum  consiiium,  summam  gravitatem 
esse  cognovistis ;  est  C.  Cassius,  integritate,  virtiite,  constantia 
singular!.  Qua  re  videte  horum  auctoritatibus  illorum  oration! 
qui  dissentiunt  responderene  posse  videamur. 

Cicero  praises  Manilius,  pledges  his  own  support,  and  denies  all  selfish 

motives. 

*5  XXIV.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  C.  Mamli,  prlmum  istam  tuam  et 
legem  et  voluntatem  et  sententiam  laudo  vehementissimeque 
comprobo ;  deinde  te  hortor  ut  auctore  populo  Romano 
maneas  in  sententia,  neve  cuiusquam  vim  aut  minas  perti- 
mescas.  Prlmum  in  te  satis  esse  animl  perseverantiaeque 

20  arbitror;  deinde  cum  tantam  multitudinem  cum  tanto  studio 
adesse  videamus  quantam  iterum  nunc  in  eodem  homine  prae- 
ficiendo  videmus,  quid  est  quod  aut  de  re  aut  de  perficiendl 
facultate  dubitemus? 

Ego  autem  quicquid  est  in  me  studi,  consilT,  laboris,  ingenT, 

25  quicquid  hoc  beneficio  popull  Roman!  atque  hac  potestate 
praetoria,  quicquid  auctoritate,  fide,  constantia  possum,  id 
omne  ad  hanc  rem  conficiendam  tibi  et  populo  Romano  pol- 
liceor  ac  defero  ;  testorque  omms  deos,  et  eos  maxime  qui  huic 
Ioc5  temploque  praesident,  qui  omnium  mentis  eorum  qui  ad 

3°  rem  publicam  adeunt  maxime  perspiciunt,  me  hoc  neque  ro- 
gatu  facere  ciiiusquam,  neque  qu5  Cn.  Pompe!  gratiam  mihi 
per  hanc  causam  conciliari  putem,  neque  quo  mihi  ex  cuius- 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  151 

quam  amplitudine  aut  praesidia  periculls  aut  adiumenta  hono- 
ribus  quaeram,  propterea  quod  pericula  facile,  ut  hominem 
praestare  oportet,  innocentia  tecti  repellemus,  honorem  autem 
neque  ab  lino  neque  ex  h5c  loco,  sed  eadem  ilia  nostra  labo- 
ridsissima  ratione  vitae,  si  vestra  voluntas  feret,  consequemur.  5 

Quam  ob  rem  quicquid  in  hac  causa  mihi  susceptum  est, 
Quirites,  id  ego  omne  me  rei  publicae  causa  suscepisse  con- 
firmo ;  tantumque  abest  ut  aliquam  mihi  bonam  gratiam 
quaeslsse  videar  ut  multas  me  etiam  simultates  partim  obscu- 
ras,  partim  apertas  intellegam  mihi  non  necessarias,  vobis  n5n  10 
inutilis  suscepisse.  Sed  ego  me  hoc  honore  praeditum,  tantis 
vestris  beneficiTs  adfectum  statui,  Quirites,  vestram  voluntatem 
et  reT  publicae  dignitatem  et  salutem  provinciarum  atque 
sociorum  mels  omnibus  commodis  et  rationibus  praeferre 
oportere.  15 


PRO  ARCHIA  POETA  ORATIO 

Gratitude  impels  Cicero  to  undertake  the  defense  of  Archias. 

I.  Si  quid  est  in  me  ingenl,  iudices,  quod  sentio  quam  sit 
exiguum,  aut  si  qua  exercitatio  dicendl,  in  qua  me  non  Infitior 
mediocriter  esse  versatum,  aut  si  huiusce  rei  ratio  aliqua  ab 
optimarum  artium  studils  ac  discipllna  profecta,  a  qua  ego 
nullum  confiteor  aetatis  meae  tempus  abhorruisse,  earum  rerum  20 
omnium  vel  in  primls  hie  A.  Licinius  fructum  a  me  repetere 
prope  suo  iure  debet.  Nam  quoad  longissime  potest  mens 
mea  respicere  spatium  praeteriti  temporis  et  pueritiae  memo- 
riam  recordari  ultimam,  inde  usque  repetens  hunc  video  mihi 
principem  et  ad  suscipiendam  et  ad  ingrediendam  rationem  25 
horum  studi5rum  exstitisse. 

Quod  si  haec  vox  huius  hortatu  praeceptlsque  conformata 
non  nullls  aliquando  salutl  fuit,  a  quo  id  accepimus  quo  ceteris 


152  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

opitulari  et  alios  servare  possemus,  huic  prefects  ipsl,  quantum 
est  situm  in  nobis,  et  opera  et  salutem  ferre  debemus.  Ac  ne 
quis  a  nobis  hoc  ita  die!  forte  miretur,  quod  alia  quaedam  in 
hoc  facultas  sit  ingem  neque  haec  dicendi  ratio  aut  disciplma, 
5  ne  nos  quidem  huic  um  studio  penitus  umquam  deditl  fuimus. 
Etenim  omnes  artes  quae  ad  humanitatem  pertinent  habent 
quoddam  commune  vinculum  et  quasi  cognatione  quadam  inter 
se  continentur. 

He  begs  indulgence  for  his  unusual  presentation  of  the  case. 

II.  Sed  ne  cui  vestrum  mlrum  esse  videatur  me  in  quaestione 
10  legitima  et  in  iudicio  publico,  cum  res  agatur  apud  praetorem 

popull  Romani,  lectissimum  virum,  et  apud  severissimos  iudices, 
tanto  conventu  hominum  ac  frequentia,  hoc  uti  genere  dicendi, 
quod  non  modo  a  consuetudine  iudiciorum  verum  etiam  a 
forensi  sermone  abhorreat,  quaeso  a  vobis  ut  in  hac  causa  mihi 

X5  detis  hanc  veniam,  accommodatam  huic  reo,  vobis,  quern  ad 
modum  spero,  non  molestam,  ut  me  pro  summo  poeta  atque 
eruditissimo  homine  dlcentem,  hoc  concursii  hominum  littera- 
tissim5rum,  hac  vestra  hximanitate,  hoc  denique  praetore  exer- 
cente  iudicium,  patiaminl  de  studiis  humanitatis  ac  litterarum 

20  paulo  loqul  Hberius,  et  in  eius  modi  persona,  quae  propter 
otium  ac  studium  minime  in  iudiciis  perlcullsque  tractata  est, 
uti  prope  novo  quodam  et  iniisitato  genere  dlcendi.  Quod  si 
mihi  a  vobis  tribul  concedique  sentiam,  perficiam  profecto  ut 
hunc  A.  Licinium  non  modo  non  segregandum,  cum  sit  civis,  a 

25  numero  civium,  verum  etiam  si  non  esset,  putetis  asciscendum 
fuisse. 

A  brief  review  of  the  poet's  early  life. 

III.  Nam  ut  primum  ex  pueris  excessit  Archias  atque  ab  Ms 
artibus  quibus  aetas  puerilis  ad  humanitatem  TnformarT  solet  se 
ad  scrlbendl  studium  contulit,  primum  Antiochiae,  —  nam  ibi 

3°  natus  est  loco  nobilT,  —  celebrl  quondam  urbe  et  copiosa  atque 
eruditissimis  hominibus  liberalissimisque  studiis  adfluentl,  celeri- 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  153 

ter  antecellere  omnibus  ingenl  gloria  coepit.  Post  in  ceteris 
Asiae  partibus  cunctaque  Graecia  sic  eius  adventus  celebraban- 
tur  ut  famam  ingenl  exspectatio  hominis,  exspectationem  ipslus 
adventus  admlratioque  superaret. 

Erat  Italia  turn  plena  Graecarum  artium  ac  disciplinarum,  5 
studiaque  haec  et  in  Latio  veheraentius  turn  colebantur  quam 
nunc  Isdem  in  oppidis  et  hie  Romae  propter  tranquillitatem 
rel  publicae  non  neglegebantur.  Itaque  hunc  et  Tarentlm  et 
Locrenses  et  Regini  et  Neapolitan!  clvitate  ceterisque  praemils 
ddnarunt,  et  oranes  qul  aliquid  de  ingeniis  poterant  iudicare  J0 
cognitione  atque  hospitio  dignum  exlstimarunt.  Hac  tanta  cele- 
britate  famae  cum  esset  iam  absentibus  notus,  Romam  venit 
Mario  consule  et  Catulo.  Nactus  est  primum  consules  eos 
quorum  alter  res  ad  scribendum  maximas,  alter  cum  res  gestas 
turn  etiam  studium  atque  auris  adhibere  posset.  15 

Statim  Luculli,  cum  praetextatus  etiam  turn  Archias  esset, 
eum  domum  suam  receperunt.  Et  erat  hoc  n5n  solum  ingeni 
ac  litterarum  verum  etiam  naturae  atque  virtutis,  ut  domus 
quae  huius  adulescentiae  prima  favit  eadem  esset  familiarissima 
senectutl.  Erat  temporibus  illis  iucundus  Q.  Metello  ill!  Nu-  20 
midico  et  eius  Pio  filid ;  audiebatur  a  M.  Aemilio ;  vivebat 
cum  Q.  Catulo  et  patre  et  fllio  ;  a  L.  Crasso  colebatur ;  Lucullos 
vero  et  Drusum  et  Octavios  et  Catonem  et  totam  Hortensid- 
rum  domum  devinctam  consuetudine  cum  teneret,  adficieba- 
tur  summo  honore,  quod  eum  non  solum  colebant  qui  aliquid  25 
percipere  atque  audire  studebant  verum  etiam  si  qul  forte 
simulabant. 

Proofs  of  his  citizenship :    his  enrolment  at  Heraclea,  his  residence  at 
Rome,  his  declaration  before  the  praetor. 

IV.    Interim  satis  longo  intervallo,  cum  esset  cum  M.  Lucullo 
in  Siciliam  profectus  et  cum  ex  ea  provincia  cum  e5dem  Lu- 
cullo   decederet,  venit   Heracliam.      Quae   cum   esset  civitas  30 
aequissimo  iure  ac  foedere,  ascribi  se  in  earn  clvitatem  voluit ; 
idque,  cum  ipse  per  se  dlgnus  putaretur,  turn   auctoritate  et 


154  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

gratia  Luculli  ab  Heracllensibus  impetravit.  Data  est  civitas 
Silvan!  lege  et  Carb5nis :  Si  qul  foederatis  clvitatibus  ascripti 
fuissent ;  si  turn  cum  lex  ferebatur  in  Italia  domicilium  habuis- 
sent;  'et  si  sexaginta  diebus  apud  praetorem  essent  professl. 
5  Cum  hie  domicilium  Romae  multos  iam  annos  haberet,  pro- 
fessus  est  apud  praetorem  Q.  Metellum  familiarissimum  suum. 

Si  nihil  aliud  nisi  de  civitate  ac  lege  dicimus,  nihil  dico 
amplius ;  causa  dicta  est.  Quid  enim  horum  Inf Irmari,  GrattI, 
potest?  HeraclTaene  esse  eum  ascriptum  negabis?  Adest  vir 

10  summa  auctoritate  et  religione  et  fide,  M.  Lucullus,  qul  se  non 
opmari  sed  sclre,  non  audivisse  sed  vidisse,  non  interfuisse  sed 
egisse  dlcit.  Adsunt  Heraclienses  legati,  nobilissiml  homines ; 
huius  iudicl  causa  cum  mandatls  et  cum  publico  testim5nio 
venerunt,  qul  hunc  ascriptum  Heracllensem  dlcunt.  Hie  tu 

15  tabulas  desideras  Heracliensium  publicas,  quas  Italico  bello 
incenso  tabulario  interlsse  sclmus  omms.  Est  ridiculum  ad  ea 
quae  habemus  nihil  dicere,  quaerere  quae  habere  non  possu- 
mus;  et  de  hominum  memoria  tacere,  litterarum  memoriam 
flagitare ;  et  cum  habeas  amplissimi  viri  religionem,  integer- 

20  rimi  municipl  ius  iurandum  fidemque,  ea  quae  depravari 
nullo  modo  possunt  repudiate,  tabulas,  quas  Idem  dlcis  solere 
corrumpl,  deslderare. 

An  domicilium  Romae  non  habuit  is  qul  tot  annls  ante 
clvitatem  datam  sedem  omnium  rerum  ac  fortunarum  suarum 

25  R5mae  conlocavit?  An  non  est  professus?  Immo  vero  ils 
tabulls  professus  quae  solae  ex  ilia  professione  conlegioque 
praetorum  obtinent  publicarum  tabularum  auctoritatem. 

His  enrolment  in  other  cities.    The  absence  of  his  name  from  the 
census  is  of  no  importance. 

V.   Nam  cum  Appi  tabulae  neglegentius   adservatae    dlce- 

rentur,  Gabinl,  quam  diu  incolumis  fuit,  levitas,  post  damna- 

3°  tionem  calamitas  omnem  tabularum  fidem  reslgnasset,  Metellus, 

homo  sanctissimus  modestissimusque  omnium,  tanta  diligentia 

fuit  ut  ad  L.  Lentulum   praetorem  et  ad  iudices  venerit  et 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  155 

unius  n5minis  litura  se  comm5tum  esse  dixerit.     His  igitur  in 
tabulis  nullam  lituram  in  nomine  A.  Licim  videtis. 

Quae  cum  ita  sint,  quid  est  quod  de  eius  civitate  dubitetis, 
praesertim  cum  alils  quoque  in  clvitatibus  fuerit  ascriptus? 
Etenim  cum  mediocribus  multls  et  aut  nulla  aut  humill  aliqua  5 
arte  praeditis  gratulto  civitatem  in  Graecia  homines  impertie- 
bant,  Reglnds  credo  aut  Locrensls  aut  Neapolitanos  aut 
Tarentm5s,  quod  scaenicls  artificibus  largiri  solebant,  id  huic 
summa  ingenl  praedito  gloria  noluisse.  Quid  ?  Cum  ceteri 
non  modo  post  civitatem  datam  sed  etiam  post  legem  Papiam  10 
aliquo  modo  in  eorum  municipiorum  tabulas  inrepserunt;  hie 
qui  ne  utitur  quidem  illls  in  quibus  est  scriptus,  quod  semper  se 
Heracliensem  esse  voluit,  reicietur? 

Census  nostros  requiris.     Scilicet  est  enim  obsciirum  proxi- 
mls  censoribus  hunc   cum   clarissimo  imperatore   L.  Liicullo  15 
apud  exercitum   fuisse ;    superioribus,  cum    eodem   quaestore 
fuisse  in  Asia;  primis,  lulio  et  Crass5,  nullam  popull  partem 
esse  censam.      Sed  quoniam  census  non  ius  civitatis  conflrmat 
ac  tantum  modo  indicat  eum  qui  sit  census  ita  se   iam  turn 
gessisse  pro  cive,  iTs  temporibus  quern  tu  criminaris  ne  ipsius  20 
quidem  iudicio  in  civium  Romanorum  iure  esse  versatum,  et 
testamentum   saepe    fecit   nostris  legibus  et  adiit  hereditates 
civium  Romanorum  et  in  beneficiTs  ad  aerarium  delatus  est  a 
L.  Lucullo  pr5  consule.      Quaere  argumenta,  si  quae  potes; 
numquam    enim    hie    neque    suo   neque    amicorum    iudicio  2S 
revincetur. 

Cicero  explains  his  interest  in  Archias  by  his  love  of  literature. 

VI.  Quaeres  a  nobis,  GrattI,  cur  tanto  opere  hoc  homine  de- 
lectemur.  Quia  suppeditat  nobTs  ubi  et  animus  ex  hoc  forensi 
strepitu  reficiatur  et  aures  convicio  defessae  conquiescant.  An 
tu  exlstimas  aut  suppetere  nobis  posse  quod  cottldie  dlcamus  3° 
in  tanta  varietate  rerum,  nisi  animos  nostrSs  doctrina  excola- 
mus ;  aut  ferre  animos  tantam  posse  contentionem,  nisi  eos 
doctrina  eadem  relaxemus  ?  Ego  vero  fateor  me  his  studiis  esse 


156  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

deditum.  Ceteros  pudeat,  si  qul  ita  se  litteris  abdiderunt  ut 
nihil  possint  ex  iis  neque  ad  communem  adferre  fructum  neque 
in  aspectum  lucemque  proferre  ;  me  autem  quid  pudeat,  qul  tot 
annos  ita  vivo,  indices,  ut  a  nulllus  umquam  me  tempore  aut 
5  commodo  aut  otium  meum  abstraxerit  aut  voluptas  avocarit 
aut  denique  somnus  retardarit? 

Qua  re  quis  tandem  me  reprehendat,  aut  quis  mihi  iure  sus- 
censeat,  si  quantum  ceteris  ad  suas  res  obeundas,  quantum  ad 
festos  dies  luddrum  celebrandos,  quantum  ad  alias  voluptates 

10  et  ad  ipsam  requiem  animl  et  corporis  conceditur  temporum, 
quantum  alii  tribuunt  tempestlvis  convlvils,  quantum  denique 
alveolo,  quantum  pilae,  tantum  mihi  egomet  ad  haec  studia  re- 
colenda  sumpsero  ?  Atque  hoc  eo  mihi  concedendum  est  magis, 
quod  ex  his  studils  haec  quoque  crescit  oratio  et  facultas,  quae, 

15  quantacumque  in  me  est,  numquam  amlc5rum  periculis  defuit. 
Quae  si  cui  levior  videtur,  ilia  quidem  certe  quae  summa  sunt 
ex  quo  fonte  hauriam  sentio. 

Nam  nisi  mult5rum  praeceptis  multlsque  litteris  mihi  ab 
adulescentia  suasissem  nihil  esse  in  vita  magno  opere  expeten- 

20  dum  nisi  laudem  atque  honestatem,  in  ea  autem  persequenda 
omms  cruciatus  corporis,  omnia  perlcula  mortis  atque  exsill 
parvl  esse  ducenda,  numquam  me  pr5  salute  vestra  in  tot  ac 
tantas  dlmicationes  atque  in  hos  profllgatorum  hominum  cotti- 
dianos  impetus  obiecissem.  Sed  plenl  omnes  sunt  libri,  plenae 

25  sapientium  voces,  plena  exemplorum  vetustas  ;  quae  iacerent  in 
tenebrls  omnia  nisi  litterarum  liimen  accederet.  Quam  multas 
nobls  imagines,  non  solum  ad  intuendum  verum  etiam  ad  imi- 
tandum,  fortissimorum  virorum  expresses  scriptores  et  Graecl 
et  Latin!  rellquerunt.  Quas  ego  mihi  semper  in  administranda 

3°  re  publica  proponens  animum  et  mentem  meam  ipsa  cogitatidne 
hominum  excellentium  conformabam.  "\ 

The  greatest  men  have  added  learning  to  natural  parts. 

VII.  Quaeret  quispiam  :  '  Quid  ?  111!  ipsl  summl  viri  quorum 
virtutes  litteris  proditae  sunt,  istane  doctrlna  quam  tu  effers 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  157 

laudibus  erudltl  fuerunt?'  Difficile  est  hoc  de  omnibus  con- 
firmare,  sed  tamen  est  certum  quid  respondeam.  Ego  multos 
homines  excellentl  animo  ac  virtute  fuisse  sine  doctrina,  et 
naturae  ipslus  habitu  prope  divino  per  se  ipsos  et  moderates 
et  gravls  exstitisse  fateor;  etiam  illud  adiungo,  saepius  ad  5 
laudem  atque  virtutem  naturam  sine  doctrina  quam  sine  na- 
tura  valuisse  doctrinam.  Atque  idem  ego  hoc  contendo,  cum 
ad  naturam  eximiam  et  inlustrem  accesserit  ratio  quaedam 
conformatioque  doctrinae,  turn  illud  nescio  quid  praeclarum  ac 
singulare  solere  exsistere.  Ex  hoc  esse  hunc  numero,  quern  10 
patres  nostri  vlderunt,  divlnum  hominem  Africanum  ;  ex  hoc 
C.  Laelium,  L.  Furium,  moderatissimos  homines  et  continentis- 
simos ;  ex  hoc  fortissimum  virum  et  illls  temporibus  doctis- 
simum  M.  Catonem  ilium  senem.  QuT  profecto  si  nihil 
ad  percipiendam  colendamque  virtutem  litteris  adiuvarentur,  15 
numquam  se  ad  earum  studium  contulissent. 

Quod  si  non  hie  tantus  fructus  ostenderetur,  et  si  ex  his  studils 
delectatio  sola  peteretur,  tamen,  ut  oplnor,  hanc  animi  remis- 
sionem  humanissimam  ac  llberalissimam  iudicaretis.  Nam  ce- 
terae  neque  temporum  sunt  neque  aetatum  omnium  neque  20 
locorum ;  at  haec  studia  adulescentiam  alunt,  senectutem  ob- 
lectant,  secundas  res  ornant,  adversis  perfugium  ac  solacium 
praebent,  delectant  dorm,  non  impediunt  foris,  pernoctant 
noblscum,  peregrinantur,  rusticantur. 

Archias  is  a  poet  of  undoubted  genius,  and  the  poet  is  sacred. 

VIII.   Quod  si  ipsi  haec  neque  attingere  neque  sensu  nostro  25 
gustare  possemus,  tamen  ea  mlrari  deberemus   etiam  cum  in 
alils  videremus.     Quis  nostrum  tarn  animo  agrestl  ac  duro  fuit 
ut   RoscI    morte   niiper  non  commoveretur?     QuI  cum  esset 
senex  mortuus,  tamen  propter  excellentem  artem  ac  venusta- 
tem  videbatur  omnino  mori  non  debuisse.      Ergo  ille  corpo-  3° 
ris    motu  tantum   amorem  sibi  conciliarat  a  nobis   omnibus ; 
nos   animorum   incredibilis  motus  celeritatemque  ingeniorum 
neglegemus  ? 


158  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

Quotiens  ego  hunc  Archiam  vidi,  iudices,  —  utar  enim  vestra 
benlgnitate,  quoniam  me  in  hoc  novo  genere  dlcendl  tarn  dili- 
genter  attenditis,  —  quotiens  ego  hunc  vidl,  cum  litteram  scrip- 
sisset  nullam,  magnum  numerum  optimorum  versuum  de  iis 

5  ipsls  rebus  quae  turn  agerentur  dicere  ex  tempore,  quotiens 
revocatum  eandem  rem  dicere  commutatis  verbls  atque  sen- 
tentils.  Quae  vero  accurate  cogitateque  scrlpsisset,  ea  sic  vidl 
probari  ut  ad  veterum  scriptorum  laudem  pervemret.  Hunc 
ego  non  diligam,  non  admirer,  non  omni  ratione  defendendum 

10  putem  ?  Atque  sic  a  summis  hominibus  eruditissimlsque  acce- 
pimus,  ceterarum  rerum  studia  ex  doctrina  et  praeceptis  et  arte 
constare ;  poetam  natura  ipsa  valere  et  mentis  vlribus  excitari 
et  quasi  divino  quod  am  splritu  Inflarl.  Qua  re  suo  iure  noster 
ille  Ennius  sanctos  appellat  poetas,  quod  quasi  deorum  aliquo 

f5  dono  atque  munere  commendati  nobls  esse  videantur. 

Sit  igitur,  iudices,  sanctum  apud  vos,  humanissimos  homines, 
hoc  poetae  nomen,  quod  nulla  urnquam  barbaria  violavit. 
Saxa  et  solitudines  vocl  respondent,  bestiae  saepe  immanes 
cantu  flectuntur  atque  consistunt ;  nos  Institutl  rebus  optimis 

20  n5n  poetarum  voce  moveamur?  Homerum  ColophoniT  clvem 
esse  dicunt  suum,  Chn  suum  vindicant,  Salamlnil  repetunt, 
Smyrnael  vero  suum  esse  conflrmant  itaque  etiam  delubrum 
eius  in  oppido  dedicaverunt ;  permulti  alii  praeterea  pugnant 
inter  se  atque  contendunt. 

He  has  glorified  the  name  of  the  Roman  people. 

25  IX.  Ergo  ill!  alienum,  quia  poeta  fuit,  post  mortem  etiam 
expetunt ;  nos  hunc  vlvum,  qui  et  voluntate  et  legibus  noster 
est,  repudiabimus,  praesertim  cum  omne  olim  studium  atque 
omne  ingenium  contulerit  Archias  ad  popull  Roman!  gloriam 
laudemque  celebrandam?  Nam  et  Cimbricas  res  adulescens 

3°  attigit  et  ipsi  ill!  C.  Mario,  qui  durior  ad  haec  studia  videbatur, 
iucundus  fuit.  Neque  enim  quisquam  est  tarn  aversus  a  Musis 
qui  non  mandari  versibus  aeternum  suorum  laborum  facile 
praeconium  patiatur.  Themistoclem  ilium,  summum  Athenis 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  159 

virum,  dixisse  aiunt,  cum  ex  eo  quaereretur  quod  acroama 
aut  cuius  v5cem  libentissime  audiret,  eius  a  quo  sua  virtus 
optima  praedicaretur.  Itaque  ille  Marius  item  eximie  L.  Plo- 
tium  dilexit,  cuius  ingenio  putabat  ea  quae  gesserat  posse 
celebrari. 

Mithridaticum  vero  bellum,  magnum   atque   difficile  et   in 
multa  varietate  terra  marique  versatum,  totum  ab  hoc.  expres- 


THE   SCIPIO    SARCOPHAGUS   AND    BUST   OF   ENMUS 

sum  est ;  qui  librl  non  modo  L.  Lucullum,  fortissimum  et  claris- 
simum  virum,  verum  etiam  populi  Roman!  nomen  inlustrant. 
Populus  enim  Romanus  aperuit  Lucullo  imperante  Pontum,  et  10 
regils  quondam  opibus  et  ipsa  natura  et  regione  vallatum ; 
populi  Roman!  exercitus  eodem  duce  non  maxima  manu  innu- 
merabilis  Armeniorum  copias  fudit ;  popul!  R5manl  laus  est 
urbem  am!cissimam  Cyzicenorum  eiusdem  consilio  ex  omn! 
impetu  regio  atque  totius  bell!  ore  ac  faucibus  ereptam  esse  X5 


160  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

atque  servatam ;  nostra  semper  feretur  et  praedicabitur  L.  Lu- 
cullo  dlmicante,  cum  interfectis  ducibus  depressa  hostium 
classis  est,  incredibilis  apud  Tenedum  pugna  ilia  navalis ; 
nostra  sunt  tropaea,  nostra  monumenta,  nostri  triumph!. 
5  Quae  quorum  ingeniis  efferuntur,  ab  iis  populi  R5mam  fama 
celebratur. 

Carus  fuit  African5  superior!  noster  Ennius,  itaque  etiam  in 
sepulcro  Sc!pi5num  putatur  is  esse  constitutes  ex  marmore ; 
cuius  laudibus  certe  non  solum  ipse  qu!  laudatur  sed  etiam 
10  populi  Roman!  nomen  ornatur.  In  caelum  huius  proavus 
Cato  tollitur ;  magnus  honos  populi  Roman!  rebus  adiungitur. 
Omnes  denique  illl  Maxim!,  Marcell!,  Fulvii  non  sine  communi 
omnium  nostrum  laude  decorantur. 

Great  men  honor  those  who  herald  their  renown.    Many  would  have 
procured  the  citizenship  for  Archias. 

X.    Erg5  ilium  qui  haec  fecerat,  Rudmum  hominem,  maiores 

X5  nostri  in  civitatem  receperunt ;  nos  hunc  Heracliensem  multis 
civitatibus  expetitum,  in  hac  autem  legibus  constitutum  de 
nostra  civitate  eiciemus? 

Nam  si  quis  minorem  gloriae  friictum  putat  ex  Graeas  versi- 
bus  percipi  quam  ex  Lat!nis,  vehementer  errat,  propterea  quod 

20  Graeca  leguntur  in  omnibus  fere  gentibus,  Lati'na  su!s  finibus 
exiguis  sane  continentur.  Qua  re  si  res  eae  quas  gessimus  orbis 
terrae  regionibus  definiuntur,  cupere  debemus  quo  manuum 
nostrarum  tela  pervenerint,  e5dem  gloriam  famamque  pene- 
trare ;  quod  cum  ipsis  popul!s  de  quorum  rebus  scribitur  haec 

25  ampla  sunt,  turn  i!s  certe  qui  de  v!ta  gloriae  causa  d!micant 
hoc  maximum  et  periculorum  incitamentum  est  et  laborum. 

Quam  multos  scriptores  rerum  suarum  magnus  ille  Alexander 
secum  habuisse  dicitur.  Atque  is  tamen,  cum  in  Sigeo  ad 
Achillis  tumulum  astitisset :  "O  fortunate,"  inquit,  "adu- 

3°  lescens,  qui  tuae  virtiitis  Homerum  praeconem  inveneris." 
Et  vere.  Nam  nisi  Ilias  ilia  exstitisset,  idem  tumulus  qui 
corpus  eius  contexerat  nomen  etiam  obruisset.  Quid?  Noster 


SCIPIO   AFRICAN  US   MAJOR 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  161 

hie  Magnus,  qui  cum  virtute  fortunam  adaequavit,  nonne  Theo- 
phanem  Mytilenaeum,  scriptorem  rerum  suarum,  in  contione 
mllitum  civitate  donavit ;  et  nostri  ill!  fortes  viri,  sed  rustic! 
ac  milites,  dulcedine  quadam  gloriae  commoti,  quasi  participes 
eiusdem  laudis,  magno  illud  clamore  approbaverunt  ?  5 

Itaque,  credo,  si  civis  Romanus  Archias  legibus  non  esset,  ut 
ab  aliquo  imperatore  civitate  donaretur  perficere  non  potuit. 
Sulla  cum  Hispanos  et  Gallos  ddnaret,  credo,  hunc  petentem 
repudiasset ;  quern  nos  in  contione  vidimus,  cum  ei  libellum 
malus  poeta  de  populo  subiecisset,  quod  epigramma  in  eum  10 
fecisset  tantum  modo  alterms  versibus  longiusculls,  statim  ex 
iis  rebus  quas  turn  vendebat  iubere  el  praemium  tribul,  sed  ea 
condicione,  ne  quid  postea  scriberet.  Qui  sedulitatem  mall 
poetae  duxerit  aliquo  tamen  praemio  dignam,  huius  ingenium 
et  virtutern  in  scribendo  et  copiam  non  expetisset?  Quid?  A  X5 
Q.  Metelld  Pio,  familiarissimo  suo,  qui  civitate  multos  donavit, 
neque  per  se  neque  per  Lucullos  impetravisset,  qui  praesertim 
usque  eo  de  suis  rebus  scribi  cuperet  ut  etiam  Cordubae  natis 
poetls,  pingue  quiddam  sonantibus  atque  peregrinum,  tamen 
auris  suas  dederet?  20 

The  love  of  glory  is  the  greatest  incentive  to  human  effort. 
XI.    Neque  enim  est  hoc  dissimulandum,  quod  obscurari 
non  potest,  sed  prae  nobis  ferendum  :    trahimur  omnes  studi5 
laudis,  et  optimus  quisque  maxime  gloria  diicitur.      Ipsi  illi 
philosophi,  etiam  in   iis  libellis  quos  de  contemnenda  gloria 
scribunt,  nomen  suum  inscribunt ;    in  eo  ipso  in  quo  praedica-  25 
tionem  nobilitatemque  despiciunt  praedicari  de  se  ac  nominari 
volunt.      Decimus  quidem   Brutus,  summus  vir  et  imperator, 
AccI,  amicissiml  suT,  carminibus  templorum  ac  monumentorum 
aditus  exornavit  suorum.     lam  ver5  ille  qui  cum  Aetolls  Ennio 
comite  bellavit  Fulvius  non  dubitavit  Martis  manubias  Musis  3° 
consecrare.    Qua  re  in  qua  urbe  imperatores  prope  armatl  poe- 
tarum  nomen  et  Musarum  deliibra  coluerunt,  in  ea  non  debent 
togati  iudices  a  Musarum  honore  et  a  poetarum  salute  abhorrere. 


l62 


ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 


ANCIENT  BOOKS 


Atque  ut  id  libentius  faciatis,  iam  me  vobis,  iudices,  indicabo, 
et  de  meo  quodam  amore  gloriae,  nimis  acri  fortasse  verum 
tamen  honesto,  vobis  confitebor.  Nam  quas  res  nos  in  con- 
sulatu  nostro  vobiscum  simul  pro 
5  salute  huius  urbis  atque  imperi  et 
pro  vita  clvium  proque  universa  re 
publica  gessimus,  attigit  hie  versi- 
bus  atque  incohavit.  Quibus  auditis, 
quod  mihi  magna  res  et  iucunda  visa  I 

10  est,  hunc  ad  perficiendum  adhortatus 
sum.  Nullam  enim  virtus  aliam 
mercedem  labonim  periculorumque 
deslderat  praeter  hanc  laudis  et 
gloriae  ;  qua  quidem  detracta,  iudi- 

1S  ces,  quid  est  quod  in  hoc  tarn  exiguo 
vltae  curriculo  et  tam  brevl  tantls 
nos  in  laboribus  exerceamus?  Certe  si  nihil  animus  prae- 
sentlret  in  posterum,  et  si  quibus  regionibus  vitae  spatium 
circumscriptum  est,  isdem  omnis  c5gitationes  terminaret  suas, 

20  nee  tantls  se  laboribus  frangeret  neque  tot  curis  vigililsque 
angeretur  nee  totiens  de  ipsa  vita  dimicaret.  Nunc  Insidet 
quaedam  in  optimo  quoque  virtus,  quae  noctis  ac  dies  animum 
gloriae  stimulis  concitat,  atque  admonet  non  cum  vitae  tern- 
pore  esse  dlmittendam  commemorationem  nominis  nostrl  sed 

25  cum  omnT  posteritate  adaequandam. 

The  justice  of  his  cause,  his  personal  worth,  his  services  to  the  Roman 
people,  all  entitle  Archias  to  protection. 

XII.  An  vero  tam  parvl  animi  videamur  esse  omnes,  qul  in 
re  publica  atque  in  his  vitae  perlculls  laboribusque  versamur, 
ut  cum  usque  ad  extremum  spatium  nullum  tranquillum  atque 
otiosum  splritum  duxerimus,  nobiscum  simul  moritura  omnia 
3°  arbitremur?  An  statuas  et  imagines,  non  animorum  simulacra 
sed  corporum,  studiose  mult!  sum  ml  homines  reliquerunt ;  con- 
siliorum  relinquere  ac  virtutum  nostrarum  effigiem  nonne  multo 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  163 

malle  debemus,  summls  ingenils  expressam  et  politam  ?  Ego 
vero  omnia  quae  gerebam  iam  turn  in  gerendo  spargere  me  ac 
disseminare  arbitrabar  in  orbis  terrae  memoriam  sempiternam. 
Haec  vero  sive  a  meo  sensu  post  mortem  afutura  est  sive, 
ut  sapientissimi  homines  putaverunt,  ad  aliquam  animi  mei  5 
partem  pertinebit,  nunc  quidem  certe  cogitatione  quadam 
speque  delector. 

Qua  re  conservate,  iudices,  hominem  pudore  eo,  quem  aml- 
corum  videtis  comprobari  cum  dignitate  turn  etiam  vetustate ; 
ingenio   autem   tanto   quantum   id   convenit   existimari   quod  10 
summorum  hominum  ingenils  expetitum  esse  videatis ;   causa 
vero  eius  modi  quae  beneficio  legis,  auctoritate  municipi,  testi- 
monio   Luculli,  tabulls  Metelli  comprobetur.      Quae  cum  ita 
sint,  petimus  a  vobls,  iudices,  si  qua  non  modo  humana  verum 
etiam  divina  in  tantls  ingeniTs  commendatio  debet  esse,  ut  eum  J5 
qul  v5s,  qui  vestrSs  imperatores,  qui  populi  RomanI  res  gestas 
semper  ornavit,  qui  etiam  his  recentibus  nostris  vestrisque  do- 
mesticls  periculTs  aeternum  se  testimonium  laudis  daturum  esse 
profitetur,  estque  ex  eo  numero  qui  semper  apud  omnls  sancti 
sunt  habitl  itaque  dicti,  sic  in  vestram  accipiatis  fidem  ut  hu-  20 
manitate  vestra  levatus  potius  quam  acerbitate  violatus  esse 
videatur. 

Quae  de  causa  pro  mea  consuetudine  breviter  simpliciterque 
dixl,  iudices,  ea  confldo  probata  esse  omnibus.  Quae  a  forensl 
aliena  iudicialique  consuetudine  et  de  hominis  ingeni5  et  com-  25 
muniter  de  ipso  studio  locutus  sum,  ea,  iudices,  a  vobls  spero 
esse  in  bonam  partem  accepta;  ab  eo  qui  iudicium  exercet, 
certo  scio. 


164  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 


PRO    MILONE   ORATIO 

Cicero  attempts  to  reassure  himself  and  the  court  concerning  the 
presence  of  an  armed  guard. 

I.  EtsI  vereor,  iudices,  ne  turpe  sit  pro  fortissimo  viro  dicere 
incipientem  timere  minimeque  deceat,  cum  T.  Annius  ipse 
magis  de  re!  publicae  salute  quam  de  sua  perturbetur,  me  ad  eius 
causam  parem  anim!  magnitiidinem  adferre  non  posse,  tamen 
5  haec  novi  iudic!  nova  forma  terret  oculos,  quT  quocumque  inci- 
derunt,  consuetudinem  forl  et  prlstinum  morem  iudiciorum  re- 
quirunt.  Non  enim  corona  consessus  vester  clnctus  est,  ut 
solebat ;  non  usitata  frequentia  stipati  sumus  ;  non  ilia  praesidia 
quae  pro  templis  omnibus  cernitis,  etsi  contra  vim  conlocata 

10  sunt,  non  adferunt  tamen  orator!  aliquid,  ut  in  foro  et  in  iudicio, 
quamquam  praesidils  salutaribus  et  necessariis  saeptl  sumus, 
tamen  ne  non  timere  quidem  sine  aliquo  timore  possimus. 
Quae  si  opposita  Miloni  putarem,  cederem  tempori,  iudices,  nee 
inter  tantam  vim  armorum  existimarem  esse  oration!  locum. 

15  Sed  me  recreat  et  reficit  Cn.  Pompei,  sapientissim!  et  iustissim! 
viri,  consilium,  qu!  profecto  nee  iustitiae  suae  putaret  esse, 
quern  reum  sententi!s  iudicum  tradidisset,  eundem  telis  mllitum 
dedere,  nee  sapientiae  temeritatem  concitatae  multitudinis 
auctoritate  publica  armare. 

20  Quam  ob  rem  ilia  arma,  centuriones,  cohortes  non  periculum 
nobis  sed  praesidium  denuntiant ;  neque  solum  ut  quieto  sed 
etiam  ut  magno  animo  simus  hortantur ;  neque  auxilium  modo 
defension!  meae  venim  etiam  silentium  pollicentur.  Reliqua 
vero  multitude,  quae  quidem  est  civium,  tota  nostra  est,;  neque 

25  eorum  quisquam  quos  undique  intuentis  unde  aliqua  for!  pars 
aspic!  potest  et  hiiius  exitum  iudic!  exspectantis  videtis  non 
cum  virtut!  Milonis  favet,  turn  de  se,  de  liberis  su!s,  de  patria, 
de  fortunis  hodierno  die  decertari  putat. 


PRO    MILONE  165 

The  court  should  disregard  the  threats  of  the  mob  and  render 
a  just  verdict. 

II.  Unum  genus  est  adversum  Tnfestumque  nobis,  eorum  quos 
P.  Clodi  furor  raplnis  et  incendils  et  omnibus  exitils  publicls 
pavit ;  qui  hesterna  etiam  contione  incitatl  sunt  ut  vobls  voce 
praelrent  quid  iudicaretis.  Quorum  clamor  si  qui  forte  fuerit, 
admonere  vos  debebit  ut  eum  civem  retineatis  qui  semper  genus  5 
illud  hominum  clamoresque  maximos  prae  vestra  salute  neglexit. 
Quam  ob  rem  adeste  animis,  iudices,  et  timorem,  si  quern 
habetis,  deponite.  Nam  si  umquam  de  boms  et  fortibus  virls, 
si  umquam  de  bene  meritls  clvibus  potestas  vobls  iudicandl  fuit, 
si  denique  umquam  locus  amplissimorum  ordinum  delectls  virls  10 
datus  est  ut  sua  studia  erga  fortis  et  bonos  clvis,  quae  vultu  et 
verbls  saepe  significassent,  re  et  sententils  declararent,  hoc  pro- 
fecto  tempore  earn  potestatem  omnem  vos  habetis,  ut  statuatis 
utrum  n5s,  qui  semper  vestrae  auctoritatl  dediti  fuimus,  semper 
iniserl  lugeamus  an  diu  vexatl  a  perditissimls  clvibus  aliquando  15 
per  vos  ac  per  vestram  fidem,  virtutem,  sapientiamque  recre- 
emur. 

Quid  enim  nobis  du5bus,  iudices,  labSriosius,  quid  magis 
sollicitum,  magis  exercitum  dlcl  aut  fingi  potest,  qui  spe  amplis- 
simorum praemiorum  ad  rem  publicam  adductl  metu  crudelis-  20 
simorum  suppliciorum  carere  non  possumus  ?  Equidem  ceteras 
tempestates  et  procellas  in  illls  dumtaxat  fluctibus  contionum 
semper  putavl  Miloni  esse  subeundas,  quia  semper  pro  boms 
contra  improbos  senserat ;  in  iiidicio  vero  et  in  eo  consilio  in 
quo  ex  ciinctls  ordinibus  amplissiml  virl  iudicarent  numquam  25 
exlstimavl  spem  ullam  esse  habitiiros  Milonis  inimlcos  ad  eius 
non  modo  salutem  exstinguendam  sed  etiam  gloriam  per  tails 
viros  Infringendam. 

Quamquam  in  hac  causa,  iudices,  T.  AnnI  tribunatii  rebusque 
omnibus  pro  salute  rel  piiblicae  gestis  ad  huius  criminis  de-  3° 
fensionem  non  abutemur.     Nisi  oculls  vlderitis  Insidias  Miloni 
a  Cl5dio  factas,  nee  deprecaturi  sumus  ut  crimen  hoc  nobis 
propter  multa  praeclara  in  rem  publicam  merita  condonetis  nee 


1 68  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

ordinis,  quam  nee  tacitls  nee  occultis.  Quando  enim  fre- 
quentissimo  senatu  quattuor  aut  summum  quinque  sunt  invent! 
qui  Milonis  causam  non  probarent?  Declarant  huius  ambustl 
tribum  plebis  illae  intermortuae  condones,  quibus  cottidie  meam 
5  potentiam  invidiose  criminabatur,  cum  diceret  senatum  non 
quod  sentlret  sed  quod  ego  vellem  decernere.  Quae  quidem 
si  potentia  est  appellanda  potius  quam  aut  propter  magna  in 
rem  publicam  merita  mediocris  in  boms  causis  auctoritas  aut 
propter  hos  officiosos  labores  meos  n5n  nulla  apud  bonos  gratia, 

10  appelletur  ita  sane,  dum  modo  ea  nos  utamur  pro  salute  bono- 
rum  contra  amentiam  perditorum. 

Hanc  vero  quaestionem,  etsl  non  est  inlqua,  numquam  tamen 
senatus  constituendam  putavit.  Erant  enim  leges,  erant  quae- 
stiones  vel  de  caede  vel  de  vl,  nee  tantum  maerorem  ac  luctum 

J5  senatul  mors  P.  Clodi  adferebat  ut  nova  quaestid  constitueretur. 
Cuius  enim  de  illo  incesto  stupro  iiidicium  decernendi  senatul 
potestas  esset  erepta,  de  eius  interitii  quis  potest  credere  sena- 
tum iudicium  novum  constituendum  putasse  ?  Cur  igitur  incen- 
dium  curiae,  oppugnationem  aedium  M.  LepidT,  caedem  hanc 

20  ipsam  contra  rem  publicam  senatus  factam  esse  decrevit? 
Quia  nulla  vis  umquam  est  in  libera  civitate  suscepta  inter  clvis 
non  contra  rem  publicam.  Non  enim  est  ilia  defensio  contra 
vim  umquam  optanda,  sed  non  numquam  est  necessaria.  Nisi 
vero  aut  ille  dies  quo  Ti.  Gracchus  est  caesus  aut  ille  quo 

25  Gaius  aut  quo  arma  Saturnin!  oppressa  sunt,  etiam  si  e  re 
publica  oppressa  sunt,  rem  publicam  tamen  non  vulnerarunt. 

Pompey's  bill  merely  proposes  an  investigation;  it  does  not  imply  a 
belief  in  Milo's  guilt. 

VI.  Itaque  ego  ipse  decrevT,  cum  caedem  in  Appia  factam 
esse  constaret,  non  eum  qul  se  defendisset  contra  rem  publicam 
fecisse  sed,  cum  inesset  in  re  vis  et  Tnsidiae,  crimen  iudicio 
3°  reservavl,  rem  notavT.  Quod  si  per  furiosum  ilium  tribunum 
senatui  quod  sentiebat  perficere  licuisset,  novam  quaestionem 
nullam  haberemus.  Decernebat  enim  ut'veteribus  legibus,  tan- 


PRO    MILONE  169 

turn  modo  extra  ordinem,  quaereretur.  Divlsa  sententia  est 
postulante  nescio  quo,  nihil  enim  necesse  est  omnium  me 
flagitia  proferre.  Sic  reliqua  auctoritas  senatus  empta  inter- 
cessione  sublata  est. 

At  enim  Cn.  Pompeius  rogatione  sua  et  de  re  et  de  causa    5 
iiidicavit;  tulit  enim  de  caede  quae  in  Appia  via  facta  esset, 
in  qua  P.  Clodius  occlsus  esset.     Quid  ergo  tulit?     Nempe  ut 
quaereretur.    Quid  porro  quaerendum  est  ?    Factumne  sit  ?    At 
constat.     A  qu5  ?     At  paret.     Vidit  igitur  etiam  in  confessione 
facti  iuris  tamen  defensionem  suscipi  posse.     Quod  nisi  vidis-  10 
set  posse  absolvl  eum  qul  fateretur,  cum  videret  nos  fateri, 
neque  quaeri  umquam  iussisset  nee  vobls  tarn  hanc  salutarem 
in  iudicando  litteram  quam  illam  tristem  dedisset.     Mihi  vero 
Cn.  Pompeius  non  modo  nihil  gravius  contra  Milonem  iudicasse 
sed  etiam  statuisse  videtur  quid  vos  in  iudicando  spectare  opor-  '5 
teret.      Nam  qul   non   poenam   confessionl   sed  defensionem 
dedit,  is  causam  interitus  quaerendam,  non  interitum  putavit. 
lam  illud  ipse  dicet  profecto,  quod  sua  sponte  fecit,  Publione 
Clodio  tribuendum  putarit  an  tempori. 

There  was  no  need  for  a  special  court.    No  similar  case  has  ever  been 
tried  in  this  manner. 

VII.    DomI  suae  nobilissimus  vir,  senatus  propugnator  atque  20 
illis  quidem  temporibus  paene  patronus,  avunculus  huius  iudicis 
nostri,   fortissimT  viri  M.  Catonis,  tribunus  plebis  M.  Drusus 
occlsus   est.      Nihil   de   eius   morte  populus  cdnsultus,  nulla 
quaestio  decreta  a  senatu  est.     Quantum  luctum  in  hac  urbe 
fuisse  a  nostris  patribus  accepimus  cum  P.  Africano  domi  suae  25 
quiescent!  ilia  nocturna  vis  esset  inlata.     Quis  turn  n5n  gemuit? 
Quis  non  arsit  dolore,  quern  immortalem,  si  fieri  posset,  omnes 
esse  cuperent,  eius  ne  necessariam  quidem  exspectatam  esse 
mortem?     Num  igitur  ulla  quaestio  de  AfricanI  morte  lata  est? 
Certe  nulla.     Quid  ita?     Quia  non  alio  facinore  clan  homines,  3° 
alio  obsciiri  necantur.     Intersit  inter  vitae  dignitatem  summo- 
rum  atque  Infimorum  ;  mors  quidem  inlata  per  scelus  Isdem  et 


170 


ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 


poems  teneatur  et  legibus.      Nisi  forte  magis  erit  parricida  si 
qui  consularem  patrem  quam  si  quis  humilem  necarit,  aut  eo 
mors  atrocior  erit  P.  Cl5dl,  quod  is  in  monumentls  maiorum 
su5rum  sit   interfectus  — 
5  hoc   enim  ab  istis  saepe 
dicitur,      proinde      quasi 
Appius   ille  Caecus  viam 
mumverit,  non  qua  popu- 
lus   uteretur  sed  ubi  im- 

10  pune  sul  poster!  latro- 
cinarentur. 

Itaque  in  eadem  ista 
Appia  via  cum  ornatissi- 
mum  equitem  Romanum 

15  P.  Clodius  M.  Paplrium 
occldisset,  non  fuit  illud 
facinus  puniendum,  homo 
enim  nobilis  in  suls  mo- 
numentls equitem  Roma- 

20  num  occlderat  ;  nunc 
eiusdem  Appiae  nomen 
quantas  tragoedias  exci- 
tat.  Quae  cruentata  antea 
caede  honestl  atque  inno-  CATO  UTICENSIS 

2S  centis  virl  silebatur,  eadem 

nunc  crebro  usurpatur,  postea  quam  latronis  et  parricldae  san- 
guine imbuta  est.  Sed  quid  ego  ilia  commemoro?  Compre- 
hensus  est  in  templo  Castoris  servus  P.  Clddi,  quern  ille  ad  Cn. 
Pompeium  interficiendum  conlocarat.  Extorta  est  el  confitenti 

3°  sica  de  manibus.  Caruit  foro  postea  Pompeius,  caruit  senatu, 
caruit  publico ;  ianua  se  ac  parietibus,  non  iure  legum  iudici5- 
rumque  texit.  Num  quae  rogatio  lata,  num  quae  nova  quaestio 
decreta  est?  Atqui  si  res,  si  vir,  si  tempus  ullum  dignum  fuit, 
certe  haec  in  ilia  causa  summa  omnia  fuerunt.  Insidiator  erat  in 

35  foro  conlocatus  atque  in  vestibule  ipso  senatus ;  el  viro  autem 


PRO    MILONE  171 

mors  parabatur  cuius  in  vita  nltebatur  saliis  civitatis  ;  eo  porro 
rei  publicae  tempore  quo,  si  unus  ille  cecidisset,  non  haec 
solum  clvitas  sed  gentes  omnes  concidissent.  Nisi  vero  quia 
perfecta  res  non  est,  non  fuit  punienda ;  proinde  quasi  exitus 
rerum,  non  hominum  consilia  legibus  vindicentur.  Minus  5 
dolendum  fuit  re  non  perfecta,  sed  puniendum  certe  nihilo 
minus.  Quotiens  ego  ipse,  iudices,  ex  P.  Cl5dl  tells  et  ex 
cruentls  eius  manibus  effugl ;  ex  quibus  si  me  non  vel  mea  vel 
rei  publicae  fortuna  servasset,  quis  tandem  de  interitu  meo 
quaestionem  tulisset?  10 

The  state  is  not  mourning  for  Clodius.    Pompey,  however,  has  taken 
every  means  to  secure  impartial  justice. 

VIII.  Sed  stultl  sumus  qul  Drusum,  qul  Africanum,  Pom- 
peium,  nosmet  ipsos  cum  P.  Clodio  c5nferre  audeamus.  Tole- 
rabilia  fuerunt  ilia ;  P.  ClodI  mortem  aequo  animo  ferre  nemo 
potest.  Liiget  senatus,  maeret  equester  ordo,  tota  clvitas  con- 
fecta  senio  est,  squalent  municipia,  adfllctantur  coloniae,  agri  15 
denique  ipsl  tarn  beneficum,  tarn  salutarem,  tarn  mansuetum 
clvem  deslderant.  Non  fuit  ea  causa,  iudices,  profecto,  non 
fuit  cur  sibi  censeret  Pompeius  quaestionem  ferendam ;  sed 
homo  sapiens  atque  alta  et  dlvlna  quadam  mente  praeditus 
multa  vldit :  fuisse  ilium  sibi  inimlcum,  familiarem  Milonem.  20 
In  communl  omnium  laetitia  si  etiam  ipse  gauderet,  timuit  ne 
videretur  Inflrmior  fides  reconciliatae  gratiae.  Multa  etiam 
alia  vldit,  sed  illud  maxime,  quamvls  atrociter  ipse  tulisset,  vos 
tamen  fortiter  Judicatures.  Itaque  delegit  ex  florentissimls 
ordinibus  ipsa  lumina ;  neque  vero,  quod  non  nulll  dictitant,  25 
secrevit  in  iudicibus  legendls  amlcos  meos.  Neque  enim  hoc 
cogitavit  vir  iustissimus  neque  in  bonis  virls  legendls  id  adsequi 
potuisset,  etiam  si  cuplsset.  Non  enim  mea  gratia  familiarita- 
tibus  continetur,  quae  late  patere  non  possunt  propterea  quod 
c5nsuetudines  vlctus  non  possunt  esse  cum  multis ;  sed  si  quid  30 
possumus,  ex  eo  possumus,  quod  res  publica  nos  coniunxit  cum 
boms.  Ex  quibus  ille  cum  optimos  viros  legeret,  idque  maxime 


1 72  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

ad  fidem  suam  pertinere  arbitraretur,  non  potuit  legere  non 
studiosos  mel.  Quod  vero  te,  L.  DomitI,  huic  quaestionl  prae- 
esse  maxima  voluit,  nihil  quaesivit  aliud  nisi  iustitiam,  gravita- 
tem,  humanitatem,  fidem.  Tulit  ut  consularem  necesse  esset, 
5  credo  quod  principum  munus  esse  ducebat  resistere  et  levitati 
multitudinis  et  perditorum  temeritati ;  ex  consularibus  te  crea- 
vit  potissimum,  dederas  enim  quam  contemneres  popularis 
insanias  iam  ab  adulescentia  documenta  maxima. 

The  only  question  before  the  court  is  which  was  the  aggressor.      The 
previous  conduct  of  Clodius  sustains  Milo's  plea  of  self-defense. 

IX.    Quam  ob  rem,  iudices,  ut  aliquando  ad  causam  crlmen- 

10  que  veniamus,  si  neque  omnis  confessio  fact!  est  inusitata  neque 
die  causa  nostra  quicquam  aliter  ac  nos  vellemus  a  senatu  iudica- 
tum  est,  et  lator  ipse  legis,  cum  esset  controversia  nulla  facti, 
iuris  tamen  disceptationem  esse  voluit,  et  il  lecti  iudices  isque 
praepositus  est  quaestionl  qul  haec  iuste  sapienterque  disceptet, 

15  reliquum  est,  iudices,  ut  nihil  iam  quaerere  aliud  debeatis  nisi 
uter  utri  Insidias  fecerit.  Quod  quo  facilius  argiimentis  per- 
spicere  possltis,  rem  gestam  vobls  dum  breviter  expono,  quaeso 
diligenter  attendite. 

P.  Cl5dius  cum  statuisset  omni  scelere  in  praetura  vexare  rem 

20  publicam  videretque  ita  tracta  esse  comitia  anno  superiore  ut 
non  multos  mensis  praeturam  gerere  posset,  qul  non  honSris 
gradum  spectaret,  ut  ceteri,  sed  et  L.  Paulum  conlegam  effugere 
vellet,  singular!  virtute  clvem,  et  annum  integrum  ad  dilace- 
randam  rem  publicam  quaereret,  subito  reliquit  annum  suum 

25  seseque  in  annum  proximum  transtulit,  non,  ut  fit,  religione 
aliqua,  sed  ut  haberet,  quod  ipse  dicebat,  ad  praeturam  geren- 
dam,  hoc  est  ad  evertendam  rem  publicam,  plenum  annum 
atque  integrum. 

Occurrebat  el  mancam  ac  debilem  praeturam  futuram  suam 

30  consule  Milone ;  eum  porro  summo  consensu  populi  Romani 
consulem  fieri  videbat.  Contulit  se  ad  eius  competltores,  sed 
ita  totam  ut  petitionem  ipse  solus  etiam  invitis  illis  gubernaret, 


PRO    MILONE  173 

tola  ut  comitia  suis,  ut  dictitabat,  umeris  sustineret.  Convoca- 
bat  tribus,  se  interponebat,  Colllnam  novam  dilectu  perditissi- 
morum  civium  conscribebat.  Quanto  ille  plura  miscebat,  tanto 
hie  magis  in  dies  convalescebat.  Ubi  vidit  homo  ad  omne 
facinus  paratissimus  fortissimum  virum,  inimicissimum  suum,  5 
certissimum  consulem,  idque  intellexit  non  solum  sermonibus 
sed  etiam  suffragiis  populi  Roman!  saepe  esse  declaratum, 
palam  agere  coepit  et  aperte  dicere  occidendum  Milonem. 
Servos  agrestis  et  barbaros,  quibus  silvas  publicas  depopula- 
tus  erat  Etruriamque  vexarat,  ex  Appennino  deduxerat,  10 
quos  videbatis.  Res  erat  minime  obscura.  Etenim  palam 
dictitabat  consulatum  Mil5ni  eripl  non  posse,  vitam  posse. 
Significavit  hoc  saepe  in  senatu,  dixit  in  condone.  Quin  etiam 
M.  Favonio,  fortissimo  viro,  quaerentl  ex  eo  qua  spe  fureret 
Milone  vivo,  respondit  trlduo  ilium  aut  summum  quadridu5  15 
esse  periturum  ;  quam  vocem  eius  ad  hunc  M.  Catonem  statim 
Favonius  detulit. 

The  story  of  the  affray. 

X.   Interim  cum  sclret  Cl5dius,  neque  enim  erat  difficile  id 
scire,   iter   sollemne,   legitimum,  necessarium  ante    diem   xm 
Kalendas  Februarias  Mildni  esse  Lanuvium  ad  flaminem  pro-  20 
dendum,  quod  erat  dictator  Lanuvl  Milo,  Roma  subito  ipse 
profectus  pridie  est,  ut  ante  suum  fundum,  quod  re  intellectum 
est,  MilonI  insidias  conlocaret.     Atque  ita  profectus  est  ut  con- 
ti5nem  turbulentam,  in  qua  eius  furor  deslderatus  est,  quae  illo 
ipso  die  habita  est,  relinqueret,  quam,  nisi  obire  facinoris  locum  25 
tempusque  voluisset,  numquam  reliquisset. 

Milo  autem  cum  in  senatu  fuisset  eo  die,  quoad  senatus  est 
dlmissus,  domum  venit ;  calceos  et  vestlmenta  mutavit ;  pauli- 
sper,  dum  se  uxor,  ut  fit,  comparat,  commoratus  est ;  dein  pro- 
fectus id  temporis  cum  iam  Clodius,  si  quidem  eo  die  Romam  30 
ventiirus  erat,  redire  potuisset.  Obviam  fit  el  ClSdius  expeditus, 
in  equo,  nulla  raeda,  nullis  impedimentis,  nullls  Graecls  comiti- 
bus,  ut  solebat,  sine  uxore,  quod  numquam  fere ;  cum  hie  in- 


'74 


ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 


sidiator,  qui  iter  illud  ad  caedem  faciendam  apparasset,  cum 

uxore  veheretur  in   raeda,  paenulatus,  magno  et  impedit5  et 

\  muliebri  ac  delicato  ancillarum  puero- 

\  -^B>  rumque  comitatu.    Fit  obviam  Clodio 

^,,  -a^jffi  ante  fundum  eius  hora  fere  undecima 

^L  aut  non  multo    secus.     Statim  com- 

^^v          V    v"*V^fA  plures  curn  tells  in  hunc  faciunt  de 

^taltfrfUiN^fj^iw          l°co     superiore     impetum     adversl, 

X          m  ^L  /fllLl        raedarium  occldunt. 

Cum  autem  hie  de  raeda  reiecta 
paenula  desiluisset  seque  acri  animo 
defenderet,  ill!  qui  erant  cum  ClodiS 
gladiis  eductls  partim  recurrere  ad 
raedam,  ut  a  tergo  Milonem  adori- 
rentur,  partim,  quod  hunc  iam  inter- 
fectum  putarent,  caedere  incipiunt 
eius  servos,  qui  post  erant;  ex  quibus 
qui  animo  fidell  in  dominum  et  prae- 
senti  fuerunt,  partim  occlsl  sunt, 
partim,  cum  ad  raedam  piignari  vide- 
rent,  domino  succurrere  prohiberentur, 
Mil5nem  occlsum  et  ex  ipso  Clodio 
audlrent  et  re  vera  putarent,  fecerunt 

id  servl  Mildnis  —  dicam  enim  aperte,  non  derivandi  criminis 
25  causa,   sed   ut   factum    est  —  nee   imperante   nee  sciente  nee 
praesente  domin5  quod  suos  quisque  servos  in  tali  re  facere 
voluisset. 

Clodius  was  the  victim  of  his  own  crime. 

XL  Haec,  sicuti  exposul,  ita  gesta  sunt,  indices.  Insidia- 
tor  superatus  est,  vl  victa  vis,  vel  potius  oppressa  virtute 
3°  audacia  est.  Nihil  dico  quid  res  publica  consecuta  sit,  nihil 
quid  vos,  nihil  quid  omnes  boni ;  nihil  sane  id  prosit  Miloni, 
qui  h5c  fato  natus  est,  ut  ne  se  quidem  servare  potuerit  quln 
una  rem  publicam  vosque  servaret.  Si  id  iure  fieri  non  potuit, 


JUNO   OF   LANUVIUM 


PRO    MILONE  175 

nihil  habeo  quod  defendam.  Sin  hoc  et  ratio  doctis  et  neces- 
sitas  barbaris  et  mos  gentibus  et  fens  etiam  beluls  natura  ipsa 
praescrlpsit,  ut  omnem  semper  vim,  quacumque  ope  possent,  a 
corpore,  a  capite,  a  vita  sua  propulsarent,  non  potestis  hoc 
facinus  improbum  iudicare,  quin  simul  iudicetis  omnibus  qul  in  5 
latrones  inciderint  aut  illorum  tells  aut  vestrls  sententiis  esse 
pereundum. 

Quod  si  ita  putasset,  certe  optabilius  Mildnl  fuit  dare  iugulum 
P.  Cl5dio,  non  semel  ab  illo  neque  turn  primum  petltum,  quam 
iugulari  a  v5bls  quia  se  non  iugulandum  illi  tradidisset.     Sin  10 
hoc  nemo  vestrum  ita  sentit,  non  illud  iam  in  iudicium  venit 
occisusne  sit,  quod  fatemur,  sed  iure  an  iniuria,  quod  multis  in 
causls  saepe  quaesltum  est.     Insidias  factas  esse  constat,  et  id 
est  quod  senatus  contra  rem  publicam  factum  iudicavit ;    ab 
utro   factae    sint   incertum    est.     De    hoc  igitur  latum  est  ut  »5 
quaereretur.      Ita   et   senatus   rem  non   hominem  notavit,  et 
Pompeius  de  iiire  non  de  factd  quaestidnem  tulit. 

It  is  evident  that  Mile's  death  would  have  been  of  great  advantage 
to  Clodius. 

XII.    Num  quid  igitur  aliud  in  iudicium  venit  nisi  uter  utri 
Insidias  fecerit?     Profecto  nihil:  si  hie  illi,  ut  ne  sit  impune ; 
si  ille  huic,  ut  scelere  solvamur.     Quonam  igitur  pacto  probari  20 
potest  Insidias  Miloni  fecisse  Clodium  ?     Satis  est  in  ilia  quidem 
tarn    audacl,  tarn   nefaria   belua  docere   magnam   el   causam, 
magnam  spem  in  Milonis  morte  propositam,  magnas  utilitates 
fuisse.    Itaque  illud  Cassianum  '  cui  bono  fuerit '  in  his  personls 
valeat,  etsl   bom   nullo  emolumento    impelluntur   in  fraudem,  25 
improbi  saepe  parvo.     AtquI  Milone   interfect5  Clodius  haec 
adsequebatur  :  non  modo  ut  praetor  esset  non  eo  consule  quo 
sceleris  nihil  facere  posset,  sed  etiam  ut  iis  consulibus  praetor 
esset  quibus  si  non  adiuvantibus  at  c5nlventibus  certe  speraret 
posse  se  eliidere  in  illls  suls  c5gitatls  fur5ribus ;  cuius  illi  cona-  3° 
tus,  ut  ipse  ratiocinabatur,  nee  cuperent  reprimere  si  possent, 
cum  tantum  beneficium  el  se  debere  arbitrarentur,  et  si  vellent, 


176  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

fortasse  vix  possent  frangere  hominis  sceleratissimi  corroboratam 
iam  vetustate  audaciam. 

An  vero,  iudices,  vos  soli   Ignoratis?    Vos  hospites  in  hac 
urbe   versaminl?     Vestrae  peregrmantur  aures  neque  in  hoc 

5  pervagato  civitatis  sermone  versantur,  quas  ille  leges,  si  leges 
n5minandae  sunt  ac  non  faces  urbis,  pestes  rei  publicae,  fuerit 
impositurus  n5bls  omnibus  atque  inusturus?  Exhibe,  quaeso, 
Sexte  Clodi,  exhibe  librarium  illud  legum  vestrarum,  quod  te 
aiunt  eripuisse  e  domo  et  ex  mediis  armis  turbaque  nocturna 

10  tamquam  Palladium  extulisse,  ut  praeclarum  videlicet  munus 
atque  Instrumentum  tribunatus  ad  aliquem,  si  nactus  esses,  qui 
tuo  arbitrio  tribunatum  gereret,  deferre  posses.  Et  aspexit  me 
illls  quidem  oculis  quibus  turn  solebat  cum  omnibus  omnia 
minabatur.  Movet  me  quippe  lumen  curiae. 

But  it  was  to  Mile's  interest  that  Clodius  should  live. 

15  XIII.  Quid?  Tumetibi  Iratum, Sexte,  putas,  cuius tu inimicis- 
simum  multo  crudelius  etiam  punitus  es  quam  erat  hiamanitatis 
meae  postulare  ?  Tia  P.  Clodi  cruentum  cadaver  eiecisti  domo ; 
tu  in  publicum  abiecistl ;  tu  spoliatum  imaginibus,  exsequiis, 
pompa,  laudatione,  infelicissimls  Hgnis  semiiistilatum  nocturnls 

20  canibus  dilaniandum  reliquistl.  Qua  re,  etsl  nefarie  fecisti, 
tamen  quoniam  in  meo  inimico  crudelitatem  exprompsisti 
tuam,  laudare  nqn  possum,  irascl  certe  non  debe5. 

Audlstis,  iudices,  quantum    Clodi    interfuerit   occldl    Milo- 
nem ;    convertite   animos  nunc  vicissim  ad   Milonem.     Quid 

25  Milonis  intererat  interficl  Clodium?  Quid  erat  cur  Milo,  ndn 
dlcam,  admitteret  sed  optaret?  '  Obstabat  in  spe  consulatus 
Milonl  Clodius.'  At  eo  repugnante  f  iebat,  immo  vero  eo  fiebat 
magis,  nee  me  suffragatdre  meli5re  utebatur  quam  Clodio.  Vale- 
bat  apud  vos,  iudices,  Milonis  erga  me  remque  publicam  meri- 

30  torum  memoria ;  valebant  preces  et  lacrimae  nostrae,  quibus 
ego  turn  vos  mirifice  mover!  sentiebam  ;  sed  plus  multo  valebat 
periculorum  impendentium  timor.  Quis  enim  erat  civium  qui 
sibi  solutam  P.  Clodi  praeturam  sine  maximo  rerum  novarum 


PRO    MILONE  177 

metu  proponeret  ?  Solutam  autem  fore  videbatis  nisi  esset  is 
c5nsul  qui"  earn  auderet  possetque  constringere.  Eum  Milo- 
nem  unum  esse  cum  sentiret  universus  populus  Romanus,  quis 
dubitaret  suffragio  suo  se  metu,  periculo  rem  publicam  liberate  ? 

At  nunc,  Clodio  remote,  usitatls  iam  rebus  enltendum  est    5 
Miloni  ut  tueatur  dignitatem  suam ;  singularis  ilia  et  huic  uni 
concessa  gloria,  quae  cottidie   augebatur  frangendls  furoribus 
Clodianis,  iam  Clodi  morte  cecidit.     Vos  adept!  estis  ne  quem 
civem  metueretis ;    hie  exercitationem  virtutis,  suffragationem 
consulates,   fontem  perennem  gloriae  suae  perdidit.      Itaque  10 
Milonis   consulatus,  qui  vivo  Clodio  labefactari   non   poterat, 
mortuo  denique  temptari  coeptus  est.     Non  modo  igitur  nihil 
prodest  sed  obest  etiam  Cl5di  mors  Miloni. 

'  At  valuit  odium,  fecit  Iratus,  fecit  inimlcus,  fuit  ultor  iniu- 
riae,  punitor  doloris  sul.'  Quid?  Si  haec  non  dico  maiora  15 
fuerunt  in  Clodio  quam  in  Milone,  sed  in  illd  maxima,  nulla  in 
hoc,  quid  vultis  amplius?  Quid  enim  odisset  Clodium  Milo, 
segetem  ac  materiern  suae  gloriae,  praeter  hoc  civile  odium 
quo  omnis  improbSs  odimus?  Ille  erat  ut  odisset  primum 
defens5rem  salutis  meae,  deinde  vexatorem  furoris,  domitorem  20 
armorum  suorum,  postremo  etiam  accusatorem  suum ;  reus 
enim  Mil5nis  lege  Plotia  fuit  Clodius  quoad  vixit.  Quo  tan- 
dem animo  hoc  tyrannum  ilium  tulisse  creditis,  quantum  odium 
illius,  et  in  homine  iniusto  quam  etiam  iustum  fuisse  ? 

Clodius  has  always  been  given  to  violence. 

XIV.     Reliquum   est   ut  iam  ilium  natura  ipslus  consuetu-  25 
doque  defendat,  hunc  autem  haec  eadem  coarguant.     '  Nihil 
per  vim  umquam  Clodius,  omnia  per  vim  Milo.'     Quid?    Ego, 
iudices,  cum  maerentibus  vobis  urbe  cessi,  iudiciumne  timui? 
Non  servos,  non  arma,  non  vim  ?      Quae  fuisset  igitur   iusta 
causa  restituendi  me!  nisi  fuisset  iniusta  eiciendi?     Diem  mihi,  3° 
cred5,  dixerat,  multam  inrogarat,  actionem  perduellionis  inten- 
derat,  et   mihi   videlicet   in  causa  aut  mala  aut  mea,  non  et 
praeclarissima  et  vestra,  iudicium  timendum    fuit.     Servorum 


1 78  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

et  egentium  civium  et  facinorosorum  armis   meos  cms   mels 
consiliis  periculisque  servatos  pro  me  obici  nolul. 

Vidi  enim,  vidi  hunc  ipsum  Q.  Hortensium,  lumen  et  ornamen- 
tum  rei  publicae,  paene  interfici  servorum  manu  cum  mihi  ades- 

5  set ;  qua  in  turba  C.  Vibienus  senator,  vir  optimus,  cum  hoc  cum 
esset  una,  ita  est  mulcatus  ut  vltam  amlserit.  Itaque  quando 
illlus  postea  slca  ilia  quam  a  Catilma  acceperat  conquievit? 
Haec  intentata  nobls  est ;  huic  ego  vos  obici  pro  me  non  sum 
passus ;  haec  Insidiata  Pompeio  est ;  haec  istam  Appiam,  monu- 

10  mentum  sul  nominis,  nece  Papiri  craentavit ;  haec  eadem  longo 
intervallo  conversa  rursus  est  in  me ;  nuper  quidem,  ut  scitis, 
me  ad  regiam  paene  confecit. 

Quid  simile  Milonis?     Cuius  vis  omnis  haec  semper  fuit,  ne 
P.  Clodius,  cum  in  iudicium  detrahl  non  posset,  vl  oppressam 

15  clvitatem  teneret.  Quern  si  interficere  voluisset,  quantae 
quotiens  occasiones,  quam  praeclarae  fuerunt.  Potuitne  cum 
domum  ac  deos  penatis  su5s  illo  oppugnante  defenderet  iure 
se  ulciscl?  Potuitne  civi  egregio  et  viro  fortissimo  P.  SestiS, 
conlega  suo,  vulnerato?  Potuitne  Q.  Fabricio,  viro  optimd, 

20  cum  de  reditu  meo  legem  ferret,  pulso,  crudelissima  in  foro 
caede  facta?  Potuitne  L.  Caecili,  iustissiml  fortissimlque  prae- 
toris,  oppugnata  domo?  Potuitne  illo  die  cum  est  lata  lex  de 
me ;  cum  totlus  Italiae  concursus,  quern  mea  salus  concitarat, 
fact!  illlus  gloriam  libens  agnovisset,  ut  etiam  si  id  Milo  fecisset, 

25  cuncta  clvitas  earn  laudem  pro  sua  vindicaret  ? 

Milo  has  always  relied  upon  the  laws. 

XV.  At  quod  erat  tempus  !  Clarissimus  et  fortissimus  con- 
sul, inimicus  Clodio,  P.  Lentulus,  ultor  sceleris  illlus,  propugnator 
senatus,  defensor  vestrae  voluntatis,  patronus  public!  consensus, 
restitutor  saliitis  meae  ;  septem  praetores,  octo  tribuni  plebel, 
30  illlus  adversaril,  defensores  mei ;  Cn.  Pompeius  auctor  et  dux 
mel  reditus,  illlus  hostis,  cuius  sententiam  senatus  omnis  de 
salute  mea  gravissimam  et  ornatissimam  secutus  est,  qul  popu- 
lum  Romanum  est  cohortatus,  qul  cum  de  me  decretum  Capuae 


PRO    MILONE  179 

fecit,  ipse  cunctae  Italiae  cupienti  et  eius  fidem  imploranti  sl- 
gnum  dedit  ut  ad  me  restituendum  Romam  concurrerent ;  om- 
nium denique  in  ilium  odia  civium  ardebant  desideri5  mei,  quern 
qui  turn  interemisset,  non  de  impunitate  eius  sed  de  praemils 
cdgitaretur.  5 

Tamen  se  Milo  continuit  et  P.  Clodium  in  iudicium  bis,  ad 
vim  numquam  vocavit.  Quid  ?  Private  Milone  et  reo  ad  popu- 
lum  accusante  P.  Clodio,  cum  in  Cn.  Pompeium  pro  Milone 
dlcentem  impetus  factus  est,  quae  turn  non  modo  occasio  sed 
etiam  causa  illius  opprimendl  fuit.  Nuper  vero  cum  M.  Anto-  10 
nius  summam  spem  salutis  bonis  omnibus  attulisset,  gravissi- 
mamque  adulescens  nobilissimus  rel  publicae  partem  fortissime 
suscepisset  atque  illam  beluam  iudicl  laqueos  declinantem  iam 
inretltam  teneret,  qui  locus,  quod  tempus  illud,  dl  immortales, 
fuit !  Cum  se  ille  fugiens  in  scalarum  tenebras  abdidisset,  15 
magnum  Mildni  fuit  conficere  illam  pestem  nulla  sua  invidia, 
M.  vero  Anton!  maxima  gloria?  Quid?  Comitils  in  campo 
quotiens  potestas  fuit  cum  ille  in  saepta  ruisset,  gladios 
destringendos,  lapides  iaciendos  curavisset,  dein  subito  vultu 
Milonis  perterritus  fugeret  ad  Tiberim,  vos  et  omnes  bonl  20 
vota  faceretis  ut  Miloni  utl  virtute  sua  liberet? 

Had  Milo  wished  to  kill  his  adversary,  the  time  was  inopportune. 

XVI.  Quern  igitur  cum  omnium  gratia  noluit,  hunc  voluit 
cum  aliquorum  querella  ?  Quern  iure,  quern  loco,  quern  tempore, 
quern  impune  non  est  ausus,  hunc  iniuria,  iniquo  loco,  alieno 
tempore,  periculo  capitis  n5n  dubitavit  occidere  ?  Praesertim,  25 
iudices,  cum  honoris  amplissimi  contentio  et  dies  comitiorum 
subesset,  quo  quidem  tempore  —  sci5  enim  quam  timida  sit 
ambiti5,  quantaque  et  quam  sollicita  sit  cupiditas  consulatus  — 
omnia,  non  modo  quae  reprehendl  palam  sed  etiam  obscure 
quae  cogitari  possunt,  timemus,  rumorem,  fabulam  falsam,  fie-  3° 
tarn,  levein  perhorrescimus,  ora  omnium  atque  oculos  intuemur. 
Nihil  est  enim  tarn  molle,  tarn  tenerum,  tarn  aut  fragile  aut 
flexibile  quam  voluntas  erga  nos  sensusque  civium,  qui  non 


l8o  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

modo  improbitati  Irascuntur  candidatorum  sed  etiam  in  recte 
factls  saepe  fastfdiunt. 

Hunc  igitur  diem  campi  speratum  atque  exoptatum  sibi  pro- 
ponens  Milo  cruentls  manibus  scelus  et  facinus  prae  se  ferens 

5  et  confitens  ad  ilia  augusta  centuriarum  auspicia  veniebat? 
Quam  hoc  non  credibile  in  hoc  !  Quam  idem  in  Clodio  non 
dubitandum,  cum  se  ille  interfecto  Milone  regnaturum  putaret. 
Quid?  Quod  caput  est  audaciae,  iudices,  quis  Igndrat  maxi- 
mam  inlecebram  esse  peccandi  impunitatis  spem?  In  utro 

10  igitur  haec  fuit?  In  Milone,  qul  etiam  nunc  reus  est  fact!  aut 
praeclari  aut  certe  necessaril,  an  in  Clodio,  qul  ita  iudicia  poe- 
namque  contempserat  ut  eum  nihil  delectaret  quod  aut  per 
naturam  fas  esset  aut  per  leges  liceret? 

Sed  quid  ego  argumentor?      Quid  plura  dispute?     Te,  Q. 

J5  Petili,  appello,  optimum  et  fortissimum  civem,  te,  M.  Cato, 
tester,  quos  mihi  divma  quaedam  sors  dedit  iudices.  Vos  ex 
M.  Favonio  audlstis  Clodium  sibi  dixisse,  et  audistis  vivo 
Clodio,  periturum  Milonem  triduo;  post  diem  tertium  gesta 
res  est  quam  dixerat.  Cum  ille  non  dubitarit  aperlre  quid 

20  cogitarit,  vos  potestis  dubitare  quid  fecerit? 

Clodius  knew  Milo's  plans.    Milo  could  not  have  known  those  of  Clodius. 

XVII.  Quern  ad  modum  igitur  eum  dies  non  fefellit?  Dixl 
equidem  modo.  Dictatoris  Lanuvlnl  stata  sacrificia  nosse  ne- 
goti  nihil  erat.  Vidit  necesse  esse  MilonT  proficisci  I^anuvium 
illo  ipso  quo  est  profectus  die  ;  itaque  antevertit.  At  quo  die? 

25  Quo,  ut  ante  dlxi,  fuit  Insanissima  contiS  ab  ipslus  mercennario 
tribuno  plebis  concitata ;  quem  diem  ille,  quam  contidnem, 
quos  clamores,  nisi  ad  cogitatum  facinus  approperaret,  num- 
quam  reliquisset.  Ergo  ill!  ne  causa  quidem  itineris,  etiam 
causa  manendT ;  MilonT  manendl  nulla  facultas,  exeundT  n5n 

30  causa  solum  sed  etiam  necessitas  fuit. 

Quid  si,  ut  ille  sclvit  Milonem  fore  eo  die  in  via,  sic  Clodium 
Milo  ne  suspicari  quidem  potuit?  PrTmum  quaer5  qul  id  scire 
potuerit,  quod  v5s  idem  in  Clodi5  quaerere  non  potestis.  Ut 


PRO    MILONE  l8l 

enim  neminem  alium  nisi  T.  Patinam,  familiarissimum  suum,  ro- 
gasset,  scire  potuit  illd  ipso  die  Lanuvii  a  dictatore  Milone  prodl 
flaminem  necesse  esse.  Sed  erant  permultl  alii' ex  quibus  id  fa- 
cillime  sclre  posset.  Mild  de  Clodi  reditii  unde  quaeslvit  ?  Quae- 
sierit  sane  —  videte  quid  vobls  largiar  —  ;  servum  etiam,  ut  Q.  5 
Arrius,  meus  amlcus,  dixit,  corriiperit.  Legite  testim5nia  testium 
vestrorum.  Dixit  C.  Causinius  Schola  Interamnas,  familiarissi- 
mus  et  Idem  comes  Clodi,  cuius  iam  pridem  testimonio  Clodius 
eadem  hora  Interamnae  fuerat  et  Romae,  P.  Clodium  illo  die 
in  Albano  mansurum  fuisse,  sed  subito  el  esse  nuntiatum  Cyrum  10 
architectum  esse  mortuum,  itaque  repente  Romam  constituisse 
proficlscl.  Dixit  hoc  comes  item  P.  Clodi,  C.  Clodius. 

The  evidence  on  this  point  is  favorable  to  Milo. 

XVIII.  Videte,  iudices,  quantae  res  his  testim5niis  sint  con- 
fectae.  Primum  certe  llberatur  Milo  non  eo  c5nsi!io  profectus 
esse,  ut  Insidiaretur  in  via  Clodio,  quippe  si  ille  obvius  el  futu-  15 
rus  ommno  non  erat.  Deinde  —  non  enim  video  cur  non 
meum  quoque  agam  neg5tium  —  scitis,  iudices,  fuisse  qui  in 
hac  rogatione  suadenda  dicerent  Milonis  manu  caedem  esse 
factam,  consilio  vero  mai5ris  alicuius.  Me  videlicet  latronem 
ac  sicarium  abiectl  homines  et  perditl  describebant.  lacent  20 
suls  testibus,  qui  Clodium  negant  eo  die  Romam,  nisi  de  Cyro 
audisset,  fuisse  rediturum.  Resplravl,  Hberatus  sum  ;  n5n  vereor 
ne,  quod  ne  suspicari  quidem  potuerim,  videar  id  cogitasse. 

Nunc  persequar  cetera.      Nam  occurrit  illud :    '  Igitur   ne 
Cl5dius  quidem  de  Insidils  cogitavit,  quoniam  fuit  in  Albano  25 
mansurus.'      Si  quidem  exiturus  ad  caedem  e  villa  non  fuisset. 
Video  enim  ilium  qui  dlcatur  de  Cyri  morte  nuntiasse  non  id 
nuntiasse,  sed  Milonem  appropinquare.      Nam  quid  de  Cyro 
nuntiaret,  quern  Clodius  Roma  proficlscens  reliquerat  morien- 
tem  ?     Una  ful,  testamentum   simul   obsigna\i    cum   Cl5dio ;  30 
testamentum  autem  palam  fecerat  et  ilium  heredem  et  me  scrlp- 
serat.      Quern  pridie  hora  tertia  animam  efflantem  rellquisset, 
eum  mortuum  postrldie  hora  decima  denique  el  nuntiabatur? 


1 82  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

The  time  chosen  for  the  assault  is  another  proof  of  Milo's  innocence. 

XIX.  Age,  sit  ita  factum.  Quae  causa  cur  Romam  pro- 
peraret,  cur  in  noctem  se  coniceret?  Ecquid  adferebat  festl- 
nationis  quod  heres  erat?  Primum,  erat  nihil  cur  properato 
opus  esset ;  deinde,  si  quid  esset,  quid  tandem  erat  quod  ea 
5  nocte  consequi  posset,  amitteret  autem  si  postridie  Romam 
mane  venisset?  Atque  ut  illl  nocturnus  ad  urbem  adventus 
vitandus  potius  quam  expetendus  fuit,  sic  MilonT,  cum  Insidiator 
esset,  si  ilium  ad  urbem  nocte  accessurum  sciebat,  subsldendum 
atque  exspectandum  fuit.  Nemo  el  negantl  non  credidisset, 

10  quern  esse  omnes  salvum  etiam  confitentem  volunt.  Susti- 
nuisset  hoc  crimen  primum  ipse  ille  latronum  occultator  et 
receptor  locus,  cum  neque  muta  solitude  indicasset  neque  caeca 
nox  ostendisset  Milonem ;  deinde  ibi  multi  ab  illo  violati, 
spoliati,  bonis  expulsT,  multi  haec  etiam  timentes  in  susplcionem 

15  caderent,  tota  denique  rea  citaretur  Etruria.  AtquI  illo  die  certe 
Aricia  rediens  devertit  Clodius  ad  Albanum.  Quod  ut  sclret 
Milo  ilium  Ariciae  fuisse,  suspicari  tamen  debuit  eum,  etiam  si 
Romam  illo  die  revert!  vellet,  ad  vlllam  suam,  quae  viam 
tangeret,  deversurum.  Cur  neque  ante  occurrit,  ne  ille  in 

20  villa  resideret,  nee  eo  in  loco  subsedit  quo  ille  noctu  ventiirus 
esset  ? 

Video  adhuc  constare,  indices,  omnia :  Milom  etiam  utile 
fuisse  Clodium  vivere,  illl  ad  ea  quae  concupierat  optatissimum 
interitum  Milonis ;  odium  fuisse  illius  in  hunc  acerbissimum, 

25  nullum  huius  in  ilium ;  consuetudinem  illius  perpetuam  in  vi 
inferenda,  huius  tantum  in  repellenda  ;  mortem  ab  illo  denuntia- 
tam  Miloni  et  praedictam  palam,  nihil  umquam  audltum  ex 
Milone ;  profectionis  huius  diem  illl  ndtum,  reditus  illlus  huic 
Ignotum  fuisse ;  huius  iter  necessarium,  illius  etiam  potius 

30  alienum  ;  hunc  prae  se  tulisse  illo  die  Roma  exiturum,  ilium  ef 
die  se  dissimulasse  rediturum ;  hunc  nullius  rei  mutasse  consi- 
lium,  ilium  causam  mfitandl  consili  finxisse  ;  huic,  si  insidiaretur, 
noctem  prope  urbem  exspectandam,  ill!,  etiam  si  hunc  non  time- 
ret,  tamen  accessum  ad  urbem  nocturnum  fuisse  metuendum. 


PRO    MILONE  183 

The  place  selected  was  disadvantageous  to  him,  but  favorable  to 
Clodius. 

XX.  Videamus  nunc,  id  quod  caput  est,  locus  ad  Insidias 
ille  ipse  ubi  congress!  sunt  utri  tandem  fuerit  aptior.     Id  vero, 
iudices,  etiam  dubitandum  et  diutius  cogitandum  est?     Ante 
fundum  ClodI,  quo  in  fundo  propter  Insanas  illas  substruction's 
facile   hominum   mille  versabantur  valentium,  edito   adversari    5 
atque  excelso  Ioc5  superiorem  se  fore  putarat  Milo  et  ob  earn 
rem  eum  locum  ad  pugnam  potissimum  elegerat,  an  in  eo  loco 
est  potius  exspectatus  ab  eo  qul  ipslus  loci  spe  facere  impetum 
cogitarat  ?     Res  loquitur  ipsa,  iudices,  quae  semper  valet  pluri- 
mum.     Si  haec  non  gesta  audiretis  sed  picta  videretis,  tamen  10 
appareret  uter  esset  Insidiator,  uter  nihil  cogitaret  mall,  cum 
alter  veheretur  in  raeda  paenulatus,  una  sederet  uxor.     Quid 
horum  non  impeditissimum,  vestitus  an  vehiculum  an  comes? 
Quid  minus  promptum  ad  pugnam,  cum  paenula  inretitus,  raeda 
impeditus,  uxore  paene  constrictus  esset?     Videte  nunc  ilium  15 
prlmum  egredientem  e  villa  subitd  ;  cur  ?    Vesperi ;  quid  necesse 
est?    Tarde;  qui  convenit,  praesertim  id  temporis?     Devertit 

in  vlllam  Pompel.     Pompeium  ut  videret?     Sciebat  in  Alsiensi 
esse.     Villam  ut  perspiceret  ?     Miliens  in  ea  fuerat.     Quid  ergo 
erat?      Morae   et   tergiversationes ;    dum  hie   vemret,   locum  20 
relinquere  noluit. 

Not  lack  of  preparation,  but  the  fortune  of  war  overthrew  Clodius. 

XXI.  Age  nunc  iter  expediti  latronis  cum  Milonis  impedi- 
mentis  comparate.     Semper  ille  antea  cum  uxore,  turn  sine  ea ; 
numquam  nisi  in  raeda,  turn  in  equo ;  comites  Graecull  quo- 
cumque   Tbat,  etiam  cum   in   castra  Etrusca  properabat,  turn  25 
niigarum    in  comitatu  nihil.      Milo,  qul  numquam,  turn  casu 
pueros  symphoniacos  uxdris  ducebat  et  ancillarum  greges.     Ille, 
qul  semper  secum  scorta,  semper  exoletos,  semper  lupas  diiceret, 
turn  neminem  nisi  ut  virum  a  viro  lectum  esse  dlceres.     Ci3r 
igitur  victus  est?     Quia  non  semper  viator  a  latrone,  non  num-  30 
quam  etiam  latro  a  viatore  occiditur ;  quia,  quamquam  paratus 


1 84  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

in  imparatds  Clddius,  tamen  mulier  inciderat  in  viros.  Nee 
vero  sic  erat  umquam  non  paratus  Milo  contra  ilium  ut  non 
satis  fere  esset  paratus.  Semper  et  quantum  interesset  P. 
Clodi  se  perire  et  quanto  ill!  odio  esset  et  quantum  ille 
5  auderet  cogitabat.  Quam  ob  rem  vitam  suam,  quam  maximis 
praemiTs  propositam  et  paene  addictam  sciebat,  numquam  in 
perlculum  sine  praesidio  et  sine  custodia  proiciebat.  Adde 
casus,  adde  incertos  exitus  pugnarum  Martemque  communem, 
qui  saepe  spoliantem  iam  et  exsultantem  evertit  et  perculit  ab 

10  abiecto ;  adde  inscltiam  pransl,  poll,  oscitantis  ducis,  qui  cum 
a  tergo  hostem  interclusum  reliquisset,  nihil  de  eius  extremis 
comitibus  cogitavit,  in  quos  incensos  Ira  vltamque  dominl 
desperantis  cum  incidisset,  haesit  in  ils  poems  quas  ab  eo  servi 
fideles  pro  dominl  vita  expetlverunt. 

»5  Cur  igitur  eos  manu  mlsit?  Metuebat  scilicet  ne  indicaretur, 
ne  dolorem  perferre  non  possent,  ne  tormentls  cogerentur 
occlsum  esse  a  servls  Milonis  in  Appia  via  P.  Clodium  confiteri. 
Quid  opus  est  tortore?  Quid  quaeris?  Occlderitne?  Occl- 
dit.  lure  an  iniuria?  Nihil  ad  tortorem ;  factl  enim  in  eculeo 

20  quaestio  est,  iuris  in  iudicio. 

The  manumission  of  Milo's  slaves  and  the  testimony  of  the  slaves  of 
Clodius  prove  nothing. 

XXII.  Quod  igitur  in  causa  quaerendum  est,  id  agamus  hie ; 
quod  tormentis  invenlre  vis,  id  fatemur.  Manu  vero  cur  mlserit, 
si  id  potius  quaeris  quam  cur  parum  amplis  adfecerit  praemils, 
nescls  inimlcl  factum  reprehendere.  Dlxit  enim  hie  Idem  qui 

25  omnia  semper  constanter  et  fortiter  M.  Cato,  et  dixit  in  turbu- 
lenta  contione,  quae  tamen  huius  auctoritate  placata  est,  non 
Hbertate  solum  sed  etiam  omnibus  praemiTs  dlgnissimos  fuisse, 
qui  dominl  caput  defendissent.  Quod  enim  praemium  satis 
magnum  est  tam  benevolls,  tarn  bonls,  tarn  fidelibus  servls, 

30  propter  quos  vivit?  EtsI  id  quidem  non  tantl  est  quam  quod 
propter  eosdem  ndn  sanguine  et  vulneribus  suls  crudelissiml 
inimlcl  mentem  oculosque  satiavit.  Quos  nisi  manu  mlsisset, 


PRO    MILONE  185 

tormentls  etiam  dedendl  fuerunt  conservatores  domini,  ultores 
sceleris,  defensores  necis.  Hie  ver5  nihil  habet  in  his  malls 
quod  minus  moleste  ferat  quam,  etiam  si  quid  ipsi  accidat,  esse 
tamen  illls  meritum  praemium  persolutum. 

Sed  quaestiones  urgent  Milonem  quae  sunt  habitae  nunc  in    5 
atrio  Libertatis.     Quibusnam  de  servls  ?     Rogas  ?    De  P.  Clodi. 
Quis    eos    postulavit?      Appius.      Quis    produxit?      Appius. 
Unde  ?     Ab  Appio.      Dl  boni,  quid  potest  agl  severius  ?     De 
servls  nulla  lege  quaesti5  est  in  dominum  nisi  de  incestu,  ut  fuit 
in  Clodium.    Proxime  deos  accessit  Clodius,  propius  quam  turn  10 
cum  ad  ipsos  penetrarat ;  cuius  de  morte  tamquam  de  caerim5- 
niis  violatis  quaeritur.     Sed  tamen  maiores  nostri  in  dominum 
de  servo  quaeri  noluerunt  non  quin  posset  verum  inveniri,  sed 
quia  videbatur  indlgnum  esse  et  domini  morte  ipsa  tristius.     In 
reum  de  servo accusatoris  cum  quaeritur,  verum  inveniri  potest?  X5 
Age  vero,  quae  erat  aut  qualis  quaestio?     '  Heus  tu,  Rufio,' 
verbl  causa,  'cave  sis  mentiare.     Clodius  Insidias  fecit  MilonI?' 
'  Fecit.'     Certa  crux.     '  Nullas  fecit.'     Sperata  libertas.     Quid 
hac   quaestione   certius?     Subito   abreptl  in  quaestionem  ta- 
men separantur  a  ceteris  et  in  areas  coniciuntur,  ne  quis  cum  20 
iis  conloqui  possit.     Hi  centum  dies  penes  accusatorem  cum 
fuissent,  ab  eo  ipso  accusatore  productl  sunt.     Quid  hac  quae- 
sti5ne  dlcl  potest  integrius,  quid  incorruptius  ? 

Milo's  conduct  since  the  event  bears  witness  to  his  clear  conscience. 

XXIII.    Quod  si  nondum  satis  cernitis,  cum  res  ipsa  tot  tarn 
clarls  argumentls  slgnlsque  luceat,pura  mente  atque  integraMilo-  25 
nem,  nul!5  scelere  imbutum,  niillS  metu  perterritum,  nulla  con- 
scientia  exanimatum  Romam  revertisse,  recordaminl,  per  deos 
immortalls,  quae  fuerit  celeritas  reditus  eius,  qul  ingressus  in 
forum  ardente  curia,  quae  magnitude  animi,  qul  vultus,  quae 
oratio.     Neque  vero  se  populo  solum  sed  etiam  senatul  com-  3° 
mlsit,  neque  senatul   modo  sed   etiam  publicls   praesidils   et 
armls,  neque  his  tantum  verum  etiam  eius  potestatl  cui  sena- 
tus  totam  rem  publicam,  omnem  Italiae  pubem,  cuncta  populi 


1 86  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

Roman!  arma  commiserat ;  cui  numquam  se  hie  profecto  tra- 
didisset  nisi  causae  suae  confideret,  praesertim  omnia  audienti, 
magna  metuentl,  multa  suspicanti,  non  nulla  credent!.  Magna 
vis  est  conscientiae,  iudices,  et  magna  in  utramque  partem,  ut 
5  neque  timeant  qui  nihil  commlserint  et  poenam  semper  ante 
oculos  versari  putent  quT  peccarint. 

Neque  vero  sine  ratione  certa  causa  Milonis  semper  a  senatu 
probata  est.  Videbant  enim  sapientissiml  homines  fact!  ratio- 
nem,  praesentiam  animl,  defensionis  constantiam.  An  vero 

10  oblit!  estis,  iudices,  recent!  illo  nuntio  necis  Clodianae  non 
modo  inimicorum  Milonis  sermones  et  opiniones  sed  non 
nullorum  etiam  imperitorum?  Negabant  eum  Romam  esse 
rediturum.  Sive  enim  illud  animo  irato  ac  percit5  fecisset,  ut 
incensus  odio  trucidaret  inim!cum,  arbitrabantur  eum  tanti 

15  mortem  P.  Clod!  putasse  ut  aequo  animo  patria  careret,  cum 
sanguine  inimicl  explesset  odium  suum ;  s!ve  etiam  illius  morte 
patriam  liberare  voluisset,  non  dubitaturum  fortem  virum  qu!n, 
cum  suo  periculo  salutem  populo  Romano  attulisset,  cederet 
aequo  animo  legibus,  secum  .auferret  gloriam  sempiternam,  vobis 

20  haec  fruenda  relinqueret  quae  ipse  servasset.  Mult!  etiam 
Catilinam  atque  ilia  portenta  loquebantur  :  'Erumpet,  occupabit 
aliquem  locum,  bellum  patriae  faciet.'  Miseros  interdum  clv!s 
optime  de  re  publica  meritos,  in  quibus  homines  non  modo  res 
praeclarissimas  oblivlscuntur  sed  etiam  nefarias  suspicantur. 

25  Ergo  ilia  falsa  fuerunt,  quae  certe  vera  exstitissent  s!  Milo 
admisisset  aliquid  quod  non  posset  honeste  vereque  defendere. 

He  has  wholly  ignored  the  infamous  charges  of  his  enemies. 

XXIV.  Quid?  Quae  postea  sunt  in  eum  congesta,  quae 
quemv!s  etiam  mediocrium  delictorum  conscientia  perculissent, 
ut  sustinuit,  dl  immortales  !  Sustinuit?  Immo  vero  ut  con- 
30  tempsit  ac  pro  nihilo  putavit,  quae  neque  maximo  animo 
nocens  neque  innocens  nisi  fortissimus  vir  neglegere  potuisset. 
Scutorum,  gladiorum,  frenorum,  pilorumque  etiam  multitudo 
deprehendi  posse  indicabatur ;  nullum  in  urbe  vlcum,  nullum 


PRO    MILONE 


l87 


angiportum  esse  dicebant  in  quo  non  Miloni  conducta  esset 
domus,  arma  in  villam  Ocriculanam  devecta  Tiberl,  domus  in 
clivo  Capitolino  scutls  referta,  plena  omnia  malleol5rum  ad 
urbis  incendia  comparatorum.  Haec  non  delata  solum  sed 
paene  credita,  nee  ante  repudiata  sunt  quam  quaeslta.  5 

Laudabam  equidem  incredibilem  dlligentiam  Cn.  Pompei, 
sed  dicam  ut  sentio,  indices.  Nimis  multa  audire  coguntur 
neque  aliter  facere  possunt  ii  quibus  tola  commissa  est  res 
publica.  Quln  etiam  fuit  audiendus  popa  Licinius  nescio  qui 
de  circo  maximd,  servos  Milonis  apud  se  ebrios  factos  sibi  con-  10 
fessos  esse  de  interficiendo  Pompeio  coniurasse,  dein  postea  se 
gladio  percussum  esse  ab  lino  de  illis,  ne  indicaret.  Pompeio 
in  hort5s  nuntiavit ;  arcessor  in  primis  ;  de  amlcorum  sententia 


A    ROMAN    GARDEN 


rem  defert  ad  senatum.  Non  poteram  in  illius  me!  patriaeque 
custodis  tanta  suspicione  non  rnetO  exanimari ;  sed  mirabar  15 
tamen  credi  popae,  confessionem  servorum  audiri,  vulnus  in 
latere,  quod  acii  punctum  videretur,  pro  ictu  gladiatoris  pro- 
ban.  Verum,  ut  intellego,  cavebat  magis  Pompeius  quam  time- 
bat,  non  ea  solum  quae  timenda  erant  sed  omnia,  ne  vos  aliquid 
timeretis.  Oppugnata  domus  C.  Caesaris,  clarissimi  et  fortissiml  20 
viri,  per  multas  noctis  horas  niintiabatur.  Nemo  audierat  tarn 
celebri  loco,  nemo  senserat ;  tamen  audiebatur.  Non  pote- 
ram Cn.  Pompeium,  praestantissima  virtute  virum,  timidum 
suspicari ;  dlligentiam  tota  re  publica  suscepta  nimiam  nullam 
putabam.  Frequentissimo  senatu  nuper  in  Capitolio  senator  25 


1 88  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

inventus  est  qui  Milonem  cum  telo  esse  dlceret.  Nudavit  se 
in  sanctissimo  templo,  quoniam  vita  talis  et  clvis  et  viri  fidem 
non  faciebat,  ut  eo  tacente  res  ipsa  loqueretur. 

Pompey's  suspicions  of  Milo  are  without  foundation. 

XXV.  Omnia  falsa  atque  Insidiose  ficta  comperta  sunt. 
5  Verum  tamen  si  metuitur  etiam  nunc  Milo,  non  iam  hoc  C15- 
dianum  crimen  timemus,  sed  tuas,  Cn.  PompeT,  —  te  enim  iam 
appello  et  ea  voce  ut  me  exaudlre  possls,  —  tuas,  tuas,  inquam, 
susplciones  perhorrescimus.  Si  Milonem  times,  si  hunc  de  tua 
vita  nefarie  aut  nunc  cogitare  aut  molltum  aliquando  aliquid 

10  putas,  si  Italiae  dllectus,  ut  non  null!  conqulsltores  tul  dictita- 
runt,  si  haec  arma,  si  Capitollnae  cohortes,  si  excubiae,  si  vigiliae, 
si  delecta  iuventus  quae  tuum  corpus  domumque  custodit  con- 
tra Milonis  impetum  armata  est,  atque  ilia  omnia  in  hunc  unum 
Instituta,  parata,  intenta  sunt, —  magna  in  h5c  certe  vis  et  incre- 

15  dibilis  animus  et  non  unlus  viri  vires  atque  opes  iudicantur,  si 
quidem  in  hunc  unum  et  praestantissimus  dux  electus  et  tola 
res  piiblica  armata  est. 

Sed  quis  non  intellegit  omnls  tibi  rel  publicae  partis  aegras 
et  labantls,  ut  eas  his  armls  sanares  et  conflrmares,  esse  com- 

20  missas?  Quod  si  locus  Miloni  datus  esset,  probasset  prefects 
tibi  ipsl  neminem  umquam  hominem  hominl  cariorem  fuisse 
quam  te  sibi ;  nullum  se  umquam  perlculum  pro  tua  dignitate 
fugisse ;  cum  ilia  ipsa  taeterrima  peste  se  saepissime  pr5  tua 
gloria  contendisse ;  tribunatum  suum  ad  saliltem  meam,  quae 

25  tibi  carissima  fuisset,  consilils  tuis  gubernatum ;  se  a  te  postea 
defensum  in  perlculo  capitis,  adiutum  in  petltione  praetiirae ; 
duos  se  habere  semper  amicissimos  sperasse,  te  tu5  benefici5, 
me  suo.  Quae  si  n5n  probaret,  si  tibi  ita  penitus  inhaesisset 
ista  susplcio  nullo  ut  evelll  modo  posset,  si  denique  Italia  a 

3°  dllectu,  urbs  ab  armls  sine  Milonis  clade  numquam  esset  con- 
quietura,  ne  iste  haud  dubitans  cessisset  patria,  is  qui  ita  natus 
est  et  ita  cdnsuevit ;  te,  Magne,  tamen  antestaretur,  quod  nunc 
etiam  facit. 


PRO    MILONE  189 


His  action  in  creating  this  court  points  to  the  acquittal  of  Milo. 

XXVI.  Vide   quam   sit  varia  vltae   commutabilisque  ratio, 
quam  vaga  volubilisque  fortuna,  quantae  Infidelitates  in  ami- 
citiis,  quam  ad  tempus  aptae  simulationes,  quantae  in  periculls 
fugae  proximorum,  quantae  timiditates.    Erit,  erit  illud  profecto 
tempus  et  inlucescet  aliquando  ille  dies  cum  tu  salutaribus,  ut    5 
spero,  rebus  tins  sed  fortasse  motu  aliquo  communium  tempo- 
rum —  qui  quam  crebro  accidat,  expertl  scire  debemus  —  et 
amicissim!  benevolentiam  et  gravissimi  hominis  fidem  et  unlus 
post  homines  natds  fortissimi  viri  magnitudinem  animl  deslderes. 

Quamquam  quis  hoc  credat,  Cn.  Pompeium,  iuris  publici,  10 
moris  maiorum,  rel  denique  publicae  peritissimum,  cum  senatus 
el  commiserit  ut  videret  ne  quid  res  publica  detriment!  caperet 
(quo  uno  versiculo  satis  armati  semper  consules  fuerunt  etiam 
nullls  armls  datls),  hunc  exercitu,  hunc  dllectu  dato,  iudicium 
exspectaturum  fuisse  in  eius  consiliis  vindicandls  qui  vl  iudicia  15 
ipsa  tolleret?  Satis  iudicatum  est  a  Pompeio,  satis,  falso  ista 
conferrl  in  Milonem,  qui  legem  tulit  qua,  ut  ego  sentio,  Milo- 
nem  absolvT  a  vobls  oporteret,  ut  omnes  confitentur,  liceret. 
Quod  vero  in  illo  loco  atque  illis  piiblicorum  praesidiorum 
copils  circumfusus  sedet,  satis  declarat  se  non  terrorem  Inferre  20 
vobis  (quid  enim  minus  illo  dignum  quam  cogere  ut  vos  eum 
condemnetis,  in  quern  animum  advertere  ipse  et  more  maiorum 
et  suo  iure  posset?)  sed  praesidio  esse,  ut  intellegatis  contra 
hesternam  illam  contionem  licere  vobls  quod  sentiatis  llbere 
iudicare.  25 

The  removal  of  Clodius  has  brought  great  relief  to  the  state. 

XXVII.  Nee  vero  me,  iudices,  Clodianum  critnen  movet, 
nee  tam  sum  demens  tamque  vestri  sensus  Ignarus  atque  expers 
ut  nesciam  quid  de  morte  Clodi  sentiatis.      De  qua,  si  Jam 
nollem  ita  dlluere  crimen  ut  dilul,  tamen  impune  Milom  palam 
clamare  ac  mentm  gl5riose  liceret :    '  OccidT,  occidi  non  Sp.  30 
Maelium,  qui  annona  levanda  iacturlsque  rei  familiaris,  quia 


190  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

nimis  amplecti  plebem  videbatur,  in  susplcionem  incidit  regm 
appetendl,  n5n  Ti.  Gracchum,  qul  conlegae  magistratum  per 
seditidnem  abrogavit,  quorum  interfectores  impleverunt  orbem 
terrarum  nominis  sul  gloria ;  sed  eum '  —  auderet  enim  dicere 
5  cum  patriam  periculo  suo  liberasset —  'cuius  nefandum  adulte- 
rium  in  pulvmaribus  sanctissimls  nobilissimae  feminae  compre- 
henderunt ;  eum  cuius  supplicio  senatus  sollemnls  religiones 
expiandas  saepe  censuit ;  eum  quern  cum  sorore  germana  nefa- 
rium  stuprum  fecisse  L.  Lucullus  iuratus  se  quaestionibus 

10  habitis  dixit  comperisse  ;  eum  qul  clvem  quern  senatus,  quern 
populus  Romanus,  quern  omnes  gentes  urbis  ac  vitae  clvium  con- 
servatorem  iudicarant  servorum  armis  exterminavit ;  eum  qul 
regna  dedit,  ademit,  orbem  terrarum  quibuscum  voluit  partitus 
est ;  eum  qul  plurimis  caedibus  in  foro  factis  singular!  virtute  et 

15  gloria  clvem  domum  vl  et  armls  compulit ;  eum  cui  nihil  um- 
quam  nefas  fuit  nee  in  facinore  nee  in  libldine  ;  eum  qul  aedem 
Nympharum  incendit,  ut  memoriam  publicam  recensionis  tabulis 
publicis  impressam  exstingueret ;  eum  denique  cui  iam  nulla  lex 
erat,niillum  civile  ius,  null!  possessionum  termini;  qul  non  calum- 

20  nia  litium,  non  iniustis  vindicils  ac  sacramentis  alienos  fundds, 
sed  castris,  exercitu,  slgnls  Inferendls  petebat ;  qul  non  solum 
Etruscos  —  e5s  enim  penitus  contempserat  —  sed  hunc  P.  Yu-, 
rium,  fortissimum  atque  optimum  clvem,  iudicem  nostrum, 
pellere  possessionibus  armls  castrisque  conatus  est ;  qul  cum 

25  architectis  et  decempedis  villas  mult5rum  hortosque  peragrabat ; 
qul  laniculo  et  Alpibus  spem  possessionum  terminarat  suarum  ; 
qul  cum  ab  equite  Romano  splendido  et  fortl,  M.  Paconi5,  non 
impetrasset  ut  sibi  Insulam  in  lacu  Prllio  venderet,  repente 
lintribus  in  earn  Insulam  materiem,  calcem,  caementa,  arma 

30  convexit,  dominoque  trans  rlpam  inspectante  non  dubitavit 
exstruere  aedificium  in  aliend ;  qul  huic  T.  Furfanio,  cui  viro, 
di  immortales,  —  quid  enim  ego  de  muliercula  Scantia,  quid 
de  adulescente  P.  Aplnio  dicam,  quorum  utrlque  mortem  est 
minitatus  nisi  sibi  hortorum  possessione  cessissent? — sed  ausum 

35  esse  T.  Furfanio  dicere,  si  sibi  pecuniam,  quantam  poposcerat, 


PRO    MILONE  191 

non  dedisset,  mortuum  se  in  domum  eius  inlaturum,  qua  invidia 
huic  esset  tall  viro  conflagrandum ;  quT  Appium  fratrem,  homi- 
nem  mihi  coniunctum  fidissima  gratia,  absentem  de  possessione 
fund!  deiecit ;  qui  parietem  sic  per  vestibulum  sororis  Instituit 
ducere,  sic  agere  fundamenta  ut  sororem  non  modo  vestibulo  5 
prlvaret  sed  omni  aditu  et  limine.' 

For  his  life  was  a  constant  menace  to  its  safety. 

XXVIII.  Quamquam  haec  quidem  iam  tolerabilia  vide- 
bantur,  etsl  aequabiliter  in  rem  publicam,  in  privates,  in  longin- 
quos,  in  propinquos,  in  alienos,  in  suos  inruebat ;  sed  nesci5 
quo  modo  iam  usu  obduruerat  et  percalluerat  clvitatis  incredi-  10 
bills  patientia.  Quae  vero  aderant  iam  et  impendebant,  quonam 
modo  ea  aut  depellere  potuissetis  aut  ferre  ?  Imperium  ille  si 
nactus  esset  —  omitto  socios,  exteras  nationes,  reges,  tetrarchas, 
vota  enim  faceretis  ut  in  eos  se  potius  immitteret  quam  in 
vestras  possessiones,  vestra  tecta,  vestras  pecunias  —  Pecunias  15 
died  ?  A  llberis,  me  dlus  fidius,  et  a  coniugibus  vestris  numquam 
ille  effrenatas  suas  libldines  cohibuisset.  FingI  haec  putatis 
quae  patent,  quae  nota  sunt  omnibus,  quae  tenentur  :  servorum 
exercitus  ilium  in  urbe  conscripturum  fuisse,  per  quos  totam 
rem  publicam  resque  privatas  omnium  possideret?  20 

Quam  ob  rem  si  cruentum  gladium  tenens  clamaret  T. 
Annius  :  '  Adeste,  quaeso,  atque  audlte,  elves  !  P.  Clodium 
interf eel ;  eius  furores,  quos  nullis  iam  legibus,  nullis  iudiciis 
frenare  poteramus,  h5c  ferro  et  hac  dextera  a  cervlcibus  vestris 
reppull,  per  me  ut  unum  ius,  aequitas,  leges,  libertas,  pudor,  pu-  25 
dlcitia  in  civitate  maneret' — esset  vero  timendum  quonam  modo 
id  ferret  clvitas.  Nunc  enim  quis  est  qui  n5n  probet,  qui  non 
laudet,  qui  non  unum  post  hominum  memoriam  T.  Annium  plu- 
rimum  rel  publicae  profuisse,  maxima  laetitia  populum  Roma- 
num,  cunctam  Italiam,  nationes  omnis  adfecisse  et  dlcat  et  3° 
sentiat?  Non  queo  vetera  ilia  popull  Roman!  gaudia  quanta 
fuerint  iudicare  ;  multas  tamen  iam  summorum  imperatorum  cla- 
rissimas  victorias  aetas  nostra  vidit,  quarum  nulla  neque  tarn  diu- 


192  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

turnam  attulit  laetitiam  nee  tantam.  Mandate  hoc  memoriae, 
iudices.  Spero  multa  vos  liberosque  vestros  in  re  publica  bona 
esse  visuros ;  in  ils  singulis  ita  semper  existimabitis,  vivo  P. 
Cl5dio  nihil  eorum  vos  visuros  fuisse.  In  spem  maximam  et, 

5  quern  ad  modum  confld5,  verissimam  sumus  adducti,  hunc 
ipsum  annum  hoc  ipso  summo  viro  consule,  compressa  homi- 
num  licentia,  cupiditatibus  fractls,  legibus  et  iudiciis  constitutls 
salutarem  civitati  fore.  Num  quis  est  igitur  tarn  demens  qul  hoc 
P.  Clodio  vlv5  contingere  potuisse  arbitretur  ?  Quid  ?  Ea  quae 

10  tenetis  privata  atque  vestra  dominante  homine  furioso  quod  ius 
perpetuae  possessionis  habere  potuissent? 

The  court  would  not  restore  him  to  life  if  it  could.    The  killing  of  a 
tyrant  is  a  patriotic  act. 

XXIX.  Non  timeo,  iudices,  ne  odio  inimicitiarum  mearum 
Tnflammatus  libentius  haec  in  ilium  evomere  videar  quam  verius. 
Etenim  si  praecipuum  esse  debebat,  tamen  ita  communis  erat 

15  omnium  ille  hostis  ut  in  communl  odio  paene  aequaliter  versa- 
retur  odium  meum.  Non  potest  dlcl  satis,  ne  cogitarl  quidem, 
quantum  in  illo  sceleris,  quantum  exitl  fuerit.  Quln  sic  atten- 
dite,  iudices.  Nempe  haec  est  quaestio  de  interitu  P.  Clodl. 
Fingite  animis,  —  llberae  sunt  enim  nostrae  cogitationes,  et  quae 

20  volunt  sic  intuentur  ut  ea  cernimus  quae  vidimus,  —  fingite 
igitur  cogitatione  imaginem  huius  condicionis  meae,  si  possim 
efficere  ut  Milonem  absolvatis,  sed  ita,  si  P.  Clodius  revlxerit. 
Quid  vultu  extimuistis?  Quonam  modo  ille  v5s  vlvus  adficeret, 
qu5s  mortuus  inanl  cogitatione  percussit?  Quid?  Si  ipse  Cn. 

25  Pompeius,  qul  ea  virtute  ac  fortuna  est  ut  ea  potuerit  semper 
quae  nemo  praeter  ilium,  si  is,  inquam,  potuisset  aut  quaestio- 
nem  de  morte  P.  Clodl  ferre  aut  ipsum  ab  Inferis  excitare, 
utrum  putatis  potius  facturum  fuisse  ?  Etiam  si  propter  amlci- 
tiam  vellet  ilium  ab  Inferis  avocare,  propter  rem  piiblicam  non 

30  fecisset.  Eius  igitur  mortis  sedetis  ultores  cuius  vltam  si  pute- 
tis  per  vos  restitul  posse,  nolitis ;  et  de  eius  nece  lata  quaestio 
est  qul  si  lege  eadem  revlvlscere  posset,  lata  lex  numquam 


PRO    MILONE  193 

esset.     Huius  ergo  interfector  si  esset,  in  confitendo  ab  iisne 
poenam  timeret  quds  Hberavisset  ? 

Graecl  homines  deorum  honores  tribuunt  ils  virls  qui  tyrannos 
necaverunt.     Quae  ego  vidi  Athenis,  quae  alils  in  urbibus  Grae- 
ciae  !    Quas  res  divlnas  talibus  Institutes  virls,  quos  cantus,  quae    5 
carmina  !     Prope  ad  immortalitatis  et  religionem  et  memoriam 
consecrantur ;    vos   tantl   conservatorem  popull,  tanti   sceleris 
ultorem  non  modo  honoribus  nullis  adficietis,  sed   etiam   ad 
supplicium  rapl  patieminl?     Confiteretur,  c5nfiteretur,  inquam, 
si  fecisset,   et  magno  animo   et   libenter   fecisse   se  libertatis  10 
omnium  causa,  quod  esset  el  non  confitendum  modo  verum 
etiam  praedicandum. 

Yet  the  credit  for  the  deed  belongs  not  to  Milo,  but  to  the 
immortal  gods. 

.XXX.  Etenim  si  id  non  negat  ex  quo  nihil  petit  nisi  ut  Ignosca- 
tur,  dubitaret  id  fateri  ex  quo  etiam  praemia  laudis  essent  pe- 
tenda,  nisi  vero  gratius  putat  esse  vobls  sul  se  capitis  quam  vestri  15 
defensdrem  fuisse,  cum  praesertim  in  ea  confessione,  si  gratl  esse 
velletis,  honores  adsequeretur  amplissimos?     SI   factum   vobls 
non   probaretur  —  quamquam  qui   poterat  salus    sua  cuiquam 
non  probari? —  sed  tamen'si  minus  fortissiml  viri  virtus  clvibus 
grata  cecidisset,  magno  animo  cdnstantique  cederet  ex  ingrata  20 
clvitate.     Nam  quid  esset  ingratius  quam  laetarl  ceteros,  lugere 
eum  s5lum  propter  quern  ceteri  laetarentur?     Quamquam  hoc 
animo  semper   omnes   fuimus  in    patriae    proditoribus   oppri- 
mendis  ut,  quoniam  nostra  futura  esset  gloria,  perlculum  quoque 
et  invidiam  nostram  putaremus.    Nam  quae  mihi  ipsl  tribuenda  25 
laus  esset  cum  tantum  in  c5nsulatii  meo  pro  vobls  ac  liberls 
vestris  ausus  essem,  si  id  quod  conabar  sine  maximis  dimica- 
tionibus  mels  me  esse  ausurum  arbitrarer  ?     Quae  mulier  scele- 
ratum  ac  perniciosum  clvem  interficere  non  auderet  si  perlculum 
non   timeret?      Proposita   invidia,    morte,    poena,    qui    nihilo  3° 
segnius   rem    piiblicam    defendit,    is    vir   vere   putandus    est. 
Popull  gratl  est  praemiis  adficere  bene  meritos  de  re  publica 


194  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

CMS ;  viri  fortis  ne  supplicils  quidem  moverl  ut  fortiter  fecisse 
paeniteat.  Quam  ob  rem  uteretur  eadem  confessione  T.  Annius 
qua  Ahala,  qua  Naslca,  qua  OpTmius,  qua  Marius,  qua  nosmet 
ipsi,  et  si  grata  res  publica  esset,  laetaretur ;  si  ingrata,  tamen 

5  in  gravl  fortuna  conscientia  sua  nlteretur. 

Sed  huius  beneficl  gratiam,  iudices,  fortuna  popull  RomanI  et 
vestra  fellcitas  et  di  immortales  sibi  deberi  putant.  Nee  vero 
quisquam  aliter  arbitrarl  potest,  nisi  qui  nullam  vim  esse  ducit 
numenve  divlnum  ;  quern  neque  imperl  nostri  magnitude  neque 

10  sol  ille  nee  caell  slgnorumque  motus  nee  vicissitiidines  rerum 
atque  ordines  movent  neque,  id  quod  maximum  est,  maiorum 
sapientia,  qui  sacra,  qui  caerimonias,  qui  auspicia  et  ipsi  sanctis- 
sime  coluerunt  et  nobls  suls  posterls  prodiderunt. 

Milo  was  merely  the  tool  of  divine  vengeance. 

XXXI.   Est,  est  profecto  ilia  vis ;   neque  in  his  corporibus 

15  atque  in  hac  imbecillitate  nostra  inest  quiddam  quod  vigeat  et 
sentiat,  non  inest  in  hoc  tanto  naturae,  tarn  praeclaro  motii. 
Nisi  forte  idcirco  non  putant,  quia  non  apparet  nee  cernitur ; 
proinde  quasi  nostram  ipsam  mentem  qua  sapimus,  qua  prd- 
videmus,  qua  haec  ipsa  agimus  ac  dlcimus,  videre  aut  plane 

20  qualis  aut  ubi  sit  sentlre  posslmus.  Ea  vis  igitur  ipsa,  quae 
saepe  incredibilis  huic  urbl  felicitates  atque  opes  attulit,  illam 
perniciem  exstinxit  ac  sustulit ;  cui  prlmum  mentem  iniecit  ut 
vl  inritare  ferroque  lacessere  fortissimum  virum  auderet  vince- 
returque  ab  eo,  quern  si  vicisset,  habiturus  esset  impunitatem  et 

25  licentiam  sempiternam. 

Non  est  humano  c5nsili5,  ne  mediocrl  quidem,  iudices,  deo- 
rum  immortalium  cura  res  ilia  perfecta.  Religiones,  me  hercule, 
ipsae  quae  illam  beluam  cadere  vlderunt  commosse  se  viden- 
tur  et  ius  in  illo  suum  retinuisse.  Vos  enim  iam,  AlbanI  tumuli 

30  atque  lucl,  v5s,  inquam,  ini])l5ro  atque  obtestor ;  vosque,  Alba- 
norum  obrutae  arae  sacrorum  populi  RomanI  sociae  et  aequales, 
quas  ille-  praeeeps  amentia  caesls  prostratlsque  sanctissimls 
lucls  substructionum  insanis  molibus  oppresserat.  Vestrae  turn 


PRO    MILONE 


195 


irae,  vestrae  religiones  viguerunt ;  vestra  vis  valuit,  quam  ille 
omni  scelere  polluerat  ;  tuque  ex 
tuo  edito  monte,  Latiaris  sancte 
luppiter,  cuius  ille  lacus,  nemora,  finls- 
que  saepe  omni  nefario  stupro  et  5 
scelere  macularat,  aliquando  ad  eum 
puniendum  oculos  aperuisti.  Vobls 
illae,  vobls  vestro  in  conspectu  serae 
sed  iustae  tamen  et  debitae  poenae 
solutae  sunt.  10 

Nisi  forte  hoc  etiam  casu  factum  esse 
d!cemus,ut  ante  ipsum  sacrarium  Bonae 
Deae  quod  est  in  fundo  T.  Sergi  Galll, 
in  primis  honest!  et  ornati  adulescentis, 
ante  ipsam,  inquam,  Bonam  Deam,  15 
cum  proelium  commisisset,  primum 
illud  vulnus  acciperet  quo  taeterrimam 
mortem  obiret,  ut  non  absolutus  iudicio 
illo  nefario  videretur  sed  ad  hanc 
Inslgnem  poenam  reservatus.  20 


BONA   DEA 


The  unhallowed  burial  of  Clodius  a  fit  ending  for  a  life  of  impious  crime. 

XXXII.  Nec  vero  non  eadem  Ira  dedrum  hanc  eius  satellitibus 
iniecit  amentiam,  ut  sine  imaginibus,  sine  cantii  atque  ludls,  sine 
exsequiis,  sine  lamentis,  sine  Iaudati5nibus,  sine  fiinere,  oblitus 
cruore  et  luto,  spoliatus  illlus  supreml  die!  celebritate,  cui  cedere 
inimici  etiam  solent,  ambiireretur  abiectus.  Non  fuisse  credo  25 
fas  clarissimorum  virorum  formas  illl  taeterrimo  parricidae 
aliquid  decoris  adferre,  neque  ullo  in  loco  potius  mortem  eius 
lacerarl  quam  in  quo  esset  vita  damnata. 

Dura,  me  dlus  fidius,  mihi  iam  fortuna  populT  Roman!  et 
crudelis  videbatur,  quae  tot  annos  ilium  in  hanc  rem  publicam  30 
insultare  pateretur.      Polluerat  stupro  sanctissimas  religiones, 
senatus  gravissima  decreta  perfregerat,  pecunia  se  a  iudicibus 
palam  redemerat,  vexarat  in  tribunatu  senatum,  omnium  ordi- 


196 


ORATIONS    OF  CICERO 


num  consensu  pro  salute  rei  publicae  gesta  resciderat,  me  patria 

expulerat,  bona  dlripuerat,  domum   incenderat,  liberos,  con- 

iugem  meam  vexarat,  Cn.  Pompeio 

nefarium  bellum  indixerat,  magistra- 
5  tuum  privatorumque  caedis  effecerat, 

domum  mel  fratris  incenderat,  vasta- 

rat  Etruriam,  multos  sedibus  ac  for- 

tunls  eiecerat.     Instabat,   urgebat ; 

capere  eius  amentiam  civitas,  Italia, 
Jo  provinciae,  regna  non  poterant; 

incidebantur  iam  doml   leges  quae 

nos  servis  nostrls  addlcerent;  nihil 

erat   cuiusquam,  quod  quidem   ille 

adamasset,  quod  non  hoc  anno 
15  suum  fore  putaret.  Obstabat  eius 

cogitationibus   nemo   praeter  Milo- 

nem.     Ilium  ipsum  qul  obstare  po- 

terat  novo  reditu  in  gratiam  quasi 

devinctum  arbitrabatur ;  Caesaris 
20  potentiam  suam  esse  dicebat ;  bonorum  animos  in  meo  casu 

contempserat ;  Milo  unus  urgebat. 

Without  divine  help  the  state  could  never  have  checked  his  violence. 

XXXIII.  Hie  dl  immortales,  ut  supra  dixT,  mentem  ill!  per- 
dito  ac  furioso  dederunt  ut  huic  faceret  Insidias.  Aliter  perlre 
pestis  ilia  non  potuit ;  numquam  ilium  res  publica  suo  iiire  esset 

25  ulta.  Senatus,  credo,  praetdrem  eum  circumscripsisset.  Ne 
cum  solebat  quidem  id  facere,  in  private  eodem  hoc  aliquid 
profecerat.  An  consules  in  praetore  coercendo  fortes  fuissent? 
PrTmum  Milone  occlso  habuisset  suos  consules.  Deinde  quis  in 
eo  praetore  consul  fortis  esset,  per  quern  tribiinum  virtiitem 

30  consularem  criidelissime  vexatam  esse  meminisset?  Oppres- 
sisset  omnia,  possideret,  teneret ;  lege  nova,  quae  est  inventa 
apud  eum  cum  reliquis  legibus  ClodianTs,  servos  nostros  Hbertos 
suos  fecisset ;  postremo,  nisi  eum  cli  immortales  in  earn  mentem 


A   WAX   MASK 


PRO    MILONE 


I97 


impulissent  ut  homo  effeminatus  fortissimum  virum  conaretur 
occldere,  hodie  rem  publicam  nullam  haberetis. 

An  ille  praetor,  ille  vero  consul,  si  modo  haec  templa  atque 
ipsa  moenia  stare  eo  vivo  tarn  diu  et  consulatum  eius  exspectare 
potuissent,  ille  denique  vivus  mall  nihil  fecisset,  qui  mortuus    5 
uno  ex   suis  satellitibus  duce  curiam  incenderit?     Quo  quid 


ROMAN    MOURN1NU 


miserius,  quid  acerbius,  quid  luctuosius  vidimus,  templum  sancti- 
taitis,  amplitudinis,  mentis,  consill  publicl,  caput  urbis,  aram 
sociorum,  portum  omnium  gentium,  sedem  ab  universe  populo 
concessam  iinl  ordim  Inflammari,  exscindl,  funestari,  neque  id  i° 
rierl  a  multitudine  imperlta,  quamquam  esset  miserum  id  ipsum, 
sed  ab  uno?  Qui  cum  tantum  ausus  sit  ustor  pro  mortuo,  quid 
signifer  pro  vlv5  non  esset  ausus?  In  curiam  potissimum 
abiecit,  ut  earn  mortuus  incenderet  quam  vivus  everterat. 


198  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

Et  sunt  qul  de  via  Appia  querantur,  taceant  de  curia,  et  qul 
ab  ed  splrante  forum  putent  potuisse  defendl  cuius  n5n  resti- 
terit  cadaver!  curia.  Excitate,  excitate  ipsum,  si  potestis,  a 
mortuls ;  frangetis  impetum  vlvi,  cuius  vix  sustinetis  furias 

5  Insepulti?  Nisi  vero  sustinuistis  eos  qui  cum  facibus  ad  cii- 
riam  cucurrerunt,  cum  falcibus  ad  Castoris,  cum  gladils  toto 
foro  volitarunt.  Caedl  vidistis  populum  Romanum,  contionem 
gladils  disturbarl,  cum  audlretur  silentio  M.  Caelius,  tribunus 
plebis,  vir  et  in  re  publica  fortissimus  et  in  suscepta  causa 

10  flrmissimus,  et  bonorum  voluntatl  et  auctoritatl  senatus  deditus, 
et  in  hac  Milonis  sive  invidia  sive  fortuna  singular!  divina  et 
incredibili  fide. 

Cicero  pleads  for  the  compassion  which  Milo  himself  will  not  ask. 

XXXIV.  Sed  iam  satis  multa  de  causa,  extra  causam  etiam 
nimis  fortasse  multa.  Quid  restat  nisi  ut  orem  obtesterque  vos, 

15  iudices,  ut  earn  misericordiam  tribuatis  fortissimo  viro  quam 
ipse  non  implorat,  ego  etiam  repugnante  hoc  et  imploro  et 
exposco?  Nolite,  si  in  nostro  omnium  fletii  nullam  lacrimam 
aspexistis  Milonis,  si  vultum  semper  eundem,  si  vocem,  si  ora- 
tionem  stabilem  ac  non  mutatam  videtis,  hoc  minus  el  parcere  ; 

20  hand  scio  an  multo  sit  etiam  adiuvandus  magis.  Etenim  si  in 
gladiatorils  pugnls  et  in  InfimI  generis  hominum  condicidne 
atque  fortuna  timidos  atque  supplices  et  ut  vivere  liceat  obse- 
crantls  etiam  odisse  solemus,  fortls  atque  animos5s  et  se  acriter 
ipsos  mortl  offerentls  servare  cupimus,  eorumque  nos  magis 

25  miseret  qul  nostram  misericordiam  non  requirunt  quam  qui 
illam  efflagitant,  quanto  hoc  magis  in  fortissimls  clvibus  facere 
debemus. 

Me  quidem,  iudices,  exanimant  et  interimunt  hae  voces 
MilSnis,  quas  audio  adsidue  et  quibus  intersum  cottldie.  "  Va- 

30  leant,"  inquit, "  valeant  elves  mel ;  sint  incolumes,  sint  florentes, 
sint  beatl ;  stet  haec  urbs  praeclara  mihique  patria  carissima, 
quoquo  mod5  erit  merita  de  me.  Tranquilla  re  publica  mei 
elves,  quoniam  mihi  cum  illls  non  licet,  sine  me  ipsl  sed  propter 


PRO    MILONE  199 

me  tamen  perfruantur.  Ego  cedam  atque  abibo.  Si  mihi  bona 
re  publica  frul  non  licuerit,  at  carebo  mala,  et  quam  primum 
tetigero  bene  moratam  et  liberam  clvitatem,  in  ea  conquiescam«" 
"  O  frustra,"  inquit,  "  mihi  suscepti  Iab5res,  6  spes  fallaces  et 
c5gitationes  inanes  meae  !  Ego  cum  tribunus  plebis  re  publica  5 
oppressa  me  senatul  dedissem,  quern  exstinctum  acceperam, 
equitibus  Romanls,  quorum  vires  erant  debiles,  boms  virls,  qul 
omnem  auctoritatem  Clodianls  armis  abiecerant,  mihi  umquam 
bonorum  praesidium  defuturum  putarem  ?  Ego  cum  te  "  —  me- 
cum  enim  saepissime  loquitur  —  "patriae  reddidissem,  mihi  10 
putarem  in  patria  non  futurum  locum?  Ubi  nunc  senatus  est 
quem  secutl  sumus,  ubi  equites  Roman!  illl,  ill!,"  inquit,  "  tul, 
ubi  studia  municipiorum,  ubi  Italiae  voces,  ubi  denique  tua 
ilia,  M.  TullI,  quae  plurimis  fuit  auxilio,  vox  atque  defensio? 
Mihine  ea  soli,  qul  pro  te  totiens  mortl  me  obtull,  nihil  potest  15 
opitularl?" 

Milo  is  satisfied  with  the  meed  of  glory  and  confident  of  the 
approval  of  posterity. 

XXXV.  Nee  vero  haec,  iudices,  ut  ego  nunc  flens,  sed  hoc 
eodem  loquitur  vultu  quo  videtis.  Negat  enim,  negat  ingratls 
civibus  se  fecisse  quae  fecerit,  timidls  et  omnia  circumspicienti- 
bus  perlcula  non  negat.  Plebem  et  mfimam  multitudinem,  quae  20 
P.  Clodio  duce  fortunls  vestris  imminebat,  earn,  quo  tutior  esset 
vestra  vita,  se  fecisse  commemorat  ut  non  modo  virtute  flecteret 
sed  etiam  tribus  suls  patrimonils  delenlret ;  nee  timet  ne,  cum 
plebem  muneribus  placarit,  vos  non  conciliarit  meritls  in  rem 
publicam  singularibus.  Senatus  erga  se  benevolentiam  tempori-  25 
bus  his  ipsls  saepe  esse  perspectam,  vestras  vero  et  vestrorum 
ordinum  occursationes,  studia,  sermones,  quemcumque  cursum 
fortuna  dederit,  se  secum  ablaturum  esse  dlcit. 

Meminit  etiam  sibi  vocem  praec5nis  modo  defuisse,  quam 
minime  deslderarit ;   populi  vero  cunctis  suffragils,  quod  unum  30 
cupierit,  se  consulem  declaratum  ;  nunc  denique,  si  haec  contra 
se  sint  futura,  sibi  facinoris  susplcionem  non  fact!  crimen  ob- 


200  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

stare.  Addit  haec,  quae  certe  vera  sunt :  fortis  et  sapientls 
viros  non  tarn  praemia  sequi  solere  recte  factorum  quam  ipsa 
recte  facta ;  se  nihil  in  vita  nisi  praeclarissime  fecisse,  si  qui- 
dem  nihil  sit  praestabilius  viro  quam  periculls  patriam  llberare ; 
5  beatos  esse  quibus  ea  res  hondri  fuerit  a  suis  clvibus,  nee  tamen 
eos  miseros  qul  beneficio  CMS  suos  vicerint;  sed  tamen  ex 
omnibus  praemiis  virtutis,  si  esset  habenda  ratio  praemi5rum, 
amplissimum  esse  praemium  gloriam ;  esse  hanc  unam  quae 
brevitatem  vltae  posteritatis  memoria  consolaretur,  quae  effi- 

10  ceret  ut  absentes  adessemus,  mortui  vlveremus  ;  hanc  de- 
nique  esse  cuius  gradibus  etiam  in  caelum  homines  viderentur 
ascendere. 

"  De  me,"  inquit,  "  semper  populus  Romanus,  semper  omnes 
gentes  loquentur,  nulla  umquam  obmutescet  vetustas.     Quln 

15  hoc  tempore  ipso,  cum  omnes  a  meis  inimicis  faces  invidiae 
meae  subiciantur,  tamen  omnl  in  hominum  coetu  gratils  agen- 
dls  et  gratulationibus  habendis  et  omnl  sermone  celebramur." 
Omitto  Etruriae  festos  et  actos  et  Institutes  dies.  Centesima 
lux  est  haec  ab  interitu  P.  ClodI  et,  oplnor,  altera.  Qua  fines 

20  imperi  popull  RomanI  sunt,  ea  non  solum  fama  iam  de  illo  sed 
etiam  laetitia  peragravit.  Quam  ob  rem,  •"  Ubi  corpus  hoc  sit, 
ndn,"  inquit,  "  laboro,  quoniam  omnibus  in  terns  et  iam  versa- 
tur  et  semper  habitabit  nominis  mel  gloria." 

His  cause  and  Cicero's  are  the  same. 

XXXVI.    Haec  tu  mecum  saepe  his  absentibus ;   sed  Isdem 
25  audientibus   haec   ego   tecum,   Milo :     te    quidem,   cum   isto 
animo   es,  satis  laudare  non  possum,  sed  quo  est  ista  magis 
dlvlna  virtus,  eo  maiore  a  te  dolore  dlvellor.      Nee  vero,  si 
mihi  eriperis,  reliqua  est  ilia  tamen  ad  consolandum  querella, 
ut  ils  IrascI  possim  a  quibus  tantuni  \nilnus  accepero.      Non 
30  enim  inimlcl  mel  te  mihi  eripient  sed  amlcissiml,  non  male 
aliquando    de   me  meritl  sed    semper  optime.      Nullum   um- 
quam, iudices,  mihi  tantum  dolorem  iniiretis  —  etsl  quis  potest 
esse  tantus?  —  sed  ne  hunc  quidem  ipsum,  ut  oblivlscar  quanti 


PRO    MILONE  201 

me  semper  feceritis.  Quae  si  vos  cepit  obllvio,  aut  si  in  me 
aliquid  offendistis,  cur  non  id  meo  capite  potius  luitur  quam 
Mil5nis?  Praeclare  enim  vixero  si  quid  mihi  accident  prius 
quam  hoc  tantum  mall  vldero. 

Nunc  me  una  consolatio  sustentat,  quod  tibi,  T.  AnnI,  nullum    5 
a  me  am5ris,  nullum  studi,  nullum  pietatis  officium  defuit.    Ego 
inimicitias  potentium  pro  te  appetM ;  ego  meum  saepe  corpus 
et  vitam  obiecl  armls  inimlcorum  tuorum  ;  ego  me  plurimls  pro 
te  supplicem  abiecl ;  bona,  fortunas  meas  ac  llberorum  meorum 
in  communionem  tuorum  temporum  contull ;  h5c  denique  ipso  10 
die,  si  quae  vis  est  parata,  si  quae  dimicatiS  capitis  futura, 
deposco.     Quid  iam  restat  ?     Quid  habed  quod  faciam  pro  tuls 
in  me  meritis,  nisi   ut  earn  fortunam,  quaecumque  erit   tua, 
ducam   meam?      Non   recuso,   non   abnuo ;   vosque  obsecro, 
iudices,  ut  vestra  beneficia  quae  in  me  contulistis  aut  in  huius  15 
salute  augeatis  aut  in  eiusdem  exitio  occasura  esse  videatis. 

The  orator  asks  for  Milo's  acquittal  from  personal  considerations.  - 

XXXVII.  His  lacrimls  non  movetur  Milo ;  est  quodam  in- 
credibill  r5bore  animi.  Exsilium  ibi  esse  putat  ubi  virtutl  non 
sit  locus ;  mortem  naturae  flnem  esse,  non  poenam.  Sed  hie 
ea  mente  qua  natus  est.  Quid?  V5s,  iudices,  quo  tandem  20 
animo  eritis?  Memoriam  Milonis  retinebitis,  ipsirm  eicietis? 
Et  erit  dignior  locus  in  terns  ullus  qul  hanc  virtutem  excipiat 
quam  hie  qul  procreavit  ?  Vos,  vos  appello,  fortissimi  viri,  qul 
multum  pro  re  publica  sanguinem  effudistis ;  vos  in  viri  et  in 
clvis  invictl  perlculo  appello,  centuriones,  vosque,  milites.  Vobls  25 
non  modo  Inspectantibus  sed  etiam  armatis  et  huic  iudicio 
praesidentibus  haec  tanta  virtus  ex  hac  urbe  expelletur,  exter- 
minabitur,  proicietur? 

O  me  miserum  !  O  me  Infellcem  !   Revocare  tu  me  in  patriam, 
Milo,  potuistl  per  hos  ;  ego  te  in  patria  per  eosdem  retinere  3° 
non  potero?     Quid  respondeb5  llberis  meis,  qul  te  parentem 
alterum  putant?     Quid  tibi,  Quinte  frater,  qul  nunc  abes,  c5n-    - 
sortl   mecum  temporum  illorum?      Mene  non  potuisse  Milo- 


202  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

nis  salutem  tueri  per  eosdem  per  quos  nostram  ille  servasset  ? 
.  .  .  Quo  deprecante?  Me.  Quodnam  ego  concept  tantum 
scelus  aut  quod  in  me  tantum  facinus  admlsl,  iudices,  cum  ilia 
indicia  communis  exitl  indagavl,  patefecT,  protuli,  exstlnxl? 
5  Omnes  in  me  meosque  redundant  ex  fonte  illo  dolores.  Quid 
me  reducem  esse  voluistis  ?  An  ut  mspectante  me  expellerentur 
hi  per  quos  essem  restitutus?  Nollte,  obsecro  vos,  acerbiorem 
mihi  pat!  reditum  esse  quam  fuerit  ille  ipse  discessus.  Nam 
qui  possum  putare  me  restitutum  esse  si  distrahar  ab  his  per 
10  quos  restitutus  sum? 

An  appeal  to  the  court  for  a  just  verdict. 

XXXVIII.  Utinam  dl  immortales  fecissent  —  pace  tua,  patria, 
dixerim,  metuo  enim  ne  scelerate  dlcam  in  te  quod  pro 
Milone  dlcam  pie  —  utinam  P.  Clodius  non  modo  vlveret  sed 
etiam  praetor,  consul,  dictator  esset,  potius  quam  hoc  specta- 

15  culum  viderem.  O  dl  immortales,  fortem  et  a  vobis,  iudices, 
conservandum  virum  !  "  Minime,  minime,"  inquit.  "  Immo 
vero  poenas  ille  debitas  luerit;  nos  subeamus,  si  ita  necesse 
est,  non  debitas."  Hicine  vir,  patriae  natus,  usquam  nisi  in 
patria  morietur  aut,  si  forte,  pro  patria?  Huius  vos  animl 

20  monumenta  retinebitis,  corporis  in  Italia  nullum  sepulcrum  esse 
patieminl  ?•  Hunc  sua  quisquam  sententia  ex  hac  urbe  expellet, 
quern  omnes  urbes  expulsum  a  vobis  ad  se  vocabunt  ?  O  ter- 
ram  illam  beatam  quae  hunc  virum  exceperit ;  hanc  ingratam, 
si  eiecerit ;  miseram,  si  amlserit. 

25  Sed  finis  sit ;  neque  enim  prae  lacrimls  iani  loquT  possum,  et 
hie  se  lacrimls  defendl  vetat.  Vos  oro  obtestorque,  iudices,  ut 
in  sententifs  ferendls  quod  sentietis,  id  audeatis.  Vestram  virtu- 
tern,  iustitiam,  fidem,  mihi  credite,  is  maxime  probabit  qui  in 
iudicibus  legendis  optimum  et  sapientissimum  et  fortissimum 

30  quemque  elegit. 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA    DECIMA  203 

IN   ANTONIUM    ORATIO    PHILIPPICA 
QUARTA    DECIMA 

The  garb  of  war  cannot  be  laid  aside  for  any  victory,  however 
glorious,  until  Brutus  is  safe. 

I.  Si,  ut  ex  litteris  quae  recitatae  sunt,  patres  conscript!, 
sceleratissim5rum  hostium  exercitum  caesum  fusumque  co- 
gnovi,  sic,  id  quod  et  omnes  maxime  optamus  et  ex  ea  victoria 
quae  parta  est  consecutum  arbitramur,  D.  Brutum  egressum 
iam  Mutina  esse  cognovissem,  propter  cuius  perlculum  ad  saga  5 
Issemus,  propter  eiusdem  salutem  redeundum  ad  prlstinum 
vestltum  sine  villa  dubitatione  censerem.  Ante  vero  quam  sit 
ea  res  quam  avidissime  civitas  exspectat  adlata,  laetitia  frui 
satis  est  maximae  praeclarissimaeque  pugnae ;  reditum  ad 
vestltum  confectae  victoriae  reservate.  Confectio  autem  huius  10 
belli  est  D.  Bruti  salus. 

Quae  autem  est  ista  sententia,  ut  in  hodiernum  diem  vestltus 
mutetur,  deinde  eras  sagatl  prodeamus  ?  Nos  vero  cum  semel 
ad  eum  quern  cupimus  optamusque  vestltum  redierimus,  id 
agamus  ut  eum  in  perpetuum  retineamus.  Nam  hoc  quidem  i? 
cum  turpe  est  turn  ne  dls  quidem  immortalibus  gratum,  ab  eorum 
aris,  ad  quas  togatl  adierimus,  ad  saga  sumenda  discedere.  At- 
que  animadverto,  patres  conscript!,  quosdam  huic  favere  sen- 
tentiae;  quorum  ea  mens  idque  consilium  est  ut,  cum  videant 
gloriosissimum  ilium  D.  Bruto  futurum  diem,  quo  die  propter  20 
eius  salutem  redierimus  ad  vestltum,  hunc  ei  fructum  eripere 
cupiant,  ne  memoriae  posteritatique  prodatur  propter  unlus 
civis  perlculum  populum  Romanum  ad  saga  Tsse,  propter  eius- 
dem salutem  redlsse  ad  togas.  Tollite  hanc ;  nullam  tarn 
pravae  sententiae  causam  reperietis.  Vos  vero,  patres  con-  25 
scriptl,  conservate  auctoritatem  vestram,  manete  in  sententia, 
tenete  vestra  memoria,  quod  saepe  ostendistis,  huius  totius  bell! 
in  unlus  vir!  fortissimi  et  maxim!  vita  positum  esse  discrimen. 


204 


ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 


For  his  rescue  was  the  object  of  the  war. 

II.  Ad  D.  Brutum  liberandum  legatl  miss!  prlncipes  civitatis, 
qul  ill!  hostl  ac  parricldae  denuntiarent  ut  a  Mutina  discederet ; 
eiusdem  D.  Bruti  conservandi 

gratia  consul  sortitu  ad  bellum 
5  profectus  A.  Hirtius,  cuius  im- 

becillitatem  valetudinis  animl 

virtus  et   spes  victoriae  con- 

firmavit ;  Caesar  cum  exercitu 

per  se  comparato,  cum  prius 
10  pestibus  rem   publicam   libe- 

rasset,  he  quid  postea  sceleris 

oreretur,  profectus  est  ad  eun- 

dem  Brutum  liberandum  vlcit- 

que  dolorem  aliquem  domesti- 
15  cum  patriae  caritate. 

Quid  C.   Pansa   egit    aliud 

dllectibus    habendis,   pecunia 

t  _  —  Ai^  L  ^n  * 

comparanda,  senatus  consultis 

faciendis  gravissimis  in  Antonium,  nobls   cohortandls,  populo 

20  Roman5  ad  causam  libertatis  vocando,  nisi  ut  D.  Brutus  libera- 
retur?  A  quo  populus  Romanus  frequens  ita  salutem  D.  Bruti 
una  voce  depoposcit  ut  earn  non  solum  commodls  suis  sed 
etiam  necessitatl  vlctus  anteferret.  Quod  sperare  nos  quidem 
debemus,  patres  conscrlptl,  aut  inibi  esse  aut  iam  esse  confec- 

25  turn ;  sed  spel  fructum  rel  convenit  et  evento  reservari,  ne  aut 
deorum  immortalium  beneficium  festinatione  praeripuisse  aut 
vim  fortunae  stultitia  contempsisse  videamur.  Sed  quoniam 
significatio  vestra  satis  declarat  quid  hac  de  re  sentiatis,  ad  lit- 
teras  veniam  quae  sunt  a  c5nsulibus  et  a  propraetore  missae, 

30  si  pauca  ante  quae  ad  ipsas  litteras  pertineant  dlxero. 

Antony  should  be  declared  an  enemy  of  the  state. 

III.  Imbuti  gladil  sunt,  patres  conscriptl,  legionum  exerci- 
tuumque  nostrorum  vel  madefactT  potius  duobus  duorum  c5nsu- 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA   DECIMA  205 

lum,  terti5  Caesaris  proelic.  Si  hostium  fuit  ille  sanguis,  summa 
militum  pietas ;  nefarium  scelus,  si  civium.  Qu5  usque  igitur 
is,  qul  omnis  hostis  scelere  superavit,  nomine  hostis  carebit? 
Nisi  mucrones  etiam  nostrorum  militum  tremere  vultis  dubi- 
tantls  utrum  in  cive  an  in  hoste  flgantur.  Supplicationem 


decernitis,  hostem  non  appellatis.  Gratae  vero  nostrae  dis 
immortalibus  gratulationes  erunt,  gratae  victimae,  cum  inter- 
fecta  sit  civium  multitud5  !  "  De  improbis,"  inquit,  "  et  au- 
dacibus."  Nam  sic  eos  appellat  clarissimus  vir;  quae  sunt 
urbanarum  maledicta  lltium,  non  inustae  belli  interneclvl  notae.  10 
Testamenta,  credo,  subiciunt  aut  eiciunt  vlclnos  aut  adule- 
scentulos  circumscribunt ;  his  enim  vitils  adfectos  et  talibus 
malos  aut  audacis  appellare  consuetudo  solet. 


206  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

Bellum  inexpiabile  Infert  quattuor  consulibus  iinus  omnium 
latronum  taeterrimus.  Gerit  Idem  bellum  cum  senatii  populo- 
que  Romano ;  omnibus,  quamquam  ruit  ipse  suis  cladibus, 
pestem,  vastitatem,  cruciatum,  tormenta  denuntiat.  Dolabellae 
5  ferum  et  immane  facinus,  quod  nulla  barbaria  posset  agnoscere, 
id  suo  consilio  factum  esse  testatur ;  quaeque  esset  facturus  in 
hac  urbe,  nisi  eum  hie  ipse  luppiter  ab  hoc  templo  atque 
moenibus  reppulisset,  declaravit  in  Parmensium  calamitate, 
quos  optimos  vir5s  honestissimosque  homines,  maxima  cum 

10  auctoritate  huius  ordinis  popullque  Romanl  dlgnitate  con- 
iunctos,  crudelissimls  exemplis  interemit  propudium  illud  et 
portentum  L.  Antonius,  Insigne  odium  omnium  hominum  vel, 
si  etiam  di  oderunt  quos  oportet,  deorum.  Refugit  animus, 
patres  conscript!,  eaque  d!cere  refornndat  quae  L.  Antonius  in 

X5  Parmensium  liberis  et  coniugibus  effecerit.  Quas  enim  turpi- 
tudines  Antonii  libenter  cum  dedecore  subierunt,  easdem  per 
vim  laetantur  ali!s  se  intulisse.  Sed  vis  calamitosa  est  quam 
illls  obtulerunt,  Iib!d5  flagitiosa  qua  Antoniorum  oblita  est  vita. 
Est  igitur  quisquam  qu!  hostls  appellare  non  audeat  quorum 

20  scelere  crudelitatem  Karthaginiensium  victam  esse  fateatur? 

The  title  of  imperator  should  be  given  the  generals  who  have  saved 
us  from  such  dangers. 

IV.  Qua  enim  in  urbe  tarn  immanis  Hannibal  capta  quam 
in  Parma  surrepta  Antonius?  Nisi  forte  huius  coloniae  et  cete- 
rarum,  in  quas  eodem  est  animo,  non  est  hostis  putandus.  SI 
vero  coloniarum  et  municipiorum  sine  ulla  dubitatione  hostis 

25  est,  quid  tandem  huius  censetis  urbis,  quam  ille  ad  explendas 
egestates  Iatr5cini  sui  concuplvit,  quam  iam  peritus  metator 
et  callidus  decempeda  sua  Saxa  dlvlserat?  RecordaminI,  per 
decs  immortalls,  patres  conscript!,  quid  hoc  bldu5  timuerimus 
a  domesticls  hostibus  rumoribus  improbissimis  dissipatls.  Quis 

3°  llberos,  quis  coniugem  aspicere  poterat  sine  fletu,  quis  domum, 
quis  tecta,  quis  larem  familiarem?  Aut  foedissimam  mortem 
omnes  aut  miserabilem  fugam  cogitabant.  Haec  a  quibus 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA    DECIMA 


207 


timebantur,  eos  hostls  appellare  dubitamus?  Gravius  si  quis 
attulerit  n5men,  libenter  adsentiar ;  hoc  vulgari  contentus  vix 
sum,  leviore  non  utar. 

Itaque  cum  supplicationes   iustissimas   ex   iis   litteris   quae 
recitatae    sunt    decernere   debeamus    Servlliusque   decreverit,    5 
augebo  omnino  numerum  dierum,  praesertim  cum  non  uni  sed 


A   SHRINE   WITH   HOt'SEHOLD    GODS 


tribus  ducibus  sint  decernendae.     Sed  hoc  pnmum  faciam,  ut 
imperatores   appellem   eos  quorum  virtute,  consilio,  felicitate 
maximls   periculTs    servitutis   atque    interitus    liberati    sumus. 
Etenim  cui  vlgintT  his  annls   supplicatio   decreta  est  ut   non  10 
imperator  appellaretur,  aut  minimis  rebus  gestls  aut  plerumque 


208  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

nullls?  Quam  ob  rem  aut  supplicatio  ab  eo  qui  ante  dixit 
decernenda  non  fuit  aut  usitatus  honos  pervulgatusque  tribu- 
endus  iis  quibus  etiam  novl  singularesque  debentur. 

To  vote  a  thanksgiving  without  bestowing  the  title  of  imperator 
would  be  absurd. 

V.  An  si  quis  Hispanorum  aut  Gallorum  aut  Thracum  mille 
5  aut  duo  milia  occldisset,  eum  hac  consuetudine  quae  increbruit 
imperatorem  appellaret  senatus ;  tot  legionibus  caesis,  tanta 
multitudine  hostium  interfecta  —  hostium  dico?  Ita,  inquam, 
hostium,  quamvls  hoc  istl  hostes  domesticl  nolint  —  clarissimis 
ducibus  supplicationum  honorem  tribuemus,  imperatorium 

10  nomen  adimemus?  Quanto  enim  honore,  laetitia,  gratulatione 
in  hoc  templum  ingredi  debent  ill!  ipsi  hiiius  urbis  Hberatores, 
cum  hesterno  die  propter  e5rum  res  gestas  me  ovantem  et 
prope  triumphantem  populus  Romanus  in  Capitolium  domo 
tulerit,  domum  inde  reduxerit?  Is  enim  demum  est  mea 

15  quidem  sententia  iustus  triumphus  ac  verus,  cum  bene  de  re 
publica  meritis  testim5nium  a  consensu  clvitatis  datur.  Nam 
sive  in  communl  gaudio  populi  Roman!  lini  gratulabantur, 
magnum  indicium  ;  sive  (in!  gratias  agebant,  eo  maius ;  sive 
utrumque,  nihil  magnificentius  cogitari  potest. 

20  'Tu  igitur  ipse  de  te?'  dixerit  quispiam.  Equidem  invltus, 
sed  iniuriae  dolor  facit  me  praeter  consuetiidinem  gloriosum. 
Nonne  satis  est  ab  hominibtis  virtiitis  Ignaris  gratiam  bene 
merentibus  non  referrl  ?  Etiam  in  eos  qui  omnls  suas  ciiras 
in  reT  publicae  salute  defigunt  impietatis  crlmine  invidia 

25  quaeretur?  ScTtis  enim  per  hos  dies  creberrimum  fuisse  sermo- 
nem  me  Parilibus,  qui  dies  hodie  est,  cum  fascibus  descensu- 
rum.  In  aliquem  credo  hoc  gladiatorem  aut  latronem  aut 
Catillnam  esse  conlatum,  non  in  eum  qui  ne  quid  tale  in  re 
publica  fieri  posset  effecerit.  An  ut  ego,  qui  Catillnam  haec 

30  molientem  sustulerim,  everterim,  adflixerim,  ipse  exsisterem 
repente  Catillna?  Quibus  auspicils  istos  fascis  augur  accipe- 
rem?  Quatenus  haberem?  Cui  traderem?  Quemquamne 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA   DECIMA 


209 


fuisse  tarn  sceleratum  qui  hoc  fingeret,  tam  furiosum  qui  cre- 
deret  ?     Unde  igitur  ista  suspicio  vel  potius  unde  iste  sermo  ? 

The  slanders  circulated  by  Cicero's  enemies  gain  no  credence  with 
the  people. 

VI.    Cum,  ut  scitis,  hoc  tridu5  vel  quadriduo  tristis  a  Mutina 
fama  manaret,  Inflati  laetitia  atque  insolentia  impii  elves  unum 

se  in  locum,  ad  illam  ciiriam  furiis  potius    5 
suis  quam  rel  publicae  infelicem,  con- 
gregabant.     Ibi  cum  consilia  inirent  de 
caede  nostra  partirenturque  inter  se  qui 
Capitolium,  qui  rostra,  qui  urbis  portas 
occuparent,  ad  me  concursum  futurum  10 
civitatis  putabant.    Quod  ut  cum  invidia 
mea  fieret  et  cum  vltae  etiam  periculo, 
famam    istam    fascium    dissipaverunt, 
fascis    ipsl    ad    me    delaturi    fuerunt. 
Quod  cum  esset  quasi  mea  voluntate  15 
factum,  turn  in  me  impetus  conducto- 
rum  hominum  quasi  in  tyrannum  para- 
AUGI  R  batur ;    ex  quo   caedes   esset  vestrum 

omnium   consecuta.      Quae    res  pate- 
fecit,  patres  conscript!,  sed  suo  tempore  totlus  huius  sceleris  20 
fons  aperietur. 

Itaque  P.  Apuleius,  tribunus  plebis,  meonim  omnium  consili5- 
rum  perlcul5rumque  iam  inde  a  consulatu  meo  testis,  conscius, 
adiutor,  dolorem  ferre  non  potuit   doloris  mei.      Contionem 
habuit  maximam  populd  Romano  unum  atque  idem  sentiente ;  25 
in  qua  condone  cum  me  pro  surnma   nostra  coniunctione  et 
familiaritate  liberare  suspicione  fascium  vellet,  lina  voce  cuncta 
contio  declaravit  nihil  esse  a  me  umquam  de  re  publica  nisi 
optima  cogitatum.     Post  hanc  habitam  contionem  duabus  tri- 
busve  horls  optatissimi  niintiT  et  litterae  venerunt ;  ut  idem  dies  3° 
non  modo  iniquissima  me  invidia  Hberarit  sed  etiam  celeberrima 
populi  RomanI  gratulatione  auxerit. 
p 


210  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

Haec  interposul,  patres  conscript!,  non  tam  ut  pro  me 
dixerim  —  male  enim  mecum  ageretur  si  parum  vobis  essem 
sine  defensione  purgatus  —  quam  ut  quosdam  nimis  ieiuno 
animo  et  angusto  monerem,  id  quod  semper  ipse  fecissem, 
5  utl  excellentium  clvium  virtutem  imitatione  dignam  non  invidia 
putarent.  Magnus  est  in  re  publica  campus,  ut  sapienter  dicere 
Crassus  solebat,  multis  apertus  cursus  ad  laudem. 

Let  those  who  desire  to  be  leaders  rival  Cicero  in  zeal  for  the  state. 

VII.  Utinam  quidem  illl  principes  vlverent  qui  me  post 
meum  consulatum,  cum  iis  ipse  cederem,  principem  non  invlti 

10  videbant.      Hoc  vero  tempore  in  tanta  inopia  constantium  et 

fortium  consularium  quo  me  dolore  adficl  creditis,  cum  alios 

male  sentire,  alios  nihil  omnino  curare  videam,  alios  parum  con- 

'   stanter  in  suscepta  causa  permanere  sententiamque  suam  non 

semper  utilitate  rel  publicae,  sed  turn  spe  turn  timore  moderarl  ? 

15  Quod  si  quis  de  contentione  principatus  laborat,  quae  nulla 
esse  debet,  stultissime  facit  si  vitiis  cum  virtute  contendit ;  ut 
enim  cursu  cursus,  sic  in  viris  fortibus  virtus  virtute  superatur. 
Tu,  si  ego  de  re  publica  op.time  sentiam,  ut  me  vincas,  ipse 
pessime  senties  ?  Aut  si  ad  me  bonorum  concursum  fieri  vide- 

20  bis,  ad  te  improbos  invltabis?  Nollem  prlmum  re!  publicae 
causa,  deinde  etiam  dlgnitatis  tuae.  Sed  si  principatus  agere- 
tur, quern  numquam  expetlvl,  quid  tandem  mihi  esset  opta- 
tius?  Ego  enim  malls  sententils  vine!  non  possum,  bonis 
forsitan  possim  et  libenter. 

25  Haec  populum  Romanum  videre,  animadvertere,  iiidicare 
quidam  moleste  ferunt.  Poteratne  fieri  ut  non  proinde  homi- 
nes de  quoque  ut  quisque  mereretur  iudicarent?  Ut  enim  de 
universo  senatu  populus  Romanus  verissime  iudicat,  nullis  rel 
publicae  temporibus  hunc  ordinem  firmiorem  aut  fortiorem 

3°  fuisse,  sic  de  uno  quoque  nostrum,  et  maxime  qui  hoc  loco 
sententias  dicimus,  sciscitantur  omnes,  avent  audire  quid  quis- 
que senserit ;  ita  de  quoque  ut  quemque  meritum  arbitrantur 
existimant.  Memoria  tenent  me  ante  diem  xin  Kalendas 


PHILIPPICA    QUART A    DECIMA  211 

lanuarias  principem  revocandae  llbertatis  fuisse;  me  ex  Ka- 
lendis  lanuariis  ad  hanc  horam  invigilasse  rel  publicae ;  meam 
domum  measque  auris  dies  noctlsque  omnium  praeceptis  moni- 
tisque  patuisse ;  mels  litteris,  mels  nuntils,  mels  cohortationi- 
bus  omms  qui  ublque  essent  ad  patriae  praesidium  excitatos ;  5 
mels  sententils  a  Kalendls  lanuariis  numquam  legates  ad  Anto- 
nium ;  semper  ilium  hostem,  semper  hoc  bellum,  ut  ego,  qui 
omm  tempore  verae  pacis  auctor  fuissem,  huic  essem  nominl 
pestiferae  pacis  inimlcus.  Has  in  sententias  meas  si  consules 
discessionem  facere  voluissent,  omnibus  istls  latronibus  aucto-  10 
ritate  ipsa  senatus  iam  pridem  de  manibus  arma  cecidissent. 

By  implication  a  decree  of  thanksgiving  proclaims  Antony 
a  public  enemy. 

VIII.  Sed  quod  turn  non  licuit,  patres  conscript!,  id  hoc 
tempore  non  solum  licet  verum  etiam  necesse  est,  eos  qui  re 
sunt  hostes  verbis  notari,  sententils  nostris  hostls  iudicari. 
Antea  cum  hostem  ac  bellum  nominassem,  semel  et  saepius  15 
sententiam  meam  de  numero  sententiarum  sustulerunt,  quod  in 
hac  causa  iam  fieri  non  potest.  Ex  litteris  enim  C.  Pansae  A. 
Hirti  consulum,  C.  Caesaris  pro  praetore  de  honore  dls  im- 
mortalibus  habendo  sententias  dicimus.  Supplicationem  modo 
qui  decrevit,  Idem  imprudens  hostls  iudicavit ;  numquam  enim  20 
in  civil!  bello  supplicatio  decreta  est.  Decretam  dico?  Ne 
victoris  quidem  litteris  postulata  est.  Civile  bellum  consul  Sulla 
gessit ;  legionibus  in  urbem  adductls  quos  voluit  expulit,  quos 
potuit  occldit ;  supplicationis  mentio  nulla.  Grave  bellum 
Octavianum  Insecutum  est ;  supplicatio  nulla  victori.  Cinnae  25 
victoriam  imperator  ultus  est  Sulla ;  nulla  supplicatio  decreta  a 
senatu.  Ad  te  ipsum,  P.  ServTlT,  num  mlsit  ullas  conlega  litte- 
ras  de  ilia  calamitosissima  piigna  Pharsalia?  Num  te  de  sup- 
plicatione  voluit  referre?  Profecto  noluit.  At  misit  postea 
de  Alexandria,  de  Pharnace.  Pharsaliae  vero  piignae  ne  tri-  3° 
umphum  quidem  egit.  Eos  enim  clvls  piigna  ilia  sustulerat 
quibus  non  modo  vlvis  sed  etiam  victdribus  incolumis  et  florens 


212  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

civitas  esse  posset.  Quod  idem  contigerat  superioribus  bellis 
clvllibus.  Nam  mihi  consul!  supplicatio  nullis  armis  sumptis 
non  ob  caedem  hostium  sed  ob  conservationem  civium  novo 
et  inaudito  genere  decreta  est.  Quam  ob  rem  aut  supplicatio 
5  re  publica  pulcherrime  gesta  postulantibus  nostrls  imperatori- 
bus  deneganda  est,  quod  praeter  Gabinium  contigit  nemini, 
aut  supplicatione  decernenda  hostls  eos  de  quibus  decernitis 
iudicetis  necesse  est. 

The  valor  of  Pansa,  who  was  dangerously  wounded  in  the  battle. 

IX.   Quod  ergo  ille  re,  id  ego  etiam  verbo,  cum  imperatdres 

10  e5s  appello ;  hoc  ipso  nomine  et  eos  qul  iam  devicti  sunt  et 
eos  qui  supersunt  hostls  iudic5,  cum  victores  appelld  impera- 
tores.  Quo  modo  enim  potius  Pansam  appellem,  etsi  habet 
honoris  nomen  amplissimi?  Qu5  Hirtium?  Est  ille  quidem 
consul,  sed  alterum  nomen  benefici  populi  Roman!  est,  alterum 

'5  virtiitis  atque  victoriae.  Quid?  Caesarem  deorum  beneficio 
re!  publicae  pr5creatum  dubitemne  appellare  imperatorem  ?  Qui 
primus  Anton!  immanem  et  foedam  crudelitatem  n5n  solum  a 
iugulis  nostris  sed  etiam  a  membris  et  visceribus  avertit.  Unius 
autem  die!  quot  et  quantae  virtutes,  di  immortales,  fuerunt ! 

20  Princeps  enim  omnium  Pansa  proeli  faciend!  et  cum  Antonio 
confligendi  fuit,  dlgnus  imperator  legione  Martia,  digna  Iegi5 
imperatore.  Ciiius  si  acerrimum  impetum  cohibere  Pansa  potu- 
isset,  uno  proelio  confecta  res  esset ;  sed  cum  libertatis  avida 
Iegi5  effrenatius  in  aciem  hostium  inrupisset  ipseque  in  primis 

25  Pansa  piignaret,  duobus  periculdsis  vulneribus  acceptis  sublatus  e 
proelio  re!  publicae  v!tam  reservavit.  Ego  vero  hunc  non  solum 
imperatorem  sed  etiam  clarissimum  imperatorem  iiidico,  qui 
cum  aut  morte  aut  victoria  se  satis  facturum  re!  publicae  spo- 
pondisset,  alterum  fecit,  alterius  di  immortales  omen  avertant. 

The  brave  deeds  of  Hirtius  and  Caesar. 

3°  X.  Quid  dlcam  de  Hirtio?  Qu!  re  audita  e  castris  duas 
legiones  eduxit  incredibili  studio  atque  virtute ;  quartam  illam, 


\> 


OCTAVIANUS 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA   DECIMA  213 

quae  relicto  Antonio  se  olim  cum  Martia  Iegi5ne  coniunxit,  et 
septimam,  quae  constituta  ex  veteranls  docuit  hoc  proelio 
militibus  iis  qul  Caesaris  beneficia  servassent  senatus  popull- 
que  Roman!  carum  nomen  esse.  His  viginti  cohortibus,  null5 
equitatu,  Hlrtius  ipse  aquilam  quartae  Iegi5nis  cum  inferret,  5 
qua  nullius  pulchriorem  speciem  imperatoris  accepimus,  cum 
tribus  Anton!  legionibus  equitatuque  conflixit  hostlsque  nefarios 
huic  lovis  Optimi  Maximi  ceterlsque  deorum  immortalium 
templls,  urbis  tectls,  libertati  popull  Roman!,  nostrae  vitae 
sanguinlque  imminentis  prostravit,  fudit,  occldit,  ut  cum  admo-  10 
dum  pauc!s  nocte  tectus,  metu  perterritus  princeps  latronum 
duxque  fugerit.  O  s5lem  ipsum  beatissimum  qui,  antequam 
se  abderet,  stratis  cadaveribus  parricldarum  cum  paucis  fugien- 
tem  vidit  Antonium  ! 

An  vero.  quisquam  dubitabit  appellare  Caesarem  imperato-  15 
rem  ?     Aetas  eius  certe  ab  hac  sententia  neminem  deterrebit, 
quando  quidem  virtute  superavit  aetatem.     Ac  mihi  semper  ed 
maiora  beneficia  C.    Caesaris   visa   sunt  quo   minus  erant  ab 
aetate  ilia   postulanda.     Cui  cum  imperium  dabamus,  eodem 
tempore  etiam  spem  eius  nominis   deferebamus ;    quod   cum  20 
est  consecutus,  auctoritatem   nostri  decretl  rebus   gestis   suis 
comprobavit.     Hie  ergo  adulescens  maxim!  animi,  ut  verissime 
scribit  Hlrtius,  castra  multarum    legionum   paucis   cohortibus 
tiitatus  est  secundumque  proelium  fecit.     Ita  trium  imperato- 
rum  popull  Roman!  virtute,  consilio,  felicitate  uno  die  locis  25 
pluribus  res  publica  est  conservata. 

The  resolution  decreeing  honors  to  the  commanders  should  include  the 
rewards  pledged  to  the  troops. 

XL  Decerno  igitur  eorum  trium  nomine  quinquaginta  die- 
rum  supplicationes ;  causas,  ut  honorificentissimls  verb!s  con- 
sequi  potuero,  complectar  ipsa  sententia. 

Est    autem   fide!    pietatisque   nostrae   declarare    fortissimis  3° 
militibus  quam  memores  simus  quamque  grati.     Quam  ob  rem 
promissa  nostra  atque  ea  quae  legionibus  bello  confecto  tribu- 


214  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

turos  nos  spopondimus  hodierno  senatiis  consulto  renovanda 
cense5 ;  aequum  est  enim  mllitum,  talium  praesertim,  honorem 
coniungi.  Atque  utinam,  patres  conscript!,  civibus  omnibus 
solvere  nobls  praemia  liceret.  Quamquam  nos  ea  quae  pro- 

5  mlsimus  studiose  cumulata  reddemus.  Sed  id  quidem  restat, 
ut  spero,  victoribus,  quibus  senatiis  fides  praestabitur ;  quam 
quoniam  difficillimo  rel  publicae  tempore  seciiti  sunt,  eos  num- 
quam  oportebit  c5nsill  sui  paenitere.  Sed  facile  est  bene  agere 
cum  iis  a  quibus  etiam  tacentibus  flagitarl  videmur ;  illud 

10  admlrabilius  et  maius  maximeque  propriuin  senatiis  sapientis 
est,  grata  eorum  virtutem  memoria  pr5sequi  qui  pro  patria 
vitam  profuderunt.  Quorum  de  honore  utinam  mihi  plura  in 
mentem  venirent.  Duo  certe  n5n  praeteribo,  quae  maxime 
occurrunt ;  quSrum  alterum  pertinet  ad  virorum  fortissimd- 

15  rum  gloriam  sempiternam,  alterum  ad  leniendum  maerorem  et 
luctum  proximorum. 

An  imposing  monument  should  be  erected  to  the  dead  in  everlasting 
memory  of  their  valor. 

XII.  Placet  igitur  mihi,  patres  conscriptl,  legionis  Martiae 
militibus  et  iis  qui  una  pugnantes  occiderint,  monumentum 
fieri  quam  amplissimum.  Magna  atque  incredibilia  sunt  in 

20  rem  piiblicam  hiiius  merita  legionis  :  haec  se  prima  latrocinio 
abriipit  Anton! ;  haec  tenuit  Albam ;  haec  se  ad  Caesarem 
contulit ;  hanc  imitata  quarta  legio  parem  virtutis  gloriam  con- 
secuta  est.  Quarta  victrlx  deslderat  neminem  ;  ex  Martia  non 
nulli  in  ipsa  victSria  conciderunt.  O  fortunata  mors,  quae 

25  naturae  debita  pro  patria  est  potissimum  reddita  !  V5s  vero 
patriae  natos  iudico,  quorum  etiam  nomen  a  Marte  est,  ut 
Idem  deus  urbem  hanc  gentibus,  v5s  huic  urbi  genuisse  videa- 
tur.  In  fuga  foeda  mors  est,  in  victoria  gloriosa.  Etenim 
Mars  ipse  ex  acie  fortissimum  quemque  plgnerarl  solet.  Illi 

30  igitur  impii  quos  cecldistis  etiam  ad  Inferos  poenas  parricldi 
luent ;  vos  vero,  qui  extremum  splritum  in  victoria  effiidistis, 
piorum  estis  sedem  et  locum  consecuti.  Brevis  a  natura  vita 


PHILIPPICA  QUARTA   DECIMA  215 

nobls  data  est,  at  memoria  bene  redditae  vitae  sempiterna. 
Quae  si  non  esset  longior  quam  haec  vita,  quis  esset  tarn 
amens  qul  maximis  laboribus  et  periculis  ad  summam  laudem 
gloriamque  contenderet? 

Actum    igitur   praeclare  vobiscum,   fortissiml   dum   vixistis,    5 
nunc  vero  etiam  sanctissimi  milites,  quod  vestra  virtus  neque 
oblivione  eorum  qui  nunc  sunt  nee  reticentia  posterorum  se- 
pulta  esse  poterit,  cum  vobis  immortale  monumentum  suis  paene 
manibus  senatus  populusque  Romanus  exstruxerit.    Multl  saepe 
exercitus  Punicis,  Gallicis,  Italicis  bellis  clari  et  magni  fuerunt,  10 
nee  tamen  ullis  tale  genus  honoris  tributum  est.    Atque  utinam 
maiora  possemus,  quandd  quidem  a  vobis  maxima  accepimus. 
Vos  ab  urbe  furentem  Antonium  avertistis ;   vos  redlre  moli- 
entem  reppulistis.     Erit  igitur  exstructa  moles  opere  magnifies 
inclsaeque  litterae  divlnae  virtutis  testes  sempiternae ;   num-  15 
quamque  de  v5bis  eorum  qui  aut  videbunt  vestrum  monumen- 
tum aut  audient  gratissimus  sermo  conticescet.     Ita  pro  mortall 
condicione  vitae  immortalitatem  estis  consecutl. 

Sympathy  and  help  should  be  given  to  the  families  of  the  slain. 

XIII.    Sed  quoniam,  patres  conscript!,  gloriae  munus  optimis 
et  fortissimls  clvibus  monument!  honore  persolvitur,  consolemur  20 
eorum  proximos,  quibus  optima  est  haec  quidem  consolati5 : 
parentibus,  quod  tanta  re!  publicae  praesidia  genuerunt ;   l!be- 
ris,  quod  habebunt  domestica  exempla  virtutis ;    coniugibus, 
quod  i!s  viris  carebunt  quos  laudare  quam  liigere  praestabit ; 
fratribus,  quod  in  se  ut   corporum,   s!c  virtutis  similitudinem  25 
esse  confident.     Atque  utinam  his  omnibus  abstergere  fletum 
sententi!s  nostris  c5nsult!sque  possemus,  vel  aliqua  talis  iis  adhi- 
beri  publice  posset   oratio  qua   deponerent   maerorem  atque 
luctum  gauderentque  potius,  cum  multa  et  varia  impenderent 
hominibus  genera  mortis,  id  genus  quod  esset  pulcherrimum  3° 
suis  obtigisse,  e5sque  nee  inhumatos  esse  nee  desertos,  quod 
tamen  ipsum  pro  patria  non  miserandum  putatur,  nee  dispersls 
bust!s  humili  sepultura  crematos,  sed  contectos  piiblic!s  operi 


2l6  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

bus  atque  muneribus  eaque  exstriictione  quae  sit  ad  memoriam 
aeternitatis  ara  virtutis. 

Quam  ob  rem  maximum  quidem  solatium  erit  propinquorum 
eodem  monumentd  declarari  et  virtutem  suorum  et  popull  Ro- 

5  manl  pietatem  et  senatus  fidem  et  crudelissiml  memoriam  belli, 
in  quo  nisi  tanta  mllitum  virtus  exstitisset,  parricldio  M.  An- 
tonl  nomen  populi  Roman!  occidisset.  Atque  etiam  censeo, 
patres  c5nscriptl,  quae  praemia  militibus  promlsimus  nos  re 
publica  recuperata  tributuros,  ea  vivis  victoribusque  cumulate, 

10  cum  tempus  venerit,  persolvenda ;  qul  autem  ex  ils  quibus  ilia 
promissa  sunt  pro  patria  occiderunt,  eorum  parentibus,  llberls, 
coniugibus,  fratribus  eadem  tribuenda  censeo. 

The  formal  resolution  placed  before  the  senate. 

XIV.  Sed  ut  aliquando  sententia  complectar,  ita  censeo : 
cum  C.  Pansa  consul,  imperator  initium  cum  hostibus  confli- 

15  gendi  fecerit,  quo  proelio  legio  Martia  admlrabill  incredibilique 
virtute  libertatem  populi  RomanI  defenderit,  quod  idem  Iegi5- 
nes  tironum  fecerint ;  ipseque  C.  Pansa  consul,  imperator,  cum 
inter  media  hostium  tela  versaretur,  vulnera  acceperit ;  cum- 
que  A.  Hirtius  consul,  imperator,  proeli5  audlto,  re  cognita, 

20  fortissimo  praestantissimoque  animo  exercitum  castrls  eduxerit 
impetumque  in  M.  Antonium  exercitumque  hostium  fecerit  eius- 
que  copias  occldi5ne  occlderit,  suo  exercitu  ita  incolumi  ut 
ne  unum  quidem  mllitem  deslderarit ;  cumque  C.  Caesar  pro 
praetore,  imperator  consili5  diligentiaque  sua  castra  fellciter 

25  defenderit  copiasque  hostium,  quae  ad  castra  accesserant,  pro- 
fllgarit,  occlderit ;  ob  eas  res  senatum  existimare  et  iudicare 
eorum  trium  imperatorum  virtute,  imperio,  consilio,  gravitate, 
constantia,  magnitudine  animi,  felicitate  populum  Romanum 
foedissima  crudelissimaque  servitute  llberatum. 

30  Cumque  rem  publica.m,  urbem,  templa  deortim  immoftalium, 
boria  fortunasque  omnium  llberdsque  conservarint  dlmicatione 
et  periculo  vitae  suae,  uti  ob  eas  res  bene,  fortiter,  feliciterque 
gestas  C.  Pansa  A.  Hirtius  consules,  imperatores,  alter  ambove, 


PHILIPPICA    QUART A    DECIMA  217 

aut  si  aberunt,  M.  Cornutus,  praetor  urbanus,  supplicationes 
per  dies  qumquaginta  ad  omnia  pulvinaria  c5nstituat. 

Cumque  virtus  legionum  digna  clarissimis  imperatoribus  ex- 
stiterit,  senatum,  quae  sit  antea  pollicitus  legionibus  exerci- 
tibusque    nostrls,    ea    summo    studio    re    publica    recuperata    5 
persoluturum.      Cumque  legio  Martia  princeps  cum  hostibus 
confllxerit  atque  ita  cum  maiore  numero  hostium  contenderit 
ut,  cum  plurimos  caederent,  caderent  non  nulli,  cumque  sine 
ulla  retractatione  pro  patria  vitam  profuderint,  cumque  similT 
virtute  reliquarum  legionum  milites  pro  salute  et  llbertate  po-  10 
pull  Roman!  mortem  oppetiverint,  senatul  placere  ut  C.  Pansa 
A.  Hirtius  consules,  imperatores,  alter  ambove,  si  iis  videatur, 
iTs  quT  sanguinem  pro  vita,  llbertate,  fortunls  popull  Roman!, 
pro  urbe,  templis  deorum   immortalium   profudissent   monu- 
mentum  quam  amplissimum  locandum  faciendumque  curent ;  15 
quaest5resque  urbanos  ad  earn  rem  pecuniam  dare,  attribuere, 
solvere  iubeant,  ut  exstet  ad  memoriam  posteritatis  sempiter- 
nam  scelus  crudelissimorum  hostium  militumque  d!v!na  virtus ; 
ut!que  quae  praemia  senatus  mUitibus  ante  constituit,  ea  sol- 
vantur  eorum  qul  hoc  bello  pr5  patria  occiderunt  parentibus,  20 
liberis,  coniugibus,  fratribus ;  iisque  tribuantur  quae  rmlitibus 
ipsls  tribu!  oporteret,  si  vlv!  vlcissent,  qui  morte  vlcerunt. 


SIGHT-READING 


PRO    MARCELLO    ORATIO 

Caesar's  magnanimity  compels  me  to  break  my  long  silence. 

I.  DiuturnI  silentl,  patres  conscript!,  quo  eram  his  tempori- 
bus  usus,  non  timore  aliquo,  sed  partim  dolore,  partim  vere- 
cundia,  finem  hodiernus  dies  attulit,  Idemque  initium  quae 
vellem  quaeque  sentlrem  meo  prlstino  more  dlcendl.  Tantam 
enim  mansuetudinem,  tam  inusitatam  inaudltamque  clemen-  5 
tiam,  tantum  in  summa  potestate  rerum  omnium  modum,  tam 
denique  incredibilem  sapientiam  ac  paene  dlvlnam,  tacitus 
praeterlre  nullo  modo  possum.  M.  enim  Marcello  vobls,  patres 
conscript!,  reique  publicae  reddito,  n5n  illius  solum,  sed  etiam 
meam  vocem  et  auctoritatem  et  vobls  et  rei  publicae  conserv-a-  10 
tam  ac  restitutam  put5. 

Dolebam   enim,   patres  conscript!,  et  vehementer   angebar 
virum  talem,  cum  in  eadem  causa  in  qua  ego  fuisset,  non  in 
eadem  esse   fortuna ;    nee  mihi   persuadere  poteram,  nee  fas 
esse  ducebam,  versari  me  in  nostro  vetere  curriculo,  illo  aemulo  15 
atque  imitatore  studiorum  ac  laborum  meorum  quasi  qu5dam 

I.  Diuturni :  i.e.  ever  since  52  B.C.,  when  Cicero,  mourning  the  loss  of 
his  former  prestige,  had  resolved  never  again  to  speak  in  the  senate.  In 
course  of  time  he  repented  of  his  decision,  and  waited  only  for  a  suitable 
chance  to  show  publicly  his  acquiescence  in  the  new  state  of  affairs.  — 
silenti :  construe  with  finem. — eram  usus:  we  should  expect  sum 
usus,  but  sometimes  Latin  uses  the  pluperfect  to  express  an  action  just 
completed.  2.  timore,  dolore,  verecundia:  abl.  of  cause.  6.  mo- 
dum: modcrationem.  12.  Dolebam:  explanatory  of  dolore,  1.  2. 
13.  cum:  concessive.  14.  nee  .  .  .  ducebam:  explanatory  of  vere- 
cundia, \.  2.  15.  versari:  while  in  thought  dependent  on  both,  zersari 
follows  the  construction  demanded  by  fas  esse,  not  that  after  persuadere. 

219 


220  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

socio  a  me  et  comite  distracto.     Ergo  et  mihi  meae  pristinae 

vitae  consuetudinem,  C.  Caesar,  interclusam  aperuistl,  et  his 

omnibus  ad  bene  de  omni  re  publica  sperandum  quasi  signum 

aliquod  sustulisti.     Intellectual  est  enim  mihi  quidem  in  multis 

5  et  maxime  in  me  ipso,  sed  paulo  ante  omnibus,  cum  M.  Mar- 

cellum  senatul  reique  publicae  concessisti  commemoratis  prae- 

sertim  offensidnibus,  te  auctoritatem  huius  ordinis  dignitatem- 

que  rel  publicae  tuls  vel  doloribus  vel  suspicionibus  anteferre. 

Ille  quidem  fructum  omnis  ante  actae  vitae   hodierno   die 

10  maximum  cepit,  cum  summo  consensu  senatus  turn  iudicio  tuo 
gravissimo  et  maximo.  Ex  quo  profecto  intellegis  quanta  in 
dato  beneficio  sit  laus,  cum  in  accepto  sit  tanta  gloria.  Est 
vero  fortunatus  ille,  cuius  ex  salute  non  minor  paene  ad  omuls 
quam  ad  ipsum  ventura  sit  laetitia  pervenerit ;  quod  quidem  ei 

15  merito  atque  optimo  iure  contigit.  Quis  enim  est  illo  aut 
nobilitate  aut  probitate  aut  optimarum  artium  studio  aut  inno- 
centia  aut  ullo  laudis  genere  praestantior  ? 

Your  military  achievements,  Gaius  Caesar,  are  unequaled,  but  this  act 
is  still  more  glorious. 

II.  Nulllus  tantum  flumen  est  ingeni,  nullms  dicendi  aut 
scribendi  tanta  vis,  tanta  copia  quae  non  dicam  exornare  sed 

20  enarrare,  C.  Caesar,  res  tuas  gestas  possit.  Tamen  adfirmo, 
et  hoc  pace  dicam  tua,  nullam  in  his  esse  laudem  ampli5rem 
quam  earn  quam  hodierno  die  consecutus  es.  Soleo  saepe  ante 
oculos  ponere  idque  libenter  crebris  usurpare  sermonibus,  om- 
nis nostrorum  imperatorum,  omnis  exterarum  gentium  poten- 

25  tissimorumque  populorum,  omnls  clarissimorum  regum  res 
gestas  cum  tuis  nee  contentionum  magnitudine  nee  numero 
proeliorum  nee  varietate  regionum  nee  celeritate  conficiendi 

3.  signum  sustulisti :  a  metaphor  drawn  from  military  life.  4.  in 
multis:  in  the  case  of  many.  9.  ante  actae:  past.  1 8.  Nullius : 
used  as  gen.  of  nemo.  21.  pace  tua:  with  your  permission.  23.  id 
usurpare:  frequently  to  refer  to  the  fact.  27.  celeritate:  cf.  Caesar's 
famous  message :  veni,  vidi,  rid.  Similarly  Cicero  says  of  Caesar :  hoc 
rfpas  {prodigy}  horribili  vigilantia,  celeritate,  diligentia  est. 


PRO    MARCELLO  221 

nee  dissimilitudine  belldrum  posse  conferri ;  nee  vero  disiunc- 
tissimas  terras  citius  passibus  cuiusquam  potuisse  peragrari 
quam  tuis  non  dicam  cursibus  sed  victdriis  lustratae  sunt. 

Quae  quidem  ego  nisi  ita  magna  esse  fatear  ut  ea  vix  cuius- 
quam mens  aut  cogitatio  capere  possit,  amens  sim  ;  sed  tamen    5 
sunt  alia  maiora.    Nam  bellicas  laudes  solent  quidam  extenuare 
verbis  casque  detrahere  ducibus,  communicare  cum  multis,  ne 
propriae  sint  imperatorum.     Et  certe  in  armis  militum  virtus, 
locorum   opportunities,   auxilia   sociorum,    classes,  commeatus 
multum  iuvant ;    maximam  ver5  partem  quasi  suo  iure  For-  10 
tuna  sibi  vindicat,  et  quicquid  prospere  gestum  est,  id  paene 
omne  ducit  suum. 

At  vero  huius  gloriae,  C.  Caesar,  quam  es  paulo  ante  adeptus 
socium  habes  neminem  ;  totum  hoc,  quantumcumque  est,  quod 
certe  maximum  est,  totum  est,  inquam,  tuum.  Nihil  sibi  ex  15 
ista  laude  centurio,  nihil  praefectus,  nihil  cohors,  nihil  turma 
decerpit.  Quin  etiam  ilia  ipsa  rerum  humanarum  domina,  For- 
tuna,  in  istlus  societatem  gloriae  se  non  oflfert ;  tibi  cedit,  tuam 
esse  totam  et  propriam  fatetur.  Numquam  enim  temeritas  cum 
sapientia  commiscetur,  neque  ad  consilium  casus  admittitur.  20 

Your  victories  in  war  insure  eternal  fame ;  your  conquest  of  self 
wins  our  love  and  admiration. 

III.  Domuisti  gentis  immanitate  barbaras,  multitudine  innu- 
merabilis,  locls  infimtas,  omni  c5piarum  genere  abundantis ; 
sed  tamen  ea  vicisti  quae  et  naturam  et  condicionem  ut  vine! 
possent  habebant.  Nulla  est  enim  tanta  vis  quae  non  ferro  et 
viribus  debilitari  franglque  possit.  Animum  vincere,  Tracundiam  25 
cohibere,  victoriae  temperare,  adversarium  nobilitate,  ingenio, 
virtute  praestantem  non  modo  extollere  iacentem  sed  etiam 

3.  lustratae  sunt :  indie,  used  for  emphasis.  6.  extenuare  :  belittle. 
17.  decerpit :  claims  a  share.  18.  tuam  esse  totam :  sc.  earn  gloriam. 
2 1 .  gentis  barbaras  :  e.g.  the  Gauls,  Britons,  and  Germans.  24.  f erro 
et  viribus :  cf.  Bismarck's  famous  phrase  "  with  blood  and  iron." 
26.  victoriae  :  dat.  with  lemperare.  27.  iacentem  :  prostrate. 


222  ORATIONS  OF  CICERO 

amplificare  eius  pristinam  dignitatem  —  haec  qul  facit,  non  ego 
eum  cum  summis  viris  compar5  sed  simillimum  deo  iudico.  Jj 
Itaque,  C.  Caesar,  bellicae  tuae  laudes  celebrabuntur  illae 
quidem  non  solum  nostris  sed  paene  omnium  gentium  litterls 

5  atque  linguls,  nee  villa  umquam  aetas  de  tuis  laudibus  contice- 
scet.  Sed  tamen  eius  modi  res  nescio  quo  modo,  etiam  cum 
leguntur,  obstrepl  clamore  mllitum  videntur  et  tubarum  sono. 
At  vero  cum  aliquid  clementer,  mansuete,  iuste,  moderate, 
sapienter  factum,  in  Iracundia  praesertim,  quae  est  inimica 

10  consilio,  et  in  victoria,  quae  natura  Insolens  et  superba  est, 
audimus  aut  legimus,  quo  studid  incendimur, .  non  modo  in 
gestls  rebus  sed  etiam  in  fictls,  ut  e5s  saepe  quos  numquam 
vidimus  diligamus.  Te  vero,  quern  praesentem  intuemur, 
cuius  mentem  sensusque  et  os  cernimus,  ut  quicquid  belli 

15  fortuna  reliquum  rei  publicae  fecerit,  id  esse  salvum  veils, 
quibus  laudibus  efferemus,  quibus  studils  prosequemur,  qua 
benevolentia  complectemur.  Parietes,  me  dlus  fidius,  ut  mihi 
videtur,  huius  curiae  tibi  gratias  agere  gestiunt,  quod  brevi 
tempore  futura  sit  ilia  auctoritas  in  his  maiorum  suorum  et  suis 

20  sedibus. 

You  alone  are  unconquered,  for  you  have  conquered  victory  itself. 

IV.  Equidem  cum  C.  Marcelll,  viri  optimi  et  commemora- 
bili  pietate  praediti,  lacrimas  modo  voblscum  viderem,  omnium 
Marcellorum  meum  pectus  memoria  obfudit,  quibus  tii  etiam 
mortuis  M.  Marcello  conservato  dignitatem  suam  reddidistl, 

I.  haec:  sums  up  the  thought  contained  in  Animum  .  .  .  dignitatem. 
3.  Itaque  .  .  .  conticescet:  a  prophetic  utterance,  destined  to  be 
fulfilled  far  more  literally  than  Cicero  thought.  5.  conticescet:  will  be 
silent.  12.  gestis  rebus :  history.  —  fictis :  imaginative  writing. 
14.  ut  veils  :  betraying  your  wish.  15.  reliquum  fecerit :  =  relique- 
rit.  19.  ilia  auctoritas:  i.e.  vir  ilia  auctoritate  praeditus.  21.  C. 
Marcelli :  probably  a  cousin  of  the  exile,  consul  in  50  B.C.  Another  C. 
Marcellus,  brother  of  the  exile,  was  consul  in  49  B.C.  23.  Marcello- 
rum :  the  family  of  the  Marcelli  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  in 
Roman  history. 


JULIUS   CAESAR 


PRO    MARCELLO  223 

nobilissimamque  familiam  iarn  ad  pauc5s  redactam  paene  ab 
interitii  vindicasti.  Hunc  tu  igitur  diem  tuis  maximis  et  innu- 
merabilibus  gratulationibus  iure  antepones.  Haec  enim  res 
umus  est  propria  C.  Caesaris  ;  ceterae  duce  te  gestae  magnae 
illae  quidem,  sed  tamen  multo  magnoque  comitatu.  Hums  5 
autem  rei  tu  idem  es  et  dux  et  comes  ;  quae  quidem  tanta  est 
ut  tropaeis  et  monumentis  tuis  adlatura  flnem  sit  aetas  (nihil 
est  enim  opere  et  manu  factum  quod  non  aliquando  conficiat 
et  consumat  vetustas) ;  at  haec  tua  iustitia  et  lenitas  animl 
florescit  cottldie  magis,  ita  ut  quantum  tuis  operibus  diiiturnitas  10 
detrahet,  tantum  adferat  laudibus. 

Et  ceteros  quidem  omnis  victores  bellorum  civilium  iam  ante 
aequitate  et  misericordia  viceras ;  hodierno  vero  die  te  ipsum 
vlcistl.  Vereor  ut  h5c  quod  dicam  perinde  intellegi  possit 
audltum  atque  ipse '  cogitans  sentio :  ipsam  victoriam  vicisse  15 
videris,  cum  ea  quae  ilia  erat  adepta  victls  remlsisti.  Nam 
cum  ipslus  victoriae  condicione  omnes  victi  occidissemus,  cle- 
mentiae  tuae  iudicio  conservatl  sumus.  Recte  igitur  unus  invic- 
tus  es,  a  quo  etiam  ipslus  victoriae  condici5  visque  de\icta  est. 

This  act  of  mercy,  far-reaching  in  its  consequences,  shows  Caesar's  love 

of  peace. 

V.    Atque  hoc  C.  Caesaris  iudicium,  patres  conscript!,  quam  20 
late  pateat  attendite.    Omnes  enim  qui  ad  ilia  arma  fato  sumus 
nescio  quo  rei  publicae  misero  funestoque  compulsi,  etsi  aliqua 
culpa  tenemur  erroris    human!,   scelere  certe  liberal!  sumus. 
Nam   cum    M.   Marcellum    deprecantibus   vob!s   rei   publicae 
conservavit,  me  et  mihi  et  item  re!  publicae  nullo  deprecante,  25 
reliquos  amplissimos  viros  et  sibi   ipsos  et  patriae  reddidit, 

i.  nobilissimamque  familiam :  sc.  quorumque.  3.  gratulationi- 
bus :  Caesar  mentions  three  thanksgivings  in  his  Gallic  War :  one  of 
fifteen  days  in  57  B.C.,  and  two  of  twenty  days  each  in  55  and  52  B.C. 
respectively;  Dio  Cassius  mentions  a  fourth,  of  forty  days,  in  46  B.C. 
6.  tanta  est  ut  .  .  .  florescit :  anacoluthon ;  is  so  great  that,  -while  it 
is  true  that  time  will  bring  an  end  .  .  .  yet  your  justice,  etc.  14.  perinde 
atque:  just  as.  23.  tenemur:  we  must  plead  guilty  to. 


224  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

quorum  et  frequentiam  et  dignitatem  hoc  ipso  in  consessu 
videtis.  Non  ille  hostls  induxit  in  curiam,  sed  iudicavit  a 
plerisque  Ignoratione  potius  et  falsd  atque  inani  metu  quam 
cupiditate  aut  crudelitate  bellum  esse  susceptum. 
5  Quo  quidem  in  bello  semper  de  pace  audiendum  putavl, 
semperque  dolul  non  modo  pacem  sed  etiam  orationem  civium 
pacem  flagitantium  repudiari.  Neque  enim  ego  ilia  nee  ulla 
umquam  secutus  sum  arma  civilia ;  semperque  mea  consilia 
pacis  et  togae  socia,  non  belli  atque  armorum  fuerunt.  Homi- 

10  nem  sum  secutus  private  consilio,  non  publico ;  tantumque 
apud  me  grati  animi  fidelis  memoria  valuit  ut  nulla  non  modo 
cupiditate  sed  ne  spe  quidem,  prudens  et  sciens  tamquam  ad 
interitum  ruerem  voluntarium. 

Quod  quidem  meum  consilium  minime  obscurum  fuit.    Nam 

15  et  in  hoc  ordine  integra  re  multa  de  pace  dixi  et  in  ipso  bello 
eadem  etiam  cum  capitis  mei  periculo  sens!.  Ex  qu5  nemo 
iam  erit  tarn  iniustus  existimator  rerum  qui  dubitet  quae  Cae- 
saris  de  bello  voluntas  fuerit,  cum  pacis  auctores  conservandos 
statim  censuerit,  ceteris  fuerit  Iratior.  Atque  id  minus  mlrum 

20  fortasse  turn  cum  esset  incertus  exitus  et  anceps  fortuna  belli ; 
qui  vero  victor  pacis  auctores  diligit,  is  profecto  declarat  se 
maluisse  non  dimicare  quam  vincere. 

Many  have  perished  by  the  violence  of  war,  none  by  the  wrath  of 
victory.    Would  Pompey  have  been  as  generous? 

VI.   Atque  huius  quidem  rel  M.  Marcello  sum  testis.     Nostri 

•  enim  sensus  ut  in  pace  semper,  sic  turn  etiam  in  bello  congrue- 

25  bant.      Quotiens  ego  eum   et  quanto  cum   dolore  vidi   cum 

9.  Hominem  :  i.e.  Pompey,  the  man,  not  his  cause,  n.  ut  .  .  .  qui- 
dem: that  not  only  without  anv  hope  of  personal  advantage  but  even 
without  hope  of  success.  12.  prudens  et  sciens:  fully  aware  of  the 
consequences.  The  sincerity  of  this  statement  is  attested  by  Cicero's  private 
correspondence.  15.  integra  re:  i.e.  before  the  war.  16.  periculo: 
when  Cicero  refused  to  take  command  of  the  Pompeian  forces  after  the 
battle  of  Pharsalus,  Pompey's  son  threatened  his  life,  and  would  have 
despatched  him  had  not  Cato  interfered.  23.  Nostri  sensus  congrue- 
bant :  our  opinions  were  the  same. 


PRO    MARCELLO  225 

Insolentiam  certorum  hominum  turn  etiam  ipslus  victoriae  fero- 
citatem  extimescentem.  Quo  gratior  tua  liberalitas,  C.  Caesar, 
nobls  qui  ilia  vidimus  debet  esse.  Non  enim  iam  causae  sunt 
inter  se  sed  victoriae  comparandae.  Vidimus  tuam  victoriam 
proeliorum  exitu  terminatam ;  gladium  vagina  vacuum  in  urbe  5 
n5n  vidimus.  Quos  amlsimus  cms,  eos  Martis  vis  perculit, 
non  Ira  victoriae ;  ut  dubitare  debeat  nem5  quln  multos,  si  fieri 
posset,  C.  Caesar  ab  Inferls  excitaret,  quoniam  ex  eadem  acie 
conservat  quos  potest.  Alterius  vero  partis  nihil  amplius  dlcam 
quam,  id  quod  omnes  verebamur,  nimis  Iracundam  futuram  10 
fuisse  victoriam.  Quldam  enim  non  modo  armatls  sed  inter- 
dum  etiam  otiosis  minabantur,  nee  quid  quisque  sensisset  sed 
ubi  fuisset  cogitandum  esse  dlcebant ;  ut  mihi  quidem  videantur 
di  immortales,  etiam  si  poenas  a  populd  Romano  ob  aliquod 
delictum  expetlverunt,  qui  civile  bellum  tantum  et  tarn  luctuo-  15 
sum  excitaverunt,  vel  placatl  iam  vel  satiatl  ^liquando  omnem 
spem  salutis  ad  clementiam  victoris  et  sapientiam  contulisse. 

Qua  re  gaude  tuo  isto  tarn  excellentl  bono,  et  fruere  cum 
fortuna  et  gloria  turn  etiam  natura  et  moribus  tuls ;  ex  qu5 
quidem  maximus  est  fructus  iucunditasque  sapientl.  Cetera  20 
cum  tua  recordabere,  etsl  persaepe  virtutl,  tamen  plerumque 
fellcitati  tuae  gratulabere ;  de  nobls  quos  in  re  publica  tecum 
simul  esse  voluisti  quotiens  cogitabis,  totiens  de  maximis  tuls 
beneficils,  totiens  de  incredibill  liberalitate,  totiens  de  singular! 
sapientia  tua  cdgitabis,  quae  non  modo  summa  bona  sed  2S 
mmlrum  audebo  vel  sola  dicere.  Tantus  est  enim  splendor  in 
laude  vera,  tanta  in  magnitudine  animl  et  consill  dlgnitas 
ut  haec  a  virtute  donata,  cetera  a  fortuna  commodata  esse 
videantur.  Noll  igitur  in  conservandls  bonls  viris  defatlgari, 

5.  vagina  vacuum:  unsheathed.  12,  otiosis:  those  -who  were 
neutral.  In  the  oration  for  Ligarius  Cicero  states  that  Caesar  repeatedly 
said  that  all  who  were  not  against  him  were  his  friends,  while  Pompey 
declared  that  all  were  his  foes  who  were  not  for  him.  15.  qui  :  -when 
tiiey.  1 6.  iam  aliquando :  now  at  last.  18.  bono:  gifts.  25.  non 
modo  .  .  .  sed  sola :  the  doctrine  of  the  Stoics,  who  claimed  that  virtue 
in  itself  is  sufficient  for  happiness. 
Q 


226  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

non  cupiditate  praesertim  aliqua  aut  pravitate  lapsls,  sed  opi- 
nione  officl,  stulta  fortasse,  certe  non  improba,  et  specie  quadam 
rei  publicae.  Non  enim  tua  ulla  culpa  est  si  te  aliqul  timue- 
runt,  contraque  summa  laus  quod  minime  timendum  fuisse 
5  senserunt. 

Your  safety  is  our  safety. 

VII.  Nunc  venio  ad  gravissimam  querellam  et  atrocissimam 
susplcionem  tuam,  quae  non  tibi  ipsi  magis  quam  cum  omnibus 
clvibus,  turn  maxima  nobls  qui  a  te  conservatl  sumus,  provi- 
denda  est;  quam  etsi  spero  falsam  esse,  tamen  numquam 

10  extenuabo  verbis.  Tua  enim  cautio  nostra  cautio  est,  ut  si  in 
alterutro  peccandum  sit,  malim  viderl  nimis  timidus  quam 
parum  prudens.  Sed  quisnam  est  iste  tarn  demens?  Be  tuis- 
ne? — tametsi  qui  magis  sunt  tul  quam  quibus  tu  saliitem 
insperantibus  reddidistl?  —  an  ex  hoc  numero  qui  una  tecum 

r5  fuerunt?  Non  est  credibilis  tantus  in  ullo  furor  ut  quo  duce 
omnia  summa  sit  adeptus,  huius  vltam  non  anteponat  suae. 
An  si  nihil  tul  cogitant  sceleris,  cavendum  est  ne  quid  inimlcl? 
Qui?  Omnes  enim  qui  fuerunt  aut  sua  pertinacia  vltam  amlse- 
runt  aut  tua  misericordia  retinuerunt,  ut  aut  nulll  supersint  de 

20  inimlcis  aut  qui  fuerunt  sint  amlcissimi. 

Sed  tamen  cum  in  animis  hominum  tantae  latebrae  sint  et 
tanti  recessus,  augeamus  sane  susplcionem  tuam ;  simul  enim 
augebimus  diligentiam.  Nam  quis  est  omnium  tarn  Ignarus 
rerum,  tarn  rudis  in  re  publica;  tam  nihil  umquam  nee  de  sua 

25  nee  de  communl  salute  cogitans  qui  non  intellegat  tua  salute 
contineri  suam  et  ex  unius  tua  vita  pendere  omnium  ?  Equi- 

i .  opinione  . .  .  fortasse  :  from  a  conception  of  duty,  false  perhaps. 
10.  Tua  cautio :  a  statement  only  too  true  in  its  unconscious  foresight. 
Many  of  the  senators  then  present,  Cicero  included,  perished  in  the  civil 
wars  and  proscriptions  which  followed  Caesar's  assassination. — in  alteru- 
tro :  /;/  one  -way  or  the  other.  18.  pertinacia :  i.e.  by  taking  part  in  the 
war  in  Africa  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus.  The  passage  shows  that  as 
yet  there  was  at  Rome  no  apprehension  of  another  outbreak  of  hostilities 
in  Spain.  26.  contineri:  depends  on. 


PRO    MARCELLO  227 

dem  de  te  dies  noctlsque,  ut  debeo,  cogitans  casus  dumtaxat 
humanos  et  incertos  eventus  valetudinis  et  naturae  communis 
fragilitatem  extimesco ;  doleoque,  cum  res  publica  immortalis 
esse  debeat,  earn  in  unlus  mortalis  anima  consistere.  Si  vero 
ad  humanos  casus  incertosque  motus  valetudinis  sceleris  etiam  5 
accedit  insidiarumque  consensio,  quern  deum,  si  cupiat,  posse 
opitulari  rel  publicae  credamus? 

So  far  from  having  completed  your  greatest  work,  you  have  not  yet 
laid  the  foundations. 

VIII.  Omnia  sunt  excitanda  tibi,  C.  Caesar,  unl,  quae  iacere 
sentis  belli  ipslus  impetu,  quod  necesse  fuit,  perculsa  atque 
prostrata  :  constituenda  iudicia,  revocanda  fides,  comprimen-  10 
dae  libidines,  propaganda  suboles ;  omnia  quae  dilapsa  iam 
diffluxerunt  sevens  legibus  vincienda  sunt.  Non  fuit  recu- 
sandum  in  tanto  civili  bello,  tanto  animorum  ardore  et  arm5- 
rum  quln  quassata  res  publica,  quicumque  belli  eventus  fuisset, 
multa  perderet  et  ornamenta  dignitatis  et  praesidia  stabilita-  15 
tis  suae ;  multaque  uterque  dux  faceret  armatus  quae  idem 
togatus  fieri  prohibuisset.  Quae  quidem  tibi  nunc  omnia 
belli  vulnera  sananda  sunt,  quibus  praeter  te  mederi  nemo 
potest. 

Itaque  illam  tuam  praeclarissimam  et  sapientissimam  vocem  20 
invitus  audivT :   "  Satis  diu  vel  naturae  vixi  vel  gloriae."     Satis, 
si  ita  vis,  fortasse  naturae,  addo  etiam,  si  placet,  gloriae ;   at, 
quod  maximum  est,  patriae  certe  parum.     Qua  re  omitte  istam, 

i.  dumtaxat:  merely.  6.  si:  i.e.  etiam  si.  7.  opitulari:  succor. 
ii.  suboles:  to  check  the  alarming  decrease  of  the  free  population, 
Caesar  forbade  men  of  marriageable  age  to  be  absent  from  Italy  more 
than  three  consecutive  years,  and  offered  certain  privileges  and  emolu- 
ments to  fathers  of  large  families.  —  omnia  .  .  .  vincienda  sunt :  little 
time  was  given  Caesar  to  carry  out  his  reforms.  Still  a  large  number  of 
wise  laws  bear  testimony  to  the  unceasing  activity  of  Rome's  greatest 
citizen :  e.g.  the  lex  lulia  iudiciaria  ^constituenda  iudicia),  lex  htlia  de 
faenore  (revocanda  fides),  lex  lulia  sumptuaria  (cornprimendae  libi- 
dines}. 12.  diffluxerunt:  run  wild,  become  lax.  —  Non  .  .  .  recusan- 
dum :  it  could  not  be  avoided. 


228  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

quaeso,  doctorum  hominum  in  contemnenda  morte  prudentiam  ; 
noli  nostro  periculo  esse  sapiens.  Saepe  enim  venit  ad  aims 
meas  te  idem  istud  nimis  crebro  dlcere,  tibi  satis  te  vlxisse. 
Credo ;  sed  turn  id  audirem,  si  tibi  soli  vlveres  aut  si  tibi  etiam 
5  soli  natus  esses.  Omnium  salutem  clvium  cunctamque  rem 
publicam  res  tuae  gestae  complexae  sunt ;  tantum  abes  a  per- 
fectione  maximorum  operum  ut  fundamenta  nondum  quae 
cogitas  ieceris.  Hie  tu  modum  vitae  tuae  non  salute  rei  pu- 
blicae  sed  aequitate  animi  definies  ?  Quid,  si  istud  ne  gloriae 

10  tuae  quidem  satis  est?  Cuius  te  esse  avidissimum,  quamvis  sis 
sapiens,  non  negabis. 

"  Parumne  igitur,"  inquies,  "  magna  relinquemus  ?  "  Immo 
ver5  aliis  quamvis  multis  satis,  tibi  unl  parum.  Quicquid  est 
enim,  quamvis  amplum  sit,  id  est  parum  turn  cum  est  aliquid 

'5  amplius.  Quod  si  rerum  tuarum  immortalium,  C.  Caesar,  hie 
exitus  futurus  fuit,  ut  devictis  adversarils  rem  publicam  in  eo 
statu  relinqueres  in  quo  nunc  est,  vide,  quaeso,  ne  tua  dlvhia 
virtus  admirationis  plus  sit  habitura  quam  gloriae,  si  quidem 
gldria  est  inlustris  ac  pervagata  magnorum  vel  in  suos  vel  in 

20  patriam  vel  in  omne  genus  hominum  fama  meritorum. 

Only  by  restoring  the  state  can  you  secure  immortal  fame. 

IX.  Haec  igitur  tibi  reliqua  pars  est,  hie  restat  actus,  in 
hoc  elaborandum  est,  ut  rem  publicam  constituas,  eaque  tu  in 
primls  summa  tranquillitate  et  otio  perfruare ;  turn  te,  si  voles, 
cum  et  patriae  quod  debes  solveris  et  naturam  ipsam  exple- 
25  veris  satietate  Vivendi,  satis  diu  vlxisse  dlcito.  Quid  enim  est 
omnino  h5c  ipsum  diu,  in  quo  est  aliquid  extremum  ?  Quod 

i.  doctorum  hominum:  i.e.  of  the  philosophers,  and  especially  the 
Stoics.  4.  sed  .  .  .  audirem :  but  only  then  should  I  be  willing  to 
listen  to  such  a  statement.  7.  nondum  ieceris :  you  have  not  yet  laid. 

1 8.  si  ...  meritorum:  construe  gloria  est  fama  magnorum  meritorum. 

19.  pervagata:   -widespread.     21.  Haec  ...  pars  est:  this  part  is  left 
for  you  to  play.      22.  eaque:   sc.  re  publica. — in   primis  :    especially, 
in  particular.       25.    Quid    enim  est :    for   what  is   the   meaning  of. 
26.  omnino :  anyway. 


PRO    MARCELLO  229 

cum  venit,  omnis  voluptas  praeterita  pro  nihilo  est,  quia  postea 
nulla  est  futura.  Quamquam  iste  tuus  animus  numquam  his 
angustils  quas  natura  nobis  ad  vlvendum  dedit  contentus  fuit, 
semper  immortalitatis  amore  flagravit. 

Nee  vero  haec  tua  vita  ducenda  est  quae  corpore  et  splritu    5 
continetur ;  ilia,  inquam,  ilia  vita  est  tua  quae  vigebit  memoria 
saeculorum  omnium,  quam  posteritas  alet,  quam  ipsa  aeternitas 
semper  tuebitur.     Huic  tu  Inservias,  huic  te  ostentes  oportet ; 
quae  quidem   quae  miretur   iam   pridem   multa  habet,   nunc 
etiam    quae    laudet    exspectat.      Obstupescent    poster!   certe  10 
imperia,  provincial,  Rhenum,  Oceanum,  Nilum,  pugnas  innu- 
merabills,  incredibilis  victorias,  monumenta,  munera,  triumphos 
audientes  et  legentes  tuos. 

Sed  nisi  haec   urbs  stabilita  tuis  consiliis  et  institutis   erit, 
vagabitur  modo  tuum  nomen  longe  atque  late ;  sedem  stabilem  15 
et  domicilium  certum  non  habebit.      Erit  inter  eos  etiam  qui 
nascentur,  sicut  inter  nos  fuit,  magna  dissensio,  cum  alii  laudi- 
bus   ad  caelum  res  tuas  gestas  efferent,  alii   fortasse   aliquid 
requirent,  idque  vel  maximum,  nisi  belli  civilis  incendium  salute 
patriae  restinxeris,   ut   illud   fati    fuisse   videatur,  hoc  consill.  20 
Servl  igitur  ils  etiam  iudicibus  qui  multls  post  saeculis  de  te 
iudicabunt,  et   quidem    haud  scio  an  incorruptius  quam  nos. 
Nam  et  sine  am5re  et  sine  cupiditate,  et  rursus  sine  odio  et 
sine  invidia  iudicabunt.     Id  autem  etiam  si  turn  ad  te,  ut  qul- 
dam  falso  putant,  non  pertinebit,  nunc  certe  pertinet  esse  te  25 
talem  ut  tuas  laudes  obscuratura  nulla  umquam  sit  obllvio. 

8.  Huic,  quae :  refer  to  the  general  idea  of  immortality,  but  the 
gender  is  determined  by  vita.  —  te  ostentes  oportet :  you  must 
show  yourself  in  your  true  light.  II.  Rhenum :  refers  to  Caesar's  inva- 
sions of  Germany.  —  Oceanum :  refers  to  his  conquest  of  the  Veneti 
and  his  exploits  in  Britain.  —  Nilum :  refers  to  the  Alexandrian  cam- 
paign. 20.  illud:  i.e.  incendium.  —  fati:  due  to  fate.  — hoc:  i.e.  te 
illud  incendium  restinxisse.  21.  Servi  :  give  heed  to.  24.  quidam  : 
i.e.  the  Epicureans,  who  believed  that  death  means  the  absolute  dissolu- 
tion and  evaporation  of  the  soul.  Caesar  \vas  probably  an  adherent  of 
this  doctrine.  Sallust  quotes  him  as  saying :  "  Death  makes  an  end  of  all  the 
ills  of  mankind;  beyond  it  there  is  room  neither  for  sorrow  nor  for  joy." 


230  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

The  war  is  over  and  grateful  citizens  will  protect  the  generous  victor. 

X.  Diversae  voluntates  clvium  fuerunt  distractaeque  senten- 
tiae.  Non  enim  consiliis  solum  et  studiis  sed  armls  etiam  et 
castris  dissidebamus.  Erat  enim  obscuritas  quaedam,  erat 
certamen  inter  clarissimos  duces ;  multl  dubitabant  quid  opti- 
5  mum  esset,  multl  quid  sibi  expediret,  multl  quid  deceretj  non 
nulli  etiam  quid  liceret.  Perfuncta  res  publica  est  h5c  misero 
fatallque  bello ;  vlcit  is  qui  non  fortuna  Inflammaret  odium 
suum  sed  bonitate  lenlret,  nee  qui  omnls  quibus  iratus  esset, 
eosdem  exsilio  aut  morte  dlgnos  iudicaret.  Arma  ab  aliTs 

10  posita,  ab  alils  erepta  sunt.  Ingratus  est  iniustusque  clvis  qui 
armorum  periculo  liberatus  animum  tamen  retinet  armatum,  ut 
etiam  ille  melior  sit  qul  in  acie  cecidit,  qui  in  causa  animam 
profudit.  Quae  enim  pertinacia  quibusdam,  eadem  aliis  con- 
stantia  videri  potest. 

1S  Sed  iam  omnis  fracta  dissensi5  est  armls,  exstincta  aequitate 
victoris ;  restat  ut  omnes  unum  velint,  qui  modo  habent  aliquid 
non  solum  sapientiae  sed  etiam  sanitatis.  Nisi  te,  C.  Caesar, 
salvo  et  in  ista  sententia  qua  cum  antea  turn  hodie  vel  maxime 
usus  es  ma,nente,  salvi  esse  non  possumus.  Qua  re  omnes  te 

20  qui  haec  salva  esse  volumus  et  hortamur  et  obsecramus  ut 
vitae  tuae  et  salutl  consulas ;  omnesque  tibi,  ut  pro  alils  etiam 
loquar  quod  de  me  ipse  sentio,  quoniam  subesse  aliquid  putas 
quod  cavendum  sit,  non  modo  excubias  et  custodies  sed  etiam 
laterum  nostrorum  oppositus  et  corporum  pollicemur. 

To  end  as  I  began,  Gaius  Caesar,  we  give  you  heartfelt  thanks  for 
your  great  kindness  toward  us. 

25  XI.  Sed  ut  unde  est  orsa,  in  eodem  terminetur  oratio,  maxi- 
mas  tibi  omnes  gratias  agimus,  C.  Caesar,  maiores  etiam  habe- 
mus.  Nam  omnes  idem  sentiunt,  quod  ex  omnium  precibus  et 
lacrimls  sentire  potuistL  Sed  quia  non  est  omnibus  stantibus 

6.   Perfuncta   eat :   has  got  through,  finished.      10.   posita :   after 
Pharsalus.  —  erepta :  after  Thapsus. 


PRO    LIGARIO  231 

necesse  dTcere,  a  me  certe  did  volunt,  cui  necesse  est  quodam 
modo  ;  et  quod  fieri  decet  M.  Marcello  a  te  huic  ordini  populd- 
que  Romano  et  re!  publicae  reddito,  fieri  id  intellego.  Nam 
laetari  omnls  non  de  unius  solum  sed  de  communi  salute 
sentio.  5 

Quod  autem  summae  benevolentiae  est,  quae  mea  erga  ilium 
omnibus  semper  nota  fuit,  ut  vix  C.  Marcell5,  optimo  et 
amantissimo  fratrl,  praeter  eum  quidem  cederem  neminT,  cum 
id  sollicitudine,  cura,  labore  tarn  diu  praestiterim  quam  diu 
est  de  illlus  salute  dubitatum,  certe  hoc  tempore  magnls  curis,  10 
molestils,  doloribus  Hberatus  praestare  debeo.  Itaque,  C. 
Caesar,  sic  tibi  gratias  ago  ut,  omnibus  me  rebus  a  te  non  con- 
servato  solum  sed  etiam  ornato,  tamen  ad  tua  in  me  unum 
innumerabilia  merita,  quod  fieri  iam  posse  n5n  arbitrabar,  maxi- 
mus  hoc  tuo  facto  cumulus  accesserit.  15 


PRO    LIGARIO    ORATIO 

A  strange  new  crime  has  been  discovered,  one  of  which  accuser  and 
accused  are  both  guilty. 

I.  Novum  crimen,  C.  Caesar,  et  ante  hunc  diem  non  audl- 
tum  propinquus  meus  ad  te  Q.  Tubero  detulit,  Q.  Ligarium 
in  Africa  fuisse  ;  idque  C.  Pansa,  praestant!  vir  ingenio,  fretus 
fortasse  familiaritate  ea  quae  est  el  tecum  ausus  est  confiteri. 

i.  cui  necesse  est:  as  an  ex-consul  and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
senate;  he  was,  moreover,  a  personal  friend  of  Marcellus. — quodam 
modo :  in  a  certain  -way.  6.  Quod :  its  antecedent  is  id,  expressed 
in  1.  9,  and  the  unexpressed  object  of  praestare,  1.  II.  7.  ut:  in  view  of 
the  fact  that.  12.  omnibus  rebus:  abl.  of  specification.  14.  maximus 
cumulus  accesserit :  a  crowning  favor  has  been  added. 

16.  Novum  crimen:  no-eel  accusation.  17.  Q.  Ligarium  .  .  .fuisse: 
explanatory  of  crimen.  18.  C.  Pansa:  he  who  fell  at  Mutina  in  43  B.C. 


232  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

Itaque  quo  me  vertam  nescio.  Paratus  enim  veneram,  cum  tu 
id  neque  per  te  scires  neque  audire  aliunde  potuisses,  ut  Igno- 
ratione  tua  ad  hominis  miseri  salutem  abiiterer.  Sed  quoniam 
dlligentia  inimlcl  investlgatum  est  quod  latebat,  confitendum 

5  est,  ut  opinor,  praesertim  cum  meus  necessarius  Pansa  fecerit 
ut  id  integrum  iam  non  esset ;  omissaque  controversia  omnis 
oratio  ad  misericordiam  tuam  conferenda  est,  qua  plurimi  sunt 
conservati,  cum  a  te  non  liberationem  culpae  sed  errati 
veniam  impetravissent.  Habes  igitur,  Tubero,  quod  est  accii- 

10  satori  maxime  optandtim,  confitentem  reum ;  sed  tamen  hoc 

confitentem,  se  in  ea  parte  fuisse  qua  te,  qua  virum  omn!  laude 

dignum,  patrem  tuum.     Itaque  prius  de  vestro  delicto  confite- 

amim  necesse  est  quam  Ligarl  ullam  culpam  reprehendatis. 

Q.  enim  Ligarius,  cum  esset  nulla  belli  suspicio,  legatus  in 

*5  Africam  cum  C.  Considio  profectus  est.  Qua  in  legatione  et 
clvibus  et  sociis  ita  se  probavit  ut  decedens  Considius  provincia 
satis  facere  hominibus  non  posset  si  quemquam  alium  pro- 
vinciae  praefecisset.  Itaque  Ligarius  cum  diu  recusans  nihil 
profecisset,  pr5vinciam  accepit  invltus ;  cui  sic  praefuit  in  pace 

20  ut  et  civibus  et  sociis  gratissima  esset  eius  integritas  ac  fides. 
Bellum  subito  exarsit,  quod  qui  erant  in  Africa  ante  audierunt 
geri  quam  parari.  Qu5  audlto  partim  cupiditate  inconslderata, 
partim  caeco  quodam  timore  primo  salutis,  post  etiam  studi 
sui  quaerebant  aliquem  ducem  ;  cum  Ligarius  domum  spectans, 

2S  ad  suos  redlre  cupiens,  nullo  se  implicari  negotio  passus  est. 
Interim  P.  Attius  Varus,  qui  praetor  Africam  obtinuerat,  Uticam 
venit.  Ad  eum  statim  concursum  est.  Atque  ille  non  medio- 

2.  aliunde :  from  other  sources.  5.  ut  opinor  :  observe  the  irony  of 
these  first  lines.  7.  conferenda  est :  must  be  dmoted  to  an  appeal. 
II.  qua:  when  the  verb  remains  the  same,  the  preposition  expressed  with 
the  antecedent  is  omitted  before  the  relative  pronoun.  —  te :  by  attrac- 
tion for  tu fitisti  or  fueris.  15.  C.  Considio:  propraetor  of  Africa  in 
50  B.C.  21.  quod:  subject  of  geri  and  parari. — qui  .  .  .  Africa:  subject 
of  audierunt.  22.  cupiditate.  timore  ;  salutis.  studi :  chiasmus. 
Construe  salutis  and  s/tti/i  with  diictun.  26.  Varus  :  a  partizan  of  Pompey, 
who  had  been  defeated  in  Italy  and  had  sought  refuge  in  Africa. 


PRO    LIGARIO  233 

cri  cupiditate  adripuit  imperium,  si  illud  imperium  esse  potuit 
quod  ad  privatum  clamore  multitudinis  imperitae,  nullo  pu- 
blico  consilio  deferebatur.  Itaque  Ligarius,  qui  omne  tale 
negotium  cuperet  effugere,  paulum  adventu  Van  conquievit. 

The  action  of  Ligarius  was  due  to  necessity,  not  inclination. 

II.   Adhuc,  C.  Caesar,  Q.  Ligarius  omni  culpa  vacat.    Domd    5 
est  egressus  non  modo  nullum  ad  bellum  sed  ne  ad  minimam 
quidem  susplcionem  belli ;    legatus  in  pace  profectus  est ;   in 
provincia  pacatissima  ita  se  gessit  ut  el  pacem  esse  expediret. 
Profectio  certe  animum  tuum  non  debet  offendere;  num  igitur 
remansio?     Multo  minus.     Nam  profectio  voluntatem  habuit  10 
non   turpem,  remansi5  necessitatem  etiam  honestam.      Ergo 
haec  duo  tempora  carent  crimine ;    unum,   cum    est   legatus 
profectus,  alterum,  cum   efflagitatus   a   provincia   praepositus 
Africae  est.     Tertium  tempus  est  quod  post  adventum  Van  in 
Africa  restitit ;  quod  si  est  criminosum,  necessitatis  crimen  est,  X5 
non  voluntatis.     An  ille  si  potuisset  ullo  modo  evadere,  Uticae 
quam  Romae,  cum  P.  Attio  quam  cum  concordissimis  fratribus, 
cum  alienls  esse  quam  cum  suis  maluisset  ?     Cum  ipsa  legatid 
plena   deslderi   ac    sollicitudinis   fuisset   propter   incredibilem 
quendam  fratrum  amorem,  hie  aequo  anim5  esse  potuit  belli  20 
discidio  distractus  a  fratribus  ? 

Nullum  igitur  habes,  Caesar,  adhuc  in  Q.  Ligario  signum 
alienae  a  te  voluntatis.  Cuius  ego  causam  animadverte,  quaeso, 
qua  fide  defendam  ;  prodo  meam.  O  clementiam  admirabilem 
atque  omnium  laude,  praedicatione,  litteris  monumentisque  25 
decorandam,  cum  M.  Cicero  apud  te  defendit  alium  in  ea 
yoluntate  non  fuisse  in  qua  se  ipsum  confitetur  fuisse,  nee  tuas 
tacitas  cogitationes  extimescit,  nee  quid  tibi  de  alio  audienti 
de  se  ipso  occurrat  reformldat. 

5.  Adhuc:  up  to  this  point.  8.  ei:  i.e.  prwinciae.  —  pacem  esse  : 
subject  of  expediret.  13.  efflagitatus  a:  at  the  most  urgent  request  of. 
14.  quod:  that  during  which.  17.  concordissimis:  most  congenial. 
20.  hie  :  the  adverb.  21.  discidio  :  by  the  intervention. 


234  ORATIONS    OF   CICERO 

Ligarius  has  a  better  case  than  either  Tubero  or  myself,  yet  you 
have  pardoned  us. 

III.  Vide  quam  non  reformidem  ;  vide  quanta  lux  llberalitatis 
et  sapientiae  tuae  mihi  apud  te  dicentl  oboriatur.  Quantum 
potero,  v5ce  contendam  ut  hoc  populus  Romanus  exaudiat. 
Suscepto  bello,  Caesar,  gesto  etiam  ex  parte  magna,  nulla  vi 
5  coactus  iudicio  ac  voluntate  ad  ea  arma  profectus  sum  quae 
erant  sumpta  contra  te.  Apud  quem  igitur  hoc  dico  ?  Nempe 
apud  eum  qui,  cum  hoc  sclret,  tamen  me  antequam  vidit,  rel 
publicae  reddidit ;  qui  ad  me  ex  Aegypto  litteras  mlsit,  ut 
essem  Idem  qui  fuissem ;  qui  cum  ipse  imperator  in  toto 

10  imperio  populi  Roman!  unus  esset,  esse  me  alterum  passus 
est ;  a  qu5,  hoc  ipso  C.  Pansa  mihi  nuntium  perferente,  con- 
cessos  fascls  laureates  tenul,  quoad  tenendos  putavl ;  qui  mihi 
turn  denique  se  salutem  putavit  reddere  si  earn  nullis  spoliatam 
ornamentls  dedisset. 

"5  Vide,  quaeso,  Tubero,  ut  qui  de  meo  facto  non  dubitem,  de 
Ligarl  non  audeam  confiteri.  Atque  haec  propterea  de  me 
dlxl,  ut  mihi  Tubero,  cum  de  se  eadem  dlcerem,  Ignosceret ; 
cuius  ego  industriae  gloriaeque  faveo  vel  propter  propinquam 
cognati5nem  vel  quod  eius  ingenio  studilsque  delector  vel 

20  quod  laudem  adulescentis  propinqul  exlstimo  etiam  ad  meum 
aliquem  fructum  redundare. 

Sed  hoc  quaero :  quis  putat  esse  crimen  fuisse  in  Africa  ? 
Nempe  is  qui  et  ipse  in  eadem  Africa  esse  voluit,  et  prohibitum 
se  a  Ligario  queritur,  et  certe  contra  ipsum  Caesarem  est  con- 

25  gressus  armatus.  Quid  enim  tuus  ille,  Tubero,  destrictus  in 
acie  Pharsalica  gladius  agebat  ?  Cuius  latus  ille  mucro  pete- 

i .  quam  non :  how  little.  8.  ex  ...  litteras:  for  ten  anxious  months 
(November,  48  B.C.  to  September,  47  B.C.)  Cicero  had  awaited  at  Brun- 
disium  Caesar's  decision  as  to  his  punishment.  Caesar  at  that  time  was  in 
Egypt,  engaged  in  the  Alexandrian  war.  10.  alterum:  sc.  imperato- 
rem.  As  governor  of  Cilicia  in  50  B.C.  Cicero  had  subdued  some  plunder- 
ing mountain  tribes  and  had  been  greeted  by  his  soldiers  with  the  title  of 
imperator.  12.  laureates  :  laurel-wreathed,  the  symbol  of  the  imperium. 
15.  Vide  .  .  .  confiteri:  ironical.  —  ut:  how,  indirect  question. 


PRO    LIGARIO  235 

bat  ?  Qul  sensus  erat  armorum  tuorum  ?  Quae  tua  mens, 
oculi,  manus,  ardor  animi  ?  Quid  cupiebas,  quid  optabas  ? 
Nimis  urged ;  commoveri  videtur  adulescens.  Ad  me  revertar. 
Isdem  in  armis  ful. 

The  accusation  against  Ligarius  is  cruel  and  barbarous,  for  it  aims  at 

his  death. 

IV.    Quid  autem  aliud  egimus,  Tubero,  nisi  ut   quod  hie    5 
potest  nos  possemus  ?     Quorum  igitur  impunitas,  Caesar,  tuae 
clementiae  laus  est,  eorum  ipsorum  ad  crudelitatem  te  acuet 
oratio  ?     Atque  in  hac  causa  non  nihil  equidem,  Tubero,  etiam 
tuam,  sed  multo  magis  patris  tul  prudentiam  desidero,  quod 
homo  cum   ingenio  turn  etiam   doctrina  excellens  genus  hoc  10 
causae  quod  esset  non  viderit.     Nam  si  vldisset,  quovls  pro- 
fecto  quam  isto  modo  a  te  agl  maluisset. 

Arguis  fatentem.     Non  est  satis  ;  accusas  eum  qul  causam 
habet   aut,  ut   ego  dico,  meliorem  quam   tu  aut,  ut   tu   vis, 
parem.     Haec  admirabilia,  sed  prodigi  simile  est  quod  dlcam.  '5 
Non  habet  earn  vim  ista  accusatio  ut  Q.  Ligarius  condemnetur, 
sed  ut  necetur.     Hoc  egit  clvis  Romanus  ante  te  nemo ;  ex- 
ternl  istl  mores  usque  ad  sanguinem  incitari  solent  odio,  aut 
levium  Graecorum   aut   immanium    barbarorum.      Nam   quid 
agis  aliud  ?     Romae  ne   sit,  ut  domo  careat,  ne  cum  optimls  20 
fratribus,  ne  cum  hoc  T.  Broccho  avunculo,  ne  cum  eius  filio 
consobrino  suo,  ne  noblscum  vlvat,  ne  sit  in  patria  ?     Num 
est  ?     Num   potest   magis   carere  his  omnibus    quam   caret  ? 
Italia  prohibetur,  exsulat.     Non  tu  ergo  hunc  patria  prlvare, 
qua  caret,  sed  vita  vis.     At  istud  ne  apud  eum  quidem  dicta-  25 
torem  qul  omnls  quos  oderat  morte  multabat  quisquam  egit 
isto   modo.     Ipse   iubebat   occldl   nullo    postulante,    praemils 

3.  Nimis  urgeo:  but  I  press  him  too  closely.  5.  hie:  i.e.  Caesar. 
7.  acuet:  incite.  9.  desidero  :  miss. — quod:  inasmuch  as.  10.  genus 
.  .  .  viderit:  non  viderit  quod  genus  causae  hoc  esset.  15.  admirabilia: 
astonishing.  22.  consobrino  :  cousin.  —  Num  est :  is  he  then  in  his 
native  land?  24.  exsulat  :  he  is  living  in  banishment.  25.  vita :  sc. 
privare. — dictatorem  :  i.e.  Sulla.  27.  Ipse:  i.e.  Sulla. 


236  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

etiam  invltabat  ;  quae  tamen  crudelitas  ab  hoc  eodem  aliquot 
annis  post  quern  tu  nunc  crudelem  esse  vis  vindicata  est. 

It  cannot  be  that  Tubero  is  so  inhuman  as  to  deprive  Ligarius  of  that 
mercy  by  which  he  himself  was  saved. 

V.  'Ego  vero  istud  non  postulo'  inquies.  Ita,  me  hercule, 
exlstimo,  Tubero.  Novl  enim  te,  novl  patrem,  novl  domum 

5  nomenque  vestrum  ;  studia  generis  ac  familiae  vestrae  virtutis, 
humanitatis,  doctrlnae,  plurimarum  artium  atque  optimarum 
nota  mihi  sunt  omnia.  Itaque  certo  scio  vos  non  petere  san- 
guinem,  sed  parum  attenditis.  Res  enim  eo  spectat,  ut  ea 
poena  in  qua  adhuc  Q.  Ligarius  est  non  videamini  esse  con- 

10  tentl.  Quae  est  igitur  alia  praeter  mortem  ?  Si  enim  est  in 
exsilio,  slcutl  est,  quid  amplius  postulatis  ?  An  ne  Ign5scatur  ? 
Hoc  vero  multd  acerbius  multoque  est  durius.  Quod  nos 
dorm  petimus  precibus,  lacrimis,  strati  ad  pedes,  non  tarn 
nostrae  causae  fidentes  quam  hiiius  humanitatl,  id  ne  impetre- 

15  mus  oppugnabis  et  in  nostrum  fletum  inrumpes  et  nos  iacentis 
ad  pedes  supplicum  voce  prohibebis  ?  Si  cum  hoc  doml  face- 
remus,  quod  et  fecimus  et,  ut  spero,  non  frustra  fecimus,  tu 
repente  inruisses  et  clamare  coepisses  :  '  C.  Caesar,  cave 
Ignoscas,  cave  te  fratrum  pro  fratris  salute  obsecrantium  mi- 

20  sereat,'  —  nonne  omnem  humanitatem  exuisses  ?  Quant5  hoc 
durius,  quod  nos  doml  petimus,  id  te  in  foro  oppugnare  et  in 
tall  miseria  multorum  perfugium  misericordiae  tollere. 

Dlcam  plane,  Caesar,  quod  sentio.  Si  in  hac  tanta  tua 
fortuna  lenitas  tanta  ndn  esset,  quam  tu  per  te,  per  te,  in- 

25  quam,  obtines,  —  intellego  quid  loquar,  —  acerbissimo  luctu 
redundaret  ista  victoria.  Quam  multi  enim  essent  de  victoribus 

i .  invitabat :  encouraged.  Sulla  had  offered  two  talents  for  the  head 
of  any  one  proscribed.  — ab  hoc  :  seventeen  years  after  Sulla's  proscrip- 
tions, Caesar  as  president  of  a  court  established  to  try  cases  of  assassination 
(de  sicariis)  secured  the  conviction  of  several  of  Sulla's  hangmen.  8.  sed 
.  .  .  attenditis :  you  are  careless.  —  Res  .  .  .  spectat :  for  your 
action  conduces  to  this.  16.  voce:  abl.  of  separation. — domi :  sc. 
Caesaris.  19.  obsecrantium:  beseeching.  25.  obtines:  maintain. 
26.  redundaret :  "would  be  an  abundant  source  of. 


PRO    LIGARIO  237 

qui  te  crudelem  esse  vellent,  cum  etiam  de  victTs  reperiantur ; 
quam  multi  qui,  cum  a  te  IgnoscI  nemim  vellent,  impedlrent 
clementiam  tuam,  cum  etiam  hi,  quibus  ipse  Ignovisti,  nolint 
te  esse  in  alios  misericordem. 

Quod  si  probare  Caesarl  possemus  in  Africa  Ligarium  omnmo  5 
non  fuisse,  si  honesto  et  misericord!  mendacio  salutl  civi  calami- 
t5so  esse  vellemus,  tamen  hominis  non  esset  in  tanto  discrimine 
et  periculo  clvis  refellere  et  redarguere  nostrum  mendacium ; 
et  si  esset  alicuius,  eius  certe  non  esset  qui  in  eadem  causa  et 
fortuna  fuisset.  Sed  tamen  aliud  est  errare  Caesarem  nolle,  10 
aliud  nolle  misereri.  Turn  dlceres  :  '  Caesar,  cave  credas  ; 
fuit  in  Africa,  tulit  arma  contra  te.'  Nunc  quid  dlcis  ?  '  Cave 
Ign5scas.'  Haec  nee  hominis  nee  ad  hominem  vox  est.  Qua 
qui  apud  te,  C.  Caesar,  utitur,  suam  citius  abiciet  humanitatem 
quam  extorquebit  tuam.  J5 

No  one  has  ever  heard  from  you  that  you  considered  opposition  to 
yourself  a  crime. 

VI.  Ac  primus  aditus  et  postulatio  Tliberonis  haec,  ut  oplnor, 
fuit,  velle  se  de  Q.  Ligari  scelere  dlcere.  Non  dubito  quln 
admlratus  sis,  vel  quod  de  nullo  alio,  vel  quod  is  qui  in  eadem 
causa  fuisset,  vel  quidnam  novi  sceleris  adferret.  Scelus  tu 
illud  vocas,  Tubero  ?  Cur  ?  Isto  enim  nomine  ilia  adhuc  causa  20 
caruit.  Alii  errorem  appellant,  alii  timorem  ;  qui  durius,  spem, 
cupiditatem,  odium,  pertinaciam  ;  qui  gravissime,  temeritatem  ; 
scelus  praeter  te  adhuc  nemo.  Ac  mihi  quidem,  si  proprium 
et  verum  nomen  nostri  mall  quaeritur,  fatalis  quaedam  calami- 
tas  incidisse  videtur  et  improvidas  hominum  mentis  occupa-  25 
visse,  ut  nemo  mlrarl  debeat  humana  consilia  dlvlna  necessitate 
esse  superata. 

I.  de  victis:  among  the  vanquished.  6.  honesto  :  well-meant. — 
mendacio  :  abl.  of  means.  7.  hominis :  human.  8.  refellere  et 
redarguere :  to  refute  and  expose.  9.  si  esset  alicuius :  ;/  it  were 
prefer  for  any  one.  10.  Caesarem :  subject  of  errare  and  misereri. 
1 8.  quod  .  .  .  alio:  sc.  dicer e  vellet.  Supply  the  same  words  after  vel 
quod  is. 


238  ORATIONS    OF    CICERO 

Liceat  esse  miseros,  quamquam  hoc  victore  esse  non  possu- 
mus.  Sed  non  loquor  de  nobls  ;  de  illis  loquor  qul  occide- 
runt.  Fuerint  cupidl,  fuerint  irati,  fuerint  pertinaces  ;  sceleris 
vero  crimine,  furoris,  parricidi  liceat  Cn.  Pompeio  mortu5, 

5  liceat  multis  alils  carere.  Quando  h5c  quisquam  ex  te,  Caesar, 
audivit  ?  Aut  tua  quid  aliud  arma  voluerunt  nisi  a  te  contume- 
liam  propulsare  ?  Quid  egit  tuus  invictus  exercitus  nisi  ut 
suum  ius  tueretur  et  dignitatem  tuam  ?  Quid  ?  Tu  cum 
pacem  esse  cupiebas,  idne  agebas  ut  tibi  cum  sceleratls  an  ut 

10  cum  bonis  civibus  conveniret  ? 

Mihi  vero,  Caesar,  tua  in  me  maxima  merita  tanta  certe  non 
viderentur  si  me  ut  sceleratum  a  te  conservatum  putarem. 
Qu5  modo  autem  tu  de  re  piiblica  bene  merittis  esses,  cum  tot 
sceleratos  incolumi  dignitate  esse  voluisses  ?  Secessi5nem  tu 

'5  illam  existimavisti,  Caesar,  initio,  non  bellum  ;  neque  hostile 
odium,  sed  civile  dlscidium,  utrisque  cupientibus  rem  publicam 
salvara,  sed  partim  consiliis,  partim  studiis  a  communi  utilitate 
aberrantibus.  Principum  dignitas  erat  paene  par,  non  par 
fortasse  eorum  qul  sequebantur  ;  causa  turn  dubia,  quod  erat 

20  aliquid  in  utraque  parte  quod  probari  posset.  Nunc  melior  ea 
iiidicanda  est  quam  etiam  di  adiiiverunt.  Cognita  vero  cle- 
mentia  tua  quis  non  earn  victoriam  probet  in  qua  occiderit 
nemo  nisi  armatus  ? 

Ligarius  stood  of  necessity  on  the  side  of  the  senate,  Tubero  of  his 
own  free  will. 

VII.    Sed   ut   omittam    commiinem    causam,   veniamus    ad 

25  nostram.      Utrum   tandem   exfstimas   facilius    fuisse,   Tubero, 

Ligarium   ex   Africa   exlre    an   vos   in   Africam   non   venire  ? 

I.  miseros:  i.e.  nos  qui  sumus  superati.  3.  Fuerint:  grant  that 
they  were.  6.  contumeliam  :  this  was  the  word  used  by  Caesar  himself 
of  his  treatment  by  the  senate,  the  immediate  cause  of  the  civil  war. 
9.  ut  tibi  conveniret:  that  you  might  come  to  terms.  16.  discidium  : 
dissension. — utrisque:  both  parties.  18.  non  par:  on  Pompey's  side 
were  arrayed  all  the  senate,  all  the  nobility,  almost  everybody  who  had 
anything  to  lose.  25.  Utrum :  the  pronoun. 


PRO    LIGARIO  239 

'  Poteramusne,'    inquies,   '  cum  senatus   censuisset  ? '      Si  me 
consulis,  nullo  modo.     Sed  tamen  Ligarium  senatus  Idem  lega- 
verat.      Atque    ille    eo   tempore    paruit   cum    parere   senatul 
necesse  erat  ;  vos  turn  paruistis  cum  paruit  nemo  qui  noluit. 
Reprehendo  igitur  ?     Minime  vero.     Neque  enim  licuit  aliter  5 
vestro  generi,  ndmini,  familiae,  disciplinae.     Sed  hoc  non  con- 
cedd,  ut  quibus  rebus  glorieminl  in  vobls,  easdem  in  aliis  repre- 
hendatis.     Tuberonis  sors  coniecta  est  ex  senatus  consults,  cum 
ipse  non  adesset,  morbo  etiam  impediretur  ;  statuerat  excusare. 
Haec  ego  novi  propter  omnls  necessitudines  quae  mihi  sunt  10 
cum  L.  Tuberone ;   doml  una  eruditi,  militiae  contubernales, 
post  adfines,  in  omni  denique  vita  familiares ;  magnum  etiam 
vinculum,  quod  Isdem  studils  semper  usl  sumus.     Scio  igitur 
Tuberonem  doml  manere  voluisse  ;  sed  ita  quidam  agebat,  ita 
rei  publicae  sanctissimum  nomen  opponebat  ut,  etiam  si  aliter  15 
sentiret,  verborum  tamen  ipsorum  pondus  sustinere  non  posset. 
Cessit  auctoritati  amplissimi  virl,  vel  potius  paruit ;  una  est 
profectus  cum  iis  quorum  erat  una  causa.     Tardius  iter  fecit 
itaque  in  Africam  venit  iam  occupatam.     Hinc  in  Ligarium 
crlmen  oritur  vel  Ira  potius.     Nam  si  crimen  est  ilium  voluisse,  20 
non  minus  magnum  est  vos  Africam,  arcem  omnium  provinci- 
arum,  natam  ad  bellum  contra  hanc  urbem  gerendum,  obtinere 
voluisse  quam  aliquem  se   maluisse.     Atque  is  tamen  aliquis 
Ligarius  n5n  fuit.     Varus  imperium  se  habere  dicebat ;  fascls 
certe    habebat.     Sed  quoquo  modo  se  illud  habet,  haec  que-  25 

i.  Poteramusne:  so.  in  Africam  non  venire.  2.  legaverat:  had 
appointed  lieutenant.  8.  Tuberonis:  the  father  of  the  accuser.  —  sors: 
the  lex  Pompeia  of  the  year  52  B.C.  compelled  ex-consuls  and  ex-praetors 
to  undertake  the  management  of  any  province  assigned  them,  if  five  years 
had  elapsed  since  their  term  of  office.  These  provinces  were  assigned  by 
lot.  9.  excusare:  to  excuse  himself.  II.  militiae:  i.e.  in  the  Social 
War,  during  the  year  89  B.C.  —  contubernales :  comrades.  14.  quidam  : 
according  to  some,  M.  Marcellus  or  some  other  person  then  living  whom 
Cicero  did  not  wish  to  name;  others  have  thought  that  the  reference  is 
to  Cato  or  Pompey,  whom,  though  dead,  Cicero  might  have  wished  to 
spare.  20.  ilium  voluisse  :  sc.  Africam  obtinere  ;  so  also  with  maluisse. 
23.  aliquem  :  sc.  alium.  25.  quoquo  .  .  .  habet :  however  that  may  be. 


240  ORATIONS  OF  CICERO 

rella,  Tubero,  vestra  quid  valet  ?  '  Recepti  in  provinciam  non 
sumus.'  Quid,  si  essetis?  Caesarine  earn  tradituri  fuistis  an 
contra  Caesarem  retenturi? 

Tubero  showed  greater  hostility  to  you  than  did  Ligarius. 

VIII.   Vide  quid  licentiae.  Caesar,  nobis  tua  Hberalitas  det, 

5  vel  potius  audaciae.  Si  responderit  Tubero  Africam,  qu5  se- 
natus  eum  sorsque  miserat,  tibi  patrem  suum  traditurum  fuisse, 
non  dubitabo  apud  ipsum  te,  cuius  id  eum  facere  interfuit,  gra- 
vissimis  verbis  eius  consilium  reprehendere.  Non  enim,  si  tibi 
ea  res  grata  fuisset,  esset  etiam  probata. 

10  Sed  iam  hoc  totum  omitt5,  non  tarn  ne  offendam  tuas  patien- 
tissimas  auris  quam  ne  Tubero  quod  numquam  cogitavit  facturus 
fuisse  videatur.  Veniebatis  igitur  in  Africam,  provinciam  unam 
ex  omnibus  huic  victoriae  maxime  infestam,  in  qua  erat  rex 
potentissimus  inimicus  huic  causae,  aliena  voluntas,  conventus 

15  firml  atque  magm.  Quaero,  quid  facturi  fuistis?  Quamquam 
quid  facturi  fueritis  dubitem,  cum  videam  quid  feceritis?  Pro- 
hibit! estis  in  provincia  vestra  pedem  ponere,  et  prohibitl  summa 
cum  iniuria.  Quo  modo  id  tulistis  ?  Acceptae  iniuriae  querellam 
ad  quern  detulistis?  Nempe  ad  eum  cuius  auctoritatem  secutl 

20  in  societatem  belli  veneratis.  Quod  si  Caesaris  causa  in  pro- 
vinciam veniebatis,  ad  eum  profecto  exclusi  provincia  venissetis. 
Venistis  ad  Pompeium.  Quae  est  ergo  apud  Caesarem  querella, 
cum  eum  accuseds  a  quo  queramini  prohibitos  esse  vos  contra 
Caesarem  gerere  bellum  ?  Atque  in  hoc  quidem  vel  cum  men- 

25  dacio,  si  vultis,  gloriemim  per  me  licet,  vos  provinciam  fuisse 
Caesarl  tradituros.  Etiam  si  a  Varo  et  a  quibusdam  aliis  pro- 

2.  Quid,  si  essetis:  U'/iat  if  you  had  .been?  7.  cuius  interfuit: 
to -whose  interest  it  was.  13.  rex:  i.e.  Juba,  king  of  Numidia.  14.  con- 
ventus :  corporations  or  companies  of  Romans  resident  in  the  provinces, 
factors  (tiegotiatores),  farmers  of  the  revenue  {publicani),  and  the  like, 
who  had  combined  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  their  common  interests. 
20.  Quod  .  .  .  veniebatis :  if  it  really  was  in  Caesar's  interest  that 
you  attempted  to  come. 


PRO  LIGARIO  241 

hibiti  estis,  ego  tamen  cdnfitebor  culpam  esse  Ligari,  qui  vos 
tantae  laudis  occasione  privaverit. 

His  loyalty  to  your  enemies  must  command  your  admiration. 

IX.    Sed  vide,  quaeso,  Caesar,  constantiam  ornatissiml  viri, 
quam  ego,  quamvis  ipse  probarem,  ut  prob5,  tamen  non  com- 
memorarem   nisi   a   te  cognovissem   in    primis  earn   virtutem    5 
solere  laudari.     Quae  fuit  igitur  umquam  in  ullo  homine  tanta 
constantia?     Constantiam  dico?    Nescio  an  melius  patientiam 
possim  dlcere.   Quotus  enim  istud  quisque  fecisset,  ut  a  quibus 
partibus  in  dissensione  clvill  non  esset  receptus,  esset  etiam  cum 
crudelitate  reiectus,  ad  eos  ipsos  rediret?  Magni  cuiusdam  animl  10 
atque  eius  viri  est  quern  de  suscepta  causa  propositaque  sententia 
nulla  contumelia,  nulla  vis,  nullum  perlculum  possit  depellere. 

Ut  enim  cetera  paria  Tuberoni  cum  Varo  fuissent,  hon5s, 
n5bilitas,  splendor,  ingenium,  quae  nequaquam  fuerunt,  hoc 
certe  praecipuum  Tuberonis,  quod  iiisto  cum  imperio  ex  15 
senatus  consulto  in  provinciam  suam  venerat.  Hinc  prohibitus 
non  ad  Caesarem,  ne  iratus,  non  domum,  ne  iners,  non  in  ali- 
quam  regionem,  ne  condemnare  causam  illam  quam  secutus 
erat  videretur ;  in  Macedonian!  ad  Cn.  Pompel  castra  venit,  in 
earn  ipsam  causam  a  qua  erat  reiectus  iniuria.  Quid  ?  Cum  20 
ista  res  nihil  commovisset  eius  animum  ad  quern  veneratis, 
languidiore,  credo,  studio  in  causa  fuistis;  tantum  modo  in 
praesidils  eratis,  animl  vero  a  causa  abhorrebant.  Pacis 
equidem  semper  auctor  ful,  sed  turn  sero ;  erat  enim  amends, 
cum  aciem  videres,  pacem  cogitare.  Omnes,  inquam,  vincere  25 
volebamus,  tu  certe  praecipue,  qui  in  eum  locum  veneras  ubi 
tibi  esset  pereundum  nisi  vlcisses.  Quamquam,  ut  nunc  se 
res  habet,  non  dubito  quin  hanc  salutem  anteponas  ill!  victoriae. 

8.  Quotus  quisque:  how  many.  10.  crudelitate :  the  treatment 
was  cruel  because  the  younger  Tubero  was  sick.  —  eos  ipsos  :  i.e.  to  men 
of  the  same  political  faith.  II.  est  :  the  subject  is  ad  eos  ipsos  redire. 
12.  possit  depellere:  can  estrange.  13.  Ut  enim:  for  suppose. 
15.  iusto  :  i.e.  he  had  been  regularly  appointed  by  the  senate.  17.  Cae- 
sarem :  sc.  venit. 
R 


242  ORATIONS   OF   CICERO 

Waiving  all  question  of  my  client's  guilt,  I  rest  my  case  upon 
your  mercy. 

X.  Haec  ego  non  dlcerem,  Tuberd,  si  aut  v5s  constantiae 
vestrae  aut  Caesarem  benefici  sul  paeniteret.  Nunc  quaero 
utrum  vestras  iniurias  an  rei  publicae  persequaminl.  Si  rei 
publicae,  quid  de  vestra  in  ilia  causa  perseverantia  responde- 
5  bitis  ?  Si  vestras,  videte  ne  erretis,  qul  Caesarem  vestris  inimicis 
Iratum  fore  putetis,  cum  Ignoverit  suis. 

Itaque  num  tibi  videor  in  causa  Ligari  esse  occupatus  ?  Num 
de  eius  facto  dicere?  Quicquid  dixl,  ad  unam  summam  referri 
volo  vel  humanitatis  vel  clementiae  vel  misericordiae  tuae. 

10  Causas,  Caesar,  egl  multas  equidem  tecum  dura  te  in  foro  tenuit 
ratio  honorum  tuorum,  certe  numquam  hoc  modo  :  '  Ignoscite, 
iudices ;  erravit,  lapsus  est,  n5n  putavit ;  si  umquam  posthac.' 
Ad  parentem  sic  agl  solet,  ad  iudices  :  '  Non  fecit,  non  cogita- 
vit ;  falsi  testes,  fictum  crimen.'  Die  te,  Caesar,  de  facto 

»5  Ligari  iudicem  esse  ;  quibus  in  praesidiis  fuerit  quaere  ;  taceo, 
ne  haec  quidem  conligo,  quae  fortasse  valerent  etiam  apud 
iudicem :  '  Legatus  ante  bellum  profectus,  relictus  in  pace, 
bello  oppressus,  in  eo  ips5  non  acerbus ;  iam  est  totus  animo 
ac  studiS  tuus.'  Ad  iudicem  sic  agl  solet,  sed  ego  apud 

20  parentem  loquor :  '  Erravit,  temere  fecit,  paenitet ;  ad  cle- 
mentiam  tuam  confugio,  delicti  veniam  peto,  ut  Ignoscatur 
oro.'  Si  nem5  impetravit,  adroganter ;  si  pluriml,  tu  Idem  fer 
opera  qul  spem  dedistl.  An  sperandi  Ligario  causa  non  sit, 
cum  mihi  apud  te  locus  sit  etiam  pro  altero  deprecandi? 

25  Quamquam  nee  in  hac  oratione  spes  est  posita  causae  nee  in 
eorum  studiis  qul  a  te  pro  Ligario  petunt,  tui  necessarii. 

I.  vos:  i.e.  you  and  your  father.  3.  vestras  iniurias:  your  per- 
sonal grievances.  8.  summam  :  chief  end.  1 1 .  ratio  .  .  .  tuorum  : 
the  course  of  your  political  career.  14.  Die:  suppose.  1 6.  conligo :  / 
present.  17.  taceo  .  .  .  Legatus  .  .  .  solet:  an  excellent  example  of 
rhetorical  preterition.  18.  oppressus:  surprised.  —  in  eo  ipso  :  i.e. 
in  bello.  21.  delicti:  sin.  22.  adroganter:  sc.  peto,  oro. — plurimi: 
sc.  impetra-verunt.  23.  An  sit :  or  can  it  be  possible  that  there  is. 


PRO    LIGARIO  243 

Many  of  your  best  friends  are  suing  for  the  pardon  of  Ligarius. 

XL  Vldi  enim  et  cognovi  quid  maxime  spectares  cum  pro  ali- 
cuius  salute  multi  laborarent :  causas  apud  te  rogantium  gratio- 
siores  esse  quam  vultus,  neque  te  spectare  quam  tuus  esset 
necessarius  is  qui  te  oraret,  sed  quam  illius  pro  quo  laboraret. 
Itaque  tribuis  tu  quidem  tuis  ita  multa  ut  mihi  beatiores  illi  5 
videantur  interdum  qui  tua  liberalitate  fruuntur  quam  tu  ipse, 
qui  illis  tarn  multa  concedas.  Sed  video  tamen  apud  te  causas, 
ut  dixl,  valere  plus  quam  preces ;  ab  iisque  te  moveri  maxime 
quorum  iustissimum  videas  dolSrem  in  petendo. 

In  Q.  Ligario  conservando  multis  tu  quidem  gratum  fades  10 
necessariis  tuis,  sed  h5c,  quaeso,  considera,  quod  soles.     Possum 
fortissimos  virds,  Sabinos,  tibi  probatissimos,  totumque  agrum 
SabTnum,  florem  Italiae  ac  robur  rei  publicae,  proponere ;  nostl 
optim5s  homines.     Animadverte  horum  omnium  maestitiam  et 
dolorem.    Huius  T.  BrocchI,  de  quo  non  dubito  quid  existimes,  15 
lacrimas  squaloremque  ipsius  et  fill  vides. 

Quid  de  fratribus  dicam?     Noli,  Caesar,  putare  de  unius 
capite  n5s  agere.    Aut  tres  tibi  Ligarii  retinendi  in  civitate  sunt 
aut  tres  ex  civitate  exterminandi.     Nam  quodvis  exsilium  his 
est  optatius  quam  patria,  quam  domus,  quam  di  penates,  uno  20 
illo  exsulante.     Si  fraterne,  si  pie,  si  cum  dolore  faciunt,  move- 
ant  te  h5rum  lacrimae,    moveat  pietas,  moveat   germanitas ; 
valeat  tua  vox  ilia  quae  vicit.     Te  enim  dicere  audiebamus  nos 
omnis  adversaries  putare  nisi  qui   nobiscum   essent,  te  omnis 
qui  contra  te  n5n  essent  tuos.      Videsne  igitur  hunc  splen-  25 
dorem  omnium,  hanc  Brocchdrum  domum,  hunc  L.  Marcium, 

1 2.  Sabinos :  often  referred  to  by  Roman  authors  as  a  type  of  simple 
and  virtuous  habits,  sturdy  hardiness,  and  love  of  freedom.  Ligarius  him- 
self was  of  Sabine  descent.  16.  squaloremque  :  it  was  a  custom  among 
the  Romans  to  show  their  distress  at  the  death  of  a  relative  or  friend  by 
studied  neglect  of  appearance.  A  sympathetic  interest  in  another's  danger 
was  often  indicated  in  the  same  way.  20.  uno  illo  exsulante :  if  he 
alone  is  to  live  in  exile.  23.  nos  putare  :  obj.  of  dicere.  24.  nisi  qui: 
except  those  who.  —  omnis:  sc.  esse.  25.  tuos:  your  friends. 


244  ORATIONS    OF  CICERO 

C.  Caesetium,  L.  Corfidium,  h5s  omnis  equites  Romanes,  qui 
adsunt  veste  mutata,  non  solum  notos  tibi  verum  etiam  probates 
vir5s,  qui  tecum  fuerunt?  Atque  his  Irascebamur,  hos  require- 
bamus,  his  non  null!  etiam  minabamur.  Conserva  igitur  tuis 
5  suds,  ut,  quern  ad  modum  cetera  quae  dicta  sunt  a  te,  sic  hoc 
verissimum  reperiatur. 

You  granted  Marcellus  to  the  wishes  of  the  senate;   grant  this  man 
to  the  wishes  of  the  people. 

XII.  Quod  si  penitus  perspicere  posses  concordiam  Ligari- 
orum,  omnis  fratres  tecum  iudicares  fuisse.  An  potest  quis- 
quam  dubitare  quln  si  Q.  Ligarius  in  Italia  esse  potuisset,  in 

10  eadem  sententia  fuerit  futurus  in  qua  fratres  fuerunt?  Quis 
est  qui  horum  consensum  conspirantem  et  paene  c5nflatum  in 
hac  prope  aequalitate  fraterna  noverit  qui  hoc  non  sentiat,  quid- 
vis  prius  futurum  fuisse  quam  ut  hi  fratres  dlversas  sententias 
fortunasque  sequerentur?  Voluntate  igitur  omnes  tecum  fue- 

15  runt ;  tempestate  abreptus  est  unus,  qui  si  consilio  id  fecisset, 
esset  eorum  similis  quos  tu  tamen  salv5s  esse  voluistl. 

Sed  ierit  ad  bellum,  dissenserit  non  a  te  solum  verum  etiam 
a  fratribus ;  hi  te  orant  tul.  Equidem  cum  tuis  omnibus  negotils 
interessem,  memoria  teneo  qualis  T.  Ligarius  quaestor  urbanus 

20  fuerit  erga  te  et  dignitatem  tuam.  Sed  parum  est  me  hoc 
meminisse ;  spero  etiam  te,  qui  obllviscl  nihil  soles  nisi  iniu- 
rias,  quoniam  hoc  est  animl,  quoniam  etiam  ingeni  tul,  te 
aliquid  de  huius  illo  quaestori5  officio  etiam  de  alils  quibusdam 
quaestoribus  reminlscentem  -recordari.  Hie  igitur  T.  Ligarius, 

i.  L.  Corfidium:  no  longer  among  the  living  at  this  time.  Cicero 
himself  acknowledges  his  mistake  in  one  of  his  letters  to  Atticus,  and  asks 
to  have  the  name  left  out  by  the  copyists.  2.  mutata:  i.e.  squall  if  a. 
3.  hos  requirebamus :  we  wanted  them  with  us.  10.  in  qua:  as. 
n.  conspirantem:  harmonious.  —  conflatam  :  identical  (lit.  fused) . 
12.  aequalitate:  i.e.  aequah '  aetate.  —  quidvis  .  .  .  fuisse  :  thai  anything 
•whatever  would  have  been  more  likely  to  happen.  15.  abreptus  est: 
was  nuepl  away.  —  qui  si:  and  even  if.  16.  esset:  he  would  still  be. 
17.  ierit:  suppose  he  did  go.  18.  hi  tui:  these  men,  your  friends.  22.  te: 
repeated  from  1.  21. 


PRO    LIGARIO  245 

qui  turn  nihil  egit  aliud  — neque  enim  haec  dlvlnabat — nisi  ut 
tul  eum  studiosum  et  bonum  virum  iudicares,  nunc  a  te  supplex 
fratris  salutem  petit.  Quam  huius  admonitus  officio  cum  utris- 
que  his  dederis,  tris  fratres  op'timos  et  integerrim5s  non  solum 
sibi  ipsos  neque  his  tot  ac  talibus  viris  neque  nobis  necessarils  5 
tuis  sed  etiam  rel  piiblicae  condonaveris. 

Fac  igitur,  quod  de  homine  nobilissimo  et  clarissimo  fecisti 
nuper  in  curia,  nunc  idem  in  foro  de  optimls  et  huic  omni  fre- 
quentiae  probatissimis  fratribus.  Ut  concessisti  ilium  senatul, 
sic  da  hunc  populo,  cuius  voluntatem  carissimam  semper  habu-  10 
istl;  et  si  ille  dies  tibi  gloriosissimus,  populo  Romand  gratissi- 
mus  fuit,  noli,  obsecro,  dubitare,  C.  Caesar,  similem  illl  gloriae 
laudem  quam  saepissime  quaerere.  Nihil  est  tarn  populare 
quam  bonitas,  nulla  de  virtutibus  tuis  plurimis  nee  admlrabilior 
nee  gratior  misericordia  est ;  homines  enim  ad  deos  nulla  re  15 
propius  accedunt  quam  salutem  hominibus  dando.  Nihil  habet 
nee  fortuna  tua  maius  quam  ut  possis,  nee  natiira  melius  quam 
ut  veils  servare  quam  plurimos.  Longiorem  orationem  causa 
forsitan  postulet,  tua  certe  natura  breviorem.  Qua  re  cum 
utilius  esse  arbitrer  te  ipsum  quam  me  aut  quemquam  loqul  20 
tecum,  flnem  iam  faciam  ;  tantum  te  admonebo,  si  ill!  absent! 
salutem  dederis,  praesentibus  his  omnibus  te  daturum. 

I.  neque  .  .  .  divinabat:  for  he  cottld  not  possibly  have  foreseen  what 
the  future  had  in  store  for  you.  3.  Quam  cum  dederis:  and  should 
you  grant  this.  —  utrisque  his:  for  horum  utrique.  7.  homine:  i.e. 
M.  Marcellus.  9.  senatui,  populo  :  correspond  to  curia,  foro. 


246  LETTERS  OF  CICERO 


EPISTULAE  AD  TERENTIAM  UXOREM 

I 

Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  et  Tulliae  et  Ciceroni  Suis 

Ego  minus  saepe  do  ad  vos  litteras  quam  possum  propterea 

quod  cum  omnia  mihi  tempora  sunt  misera,  turn  vero  cum  aut 

scribo  ad  vos  aut  vestras  lego  conficior  lacrimls  sic  ut  ferre  non 

possim.     Quod  utinam  minus  vitae  cupidi  fuissemus  !     Certe 

5  nihil  aut  non  multum  in  vita  mall  vidissemus.     Quod  si  nos  ad 

aliquam  alicuius  commodi  aliquando  recuperandi  spem  fortuna 

reservavit,  minus  est  erratum  a  nobis ;  sin  haec  mala  fixa  sunt, 

ego  vero  te  quam  prlmum,  mea  vita,  cupio  videre  et  in  tuo  com- 

plexu  emori,  quoniam  neque  dl,  quos  tu  castissime  coluistl,  neque 

10  homines,  quibus  ego  semper  servlvl,  n5bls  gratiam  rettulemnt. 

Nos  Brundisii  apud  M.  Laenium  Flaccum  dies  xin  fuimus, 
virum  optimum,  qul  perlculum  fortunarum  et  capitis  sui  prae 
mea  salute  neglexit  neque  legis  improbissimae  poena  deductus 
est  qu5  minus  hospitl  et  amicitiae  ius  officiumque  praestaret. 
15  Huic  utinam  aliquando  gratiam  referre  posslmus ;  habebimus 
quidem  semper.  Brundisio  profecti  sumus  a.  d.  n  K.  Mai. ; 
per  Macedonian!  Cyzicum  petebamus. 

O  me  perditum  !  O  adfllctum  !  Quid  nunc  rogem  te  ut 
venias,  mulierem  aegram  et  corpore  et  animo  cdnfectam  ?  N5n 

Fam.  14.  4,  written  at  Brundisium,  April  29,  58  B.C.,  as  Cicero  was  about 
to  leave  Italy  to  go  into  exile.  —  S.  D.  :  saluiem  dicit,  gives  greeting. 
i.  do:  send.  —  possum:  7  might.  4.  Quod  .  .  .  fuissemus:  Cicero 
regrets  that  he  did  not  commit  suicide,  or  perhaps  his  meek  surrender  to 
Clodius.  6.  aliquam,  alicuius.  aliquando:  the  repetition  of  the 
indefinite  prefix  ali-  indicates  Cicero's  weariness  and  utter  despair. 
9.  castissime  coluisti :  have  worshiped  most  faithfully.  13.  poena: 
Flaccus  had  entertained  Cicero  at  his  estate,  although  the  lex  Clodia 
threatened  with  exile  and  confiscation  of  property  any  one  who  should 
give  shelter  to  the  outlaw.  16.  profecti  sumus.  petebamus  :  epistolary 
tenses  (  =  proficiscor,petitiirus  sum),  i.e.  tenses  used  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  reader  rather  than  that  of  the  writer.  19.  confectam  :  tired  out. 


EPISTULAE   AD    TERENTIAM    UXOREM        247 

rogem?  Sine  te  igitur  sim?  Opinor,  sic  agam  :  si  est  spes  nostri 
reditus,  earn  confirmes  et  rem  adiuves ;  sin,  ut  ego  metu5, 
transactum  est,  quoquo  modo  potes,  ad  me  fac  venias.  Unum 
hoc  scito  :  si  te  habebo,  ndn  mihi  videbor  plane  perisse.  Sed 
quid  Tulliola  mea  fiet  ?  lam  id  vos  videte ;  mihi  deest  con-  5 
silium.  Sed  certe,  qu5quo  modo  se  res  habebit,  illlus  misellae 
et  matrimonio  et  famae  serviendum  est.  Quid?  Cicero  meus 
quid  aget?  Iste  vero  sit  in  sinu  semper  et  complexii  meo. 
Non  queo  plura  iam  scribere ;  impedit  maeror.  Tu  quid 
egeris  nescio ;  utrum  aliquid  teneas  an,  quod  metu5,  plane  sis  10 
spoliata.  Plsonem,  ut  scrlbis,  spero  fore  semper  nostrum.  De 
familia  Hberata  nihil  est  quod  te  moveat.  Primum  tuls  ita  pro- 
missum  est,  te  facturam  esse  ut  quisque  esset  meritus.  Est 
autem  in  officio  adhuc  Orpheus,  praeterea  magno  opere  nemo. 
Ceterorum  servorum  ea  causa  est  ut,  si  res  a  nobis  ablsset,  15 
liberti  nostri  essent,  si  obtinere  potuissent ;  sin  ad  nos  pertine- 
rent,  semrent  praeterquam  oppido  paucl. 

Sed  haec  minora  sunt.      Tu  quod  me  hortaris  ut  animo  sim 
magno  et  spem  habeam  recuperandae  saliitis,  id  velim  sit  eius 
modi  ut  recte  sperare  possimus.     Nunc  miser  quando  tuas  iam  20 
litteras  accipiam  ?    Quis  ad  me  perferet  ?     Quas  ego  exspectas- 
sem  Brundisii    si   esset  licitum   per  nautas,  qul   tempestatem 
praetermittere  noluerunt.     Quod  reliquum  est,  sustenta  te,  mea 
Terentia,  ut  potes.      Honestissime  vlximus,  floruimus.      Non 
vitium  nostrum   sed  virtus  nostra  nos  adfllxit.     Peccatum  est  25 
nullum,  nisi  quod  non  una  animam  cum  ornamentis  amisimus. 

2.  confirmes :  mild  command.  3.  transactum  est :  all  is  over. 
5.  fiet:  u'ill  become  of.  6.  quoquo  .  .  .  habebit:  hffivever  things  turn 
out.  —  misellae:  unhappy  child.  7.  serviendum  est:  "we  must  look 
out  for.  Tullia's  dowry  had  not  yet  been  paid.  IO.  teneas  :  Cicero  fears 
that  Terentia's  private  fortune  may  have  been  confiscated,  n.  Piso- 
nem  :  Tullia's  husband.  —  nostrum  :  true  to  us.  14.  Orpheus :  one  of 
Terentia's  slaves.  —  praeterea  .  .  .  nemo:  no  one  else  particularly  so. 

15.  causa  :  agreement.  —  si  .  .  .  abisset:  if  we  should  lose  our  property. 

1 6.  obtinere:   maintain  their  liberty  in  court.       17.    servirent:    they 
should  continue  to  be  our  slaves.  —  oppido :  very,     22.  tempestatem  : 
fair  "weather.     26.  Una :   construe  with  cum. 


248  LETTERS    OF    CICERO 

Sed  si  hoc  fuit  liberis  nostris  gratius,  nos  vlvere,  cetera,  quam- 
quam  ferenda  non  sunt,  feramus.  Atque  ego,  qui  te  conflrmo, 
ipse  me  non  possum.  Clodium  Philhetaerum,  quod  valetudine 
oculorum  impediebatur,  hominem  fidelem,  remlsl.  Sallustius 
5  officio  vincit  omnls.  Pescennius  est  perbenevolus  nobls,  quern 
semper  spero  tul  fore  observantem.  Sicca  dixerat  se  mecum 
fore,  sed  Brundisio  discessit.  Cura,  quod  poles,  ut  valeas,  et 
sic  exlstimes,  me  vehementius  tua  miseria  quam  mea  commo- 
veri.  Mea  Terentia,  fldissima  atque  optima  uxor,  et  mea 
10  carissima  flliola  et  spes  reliqua  nostra,  Cicero,  valete.  Pr.  K. 
Mai.  Brundisio. 

II 
Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  Suae  et  Tulliolae  et  Ciceroni  Suis 

Noli  putare  me  ad  quemquam  longiores  epistulas  scribere, 
nisi  si  quis  ad  me  plura  scripsit,  cui  puto  rescribl  oportere ;  nee 
enim  habeo  quid  scribam  nee  hoc  tempore  quicquam  difficilius 

1S  facio.  Ad  te  vero  et  ad  nostram  Tulliolam  non  queo  sine  plu- 
rimls  lacrimis  scribere  ;  vos  enim  video  esse  miserrimas,  quas 
ego  beatissimas  semper  esse  volul,  idque  praestare  debul  et,  nisi 
tam  timidl  fuissemus,  praestitissem.  Plsonem  nostrum  merito 
eius  amo  plurimum  ;  eum,  ut  potui,  per  litteras  cohortatus  sum 

20  gratiasque  egl,  ut  debuT.  In  novis  tribums  plebis  intellego 
spem  te  habere.  Id  erit  flrmum,  si  Pompel  voluntas  erit ;  sed 
Crassum  tamen  metuo.  A  te  quidem  omnia  fieri  fortissime  et 
amantissime  video ;  nee  miror,  sed  maereo  casum  eius  modi  ut 

3.  Philhetaerum,  Sallustius.  Pescennius:  freedmen  of  Cicero. 
—  quod  .  .  .  impediebatur:  because  he  had  trouble  with  his  eyes. 
6.  Sicca:  a  friend.  7.  et  sic  existimes :  and  be  assured. — Brun- 
disio :  lit.  from  Brundisium. 

Fam.  14.  2,  written  at  Thessalonica,  Oct.  5,  58  B.C.  — 13.  nisi  si 
quis:  unless  it  be  some  one  who.  —  plura:  at  length.  15.  Tulliolam: 
the  diminutive  used  as  a  term  of  affection.  17.  praestare  debui:  / 
ought  to  have  accomplished.  18.  fuissemus:  i.e.  Cicero  and  those  who 
advised  flight.  20.  tribunis  :  i.e.  those  elected  for  the  year  57  B.C.  21.  si 
.  . .  erit:  sc.  fir  ma,  if  Pompey  xtattds firm,  22.  Crassum:  the  associate 
of  Caesar  and  Pompey  in  the  so-called  P'irst  Triumvirate. 


EPISTULAE    AD    TERENTIAM    UXOREM      249 

tantls  tuis  miserils  meae  miseriae  subleventur.  Nam  ad  me 
P.  Valerius,  homo  officiosus,  scripsit,  id  quod  ego  maximo  cum 
fletu  legi,  quern  ad  modum  a  Vestae  ad  tabulam  Valeriam  ducta 
esses.  Hem,  mea  lux,  meum  deslderium,  unde  omnes  opem 
petere  solebant,  te  nunc,  mea  Terentia,  sic  vexari,  sic  iacere  in  5 
lacrimls  et  sordibus  !  Idque  fieri  mea  culpa,  qui  ceteros  servavl 
ut  nos  periremus  ! 

Quod  de  domo  scrlbis,  h5c  est  de  area,  ego  vero  turn  denique 
mihi  videbor  restitutus  si  ilia  nobis  erit  restituta.  Verum  haec 
non  sunt  in  nostra  manu.  Illud  doleo,  quae  irapensa  facienda  10 
est,  in  eius  partem  te  miseram  et  despoliatam  venire.  Quod 
si  conficitur  negotium,  omnia  consequemur ;  sin  eadem  nos 
fortuna  premet,  etiamne  reliquias  tuas  misera  proicies  ?  Obse- 
cro  te,  mea  vita,  quod  ad  sumptum  attinet,  sine  alios,  qui 
possunt  si  modo  volunt,  sustinere  et  valetudinem  istam  In-  *5 
flrmam,  si  me  amas,  noli  vexare.  Nam  mihi  ante  oculos  dies 
noctlsque  versaris ;  omnls  labdres  te  excipere  video  ;  timeo  ut 
sustineas.  Sed  video  in  te  esse  omnia.  Qua  re  ut  id  quod 
speras  et  quod  agis  consequamur,  servl  valetudinl.  Ego  ad 
qu5s  scribam  nescio,  nisi  ad  eos  qui  ad  me  scrlbunt  aut  ad  eos  20 
de  quibus  ad  me  vos  aliquid  scrlbitis.  Longius,  quoniam  ita 
vobis  placet,  non  discedam  ;  sed  velim  quam  saepissime  litteras 
mittatis,  praesertim  si  quid  est  firmius  quod  speremus.  Valete, 
mea  deslderia,  valete.  D.  a.  d.  in  Non.  Oct.  Thessalonlca. 

3.  a  Vestae :  sc.  aede.  During  Cicero's  exile  Terentia  sought 
refuge  with  her  half-sister  Fabia,  a  vestal  virgin.  While  with  her,  how- 
ever, she  was  forced  to  go  to  the  bank  of  Valerius,  either  to  make  formal 
declaration  concerning  her  husband's  property,  or  to  give  security  for  a 
debt.  4.  meum  desiderium :  my  heart's  desire.  5.  vexari,  iacere, 
fieri :  inf.  in  exclamation.  6.  sordibus :  mourning.  8.  area :  site. 
The  house  itself  had  been  destroyed.  10.  quae  .  .  .  est :  whatever 
expense  must  be  incurred.  12.  negotium:  his  recall  from  exile,  to  effect 
which  there  must  be  lavish  expenditures.  13.  reliquias  tuas :  what  little 
is  left  vou.  14.  quod  .  .  .  attinet:  as  concerns  expense.  —  sine:  impv. 
of  si»o.  16.  vexare:  endanger  by  worry.  21.  Longius:  i.e.  not 
further  than  Thessalonica.  23.  firmius  :  of  a  more  encouraging  nature. 
24.  D.  :  data. 


250  LETTERS   OF   CICERO 

III 

Tullius  Tereutiae  Suae,  Tulliolae  Suae,  Ciceroni  Suo  S.  D. 

Et  litteris  multorum  et  sermone  omnium  perfertur  ad  me 
incredibilem  tuam  virtutem  et  fortitudinem  esse  teque  nee 
animl  neque  corporis  laboribus  defatlgari.  Me  miserum  !  Te 
ista  virtute,  fide,  probitate,  humanitate  in  tantas  aerumnas 
5  propter  me  incidisse,  Tulliolamque  nostram,  ex  quo  patre  tan- 
tas voluptates  capiebat,  ex  eo  tantos  percipere  luctus  !  Nam 
quid  ego  de  Cicerone  dicam?  Qui  cum  primum  sapere  coepit, 
acerbissimos  dolores  miseriasque  percepit.  Quae  si,  tu  ut 
scribis,  fato  facta  putarem,  ferrem  paulo  facilius ;  sed  omnia 

10  sunt  mea  culpa  commissa,  qui  ab  ils  me  amari  putabam  qul 
invidebant,  eos  non  sequebar  qui  petebant.  Quod  si  nostrls 
consilils  us!  essemus,  neque  apud  nos  tantum  valuisset  sermo 
aut  stultorum  amic5rum  aut  improbdrum,  beatissiml  vlveremus. 
Nunc,  quoniam  sperare  nos  amlcl  iubent,  dabo  operam  ne  mea 

15  valetudo  tuo  labor!  desit.     Res  quanta  sit  intellego,  quantoque 

fuerit  facilius  manere  domi  quam  redlre.     Sed  tamen  si  omnls 

tribunos  plebis  habemus,  si  Lentulum  tarn  studiosum  quam  vide- 

tur,  si  vero  etiam  Pompeium  et  Caesarem,  non  est  desperandum. 

De  familia  quo  mod5  placuisse  scribis  amicls,  faciemus.     De 

20  loco  nunc  quidem  iam  abiit  pestilentia,  sed  quam  diu  fuit,  me 
non  attigit.  Plancius,  homo  officiosissimus,  me  cupit  esse  secum 
et  adhuc  retinet.  Ego  volebam  loco  magis  deserto  esse  in 

Fam.  14.  i,  begun  at  Thessalonica  and  finished  at  Dyrrhachium.  Its 
final  date  is  Nov.  25,  58  B.C.  —  i.  sermone  omnium  :  by  common  report. 
7.  sapere :  to  understand  anything.  10.  ab  iis :  Cicero  began  to  see 
that  he  was  mistaken  in  thinking  that  the  optimates  looked  to  him  as  their 
leader.  He  was  envied  by  some,  looked  down  upon  by  others,  n.  qui 
petebant :  Caesar  had  offered  to  appoint  Cicero  one  of  his  legates  in 
Gaul,  a  position  which  would  have  protected  him  against  Clodius.  17.  ha- 
bemus :  we  have  on  our  side.  —  Lentulum :  as  consul  in  57  B.C.  he 
proposed  Cicero's  recall  in  the  senate.  19.  De  loco :  i.e.  Thessalonica. 
21.  Plancius  :  he  was  serving  in  Macedonia  as  quaestor  under  the  pro- 
praetor L.  Appuleius,  and  had  met  Cicero  when  he  first  landed  at 
Dyrrhachium.  22.  magis  deserto :  less  frequented. 


EPISTULAE    AD   TERENTIAM    UXOREM      251 

Eplro,  quo  neque  Piso  vemret  nee  mllites,  sed  adhuc  Plancius 
me  retinet;  sperat  posse  fieri  ut  mecum  in  Italiam  decedat. 
Quern  ego  diem  si  vldero  et  si  in  vestrum  complexum  venero 
ac  si  et  vos  et  me  ipsum  recuperard,  satis  magnum  mihi  fructum 
videbor  percepisse  et  vestrae  pietatis  et  meae.  5 

Pisonis  humanitas,  virtus,  amor  in  omms  nos  tantus  est  ut 
nihil  supra  possit.  Utinam  ea  res  el  voluptati  sit ;  gloriae 
quidem  video  fore.  De  Qulnto  fratre  nihil  ego  te  accusavl; 
sed  vos,  cum  praesertim  tarn  pauci  sltis,  voluT  esse  quam  con- 
iunctissimos.  Quibus  me  voluistl  agere  gratias,  egi  et  me  10 
a  te  certiorem  factum  esse  scripsi. 

Quod  ad  me,  mea  Terentia,  scribis  te  vlcum  vendituram,  quid, 
obsecro  te,  me  miserum,  quid  futurum  est  ?  Et  si  nos  premet 
eadem  fortuna,  quid  puero  misero  fiet?  Non  queo  reliqua 
scrlbere  —  tanta  vis  lacrimarum  est — neque  te  in  eundem  15 
fletum  adducam.  Tantum  scribo :  si  erunt  in  officio  amici, 
pecunia  non  deerit ;  si  non  erunt,  tu  efficere  tua  pecunia  non 
poteris.  Per  fortunas  miseras  nostras,  vide  ne  puerum 
perditum  perdamus.  Cui  si  aliquid  erit  ne  egeat,  mediocri 
virtute  opus  est  et  mediocri  fortuna  ut  cetera  consequatur.  20 
Fac  valeas  et  ad  me  tabellarios  mittas,  ut  sciam  quid  agatur 
et  vos  quid  agatis.  Mihi  omnlno  iam  brevis  exspectatio  est. 
Tulliolae  et  Ciceroni  salutem  die.  Valete.  D.  a.  d.  vi  K. 
Decembr.  Dyrrachio. 

Dyrrachium  venl,  quod  et  Hbera  clvitas  est  et  in  me  officiosa  25 
et  proxima  Italiae ;  sed  si  offendet  me  loci  celebritas,  alio  me 
conferam,  ad  te  scribam. 

i.  Piso:  consul  in  58  B.C.,  had  received  Macedonia  as  his  province. 
6.  Pisonis :  Cicero's  son-in-law.  8.  De  .  .  .  accusavi :  Pomponia, 
the  wife  of  Q.  Cicero  and  sister  of  Atticus,  was  not  on  the  best  of 
terms  with  Terentia.  1 2.  vicuna  vendituram :  how  faithfully  Terentia 
stood  by  her  husband  may  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  she  was  willing  to 
spend  her  private  fortune  to  secure  his  recall.  16.  tantum:  merely 
this.  1 8.  ne  perditum  perdamus:  that  we  do  not  utterly  ruin,  i.e. 
financially.  21.  tabellarios:  couriers.  22.  exspectatio:  suspense. 
25.  libera :  it  therefore  had  the  right  to  harbor  exiles. 


252  LETTERS   OF   CICERO 

IV 
M.  Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  Suae  et  Tulliolae  et  Ciceroni 

Accepi  ab  Aristocrito  trls  epistulas,  quas  ego  lacrimls  prope 
delevl.  Conficior  enim  maerore,  mea  Terentia,  nee  meae  me 
miseriae  magis  excruciant  quam  tuae  vestraeque.  Ego  autem 
hoc  miserior  sum  quam  tu,  quae  es  miserrima,  quod  ipsa  cala- 

5  mitas  communis  est  utriusque  nostrum  sed  culpa  mea  propria 
est.  Meum  fuit  officium  vel  legatione  vltare  perlculum  vel 
diligentia  et  copiis  resistere  vel  cadere  fortiter.  Hoc  miserius, 
turpius,  indlgnius  nobls  nihil  fuit.  Qua  re  cum  doldre  conficior 
turn  etiam  pudore.  Pudet  enim  me  uxori  meae  optimae,  sua- 

10  vissimis  Hberis  virtutem  et  diligentiam  non  praestitisse.  Nam 
mihi  ante  oculos  dies  noctisque  versatur  squalor  vester  et  mae- 
ror  et  Inflrmitas  valetudinis  tuae,  spes  autem  salutis  pertenuis 
ostenditur.  Inimlcl  sunt  multl,  invidl  paene  omnes.  Eicere 
nos  magnum  fuit,  excludere  facile  est.  Sed  tamen  quam  diu 

15  vos  eritis  in  spe,  non  deficiam,  ne  omnia  mea  culpa  cecidisse 
videantur. 

Ut  tuto  sim,  quod  laboras,  id  mihi  nunc  facillimum  est,  quern 
etiam  inimici  volunt  vlvere  in  his  tantis  miserils.  Ego  tamen 
faciam  quae  praecipis.  Amlcis  quibus  voluistl  egl  gratias,  et 

20  eas  litteras  Dexippo  dedi,  meque  de  eorum  officio  scripsl  a  te 
certiorem  esse  factum.  Plsonem  nostrum  mirifico  esse  studio 
in  nos  et  officid  et  ego  perspicio  et  omnes  praedicant.  Dl 
faxint  ut  tall  genero  mihi  praesentl  tecum  simul  et  cum  llberis 
nostrls  frul  liceat.  Nunc  spes  reliqua  est  in  novls  tribunis 

25  plebis,  et  in  primis  quidem  diebus ;  nam  si  inveterarit,  actum 

Fam.  14.  3,  written  at  Dyrrhachium,  Nov.  29,  58  B.C. —  I.  Aristo- 
crito :  a  slave  acting  as  tabellarius.  2.  delevi :  made  illegible.  — 
5.  mea  .  .  .  est:  is  all  my  own.  7.  Hoc:  abl.  with  the  comparatives. 
12.  pertenuis  :  very  slight.  13.  Eicere:  sc.  ex  urbe.  19.  quae  prae- 
cipis :  what  you  suggest.  2O.  Dexippo:  a  slave.  21.  mirifico  esse 
studio :  shows  wonderful  zeal.  23.  faxint :  old  form  for  fecerint. 
24.  frui  liceat :  this  wish  was  not  to  be  fulfilled.  Piso  died  before  Cicero's 
return.  25.  nam  .  .  .  actum  est:  for  if  the  matter  drags  on,  all  is  over. 


EPISTULAE   AD    TERENTIAM    UXOREM       253 

est.  Ea  re  ad  te  statim  Aristocritum  misi,  ut  ad  me  continue 
initia  rerum  et  rationem  totlus  negoti  posses  scribere,  etsl 
Dexippo  quoque  ita  imperavl  statim  hue  ut  recurreret,  et  ad 
fratrem  misi  ut  crebro  tabellarios  mitteret.  Nam  ego  eo  nomine 
sum  Dyrrachii  hoc  tempore,  ut  quam  celerrime  quid  agatur  5 
audiam ;  et  sum  tuto,  civitas  enim  haec  semper  a  me  defensa 
est.  Cum  inimici  nostri  venire  dlcentur,  turn  in  Eplrum  ibo. 

Quod  scribis  te,  si  velim,  ad  me  venturam,  ego  vero  cum 
sciam  magnam  partem  istlus  oneris  abs  te  sustineri,  te  istic  esse 
volo.     Si  perficitis  quod  agitis,  me  ad  vos  venire  oportet ;  sin  10 
autem  —  sed  nihil  opus  est  reliqua  scribere.     Ex  primls  aut 
summum  secundls  litteris  tuis  constituere  poterimus  quid  nobls 
faciendum  sit.     Tu  modo  ad  me  velim  omnia   dlligentissime 
perscribas,  etsl  magis  iam  rem  quam  litteras  debeo  exspectare. 
Cura  ut  valeas  et  ita  tibi  persuadeas,  mihi  te  carius  nihil  esse  15 
nee  umquam  fuisse.     Vale,  mea  Terentia,  quam  ego  videre 
videor  itaque  debilitor  lacrimls.     Vale.     Pr.  Kal.  Dec. 

V 
Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  Suae 

Si  tu  et  Tullia,  lux  nostra,  valetis,  ego  et  suavissimus  Cicero 
valemus.  Pr.  Idus  Oct.  Athenas  venimus,  cum  sane  adversis 
ventls  usl  essemus  tardeque  et  incommode  navigassemus.  De  20 
nave  exeuntibus  nobls  Acastus  cum  litteris  praesto  fuit  uno  et 
vicesimo  die,  sane  strenue.  AccepI  tuas  litteras,  quibus  intellexl 
te  vereri  ne  superiores  mihi  redditae  non  essent.  Omnes  sunt 

2.  negoti  :  i.e.  his  recall  from  exile.  4.  eo  nomine  :  for  this  reason. 
6.  tuto :  colloquial  for  tutus.  —  defensa  est :  it  was  customary  for 
cities  under  Roman  rule  to  have  at  Rome  some  influential  citizen  as  their 
representative  (patronus).  9.  te  istic  esse  :  you  to  stay  where  you  are. 
14.  rem :  i.e.  definite  news  as  to  his  recall. 

Fam.  14.  5,  written  Oct.  18,  50  B.C.,  at  Athens,  where  Cicero  had 
stopped  on  his  return  from  Cilicia,  to  Terentia  at  Rome.  —  20.  navi- 
gassemus:  our  journey  had  been  made.  21.  Acastus:  a  slave. — 
praesto  fuit :  met.  —  uno  .  .  .  die  :  i.e.  from  Rome.  22.  sane  strenue  : 
very  promptly. 


254  LETTERS   OF   CICERO 

redditae  diligentissimeque  a  te  perscripta  sunt  omnia,  idque 
mihi  gratissimum  fuit.  Neque  sum  admlratus  hanc  epistulam 
quam  Acastus  attulit  brevem  fuisse ;  iam  enim  me  ipsum 
exspectas,  sive  nos  ipsos,  qui  quidem  quam  primum  ad  vos 
5  venire  cupimus,  etsl  in  quam  rem  publicam  veniamus  intellego. 
Cognovi  enim  ex  multorum  amicorum  litteris,  quas  attulit 
Acastus,  ad  arma  rem  spectare,  ut  mihi,  cum  venero,  dissimu- 
late non  liceat  quid  sentiam.  Sed  quoniam  subeunda  fortuna 
est,  eo  citius  dabimus  operam  ut  veniamus  quo  facilius  de  tota 

10  re  deliberemus.  Tu  velim,  quod  commodo  valetudinis  tuae 
flat,  quam  longissime  poteris,  obviam  nobis  prodeas. 

De  hereditate  Preciana —  quae  quidem  mihi  magno  dolor! 
est,  valde  enim  ilium  amavi  —  sed  hoc  velim  cures,  si  audio 
ante  meum  adventum  flet,  ut  Pomponius,  aut  si  is  minus  po- 

15  terit,  Camillus  nostrum  negotium  curet.  Nos  cum  salvl  vene- 
rimus,  reliqua  per  nos  agemus ;  sin  tu  iam  Roma  profecta  eris, 
tamen  curabis  ut  hoc  ita  fiat.  Nos,  si  dl  adiuvabunt,  circiter 
Idus  Novembris  in  Italia  speramus  fore.  Vos,  mea  suavissima 
et  optatissima  Terentia,  si  nos  amatis,  curate  ut  valeatis.  Vale. 

20  Athenls  a.  d.  xv  Kal.  Novemb. 


VI 

Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  et  Pater  Suavissimae  Filiae,  Cicero 
Matri  et  Sorori  S.  D.  P. 

Conslderandum  vobls  etiam  atque  etiam,  animae  meae,  dlli- 
genter  puto  quid  faciatis,  Romaene  sitis  an  mecum  in  aliquo 

4.  sive :  or  rather.  7.  ad  ...  spectare :  it  begins  to  look  like 
•war.  12.  Preciana:  Precianus,  a  Roman  jurist,  had  remembered  Cicero 
in  his  will.  —  quae  quidem :  not  the  hereditas,  but  the  cause  of  it,  the 
death  of  his  friend.  14.  Pomponius :  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  Cicero's 
most  intimate  friend.  15.  Camillus  :  another  friend,  a  lawyer.  18.  Vos : 
i.e.  Terentia  and  Tullia. 

Fam.  14.  1 8,  dated  Jan.  22,  49  B.C.  Cicero  and  his  son  were  in  Cam- 
pania, but  Terentia  and  Tullia  still  at  Rome.  The  civil  war  had  just 
begun.  —  P.:  plurimam,  sincerest. 


EPISTULAE    AD    TERENTIAM    UXOREM      255 

tuto  locd.  Id  non  solum  meum  consilium  est  sed  etiam  ve- 
strum.  Mihi  veniunt  in  mentem  haec :  Romae  vos  esse  tuto 
posse  per  Dolabellam,  eamque  rem  posse  nobis  adiumento  esse, 
si  quae  vis  aut  si  quae  raplnae  fieri  coeperint.  Sed  rursus  illud 
me  movet,  quod  video  omnis  bonos  abesse  R5ma  et  eos  mulieres  5 
suas  secum  habere.  Haec  autem  regio  in  qua  ego  sum  nostro- 
rum  est  cum  oppidorum  turn  etiam  praediorum,  ut  et  multum  esse 
mecum  et,  cum  abieritis,  commode  et  in  nostris  praediis  esse 
possltis.  Mihi  plane  non  satis  constat  adhuc  utrum  sit  melius. 
Vos  videte  quid  aliae  faciant  isto  loco  feminae  et  ne,  cum  10 
velltis,  exlre  non  liceat.  Id  velim  dlligenter  etiam  atque  etiam 
vobiscum  et  cum  amlcis  consideretis.  Domus  ut  propugnacula 
et  praesidium  habeat,  Philotimo  dicetis.  Et  velim  tabellarios 
Instituatis  certos,  ut  cottldie  aliquas  a  vobis  litteras  accipiam. 
Maxime  autem  date  operam  ut  valeatis,  si  nos  vultis  valere.  15 
vim  Kal.  Formiis. 

VII 

Tullius    Terentiae    et  Pater  Tulliae,  Duabus  Animis  Siiis,   et 
Cicero  Matri  Optimae.   Suavissimae  Sorori  S.  P.  D. 

Si  vos  valetis,  nos  valemus.  Vestrum  iam  consilium  est,  non 
solum  meum,  quid  sit  vobis  faciendum.  Si  ille  Romam  modeste 
venturus  est,  recte  in  praesentia  domi  esse  potestis ;  sin  homo 
amens  diripiendam  urbem  daturus  est,  vereor  ut  Dolabella  ipse  20 

i .  solum  . . .  consilium  :  a  matter  for  me  alone  to  weigh.  3.  Dola- 
bellam :  Tullia's  third  husband,  a  partizan  of  Caesar.  4.  coeperint : 
notice  that  active  forms  of  coepi  are  used  with  fieri.  6.  nostrorum 
oppidorum :  the  senate  had  put  Cicero  in  command  in  this  region. 
7.  praediorum :  Cicero  had  several  villas  here.  10.  isto  loco :  of 
your  rank.  13.  Philotimo:  one  of  Terentia's  freedmen.  14.  institua- 
tis  :  you  would  arrange  for.  1 6.  Kal. :  sc.  Febr.  —  Formiis  :  Formiae,  a 
city  of  southern  Latium,  near  which  one  of  Cicero's  villas  was  located. 

Fam.  14.  14,  written  at  Minturnae  in  Latium,  Jan.  23,  49  B.C.  The 
superscription  of  this  letter  is  most  affectionate,  and  forms  a  strange  contrast 
to  the  business-like  curtness  of  his  last  extant  letter  to  his  wife.  18.  Hie: 
i.e.  Caesar. — modeste:  quietly.  19.  recte:  safely. 


256  LETTERS    OF   CICERO 

satis  nobls  prodesse  possit.  Etiam  illud  metuo,  ne  iam  inter- 
cludamur,  ut  cum  velltis  exlre,  non  liceat.  Reliquum  est, 
quod  ipsae  optima  conslderabitis,  vestri  similes  feminae  sintne 
Romae ;  si  enim  non  sunt,  videndum  est  ut  honeste  vos  esse 
5  possitis.  Quo  modo  quidem  nunc  se  res  habet,  modo  ut  haec 
nobls  loca  tenere  liceat,  bellissime  vel  mecum  vel  in  nostris 
praediis  esse  poteritis.  Etiam  illud  verendum  est,  ne  brevi 
tempore  fames  in  urbe  sit.  His  de  rebus  velim  cum  Pomponio, 
cum  Camillo,  cum  quibus  vobls  videbitur  conslderetis,  ad  sum- 
10  mam  animo  forti  sltis.  Labienus  rem  meliorem  fecit ;  adiuvat 
etiam  Piso,  quod  ab  urbe  discedit  et  sceleris  condemnat  gene- 
rum  suum.  Vos,  meae  carissimae  animae,  quam  saepissime  ad 
me  scribite  et  vos  quid  agatis  et  quid  istic  agatur.  Quintus 
pater  et  filius  et  Rufus  vobls  s.  d.  Valete.  vm  K.  Minturnls. 

VIII 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  Sal.   Plurimam 

J5  Omnls  molestias  et  sollicitudines,  quibus  et  te  miserrimam 
habui,  id  quod  mihi  molestissimum  est,  et  Tulliolam,  quae  nobls 
nostra  vita  dulcior  est,  deposuT  et  eiecl.  Quid  causae  autem 
fuerit,  postridie  intellexl  quam  a  vobls  discessi :  x°^*lv  ^parov 
noctu  eiecl,  statim  ita  sum  levatus  ut  mihi  deus  aliquis  medici- 

20  nam  fecisse  videatur;  cui  quidem  tii  deo,  quern  ad  modum 
soles,  pie  et  caste  satisfacies,  id  est  ApollinI  et  Aesculapio. 

3.  vestri  similes  :  of  your  rank.  6.  bellissime  :  most  conveniently. 
9.  ad  summam  :  in  short.  10.  Labienus  :  T.  Lahienus,  Caesar's  famous 
lieutenant  during  his  campaigns  in  Gaul.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war,  Labienus  deserted  his  old  commander  and  joined  Pompey.  He 
fell  in  the  battle  of  Munda,  45  B.C.  il.  PisV> :  L.  Piso,  Caesar's  father- 
in-law,  had  accompanied  Pompey  in  his  flight  from  Rome.  He  finally 
returned  to  the  city,  however,  and  maintained  a  strict  neutrality. 

13.  Quintus  .  .  .  filius:  Cicero's  brother  Quintus  and  his  brother's  son. 

14.  Rufus  :  perhaps  Cicero's  quaestor  in  Cilicia  is  meant. 

Fam.  14.  7,  written  on  shipboard,  en  route  from  Caieta  to  join  Pompey 
in  Greece,  June  7,  49  B.C.  —  16.  habui  :  I  have  kept.     18. 
pure  bile. 


EPISTULAE   AD    TERENTIAM   UXOREM      257 

Navem  spero  nos  valde  bonam  habere ;  in  earn  simul  atque 
conscendi,  haec  scripsl.  Deinde  conscribam  ad  nostros  famili- 
aris  multas  epistulas,  quibus  te  et  Tulliolam  nostram  diligen- 
tissime  commendabo.  Cohortarer  vos  quo  animo  fortiores 
essetis  nisi  vos  fortiores  cognossem  quam  quemquam  virum ;  5 
et  tamen  eius  modi  spero  negotia  esse  ut  et  vos  istic  commo- 
dissime  sperem  esse  et  me  aliquando  cum  similibus  nostri  rem 
publicam  defensuros.  Tu  primum  valetudinem  tuam  velim 
cures ;  deinde,  tibi  si  videbitur,  vlllls  iis  utere  quae  longissime 
aberunt  a  militibus.  Fundo  Arpinati  bene  poteris  uti  cum  fa-  10 
milia  urbana  si  annona  carior  fuerit.  Cicero  bellissimus  tibi  salu- 
tem  plurimam  dlcit.  Etiam  atque  etiam  vale.  D.  vn  Idus  lun. 


IX 

Tullius  Suis  3.  Dicit 

Nec  saepe  est  cui  litteras  demus  nee  rem  habemus  ullam 
quam  scribere  vellmus.  Ex  tuls  litteris,  quas  proxime  accepl, 
cognovl  praedium  nullum  venire  potuisse  ;  qua  re  videatis  velim  15 
quo  modo  satisflat  el  cui  scitis  me  satisfieri  velle.  Quod 
nostra  tibi  gratias  agit,  id  ego  n5n  mlror  te  mereri,  ut  ea  tibi 
merito  tuo  gratias  agere  possit.  Pollicem,  si  adhuc  non  est 
profectus,  quam  primum  fac  extrudas.  Cura  ut  valeas.  Idib. 
Qulnct.  20 

i.  valde:  thoroughly.  8.  defensuros:  instead  of  defensurum,  inas- 
much as  the  plural  idea  of  me  cum  similibus  nostri  has  prevailed. 
10.  Fundo  Arpinati  :  Arpinum,  a  Yolscian  town  in  Latium,  was  the 
birthplace  of  Cicero.  n.  si  ...  fuerit:  i.e.  because  of  the  war. — 
bellissimus  :  who  is  a  dear  boy.  The  young  Marcus,  then  about  sixteen 
years  old,  had  accompanied  his  father  on  this  journey. 

Fain.  14.  6,  written  in  Pompey's  camp,  July  15,  48  B.C.  13.  Nec  .  .  . 
cui :  /  do  not  often  have  any  one  to  -whom.  15.  venire :  be  sold.  16.  ei  : 
i.e.  Dolabella,  to  whom  Cicero  yet  owed  a  part  of  Tullia's  dowry. 

17.  nostra:    our  darling,  i.e.  Tullia. — id:   explained  by  ut  .  .  .  possit. 

1 8.  Pollicem  :  Pollex,  one  of  Cicero's  slaves.     19.   fac  extrudas  :  get 
him  started. 


258  LETTERS   OF   CICERO 


Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  S.  D. 

Quod  nos  in  Ttaliam  salvos  venisse  gaudes,  perpetuo  gaudeas 
velim ;  sed  perturbati  dolore  animl  magnisque  iniurils  metuo 
ne  id  consill  ceperimus  quod  non  facile  explicare  possimus. 
Qua  re,  quantum  potes,  adiuva;  quid  autem  possls,  mihi  in 
5  mentem  non  venit.  In  viam  quod  te  des  hoc  tempore,  nihil 
est ;  et  longum  est  iter  et  non  tutum,  et  non  video  quid  pro- 
desse  possls  si  veneris.  Vale.  D.  pr.  Non.  Nov.  Brundisio. 

XI 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  S.  D. 

In  maximis  mels  doloribus  excruciat  me  valetud5  Tulliae 
nostrae,  de  qua  nihil  est  quod  ad  te  plura  scribam ;  tibi  enim 
10  aeque  magnae  curae  esse  certo  scio.  Quod  me  propius  vultis 
accedere,  video  ita  esse  faciendum ;  etiam  ante  fecissem,  sed 
me  multa  impedlverunt,  quae  ne  nunc  quidem  expedita  sunt. 
Sed  a  Pomponio  exspecto  litteras,  quas  ad  me  quam  primum 
perferendas  cures  velim.  Da  operam  ut  valeas. 

XII 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  Sal.  Plurimam 

15  Ad  ceteras  meas  miserias  accessit  dolor  et  de  Dolabellae 
valetudine  et  de  Tulliae.  Omnino  de  omnibus  rebus  nee  quid 
consill  capiam  nee  quid  faciam  scio.  Tu  velim  tuam  et  Tulliae 
valetudinem  cures.  Vale. 

Fam.  14.  12,  written  Nov.  4,  48  B.C.,  at  Brundisium,  whither  Cicero  had 
gone  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus.  I.  Quod  gaudes  :  as  to  your  rejoic- 
ing. 4.  mihi  .  .  .  venit:  does  not  occur  to  me.  5.  In  ...  est :  there  is 
no  reason  for  your  coming  to  me. 

Fam.  14.  19,  written  at  Brundisium,  Nov.  27,  48  B.C.  10.  Quod 
vultis  :  as  to  your  wish. 

Fam.  14.  9,  written  at  Brundisium,  Dec.  17,  48  B.C. 


EPISTULAE   AD   TERENTIAM   UXOREM       259 

XIII 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  S.  D. 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Si  quid  haberem  quod  ad  te  scriberem,  facerem 
id  et  pluribus  verbls  et  saepius.  Nunc  quae  sint  negotia  vides ; 
ego  autem  quo  modo  sim  adfectus  ex  Lepta  et  Trebatio  poteris 
cognoscere.  Tu  fac  ut  tuam  et  Tulliae  valetudinem  cures. 
Vale.  5 

XIV 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  8.  D. 

S.  v.  b.  e.  e.  v.  Etsi  eius  modi  tempora  nostra  sunt  ut 
nihil  habeam  quod  aut  a  te  litterarum  exspectem  aut  ipse  ad 
te  scribam,  tamen  nescio  qu5  modo  et  ipse  vestras  litteras 
exspecto  et  scribo  ad  vos  cum  habeo  qui  ferat.  Volumnia 
debuit  in  te  officiosior  esse  quam  fuit,  et  id  ipsum  quod  fecit  10 
potuit  diligentius  facere  et  cautius.  Quamquam  alia  sunt  quae 
magis  curemus  magisque  doleamus,  quae  me  ita  conficiunt  ut 
il  voluerunt  qui  me  de  mea  sententia  detruserunt.  Cura  ut 
valeas.  Pri.  Non.  Ian. 

XV 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  Sal. 

Si  vales,  bene  est ;    ego  valeo.      Valetudinem  tuam  velim  15 
cures  diligentissime ;  nam  mihi  et  scriptum  et  nuntiatum  est 

Fam.  14.  17,  written  at  Brundisium,  on  or  about  Dec.  18,  48  B.C.  I.  S. 
v.  b.  e.  v.:  i.e.  si  vales,  bene  est;  valeo.  3.  quo  .  .  .  adfectus:  how 
•worried  I  am.  — Lepta  :  Cicero's praefectus  fabrum  (chief  engineer)  while 
governor  of  Cilicia.  —  Trebatio :  a  famous  jurist  and  wit,  an  intimate 
friend  of  Cicero. 

Fam.  14.  16,  written  at  Brundisium,  Jan.  4,  47  B.C.  6.  S.  v.  b.  e. 
e.  v.:  i.e.  si  vales,  bene  est;  ego  valeo.  7.  nihil  .  .  .  quod:  I  have  no 
reason  to.  9.  Volumnia :  probably  either  a  sister  or  daughter  of  P. 
Volumnius  Eutrapelus,  a  wealthy  knight.  12.  ut  ii  voluerunt :  Cicero's 
frequent  complaint  that  he  has  been  ill  advised  by  some  malicious  persons 
who  pretended  to  be  his  friends. 

Fam.  14.  8,  written  at  Brundisium,  June  2,  47  B.C. 


260  LETTERS    OF   CICERO 

te  in  febrim  subito  incidisse.  Quod  celeriter  me  fecisti  de 
Caesaris  litterls  certiorem,  fecisti  mihi  gratum.  Item  posthac, 
si  quid  opus  erit,  si  quid  acciderit  novl,  fades  ut  sciam.  Cura 
ut  valeas.  Vale.  D.  mi  Non.  lun. 

XVI 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  S.  D. 

5  S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Da  operam  ut  convalesces ;  quod  opus  erit,  ut 
res  tempusque  postulat,  provideas  atque  administres  et  ad  me 
de  omnibus  rebus  quam  saepissime  litteras  mittas.  Vale. 

XVII 
Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  Suae 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Tullia  nostra  venit  ad  me  pr.  Idus  lun. ;  cuius 
summa  virtute  et  singularl  humanitate  graviore  etiam  sum  dolore 
10  adfectus  nostra  factum  esse  neglegentia,  ut  longe  alia  in  fortuna 
esset  atque  eius  pietas  ac  dignitas  postulabat.  Nobls  erat  in 
animo  Ciceronem  ad  Caesarem  mittere  et  cum  eo  Cn.  Sallu- 
stium.  Si  profectus  erit,  faciam  te  certiorem.  Valetudinem 
tuam  cura  diligenter.  Vale,  xvn  K.  Qulnctllls. 

XVIII 

Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae 

15  Si  vales,  bene  est.  Constitueramus,  ut  ad  te  antea  scrip- 
seram,  obviam  Ciceronem  Caesar!  mittere,  sed  mutavimus  con- 
silium  quia  de  illius  adventu  nihil  audiebamus.  De  ceteris 
rebus,  etsi  nihil  erat  novi,  tamen  quid  vellmus  et  quid  h5c 

Fam.   14.  21,  written  at  Brundisium  shortly  after  June  3,  47  B.C. 

Fam.  14,  II,  written  at  Brundisium,  June  14,  47  B.C.  Tullia  was 
at  that  time  visiting  her  father.  8.  cuius:  i.e.  Tullia's.  10.  factum 
esse :  that  it  has  been  brought  about.  He  refers  to  her  unhappy  marriage 
with  Dolabella.  n.  atque :  from  what.  12.  Ciceronem:  i.e.  young 
Marcus. 

Fam.  14.  15,  written  June  19,  47  B.C.,  from  Brundisium.  17.  illius: 
i.e.  Caesar's.  He  had  gone  to  Asia  after  bringing  the  Alexandrian  war 
to  a  successful  close,  and  did  not  return  to  Italy  until  September. 


EPISTULAE    AD    TERENTIAM    UXOREM      261 

tempore  putemus  opus  esse  ex  Sicca  poteris  cognoscere.  Tul- 
liam  adhuc  mecum  teneo.  Valetudinem  tuam  cura  diligenter. 
Vale,  xii  K.  Qumctills. 

XIX 

Tullius  S.  D.  Teientiae  Suae 

Quid  fieri  placeret  scrips!  ad  Pomponium  serius  quam 
oportuit.  Cum  eo  si  locuta  eris,  intelleges  quid  fieri  velim.  5 
Apertius  scribl,  quoniam  ad  ilium  scripseram,  necesse  n5n  fuit. 
De  ea  re  et  de  ceteris  rebus  quam  primum  velim  nobis  litteras 
mittas.  Valetudinem  tuam  cura  diligenter.  Vale,  vn  Idus 
Qulnctllls. 

XX 
Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  Suae 

Quod  scrips!  ad  te  proxim!s  litteris  de  nuntio  remittendo,  10 
quae  sit  istius  vis  hoc  tempore  et  quae  concitatio  multitudinis, 
ignoro.  Si  metuendus  Iratus  est,  quiesces ;  tamen  ab  illo 
fortasse  nascetur.  Totum  iudicabis,  quale  sit,  et  quod  in  mi- 
serrimls  rebus  minime  miserum  putabis,  id  facies.  Vale,  vi  Id. 
Qumctills.  15 

XXI 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae  S.  D. 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Nos  neque  de  Caesaris  adventu  neque  de 
litteris  quas  Philotlmus  habere  dlcitur  quicquam  adhuc  certi 
habemus.  SI  quid  erit  certi,  faciam  te  statim  certiorem.  Vale- 
tudinem tuam  fac  ut  cures.  Vale,  in  Idus  Sextllis. 

Fam.  14.  10,  written  at  Brundisium,  July  9,  47  B.C.  4.  Quid  .  .  . 
placeret :  because  of  his  son-in-law's  dissolute  life  Cicero  was  anxious 
that  Tullia  should  obtain  a  divorce. 

Fam,  14.  13,  written  at  Brundisium,  July  IO,  47  B.C.  10.  proximis : 
last.  —  de  .  .  .  remittendo  :  i.e.  to  serve  notice  on  Dolabella  of  Tullia's 
intention  to  seek  a  divorce.  12.  Si  ...  quiesces  :  if  he  should  be  angry 
and  give  you  cause  for  alarm,  do  not  worry.  13.  nascetur:  the  first 
steps  ^vill  be  taken. 

Fam.  14.  24,  written  at  Brundisium,  Aug.  n,  47  B.C. 


262  LETTERS   OF   CICERO 

XXII 
Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  Suae 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Redditae  mihi  tandem  sunt  a  Caesare  litterae 
satis  liberales,  et  ipse  opmione  celerius  venturus  esse  dicitur ; 
cui  utrum  obviam  procedam  an  hie  eum  exspectem,  cum  con- 
stituero,  faciam  te  certiorem.  Tabellarios  mihi  velim  quam 
5  primum  remittas.  Valetudinem  tuam  cura  dlligenter.  Vale. 
D.  pr.  Id.  Sext. 

XXIII 
Tullius  S.  D.  Terentiae  Suae 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.     Nos  cottidie  tabellarios  exspectamus,  qu!  si 
venerint,  fortasse  erimus  certiores  quid  nobis  faciendum  sit, 
faciemusque  te  statim  certiorem.     Valetudinem  tuam  cura  dili- 
10  genter.    Vale.     K.  Septembr. 

XXIV 
Tullius  Terentiae  Suae 

In  Tusculanum  nos  ventures  putamus  aut  Nonis  aut  postri- 

die.     Ibi  ut  sint  omnia  parata.     Plures  enim  fortasse  nobiscum 

erunt  et,  ut  arbitror,  diutius  ibi  commorabimur.     Labrum  si  in 

balineo  non  est,  ut  sit ;  item  cetera  quae  sunt  ad  vlctum  et  ad 

15  Valetudinem  necessaria.     Vale.     K.  Oct.  de  Venusmo. 

Fam.  14.  23,  written  at  Brundisium,  Aug.  12,  47  B.C.  i.  tandem  : 
this  word  betrays  Cicero's  anxiety  and  uncertainty  as  to  Caesar's  inten- 
tions. 2.  satis  liberales :  quite  generous.  3.  cui  .  .  .  procedam  : 
but  whether  I  go  to  meet  him. 

Fam.  14.  22,  written  at  Brundisium,  Sept.  I,  47  B.C.,  a  few  days  before 
the  meeting  between  Caesar  and  Cicero. 

Fam.  14.  20,  written  at  Venusia,  Oct.  I,  47  B.C.  The  business-like  con- 
ciseness of  this  letter  and  the  absence  of  any  word  betraying  affection 
show  that  the  troubles  which  were  to  result  in  a  divorce  from  Terentia 
were nearing a  crisis.  II.  Tusculanum:  Cicero's  favorite  villa.  12.  ut 
.  .  .  parata:  sef  that  everything  is  made  ready.  13.  Labrum:  tub. 
14.  balineo :  bath. 


NOTES 

The  references  are  to  the  grammars  of  Allen  and  Greenough  (A.),  Ben- 
nett (B.),  Gildersleeve  and  Lodge  (G.),  Harkness  (H.),  and  West  (W.).  Most 
of  the  abbreviations  will  be  easily  understood ;  but  cf.  (confer)  = '  compare,'  and 
sc.  (scilicet)  =  'understand,'  'supply.' 

ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   PRIMA 

Read  carefully  Introd.,  pp.  21-24.  PAGE 

CHAP.  I.    Line  i.    tandem:  suggests  indignation.  69 

3.  Nihilne  .  .  .  nihil :  notice  the  anaphora.  Cicero  mentions 
the  things  that  might  have  attracted  Catiline's  attention  on  his  way 
to  the  senate  and  on  his  arrival  there.  Nihil  is  adverbial  accu- 
sative. —  praesidium  Palati:  the  Mons  Palatinus,  the  central  one 
of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome  (see  the  map  of  Rome),  was  of  great 
strategic  importance  on  account  of  its  dominant  position,  and  hence 
was  always  strongly  garrisoned  in  times  of  danger.  The  seat  of 
the  first  settlement  of  Rome,  it  was  regarded  by  the  Romans  with 
special  reverence  as  the  cradle  of  their  race.  By  the  end  of  the 
republic  it  had  become  one  of  the  fashionable  quarters  of  the  city. 
Cicero's  own  residence  was  on  the  Palatine. 

5.  concursus  bonorum  :  a  gathering  of  patriotic  citizens  about 
the  meeting-place  of  the  senate.     By  their  presence  they  expressed 
their  disapproval  of  Catiline's  machinations. 

6.  locus  :  i.e.  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  situated  on  the  north- 
ern slope  of  the  Palatine  near  the   Via  Sacra.     As  to  the  places 
where  the  senate  could  be  convened,  see  Introd.,  p.  53.  —  horum : 
i.e.  the  senators.  —  ora  vultusque  :  hendiadys. 

8.  proxima,  superiore :    as  Cicero   delivered   this   oration   on 
Nov.  8,  proxima  refers  to  the  night  of  the  7th,  superiore  to  that 
of  the  6th. 

9.  egeris,  fueris,  convocaveris,  ceperis  :  subj.  in  indirect  ques- 
tions dependent  on  ignorare. 

10.  consili :  A.  216.  a.  3  ;  B.  201.  2 ;  G.  369 ;  H.  441 ;  W.  355, 
357.  — nostrum  :  also  part.  gen. 

14.   unum  quemque  nostrum  :  rhetorical  exaggeration. — fortes 

263 


264  NOTES 

PAGE         viri :  ironical.  —  satis  .  .  .  videmur  :  seem  to  think  that  we  fulfil 

69  our  duty  to  the  state. 

16.  duel:  A.  288.  a;  B.  270.  2  ;  G.  280.  2  ;  H.  618.  2  ;  W.  623. 
—  iussu  consulis  :  the  senate  had  passed  the  consult 'um  ultimuin 
on  Oct.  21  ;  see  Introd.,  p.  53. 

1 8.  amplissimus :  the  politeness  of  the  Romans  and  their 
Southern  inclination  to  please  and  flatter  are  responsible  for  many 
superlatives  added  to  proper  names  or  used  in  reference  to  whole 
classes  or  ranks  of  citizens.  In  course  of  time  many  of  these  super- 
latives became  stereotyped  in  meaning.  Their  addition  attracted  no 
attention,  and  was  a  matter  of  course ;  their  omission  might  have 
caused  comment.  Among  such  terms  employed  by  Cicero  are: 
amplissimus  in  reference  to  men  of  high  rank,  as  consuls  and  sena- 
tors ;  honestissimus  of  knights ;  sapientissimus  and  inlnstrissimus 
of  statesmen  of  renown;  lectissima  of  ladies  of  rank.  —  P.  Scipio. 
Ti.  Gracchum :  Cicero  refers  here  to  the  riotous  times  which  fol- 
lowed the  attempt  of  Ti.  Sempronius  Gracchus,  tribune  of  the  people 
in  133  B.C.,  to  renew  the  ancient  agrarian  legislation.  In  a  meet- 
ing of  the  senate,  P.  Scipio  Nasica  Serapio  endeavored  in  vain  to 
induce  the  consul  P.  Mucius  Scaevola  to  take  measures  against  the 
reformer.  Finally  Scipio  left  the  session  exclaiming  gut  rein  publi- 
cam  salvam  esse  volunt  me  sequantur,  and  assisted  by  a  crowd  of 
nobles  scattered  the  assembled  mob,  and  in  the  ensuing  riot  killed 
Gracchus  and  three  hundred  of  his  followers.  —  pontifex  maxi- 
mus  :  see  Introd.,  p.  61. 

22.  quod  :  for  instance  that.  —  Ahala.  Maelium  :   in  439  B.C. 
C.  Servilius  Ahala,  the  magister  equitum  of  the  dictator  L.Quinctius 
Cincinnatus,  killed  Spurius  Maelius,  a  plebeian  knight  who  had  sold 
grain  to  the  people  at  a  very  low  price  during  a  time  of  distress  caused 
by  a  failure  of  crops,  and  had  thereby  exposed  himself  to  the  suspi- 
cion of  aiming  at  supreme  power. 

23.  Fuit,  f uit :    a  pregnant  pres.  perf.     A.  279.  a;    G.  236.  i  ; 
H.  538.  i. — ista  :  such. 

26.   senatus  consultum  :  see  note  on  iussu  consulis,  1.  16. 

70  i.    rei  publicae  :  dat.  dependent  on  deest. — ordinis  :  i.e.  sena- 
torii. 

II.  3.  L.  Opimius :  in  121  B.C.  the  consul  L.  Opimius  was  in- 
structed by  decree  of  the  senate  to  proceed  against  C.  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  who  had  renewed  the  efforts  of  his  brother  Tiberius  in 
behalf  of  agrarian  legislation,  and  was  accused  of  plotting  the  over- 
throw of  the  aristocracy.  In  the  fighting  that  followed  Gracchus 
himself  and  three  thousand  of  his  followers  perished. 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA  265 

6.  clarissimo  patre :  A.  251;  B.  224;  G.  400;  H.  473.  2;  W.          PAGE 
394.  —  avo  :  Cornelia,  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi,  was  the  daughter  70 
of  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus  Major. 

7.  M.  Fulvius  :  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  consul  in  125  B.C.,  a  friend 
of  the  Gracchi,  perished  in  121  B.C.  with  the  younger  Gracchus. — 
C.  Mario,  L.  Valeric :  C.  Marius  and  L.  Valerius  Flaccus  were  the 
consuls  of  100  B.C.,  the  year  that  C.  Servilius  Glaucia  and  L.  Apuleius 
Saturninus  were  attempting  to  inaugurate  their  revolutionary  legisla- 
tion.    To  suit  his  own  purposes,  Cicero  exaggerates  the  promptness 
of  the  consuls  in  suppressing  the  demagogues,  who  took  up  arms  in 
their  own  defense  and  seized  the  Capitol.     Having  been  forced  to 
surrender,  they  were  detained  in  the  Curia  Hostilia  with  the  more 
prominent  among  their  followers,  there  to  await  their  trial.     Marius, 
who  was  personally  well-disposed  toward  both  Glaucia  and  Saturni- 
nus, acted  with   the  greatest  reluctance,  and  had  it  not  been  for 
the  zeal  of  the  partizans  of  the  senate,  the  prisoners  might  have 
escaped.     As  it  was,  the  mob  unroofed  the  Curia  and  stoned  them 
to  death. 

10.  rei  publicae :   subjective  gen.,  since  the  state  inflicted  the 
punishment. 

1 1 .  vicesimum    diem :    it  was  really  only  the  nineteenth    by 
Roman  reckoning,  since  it  was  on  Oct.  21  that  the  senate  had  em- 
powered the  consuls  to  proceed  against  the  conspirators.     Cicero 
apparently  uses  round  numbers. — patimur:   A.  276.  a.  N.  i;   B. 
259.  4;  G.  230;  H.  533.  I  ;  W.  447.  2. 

13.  in  tabulis  :  i.e.  in  the  archives;  see  Introd.,  p.  53. 

14.  interfectum  esse :  cf.  duct,  p.  69,  1.  16,  and  the  note;  this 
rare  use  of  the  perf.  inf.  with  oportnit,  decuit,  etc.  is  confined  almost 
entirely  to  the  passive  voice. 

17.  Cupio,  cupio  :  anaphora.  —  patres  conscripti :  see  Introd., 
p.  52.  —  me  esse :  A.  331.  b.  N. ;  B.  331.  IV.  a;  G.  532.  R.  2 ;  H. 
614.  2;  W.  626,  627. 

19.  inertiae  nequitiaeque  :  A.  220  ;  B.  208.  I  ;  G.  378  ;  H.  456 ; 
W.  367.  —  Castra  .  .  .  conlocata  :  C.  Manlius,  formerly  one  of  Sulla's 
centurions,  was  among  those  who  had  espoused  Catiline's  cause. 
Near  Faesulae,  a  town  in  northern  Etruria  commanding  a  route  into 
Cisalpine  Gaul  through  a  pass  in  the  Apennines,  he  was  collecting 
an  army  ready  to  march  upon  Rome  as  soon  as  Catiline  should  give 
the  order. 

21.    in  dies  singulos  :  from  day  to  day. 

3.    iam :    at  once.  —  credo  .  .   .  dicat :    credo,  used   ironically,  71 

gives  a  negative  force.      Cicero's  meaning  is.  •  Surely  all  patriots 


266  NOTES 

will  say  that  I  acted  too  slowly,  rather  than  any  one  say  that  I  acted 
too  cruelly.'  Trans.  /  shall  have  reason  to  fear,  forsooth,  that  all 
good  men  will  not  say,  etc. 

4.  ne  non  :  sometimes  used  for  ut  after  a  verb  of  fearing. 

7.  factum  esse  :  see  note  on  p.  70, 1.  14. 

8.  nondum  .  .  .  faciam  :  I  have  not  yet  brought  myself  to  the 
point  of  doing. 

12.  tui:  A.  234.  d.  2;  B.  204.  3;  G.  359.  R.  i  ;  H.  435.  4;  W. 

352- 

13.  iure:  A.  248.  R. ;  8.220.2;  G.  399.  N.  i  ;  11.475.3;  W.  390. 

14.  quisquam  :  even  one  man.      Quisqiiam  in  affirmative  sen- 
tences suggests  the  thought  that  there  ought  to  be  no  one. 

III.  28.    mini    crede :    trust    my    words.  —  caedis,    iuceudi- 
orum:  A.  219;  B.  206.  2;  G.  376;  H.  454;  W.  364.  b. 

29.  luce:  A.  247;  B.  217.  i  ;  G.  398;  H.  471  ;  W.  380. 

30.  licet  recognoscas  :  a  mild  command,  you  may  review.     A. 
331.  i.  N.  3  ;  B.  295.  6  ;  G.  553.  2.  4.  R.  I  ;  H.  564.  II.  i  ;  W.  504.  3. 
—  ante  .  .  .  Novembris  :  study  in  your  grammar  the  Roman  cal- 
endar and  method  of  reckoning  dates. 

31.  dicere  :  meniini  when  used  of  personal  experience  commonly 
takes  the  present  infinitive.  — fore  :  its  subject  is  C.  Manliiim. 

32.  futurus  esset :  for  erit  of  the  direct  discourse.  —  C.  Man- 
Hum  :  see  note  on  Cast r a  .  .  .  conlocata,  p.  70,  1.  19. 

33.  Num  .  .  .  tanta :    /  was  not  mistaken,  was  /,  not  only  not 
mistaken  in  a  fact  so  important . 

72  3.    optimatium  :  see  Introd.,  p.  62. — in- ante  diem  :  A.  259.  e  ; 

B.  371-6;  G.  page  491  ;  H.  754.  III.  3;  W.  722. 

5.  sui   conservandi :    A.  298.   a;    B.    339.  5;  «G.   428.    R.    i; 
H.  626.  3  ;  W.  642. 

9.  discessu,  caede:  abl.  of  cause  to  be  construed  with  co  tit  en- 
turn. —  nostra  qui:    A.  199.  b.  x.  ;  B.  251.  2;  G.  614.  3.  a;  H. 
399.4.  N.  ;  W.  301.  2. 

10.  esse  :  the  English  idiom  requires  the  translation  would  be.  — 
Praeneste :  a  town  of  Latium,  about  twenty-three  miles  southeast 
of  Rome  in  a  commanding  location  in  the  mountains.    Because  of 
its  proximity  to  Rome,  the  salubrity  of  its  climate,  and  the  beauty  of 
its  surroundings,  it  became  a  fashionable  summer  resort  for  Roman 
society.     Horace  speaks  of  it  as  frigidum  Praeneste. 

12.    coloniam :    see    Introd.,  p.  46. — iussu  :    abl.    of  cause.— 
praesidiis,  custodiis,  vigiliis  :  abl.  of  means. 

IV.  16.    superiorem  :  see  note  on  p.  69,  1.  8. 

18.   priore :    identical  in   meaning  with   the   preceding  superi- 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA  267 

orem.  —  inter  falcarios  :    the  street  in  which  Laeca's  house  was         PAGE 
situated.  ^2 

19.   in  domum:  A.  258.  2.  b.  N.  i  ;  B.  182.  I.  N. ;  G.  337.  R.  3; 
H.  419.  i.  N.  — M.  Laecae  :  a  senator  friendly  to  Catiline. 

23.    Ubinam   gentium:    where  in  the  -world.    A.   216.   a.  4; 
B.  201.  3  ;  G.  372.  x.  3  ;  H.  443  ;  W.  358. 

26.  nostro  omnium:  A.  184.  d;  B.  243.  3.  a;  G.  321.  R.  2; 
H.  393.6;  W.424- 

27.  cogitent:   A.  320.  a;    B.  283.  2;  G.  631.  2;    H.  591.   i; 

W.  588.  2. 

28.  sententiam  rogo :  the  technical  phrase  with  which  the  pre- 
siding officer  asked  the  senators  for  an  expression  of  their  opinion. 
See  Introd.,  p.  53. 

30.  igitur:  after  a  digression,  igitur  again  takes  up  the  main 
thought. 

31 .  placeret,  relinqueres,  educeres  :  subj.  in  indirect  discourse. 
33.    confirmasti :  syncopated  form  for  confirmavisti. 

1.  morae  :  part.  gen.  with paulum.  73 

2.  duo  equites:  C.  Cornelius  and  L.  Vargunteius,  the  latter  of 
whom,  however,  Sallust  (Cat.  28)  mentions  as  of  senatorial  rank. 

3.  liberarent.  pollicerentur  :  subj.  of  characteristic. 

6.  exclusi :  f  refused  admittance  to. 

7.  salutatum :  clients  called  upon  their  patron  in  the  morning 
hours  to  pay  their  respects  (salutatio).     Men  of  prominence  likewise 
received  their  friends  and  acquaintances  at  that  time  of  the  day. 
For  the   construction,  see  A.  302 ;    B.  340.   I  ;    G.  435 ;    H.  633 ; 
W.  654. 

8.  multis  ac  summis  :  many  eminent  men.     When  mutii  and 
another  adjective  modify  the  same  noun,  they  are  commonly  joined 
by  a  conjunction.  —  viris  :  dat.  with  praedixeram.  —  id  temporis  : 
at  that  time',  id'vs,  adv.  ace.,  temporis  part.  gen. 

V.    10.    Quae  .  .  .  Bint:  this  being  the  state  of  affairs. 

12.  Educ  :  A.  128.  c :  B.  1 16.  3  ;  G.  130.  5  ;  H.  241  ;  W.  190. 

13.  si  minus  :  if  not  all. 

14.  me  atque  te :  the  regular  order  of  the  personal  pronouns 
in  Latin. 

15.  intersit:  A.  314;  B.  310;  G.  573;  H.  587:  W.  564,  565. 

1 6.  non  .  .  .  sinam :    notice  the  anaphora  and  the  piling   up 
of  nearly  synonymous  verbs,  where  we  should  use  different  auxil- 
iaries with  the  same  verb  —  /  cannot,  I  shall  not,  I  -will  not  per- 
mit it. 

i .    Statori :  the  epithet  Stator  means  who  causes  to  stand,  and  74 


268  NOTES 

PAGE         hence  is  used  of  the  god  who  stays  the  flight  of  battle.     According 

74  to  the  legend,  when  the  victorious  Sabines  were  advancing  toward 
the  city  gates,  Romulus  vowed  a  temple  to  Jupiter  Stator  with  the 
words  Deme  terror  em  Romanis  fuganique  foedam  siste. 

2.  hanc  tarn :   notice  that  when  two  demonstrative  words  are 
used  together,  one  must  be  omitted  in  translation. 

3.  pestem:  the  abstract  noun  used  instead  of  the  concrete. 

6.  designate  :  the  consuls  were  called  designati  from  the  time  of 
their  election  in  the  comitia  centuriata  until  their  entrance  upon  their 
official  duties.  See  Introd.,  pp.  54,  55. 

8.  proximis  :  i.e.  those  of  the  year  63  B.C.,  in  which  the  magis- 
trates for  62  B.C.  were  elected.  —  in  canipo  :  sc.  Martio,  the  Field  of 
Mars  between  the  city  and  the  Tiber ;  here  the  comitia  centuriata 
met,  and  here  the  young  men  were  wont  to  exercise  themselves  in 
gymnastic  games.     See  the  map  of  Rome,  and  Introd.,  p.  50. 

9.  competitores :    D.  Junius  Silanus  and  L.   Licinius  Murena 
were  the  successful  candidates. 

ii.  per  me:  through  my  own  efforts,  i.e.  amicorum  praesidio 
et  copiis. 

15.   vitam  :  translate  by  the  plural. 

17.  id:  object  of  facer  e.  — quod  eat  primum  :  which  would  be 
the  first  thing  to  do.  For  the  mood  of  est,  see  A.  264.  b  ;  B.  271 .  b  ; 
G.  254.  R.  I  ;  H.  525.  2  ;  W.  479.  — imperi,  diaciplinae  :  A.  234.  d  ; 
B.  204.  2;  G.  359.  R.  I  ;  H.  435-4?  W.  352. 

19.   ad:  with  regard  to. 

21.  quod:rtj.    A.  238.  b;  B.  178.  d  ;  G.  333.  I ;  H.  412  ;  W.  312. 

22.  hortor  :  see  note  on  patinmr,  p.  70, 1.  1 1.  —  comitum  :  con- 
strue with  sentina.     A.  214.  f ;  B.  202  ;  G.  361  ;  H.  440.  4;  W.  348. 

23.  sentina:  cf.  Sail.  Cat.  37,  Omnes  quos  flagitium  ant  f  acinus 
domo  expulerat,  ii  Romam  sicut  in  sentinam  confluxerant. 

24.  faciebas  :  conative  impf.,  equivalent  to  facer 'e  volebas. 

VI.  30.  nota  inusta :  a  figurative  expression  suggested  by  the 
branding  of  slaves  and  criminals  ;  runaway  slaves  were  branded  with 
an  F  {fugitivus),  false  accusers  in  earlier  times  with  a  K  (calum- 
niator) . 

32.  f  acinus,  flagitium :  the  first  denotes  a  deed  by  which  we  do 
harm  to  others ;  the  second,  one  by  which  we  disgrace  ourselves. 

33.  adulescentulo  :  the  diminutive  is  used  to  suggest  weakness 
of  character. 

75  I .    inretisses  :  to  Catiline's  personal  magnetism  there  is  abundant 
testimony.    Mommsen  says  that  he  possessed  "that  horrible  mastery 
of  vice  which  knows  how  to  bring  the  weak  to  fall  and  how  to  train 


IN   CATILINAM    PRIMA  269 

the  fallen  to  crime.*'  —  ferrum  .  .   .  praetulisti  :  as  slaves  (armi-         PAGE 
geri  and  lanternarii')  were  wont  to  do  for  their  masters.  ^ 

2.  Quid  vero  :  introduces  a  still  stronger  argument. 

3.  vacuefecisses  :  nowhere  do  we  find  Cicero's  charge  that  Cati- 
line murdered  his  first  wife  substantiated.     Cicero  probably  voiced 
the  rumors  of  current  gossip. 

4.  alio  scelere  :  when  Catiline  desired  to  marry  Aurelia  Orestilla, 
a  widow  of  great  beauty  and  much  wealth,  but  of  bad  reputation,  she 
objected  to  his  suit  because  of  his  son  by  a  former  marriage.     The 
boy  died  suddenly,  and  gossip  accused  the  father  of  poisoning  him. 
Cicero  simply  alludes  to  this  rumor ;  Sallust  deemed  it  quite  worthy 
of   belief;    Valerius    Maximus,  finally,  mentions  it   as  a  fact  —  an 
excellent  illustration  of  Vergil's  well-known  saying  in  reference  to 
gossip,  viris  adquirit  eundo. 

5 .  facile  patior  :  gladly  allow. 

8.   Idibus :  the  Ides  and  the  Calends  were  the  regular  days  for 
the  payment  of  interest  and  the  settlement  of  accounts. 

10.    difficultatem :  i.e.  financial  embarrassment.  —  summam  rem 
publicam  :  equivalent  to  summam  rei  publicae  saint  em. 

i.    pridie  .  .  .  paravisse  :  accounts  differ  as  to  the  circumstances  76 

of  this  so-called  first  conspiracy.  Cicero  here  indicates  that  the 
slaughter  had  been  set  for  the  last  day  of  the  year  66  B.C.,  to  take 
place  in  the  Forum  (stetisse  in  comitio  cum  telo},  where  the  outgoing 
consuls,  M'.  Aemilius  Lepidus  and  L.  Volcatius  Tullus,  were  to  make 
their  farewell  addresses  to  the  people  in  a  contio.  According  to  Sal- 
lust,  however,  the  attack  was  to  be  made  on  Jan.  i,  65  B.C.,  in  the 
Capitol,  where  the  new  consuls,  L.  Aurelius  Cotta  and  L.  Manlius 
Torquatus,  would  be  inaugurated.  But  no  matter  which  date  or 
place  is  correct,  it  is  certain  that  the  plot  was  not  carried  out  on 
the  date  originally  agreed  upon  because  it  had  become  known,  and 
its  execution  was  fixed  for  a  meeting  of  the  senate,  Feb.  5.  The  evil 
designs  of  the  conspirators  were  again  frustrated,  as  Catiline  gave  the 
signal  before  a  sufficient  number  of  armed  men  had  assembled. 

3.  comitio:  see  map,  p.  75.  —  cum  telo:    in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  neqtie  in  comitium  neque  in  forum  neque  in  curiam  ferrc  telum 
fas  fuit. 

4.  non  .  .  .  tuum  :  no  change  of  purpose  and  no  fear  on  your 
part. 

7.  ilia :  explained  by  the  following  quotiens  .  .  .  effugi.  —  non 
multa :  few. 

9.  petitiones,  ita  coniectas  :  thrusts,  so  aimed;  an  expression 
descriptive  of  a  gladiatorial  combat.  The  figure  is  still  further  car- 


270  NOTES 

AGE         ried  out  in  the  words  declinatione  et  corpore  (hendiadys  for  decli- 
16          natione  corporis). 

12.   tibi :  A.  235.  a ;  B.  188.  i.  N.  ;  G.  350.  I  ;  H.  425.  4.  N.  ;  W. 

335- 

14.  Quae  ...  sit:  indirect  question  dependent  on  nescio.     Be- 
gin translation  with  nescio  quibiis  sacris,  and  I  do  not  know  with 
what  rites  this  (dagger},  etc.     For  Quae,  see  A.  180.  f;  B.  251.  6; 
G.  610.  R.  I ;  H.  510 ;  W.  304.  2. 

15.  quod:  that. 

VII.    1 8.    debeo:  sc.  permotus  esse. 

19.  quae  null  a  :  which  in  no  way. 

20.  hac  tanta :  either  omit  hac  in  translating  or  render  tanta  as 
if  it  were  magna.     See  note  on  p.  74,  1.  2. 

23.  Quid,  quod  :   what  do  you  say  to  the  fact  that. 

24.  ista :  near  you.     See  the  illustration  on  p.  77,  but  this  mod- 
-^>     ern  painting  is  misleading,  for  the  subsellia  must  have  been  benches 

brought  into  the  temple  for  temporary  use  on  this  occasion. 

25.  tibi:  dat.  of  agency,  as  also  in  11.  27  and  30. — adsedisti : 
A.  324;  B.  287.  i  ;  G.  561  ;  H.  538-3;  W.  529-531. 

28.  Servi :  notice  the  emphasis  given  to  this  word  by  its  posi- 
tion and  the  chiasmus  of  Servi  metuerent,  metuunt  cives.  A 
careful  study  of  the  order  of  words  as  far  as  p.  77,  1.  4  will  help  to  an 
understanding  of  the  meaning  of  the  passage.  —  metuerent,  pu- 
tarem  :  subj.  in  protasis  and  apodosis  of  a  condition  contrary  to  fact. 

30.  arbitraris :    sc.  esse  relinquendam.  —  iniuria :   see  note  on 

P-  71,1-  13- 

31.  me  :  see  note  on  me  esse,  p.  70,  1.  17. 

32.  aspectu:  A.  243.3;  B.  214.  i.c;  G.  405  ;  H.  462.  i  ;  W-375- 
77              i .   cum  :  concessive. 

2.    iustum  :  sc.  esse. 

6.  Nunc:  points  to  the  truth  of  the  statement  which  it  intro- 
duces, in  contrast  with  the  supposed  case  preceding. 

7.  nihil :  equivalent  to  de  nulla  re. 

10.  tacita  loquitur  :  an  oxymoron,  weakened  to  some  extent  by 
quodam  modo. 

1 1 .  aliquot  annis  :  abl.  denoting  time  within  which. 

12.  multorum  neces  :  during  Sulla's  reign  of  terror.  Catiline  with 
a  band  of  cutthroats  had  put  to  death  many  of  those  proscribed, 
among  them  his  own  aged  father-in-law.     In  64  B.C.  he  was  tried  for 
these  crimes,  but  acquitted. — vexatio  direptioque  sociorum  :  a 
reference  to  Catiline's  conduct  as  propraetor  of  Africa.     See  Introd., 
p.  22. 


IN    CATILINAM    PRIMA  271 

14.    quaestiones  :  the  permanent  courts.     See  Introd.,  p.  60.  PAGE 

1 6.  nunc  vero  :  translate  after  this  non  est  ferendum,  1.  19. 

17.  quicquid  increpuerit :  at  every  sound.     For  the  mood,  see 
A.  342  ;  B.  324.  2  ;  G.  663.  I  ;  H.  652  ;  W.  620. 

1.  mihi:  A.  229;  B.  188.  2.  d ;  G.  347.  5;  H.  427;  W.  337.  78 
VIII.    3.    loquatur:   A.  307.  2.  b ;  B.  303;  G.  596.  I  ;  H.  576; 

\V.  555.     The  condition  is  assumed  as  possible  because  of  the  per- 
sonification of  patria. 

4.  Quid,  quod  :  see  note  on  p.  76,  1.  23. 

5.  in  custodiam  :  i.e.  detention  in  the  house  of  some  responsible 
person  or  surveillance  by  him.     This  so-called  custodia  liber  a  must 
be  distinguished  from  imprisonment  in  the  career.     When  it  became 
known  that  Manlius  was  gathering  a  force  in  Etruria,  L.  Aemilius 
Paulus  accused  Catiline  of  treason.     Catiline  at  once  offered  himself 
to  several  well-known  men  for  this  custodia  libera. 

6.  ad :    equivalent  to  apud,  which  is  usually  employed   in   this 
sense. 

7.  domi  meae  :  A.  258.  d  ;  B.  232.  2  ;  G.  41 1 .  R.  2 ;  H.  484.  2  ; 
W.  403. 

9.  qui  essem  :  since  I  was. 

10.  Q.Metellum:  Q.  Metellus  Celer. 

12.  virum  optimum:  ironical,  as  is  also  the  following  relative 
clause. 

2.  quam  longe  videtur  abesse  debere  :  how  far  does  it  seem  79 
he  ought  to  be.     Notice,  however,  that  the  implied  antecedent  of  qui 

is  the  subject  of  I'idetur. 

3.  Quae  .   .  .  sint:  see  note  on  p.  73,  1.  10. 

4.  emori  •  a  suggestion  of  suicide,  which  the  Romans  often  pre- 
ferred to  exile  (civil  death) . 

7.  Refer  ad  senatum  :  Cicero  was  unwilling  to  accept  this  chal- 
lenge of  Catiline,  for  both  he  and  his  adversary  knew  that  the  senate 
had  no  legal  right  to  compel  a  citizen  to  go  into  exile,  and  that  Cati- 
line's promise  to  follow  the  senate's  advice  in  the  matter  had  no 
significance.  It  is  likely  that  Catiline  hoped  to  find  support  in  the 
senate,  either  on  the  part  of  those  who  favored  his  plans  or  from 
those  who  were  afraid  to  oppose  him  openly ;  and  if  mistaken  in 
this,  he  would  still  have  the  legal  right  to  do  as  he  pleased.  Cicero, 
however,  was  too  astute  a  politician  to  give  Catiline  so  excellent  a 
chance  to  show  the  weakness  of  the  conservative  party,  which  was 
certainly  at  this  time  most  reluctant  to  engage  in  open  conflict  with 
the  conspirator. 

9.    id  quod  .  .  .  moribus  :  for  such  action  would  not  be  in  keep- 


272  NOTES 

PAGE         ing  'with  my  character.     For  the  mood,  see  the  note  on  quod  est 

79  primum,  p.  74,  1.  17. 

16.  P.  Sestio :  at  this  time  quaestor  of  the  consul  C.  Antonius. 
In  57  B.C.  as  tribune  of  the  people  he  took  an  active  part  in  Cicero's 
recall  from  exile.  —  M.  Marcello  :  perhaps  the  consul  of  51  B.C.,  in 
gratitude  for  whose  pardon  Cicero  in  46  B.C.  delivered  the  oration 
Pro  Marcello.    See  Introd.,  pp.  40,  41. 

17.  iure    optimo:    most  deservedly. — vim    et  manus :   hen- 
diadys. 

1 8.  quiescunt  .  .  .  clamant :  oxymora. 

20.   hi:  i.e.  the  senators.  —  videlicet:  bitter  sarcasm. 
23.   paulo  ante  :  i.e.  when  he  entered  the  temple. 

25.  haec :  i.e.  the  temples,  the  houses  of  the  city,  the  city  itself. 
It  was  probably  made  clear  by  a  sweeping  gesture. 

26.  prosequantur  :  a  sarcastic  allusion  to  the  Roman  custom  of 
escorting  departing  friends  as  far  as  the  city  gates. 

IX.  27.  Quamquam  :  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  this  word 
(so  also  tametsi)  has  often  a  corrective  force,  and  yet.  This  use  with 
a  principal  clause  must  be  distinguished  from  its  use  with  a  subordi- 
nate clause  of  concession. — frangat:  A.  332.  c;  B.  277;  G.  558; 
H.  557 ;  W.  493. 

30.  duint :  archaic  form  for  dent. — Tametsi :  see  note  on  Quam- 
quam, 1.  27. 

32.  recent!  .  .  .  tuorum :  while  the  recollection  of  your  crimes 
is  yet  fresh.  Cicero  is  here  unwittingly  a  true  prophet,  as  later  events 
proved.  See  Introd.,  pp.  6-8. 

80  i.   est  tanti :  the  logical  subject  must  be  supplied  from  the  pre- 
ceding statement.     For  the  construction  of  tanti,  see  A.  252.  a; 
B.  203.  3  ;  G.  380.  R.  ;  H.  448.  I  ;  W.  361,  362.  — sit :  see  note  on 

P-  73, 1-  15- 

3.  tu  .  .  .  cedas  :  the  ///-clauses  form  the  subject  of  non  est  po- 
stulandum. 

5 .   is  :  a  man  of  such  a  sort. 

8.  inimico :  Catiline  claimed  that  Cicero's  hostility  to  him  was 
based  on  personal  grounds. 

9.  molem  is  tins  invidiae  :  the  burden  of  the  unpopularity  which 
your  action  will  arouse. 

n.  laudi,  gloriae  :  A.  227;  B.  187.  II.  a;  G.  346;  H.  426.  I  ; 
W.  330. 

14.  non :  used  in  this  clause  of  purpose  because  eiectus  only  is 
negatived,  not  the  whole  clause. 

16.   invitem  :  A.  268  ;  6.277;  G.  259;  H-557;  W.  493.  —  a  quo 


IN   CATILINAM    PRTMA  273 

.  .  .  praestolarentur :  when  I  know  that  men  have  been  sent  on         PAGE 
attead  by  you,  who  are  to  wait  for  you.     Sriam  is  subj.  in  a  relative  &® 

clause  of  cause,  praestolarentur  subj.  in  a  relative  clause  of  purpose, 
or  because  it  quotes  Catiline's  orders  to  the  men.  For  the  tense  of 
Praestolarentur,  see  A.  287.  i;  B.  268.  2 ;  G.  518  ;  H.  548. 

1 7.  Forum  Aurelium  :  a  small  town  of  Etruria  on  the  Via  Au- 
relia  about  fifty  miles  from  Rome. 

18.  cui :  equivalent  to  a  quo,  1.  16.  —  diem:  notice  the  gender 
and  the  reason  for  it. 

19.  aquilam  illam  argenteam  :  since  the  second  consulship  of 
Marius  in  104  B.C.,  a  silver  eagle  with  outspread  wings  had  been  the 
standard  of  the  Roman  legions.     According  to  Sallust  (Cat.  59),  the 
eagle  mentioned  here  had  been  carried  in  the  army  of  Marius  in 
the  Cimbric  war. 

20.  sacrarium :  the  place  in  the  Roman  camp  near  the  general's 
tent  where  the  aquilae  were  kept  was  considered  sacred. 

22.  possis  :  see  note  on  frangat,  p.  79, 1. 27.  —  ad  caedem  pro- 
ficiscens  :  Sallust   (Cat.  16)  accuses  Catiline  of  having  instigated 
to  criminal  deeds  young  men  subject  to  his  influence,  merely  for  the 
sake  of  practice  (ne  per  otium  torpescerent  manus  aut  animus). 

23.  altaribus :  Cicero  ironically  intimates  that  Catiline  prepared 
himself  for  his  evil  deeds  at  the  shrine  of  the  aquila. 

X.  26.   rapiebat :  A.  277.  b ;  B.  260.  4 ;  G.  234 ;  H.  535.  I  ;  W. 
449.4.  —  haec  res  :  i.e.  the  fact  that  his  departure  to  Manlius  would 
mean  the  opening  of  civil  war. 

29.  Numquam  .    .  .   otiuni :    not  only  have  you  never  desired 
Peace. 

30.  Nactus  .  .  .  manum  :  manum  is  the  object  of  Nactus  es,  and 
is  modified  by  ex  perditis  atque  derelictis  conflatam,  as  well  as 
by  improbontm. 

3.   Ad  .  .  .  tui :  for  the  pursuit  of  such  a  life  those  much-talked-  81 

of  labors  of  yours  are  practised.  —  meditati :  A.  135.  b  ;  B.  1 12.  b ; 
G.  167.  N.  2 ;  H.  222.  2  ;  W.  185.  2. 

5.  insidiaiitem :    modifies    te,    to    be    supplied    as    subject    of 
vigilare. 

6.  Habes  ubi  ostentes  :  there  you  have  a  chance  to  display. 

8.  quibus  :  refers  to  /ami's,  f rigor  is,  inopiae. 

9.  Tantum :  explained  by  the  clauses  ut  .  .  .  posses  and  ut  .  .  . 
nominaretur.  —  a  consulatu  reppuli :  see  Introd.,  p.  22. 

ii.  id  ...  susceptum :  subject  of  nominaretur. 

XI.  21.    evocatorem  servorum :  an  accusation  not  borne  out 
by  the  facts.     When  Catiline  was  urged  by  Lentulus  to  arouse  the 


274  NOTES 

PAGE         slaves  to  insurrection,  he  refused,  being  fully  aware  what  bitter  in- 

81  dignation  such  an  act  would  arouse  among  the  free  citizens. 

22.  emissus,  immissus  :  notice  the  play  on  words. 

23.  hunc  duel :  in  Cicero  a  passive  or  deponent  infinitive  only  is 
used  with  imperare  instead  of  the  regular  subjunctive  construction. 

25.   persaepe  :  rhetorical  exaggeration. 

27.  leges :  the  so-called  leges  de  provocatione  (i.e.  the  right  of 
appeal  to  the  people)  are  referred  to.     Among  these  the  most  ancient 
was  that  of  P.  Valerius  passed  in  509  B.C.,  Ne  quis  magistrates  civem 
Romanutn  adversus  provocationem  necaret  neve  verberaret. 

28.  qui :  i.e.  ii  qui. 

30.  per  te  cognitum  :  see  Introd.,  p.  48. 

31.  commendatione :    abl.  of  quality. — tarn  mature:    Cicero 
himself  mentions  elsewhere  that  he  alone  of  all  self-made  men  be- 
came a  candidate  for  the  consulship  as  soon  as  he  had  reached  the 
legal  age,  and  was  elected  the  first  time  that  he  offered  himself  for 
the  office. 

32.  honorum  gradus  :  see  Introd.,  p.  54. 

82  I .    severitatis  :  arising  from  severity. 

XII.  6.  His  .  .  .  respondebo :  this  takes  the  place  of  the 
apodosis  of  the  conditional  sentence  si  .  .  .  loquatur,  p.  81,  1.  16. 

8.  hoc:  explained  by  the  following  Catilinam  morte  multari. — 
factu:  A.  253.  a;  B.  340.  2;  G.  436;  H.  635;  W.  655. 

ii.  Saturnini.  Gracchorum,  Flacci:  see  notes  on  p.  70,  1-7; 
p.  69,  1.  18 ;  p.  70,  1.  3. 

14.  invidiae  :  to  be  construed  with  the  preceding  quid. 
20.   auctoritate  :  abl.  of  cause. 

22.  regie  :  the  despotic  rule  of  Tarquinius  Superbus  had  left  such 
an  impress  on  the  Roman  mind  that  even  during  the  later  years  of 
the  republic  the  word  rex  was  equivalent  to  tyrant. 

29.  naufragos  :  refers  to  their  financial  condition. 

83  XIII.    2.    nescio  quo  pacto  :  some  way  or  other. 
4.    tanto  latrocinio  :  equivalent  to  tot  latronibus. 

8.  aestu  febrique  :  hendiadys. 

9.  biberunt :  translate  by  the  present  tense. 

1 1 .  relevatus  :  equivalent  to  si  relevatus  erit.  —  reliquis  vivis  : 
abl.  abs.,  equivalent  to  si  reliqui  erunt  irivi. 

13.    secedant :  A.  266;  B.  275;  G.  263.  3;  H.  559.  2;  VV.  482. 

15.  tribunal:  a  wooden  semicircular  platform  in  the  Comitiiim, 
on  which  stood  the  chair  (sella  curulis)  of  the  praetor  urbanus  (see 
Introd.,  p.  57). 

16.  curiam :  sc.  Hostiliam,  the  senate-house  said  to  have  been 


IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA  275 

erected  by  Tullus  Hostilius  in  the  Comitium  (see  map,  p.  75).  — mal- 
leolos  :  these  were  shaped  like  a  hammer,  the  head  being  filled  with 
some  inflammable  material.  They  were  used  in  siege  operations. 

20.  tantam  .  .  .  virtutem :  it  was  Cicero's  policy  to  reconcile 
the  two  higher  orders,  the  ordo  senatorius  and  the  ordo  equester. 
See  Introd.,  pp.  6,  48. 

23.  videatis  :  you  shall  see. 

24.  ominibus  :  prophetic  words. 

27.  Tu,  luppiter :  Cicero  addresses  the  statue  of  Jupiter  in  the 
temple.      See  note  on  locus,  p.  69,  1.  6.  —  qui  es    constitutus  : 
•whose  worship  was  established.     The  temple  which   Romulus  had 
vowed  to  build  was  not  erected  until  294  B.C.,  although  the  site  is 
said  to  have  been  consecrated  at  an  earlier  time. 

28.  auspiciis :  see  Introd.,  p.  62.  —  Statorem :    see   note   on 
p.  74,  1.  I. 

31.  inimicos.  hostis :  note  the  difference  in  meaning,  and  how 
it  is  heightened  by  the  chiasmus. 

ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA 

Read  carefully  Introd.,  pp.  24.  25. 

1.  i.    Quirites  :  the  usual  form  employed  in  addressing  the  Roman  34 
populace  in  its  political  capacity.     Cicero  now  is  not  addressing  the 
senate,  as  in  the  first  oration,  but  the  people  assembled  in  a  contio 

(see  Introd.,  p.  51).  The  origin  of  the  word  Quirites  is  much  dis- 
puted. 

2.  scelus  anhelantem :  cf.  the  Homeric  expression  /le'vea  TTVCI- 
ovres;  and  Acts  9.  I,  "And  Saul  yet  breathing  out  threatenings  and 
slaughter." — vobis, urbi  :  A.  227  ;  B.  187.11.3;  0.346;  H.  426.  2  ; 
W.  330. 

3.  vel  .  .  .  vel :  the  orator  leaves  to  his  audience  the  choice  of 
expression. 

4.  ipsum  :  of  his  own  accord.  —  prosecuti  sumus  :  see  note  on 
p.  79,  1.  26. 

5.  Abiit  .  .  .  erupit :    climax  strengthened  by  asyndeton  and 
alliteration.  —  Nulla  iam  :  no  longer.  Cf.  Non  iam,  1.  9. 

10.  campo,  foro.  curia:  these  public  places  are  contrasted  with 
domesticos  parietes.  For  campo,  see  note  on  p.  74, 1.  8.  The  Forum 
Romanian  was  a  trapezoidal  space  about  525  feet  long  and  from  about 
1 20  to  about  150  feet  wide,  between  the  Quirinal,  Capitoline,  and 
Palatine  hills,  used  partly  for  public  meetings,  partly  for  business. 
It  was  the  center  of  public  life  in  Rome,  and  here  the  Roman  nobles 


276  NOTES 

passed  a  part  of  the  day  in  transacting  business,  attending  court, 
hearing  the  news,  etc.  See  map,  p.  75. 

1 1 .  Loco  ille  motus  eat :  he  was  driven  from  his  vantage 
ground,  a  gladiator's  expression. 

13.  nullo  impediente :  abl.  abs.,  nullo  being  regularly  used  as 
abl.  of  nemo.  Catiline's  partizans  in  the  senate  and  those  who  had 
been  skeptical  about  the  conspiracy  would  now  be  forced  to  acknowl- 
edge the  danger  and  to  acquiesce  in  severe  measures.  —  iustum : 
regular. 

15.  Quod  vero  :  but  seeing  that. 

16.  cruentum  :  predicate.  —  extulit :  sc.  exurbe.    For  the  mood, 
see  A.  333.  b;   B.  286.  i  ;  G.  542,  539;  H.  614.  4;  W.  545.  —  vivis 
nobis  :  leaving  us  alive. 

22.  faucibus  :  metaphorical.  —  luget:  to  his  sorrow. 

23.  evomuerit,  proiecerit :  A.  341.  d,  321.  2  ;  6.286.1;  0.541, 
542;  H.  588.  II;  W.  545. 

11.  25.   inhocipso:  explained  by  the  clause  q uod  .  .  .  emiserim. 
26.    quod  :  namely  that. 

2.   quae  .  .  .  deferrem :  obj.  of  crederent. 
4.   depelli :  for  depulsum  iri  or  fore  ut  depelleretur . 
"].   ne  .  .  .  probata  :  since  even  then  his  guilt  had  not  been  made 
clear  to  all  of  you  even. 

8.  multassem,  fore:   A.  337.  a ;   6.319,320;   0.656;  H.  646; 
W.  613,  618.  —  fore  ut  possem  :  A.  288.  f ;  B.  270.  3  ;  G.  248  ;  H. 
619.  2.  3  ;  W.  636. 

9.  rem  hue  deduxi  :  I  brought  matters  to  such  a  point. 

n.  Quern  .  .  .  hostem :  notice  how  the  position  of  these  words 
adds  emphasis,  and  see  grammatical  references  in  note  on  p.  76, 

1.14- 

12.  licet  intellegatis  :  see  note  on  p.  71,  1.  30. 

13.  parum  :  according  to  Sallust  also  (Cat.  32),  he  set  out  with 
but  a  few  companions.    Plutarch  states  that  he  left  the  city  with  three 
hundred  armed  followers,  but  this  estimate  may  include  those  who 
had  been  sent  ahead  to  Forum  Aurelium.  —  comitatus :  see  note 
on  meditati,  p.  81,  1.  3.  —  exierit :  subj.  because  Cicero  quotes  his 
own  thought  as  he  might  quote  another's. 

14.  mihi:  A.  236;  B.  188.  2.  b ;  G.  351  ;  H.  432;  W.  336. 

15.  in  praetexta :  sc.  toga.     This  garment  was  worn  not  only 
by  the  curule  magistrates,  but  also  by  freeborn   boys   up  to  their 
sixteenth  year.      It  had  a  purple  hem,  while  the  toga  virilis  was 
entirely  white.     Trans,  in  boyhood. 

I .    in  popina  :  i.e.  what  a  dangerous  revolutionist  he  must  be  who 


IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA  277 

because  of  financial  distress  is  compelled  to  frequent  cheap  eating-         PAGE 
houses,  and  even  there  canriot  pay. 

2.    quanto  aere  alien o  :  /unv  deeply  in  debt,  abl.  of  quality. 

III.  4.  Gallicanis  legionibus :  i.e.  the  Roman  legions  sta- 
tioned in  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

5.  in  ...  Galileo  :  the  ager  Picenus  was  a  district  of  central 
Italy  bordering  on  the  Adriatic  Sea.  North  of  it  was  the  ager  Gal- 
lic us.  settled  in  ancient  times  by  the  Gallic  tribe  of  the  Senones.  — 
Q.  Metellus  :  cf.  p.  78,  1.  lo. 

7.  ex  senibus  desperatis  :  a  reference  to  Sulla's  veterans.  —  ex 
agresti  luxuria  :  the  abstract  used  instead  of  the  concrete. 

10.  edictum  praetoris  :  the  inaugural  proclamation  of  the  prae- 
tor urbanus,  in  which  he  declared  his  policy,  especially  the  way  in 
which  he  intended  to  proceed  against  debtors  who  were  slow  in  the 
fulfilment  of  their  obligations. 

12.  unguentis  :  perfumed  oils  with  which  the  body  was  anointed 
after  the  bath. 


P 

I  Know  what  they  are  plotting. 

17.  Video  .  .  .  depoposcerit :  Catiline  had  assigned  to  his  par- 
tizans  certain  districts  of  Italy  which  they  were  to  arouse  to  rebellion. 
According  to  Sallust  {Cat.  27),  C.  Julius  had  received  Apulia ;  C.  Man- 
lius,  Faesulae  and  the  surrounding  parts  of  Etruria ;  a  certain  Sep- 
timius,  the  ager  Picenus. 

19.  urbanas  insidias :  Catiline  appears  to  have  left  Lentulus  in 
charge  of  affairs  at  Rome. 

20.  superioris  noctis  :  i.e.  the  night  of  the  6th  of  November. 
22.   Ne :  verily.     In  classical  prose  the  affirmative  particle  ne  is 

only  found  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence,  usually  in  the  apodosis 
of  a  conditional  sentence.  It  is  always  used  in  connection  with  a 
personal  or  demonstrative  pronoun. 

IV.    24.    ut:  explanatory,  namely  that. 

26.  nisi  .  .  .  est :  unless  indeed  there  is  some  one.  A.  315.  b.  N. : 
B.  306.  5  ;  G.  591.  R.  4;  H.  575.  7.  8. 

29.    sui:  obj.  gen.  with  desiderio. 

I .    Aurelia  via :  a  road  following  the  coast  of  Etruria  and  con-  87 


278  NOTES 

necting  Rome  and  Pisa.  The  nearest  road  to  the  camp  of  Manlius 
would  have  been  the  Via  Cassia,  which  Catiline,  however,  avoided, 
as  he  had  asserted  that  he  was  going  into  exile  at  Massilia. 

3.  rem  publicam :    A.  240.  d;    B.  183;   G.  343.  i  ;    H.  421.  i  ; 
W.  323.  —  sentinam  :  see  note  on  p.  74,  1.  23. 

4.  exhausto  :  carries  out  the  metaphor  contained  in  sentinam, 
6.   tota  Italia:    A.  258.  f.  2  ;   B.  228.  i.b;    6.388;    H.  485.  2  ; 

W.  402.  2. 

13.   lam  vero  :  introduces  a  new  member  in  a  climax. 

19.   non  modo  .  .  .  sed  ne  quidem  :  not  alone  .  .  .  but  even. 

V.    22.    in  dissimili  ratione  :  in  a  different  field. 

23.  ludo  gladiatorio :  schools  belonging  to  private  individuals, 
in  which  slaves  or  freemen  who  had  sold  their  services  were  trained 
for  the  gladiatorial  games.  —  paulo  audacior :  a  little  more  daring 
than  his  fellows. 

24.  in  scaena :  since  professional  actors  (histriones')  were  almost 
exclusively  slaves  or  freedmen,  their  social  standing  was  very  low. 

28 


30.    sui :  A.  196.  c ;   B.  244.  4 ;  G.  309.  2  ;  H.  503.  2  ;  W.  423. 

3.    obligaverunt :  have  mortgaged. 

7.    hoc  :  explained  by  inertis  .  .  .  vigilantibus. 

9.    mini :  ethical  dative. 

ii.    obliti:  from  oblino.     See  note  on  p.  86,  1.  12. 

13.  Quibus:  construe -with  the  compound  verbs  impendere, 
instare,appropinquare. — poenam  .  .  .  debitam  :  subject  of  instare 
and  appropinquare. 

16.    non  .  .  .  tempus  :  not  some  short  time  merely. 

19.  uiiius  :  Pompey.  For  his  career,  see  Introd.,  pp.  30-32. — 
terra  marique :  A.  258.  d;  B.  228.  I.  c;  G.  385.  N.  I  ;  H.  485.  2; 
W.  402.  3. 

2.  resecanda :  a  metaphor  borrowed  from  the  language  of  sur- 
gery. Cf.  Ovid,  Met.  I.  190,  191  :  — 

Sed  immedicabile  imlnns 

ense  recidendum  est*  ne  pars  sincera  trahatur. 
VI.   5.    dicant :  see  note  on  p.  72,  1.  27. 


IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA  279 

7.    Homo  .  .  .  ivit :  ironical.  PAGE 

10.    cum  .  .  .  essem :  cf.  p.  73,  1.  2  ff.  89 

14.    ita  ut :   as. 

19.    Hie  .  .  .  consul:  hereupon  /,  that  furious  consul. 

22.   necne  :  A.  21 1.  R.a  ;  B.  162.4;  0.459;  H.650. 1.2  ;  W.  240.  5. 

26.    esset  ei  descripta  :  had  been  outlined  by  him. 

30.  securis,  fascis  :  see  the  illustration.  They  were  the  emblems 
of  the  imperiling  signifying  power  over  life  and  limb,  and  were  car- 
ried by  the  lictors  before  the  higher  magistrates,  especially  the  con- 
suls. Rods  of  beech  or  elm  composed  the  fasces;  in  the  middle 
was  an  ax  (securis),  the  head  of  which  protruded:  and  the  bundle 
was  bound  together  by  a  red  strap.  As  no  Roman  magistrate  could 
lead  an  army  unless  he  held  the  imperium,  Catiline  had  assumed 
its  emblems. 

32.  fecerat:  notice  that  this  is  not  subjunctive,  and  therefore 
not  a  quotation  of  Cicero's  statement  in  the  senate,  but  a  parentheti- 
cal statement  of  fact. 

33.  eiciebam  :  see  note  on  p.  74,  1.  24. 

i.    credo:  ironical,  it  is  highly  probable  that.  —  Manlius  iste  90 

centurio:  see  note  on  Castra  .  .  .  conlocata,  p.  70,  1.  19. 
_3_._suo  nomine  :  on  his  own  responsibility. 


VII.    6.    O  condicionem  miser  am  :   O  unthankful  task. 
1 1.    non  ille  :  the  beginning  of  the  apodosis. 

13.  indemnatus  :  i.e.  without  legal  trial. 

14.  vi  et  minis  :  hendiadys. 

1 5 .  ilium  :  subject  of  existimari. 

18.  tanti:  A.  252.  a;  B.  203.  3;  G.  380.  I.  R.  ;  H.  448.  i  ;  W. 
361,  362. 

20.  Dicatur  eiectus  esse :    notice  that  the  English  idiom  is 
impersonal,  let  it  be  said  that  he  has  been  driven  out. 

21.  non  est  iturus  :  he  does  not  think  of  going. 

25.  illud :  this.     Cicero  regularly  uses  illud  or  ilia  to  refer  to 
something  he  is  about  to  mention.  — ne  .  .  .  quod:  that  some  day 
it  may  be  a  matter  of  reproach  to  me  t/iat. 

26.  emiserim.  eiecerim :  A.  341.  d,  321.  2;  B.  286.  I  ;  G.  541, 
542  :  H.  588.  II :  W.  544-546. 

27.  cum  profectus  sit :  now  that  he  has  gone  of  his  own  accord. 

28.  idem:  subject  of  dicerent. 

30.  Nemo  .  .  .  malit :  their  pity  is  only  pretended.  On  account 
of  personal  advantages  which  they  hope  to  gain  in  a  revolution,  they 
prefer  that  Catiline  should  face  almost  inevitable  destruction  in  open 
warfare  rather  than  withdraw  quietly  into  voluntary  exile. 


280  NOTES 

PAGE  32.    hoc  quod  agit :  object  of  cogitasset. 

91  3.    nisi  quod  :  except  that. 

VIII.  8.    qui  dissimulant :   contrasted  with  the  preceding  fate- 
tur.     Trans,  who  disguise  the  fact  that  they  are  enemies. 
1 1 .    quam  .  .  .  ipsos  :  as  to  restore  them  to  their  senses. 

14.  singulis  :  sc.  generibus. 

15.  quam:  sc.  medicinam  adferre. 

1 6.  est  eorum  :   consists  of  those.  —  magno  .  .  .  alieno  :    con- 
cessive. 

17.  dissolvi :  with  double  meaning,  i.e.  they  can  free  themselves 
from  their  debts  (dissohri  ab  aere  alieno)  by  disposing  of  their  prop- 
erty (dissolvi  ab  possessionibus) . 

20.  Tu  :  by  addressing  one  imaginary  individual,  Cicero  arraigns 
this  entire  class  of  citizens.  —  agris :  A.  248.  c.  2 ;  B.  218.  8;  G. 
405.3;  H.  477- II;  W.  388. 

21.  sis  :  subjunctive  in  an  indignant  question. 

23.  omnium  :  used  for  omnium  rerum,  and  neuter,  not  masculine. 
This  ambiguity  is  generally  avoided  by  using  only  the  masculine  as 
a  substantive  when  the  two  genders  have  the  same  form. 

24.  tabulas  :    account-books.     In  a  political  sense  tabulae  nova? 
meant  a  cancellation  of  old  accounts  —  and  therefore  of  old  debts  — 
either  in  part  or  wholly.     In  ancient  times  legislation  of  this  kind 
was  not  unfrequent.     By  the   lex  Valeria  of  the  year  86  B.C.,  for 
instance,  creditors  lost  three-fourths  of  their  capital.     Catiline's  sup- 
porters expected  a  total  abolition  of  outstanding  debts  as  a  result 
of  his   revolutionary   designs.      Cf.   Sail.    Cat.   21,   Turn   Catilina 
polliceri   novas  tabulas,  proscriptionem   locupletiutn.   magistratus* 
sacerdotia,  rapinas,  alia  omnia  quae  helium  atque  libido  victornm 
fert. 

25.  meo  beneficio  .  .  .  auctionariae :  the  expression  refers  to 
the  forced  sales  by  which  debtors  were  compelled  to  liquidate  their 
obligations.    According  to  his  own  statement  elsewhere,  Cicero  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  about  some  improvement  in  financial  conditions 
(Nuinqiiain  nee  mains  aes  alieiunn  fuit,  nee  melius  nee  faciliiis  dis- 
solution est ;  fraudandi  enim  spe  sublata  solvendi  necessitas   con- 
secuta  est). 

27.  salvi  :  in  a  financial  sense. 

28.  certare  .  .  .  praediorum :  i.e.  vainly  struggle  to  make  the 
income  of  their  estates  pay  the  exorbitant   interest   on  the  mort- 
gages. 

30.  uteremur  :  ive  should  find  them. 

31.  deduci  :  be  won  over. 


IN   CATILINAM   SECUNDA  281 

IX.  2.    rerum:  A.  223.  a;  B.  212.  2;  G.  407.  N.  2.  d;  11.458.3;          PAGE 
W.  371-  92 

4.  Quibus  :   indirect  object  of  praecipiendum. 

5.  reliquis  omnibus:  sc.  praecipiendnm  est. 

7.  me  .  .  .  providere :   this  and  the  following  infinitive  clauses 
are  dependent  on  the  idea  of  saying  implied  in  hoc  praecipiendum. 

8.  animos  :  the  plural  of  this  word  is  often  used  in  the  sense  of 
spirit,  courage.     Here,  and  often,  the  feet  that  several  persons  are 
represented  as  possessing  the  quality  may  determine  the  employ- 
ment of  the  plural  form. 

12.  Quod  si  sint  adepti :  but  suppose  that  they  really  should 
gain. 

14.  consules,  dictatores,  reges :  climax.  As  to  reges,  see  note 
on  p.  82,  1.  22. 

1 6.  fugitivo,  gladiator! :  history  attests  the  truth  of  this  state- 
ment. The  material  rewards  of  a  revolutionary  movement  rarely 
fall  into  the  hands  of  its  first  promoters.  Under  a  reign  of  terror, 
the  most  vicious  and  unscrupulous  finally  take  the  lead  and  reap  the 
harvest. 

19.  quo  ex  genere  est :  to  this  class  belongs. 

20.  ex  iis  coloniis  :   Sulla  is  said  to  have  distributed  lands  among 
1 20.000  of  his  veterans.     Etruria  especially  suffered  from  these  mili- 
tary colonies,  as  Sulla  wished  to  punish  this  district  for  its  obstinate 
adherence  to  the  cause  of  Marius.     It  was  for  this  reason  that  Catiline 
hoped  for  strong  support  from  Etruria. 

21.  universas:    on  the  -whole.  —  civium  .  .  .  virorum :   notice 
the  chiasmus. 

24.    tamquam  beati  :  as  if  they  ^vere  in  good  circumstances. 

27.  agrestis :    they  were   the    men   who    had   lost   their  farms 
through  Sulla's  military  colonies.     Cf.  Sail.  Cat.  28,  Interea  Manlius 
in  Etruria  plebem  sollicitare,  egestate  simul  ac  dolore  iniuriae  ncn>a- 
ruin  rerutn  cupidam,  quod  Sullae  dotninatione  agros  bonaque  omnia 
amiserat. 

28.  veterum  :  i.e.  those  of  Sulla's  time. 

31.  illorum  temporum :    the  time  of  the  proscriptions   which 
followed  Sulla's  victory. 

32.  non  modo :   a  second  non  is  omitted  after  non  modo  when 
the  two  members  have  a  common  predicate  and  this  is  contained 
in  the  second  member  with  ne  .  .  .  qiiidem.     Here  the  common  predi- 
cate is  ista  mihi  passurae  esse  videantur. 

X.  i .    variurn  et  mixtum  :  strangely  mixed.  93 
2.    qui  :  equivalent  to  eorum  gui,  explanatory  of  genus. 


282  NOTES 

PAGE  4-    vadimoniis,  iudiciis,  proscriptione  :  three  terms  descrip- 

93  tive  of  legal  proceedings  against  a  debtor  —  vadimonium,  the  secu- 
rity given  by  the  debtor  to  the  creditor  for  his  appearance  in  court 
on  a  certain  day ;  indicium,  the  pleading  of  the  case  and  the  de- 
cision of  the   court ;  prescript  to   honor  urn,  the   execution   of  the 
judgment. 

5.  bonorum :  see  note  on  p.  91,  1.  23;  but  notice  that  there  can 
be  no  ambiguity  here. 

10.  corruant :  subj.  in  a  command,  or  possibly  in  a  wish.  —  noil 
modo :  see  note  on  p.  92, 1.  32. 

22.  career:  i.e.  the  Tullianum,  the  prison  said  by  tradition  to 
have  been  built  by  Ancus  Martius  or  by  Servius  Tullius,  and  used 
for  the  execution  of  the  death  sentence  and  for  the  detention  of 
notorious  criminals  while  awaiting  their  trial.  See  the  illustration, 
p.  122. 

24.  Postremum  :  i.e.  the  last  and  the  lowest. 

25.  numero:  abl.  of  specification. 

27.  complexu  eius  ac  sinu  :  cf.  the  English  expression  'bosom 
friends.1 

28.  pexo :    from  pecto. — capillo :  abl.    of  quality,    as   is   also 
tunicis.  1.  29.  —  imberbis :     beardless,   therefore   very   young.— 
bene  barbatos  :  contrary  to  custom,  for  the  Romans  of  the  higher 
classes  at  this  time  allowed  their  beards  to  grow  only  as  a  sign  of 
mourning.     Dandies,  however,  sometimes  shaved  only  a  part  of  the 
beard  and  trimmed  what  remained  in  a  fantastic  fashion ;  this  prac- 
tice Cicero  evidently  considered  a  sign  of  degeneration. 

29.  manicatis  et   talaribus  tunicis  :  the  tunic  was  a  woolen 
undergarment,  over  which  the  toga   was  worn.     It  had  either  no 
sleeves  at  all  or  very  short  ones,  and  extended  only  to  the  knee ; 
but  the  Roman  dandy  allowed  his  tunic  to  hang  down  to  his  feet, 
and  wore  long  sleeves. — velis  :    referring  to  the  exaggerated  size 
of  the  toga  worn  by  these  men  of  fashion. 

31.    In  his  gregibus  versantur  :  among  this  rabble  are  found. 
33.    neque:  sc.  solttm. 

94  i-    saltare  et  cantare  :  pastimes  unworthy  of  a  man,  according 
to  a  Roman's  view  of  life.     The  less  serious  Greeks  saw  no  objec- 
tion to  these  accomplishments.     Cf.  Nepos,  Epam.  \  :  Scitnus  eniin 
wusicen  nostris  moribus  abesse  a  principis  persona,  saltare  vero 
etiam  in  -vitiis  poni;  quae  omnia  apud  Graecos  et  grata  et  laude 
digna  ducuntur. 

3.  scitote:  A.  269.  e;  G.  267.  R. ;  H.56o.  2.  —  hoc:  A.  195.  d; 
B.  246.  5  ;  G.  211.  R.  5  ;  H.  396.  2. 


IN    CATILINAM    SECUNDA  283 

XI.  1 1 .  cohortem  praetoriam  :  since  the  time  of  the  younger         PAGE 
Scipio,  a  body-guard  attending  the  general.     It  was  composed  partly  94 
of  veterans  who  voluntarily  offered  their  services  for  that  purpose 
(evocati),  partly  of  young  nobles,  who  in  this  way  gained  experience 

in  the  art  of  war. 

1 5 .  eiectam  :  stranded. 

1 6.  robur  :  by  metonymy  the  \\ordoa&  is  used  for  its  most  prom- 
inent quality,  strength. 

17.  coloiiiarum  ac  municipiorum  :  may  be  either  appositional 
gen.  or  gen.  of  possession.     Render  urbes  by  strongholds,  or  the 
entire    phrase    strongly  fortified   colonies    and    municipalities. — 
respondebunt :  will  be  a  match  for. 

20.  quibus :    construe    as   abl.    of   means    with   suppeditamur, 
and  supply  as  abl.  of  separation  with  eget. 

21.  senatu  .  .  .  nationibus  :  explanatory  of  his  rebus.  —  urbe  : 
the  city,  i.e.  Rome,  a  very  common  use  of  the  word. 

24.    quam  .   .   .  iaceant :  how  powerless  they  are. 

28.  aequitas  .  .  .  prudentia:  Plato's  so-called  four  cardinal 
virtues,  StKcuoo-wr;,  <T(D<t>po(rvvr),  dvSpeia,  ao<f>ia. 

32.    omnium  rerum  desperati one  :  utter  despair. 

I .    ab  virtutibus  :  the  preposition  is  used  on  account  of  the  per-  95 

Bonification  of  virtus. 

XII.  4.    antea  dixi :  Cicero's  memory  seems  to  be  at  fault,  for 
the  speech  as  it  has  come  down  to  us  contains  nothing  to  which  this 
can  well  refer.  —  custodiis    vigiliisque  :   guards  by  day  and  by 
night. 

8.  quam  :  attracted,  as  the  relative  regularly  is.  from  the  number 
and  gender  of  the  antecedent  Gladiatores  to  the  number  and  gender 
of  the  predicate  noun  tnanum.  —  sibi  manum  certissimam :  a 
force  upon  which  he  could  confidently  rely. 

10.  patriciorum :  besides  Catiline  himself,  Lentulus  and  Cethe- 
gus  also  were  of  patrician  rank.  —  potestate  .  .  .  continebuntur : 
cf.  Sail.  Cat.  30,  Itemque  deer  ever  e  uti  gladiatoriae  familiae  Capuam 
ei  in  cetera  municipia  distribtierentur  pro  cuiusque  opibus. 

11.  hoc  :  i.e.  the  opening  of  hostilities. 

15.  quern  .  .  .  videtis  :  the  heralds  (praecones)  could  be  seen 
summoning  the  senators,  and  perhaps  also  the  senators  assembling 
for  the  session. 

1 6.  atque  adeo  :  used  in  a  corrective  sense,  or  rather.    Compare 
the  use  of  the  same  phrase  found  on  p.  70,  1.  22. 

20.  erumperet :  tnigJit  come,  to  light,  but  the  words  used  seem  to 
signify  metaphorically  a  rushing  out  from  a  place  of  hiding.  —  Quod 


284  NOTES 

PAGE         reliquum  est :  used  in  contrast  with  the  preceding  adhuc,  but  as  to 

95  the  future. 

21.   iamnon:  no  longer. 

96  2.   portis,  viae  :  dat.  of  possession. 

3.  Qui  vero:  but  if  any  one.  Trans,  cuius  below  in  the  same 
way. 

XIII.    9.    Atque  :  and  moreover. 

12.  togato  :  clad  in  the  toga,  i.e.  wearing  the  garb  of  peace.  In 
war  the  sagiim  (soldier's  cloak)  and  the  paludamentum  (general's 
cloak)  were  worn  in  place  of  the  toga. 

15.    vis:  enormity.  —  patriae  :  dat.  with  impendens. 

17.  quod  vix  optandum  videtur  :  a  thing  which  could  hardly 
be  hoped  for. 

1 8.  ut  .   .  .  possitis  :  a  substantive  clause  of  result  explaining 
ilhtd.  —  neque  .  .  .  -que :  a  rare  combination  for  the  more  com- 
mon neque  .  .   .  et.     Render  neque  bonus  quisquam  as  if  it  were 
nemo  bonus. 

20.  prudentia,  consiliis  :  abl.  dependent  on  fretus. 

21.  multis  et  dubiis  :  see  note  on  multis  ac  summis,  p.  73,  1.  8. 
—  non  dubiis  :  used  by  litotes  for  certis  or  some  similar  word. 

27.  quam  urbem,  haiic  :  this  city  which.     The  attraction  of  the 
antecedent  into  the  relative  clause  is  regular  when  the  relative  clause 
precedes  the  main  clause. 

28.  terra  marique  :  see  note  on  p.  88, 1.  19. 

ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA 

Read  carefully  Introd.,  pp.  25,  26. 

97  I.    i.    vitam:  see  note  on  p.  74,  1.  15. 

5.  e  flamma  atque  ferro  :  akin  to  zeugma ;  e  in  its  proper  mean- 
ing cannot  be  construed  \\i\\\ferro. 

6.  faucibus  fati  :  fate  is  compared  to  some  wild  beast.     A  simi- 
lar metaphor  is  used  on  p.  84,  1.  22. 

10.  nascendi  incerta  condicio :  i.e.  at  the  time  of  our  birth 
our  lot  is  uncertain.  — sine  sensu«  without  consciousness. 

11.  cum  voluptate  :  i.e.  cum  sensu Tohiptatis.  —  ilium  :  accord- 
ing  to    Roman   legend,  Romulus  was  reviewing  his  army   in   the 
Campus    Martius,  when   a  violent  thunderstorm   came   on,   during 
which  he  was  carried  away  to  heaven  by  his  father  Mars.     Cf.  Ovid, 
Met.   14.  805-828,  and  Fasti,  2.  475-572. 

12.  benevolentia  famaque  :  /;/  affection  and  praise.     Cf.  Cic. 
Nat.  Dear.  2.  24.  62,  Suscepit  aiitein  i'ita  hominum  consuetudoque 


IN   CATILINAM    TERTIA  285 

communis  lit  beneficiis  excellentis  viros  in  caelum  fama  ac  voluntate         PAGE 
tollerent.  97 

15.  urbi  .  .  .  moeuibus  :  dat.  after  subiectos  and  circumdatos . 

1 6.  subiectos:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  2.  37,  subiectisque  urere  flammis. 
1 8.    Quae:  Sallust  (Cat.  43)  gives  in  detail  the  plans  of  the  con- 
spirators. 

2 1 .  qui  .  .  .  exspectatis  :  -who  are  as  yet  ignorant  of  the  facts, 
but  anxious  to  learn  them. 

11.  23.    ut :  from  the  time  when  or  ever  since.  —  paucis  ante 
diebus  :  on  the  night  of  Nov.  8,  in  reality  almost  a  month  before.  The 
expression  contains  indirectly  an  apology  for  seeming  lack  of  activity. 

26.  tantis  :    so  dangerous. 

27.  Nam   turn  .  .   .  videretis :  these   lines   contain   a  concise 
statement  of  Cicero's  policy  in  dealing  with  the  conspiracy.     When 
he  drove  Catiline  from  the  city,  he  hoped  that  the  strength  of  the 
conspiracy  would  be  broken;  but  when  he  saw  that  he  had  been 
mistaken  in  this  expectation,  all  his  energies  were  bent  upon  obtain- 
ing such  clear  proofs  of  treason  that  there  could  no  longer  be  any 
doubt  in  the  mind  of  any  one  as  to  the  designs  of  Catiline  and  his 
associates.  —  eiciebam  :  conative  imperfect.     Notice  the  use  of  the 
indicative  to  denote  the  actual  time  merely  and  not  the  circumstances 
of  put  aba  in. 

1.  huius  verbi  invidiam  :  i.e.  the  odium  which  might  arise  from  gg 
driving  a  Roman  citizen  into  exile.     Cf.  p.  80,  11.  7-15.  —  ilia:  sc. 
invidia. 

2.  sed  turn :  these  words  mark  the  orator's  return  to  the  main 
thought  after  the  parenthesis. 

4.  infirm os  :  harmless.  Infer mus  means  without  firmness  and 
proper  inner  support,  hence  weakly  or  infirm ;  while  debilis  is  used 
in  reference  to  one  who  has  lost  the  use  of  some  organ  by  old  age, 
disease,  or  misfortune,  and  hence  means  unfit  for  use  or  disabled. 
Infirmos,  therefore,  points  to  the  moral  support,  debilis  to  the  actual 
assistance  of  which  Catiline's  flight  deprived  the  conspirators. 

6.   in  eo :  explained  by  ut  .  .  .  viderem. 

8.  auribus  vestris  minorem  .  .   .  mea :  my  statement  would 
gain  too  little  credence  with  you  (lit.  make  confidence  for  your  ears). 

9.  faceret :  subj.  by  attraction,  or  because  Cicero  quotes  what  he 
thought  at  another  time. 

10.  animis  :  added  by  way  of  contrast  with  oculis  to  balance  the 
two  members  of  the  sentence. 

12.  ut  comperi:  through  Q.  Fabius  Sanga,  the  patron  of  the 
Allobroges.     Cf.  Sail.  Cat.  41.  —  Allobrogum  :  a  powerful  people 


286  NOTES 

PAGE         of  Transalpine  Gaul,  dwelling  between  the  Rhone  and  Isere  and 

98  extending  as  far  north  as  the  Lake  of  Geneva  ;  they  had  been  con- 
quered by  the  Romans  in  121  B.C.     Their  ambassadors  had  come 
to  Rome  to  ask  of  the  senate  relief  from  the  oppression  of  Roman 
officials  (cf.  Sail.  Cat.  40). 

13.  tumultus  Gallic!:  can  only  refer  to  an  uprising  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  for  the  term  lumultus  is  not  used  of  wars  carried  on  outside 
of  Italy.      Cf.  Cic.  Phil.  8.  i,  Maiores  nosiri  tuinultiiin  Jtalicmn, 
quod  erat  domesticus,  tumult  tun  Gallicum,  quod  erat  Italiae  finiti- 
mus,  pr deter ea  nullum  nominabant.  —  P.  Lentulo  :  P.  Cornelius 
Lentulus  Sura,  consul  in  71  B.C.,  had  been  expelled  from  the  senate 

.in  70  B.C.  because  of  his  infamous  life.  In  order  to  regain  his  seat 
in  the  senate,  he  again  became  an  applicant  for  the  praetorship,  and 
was  reelected  to  that  office  for  63  B.C. 

14.  eodemque  itinere  :  on  their  way  home  the  ambassadors  of 
the  Allobroges  were  to  visit  Catiline  in  Etruria.  —  cum  litteris  man- 
datisque  :  an  inaccurate  statement.     From  p.  100,  1.  8  it  is  evident 
that  the  letter  for  Catiline  was  given  to  Volturcius,  not  to  the  am- 
bassadors ;  while  p.  100,  1.  16  shows  that  the  three  letters  written  by 
the  conspirators  were  not  addressed  to  Catiline,  but  to  the  nation  of 
the  Allobroges. 

16.  T.  Volturcium :  one  of  Catiline's  followers,  who  later  on, 
upon  the  promise  of  pardon,  turned  informer  against  his  chief. 

17.  facultatem  :  begins  the  principal  clause. 

21.  L.  Flaccum  et  C.  Pomptinum :  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  prae- 
tor in  63  B.C.  and  afterwards  propraetor  of  Asia,  was  accused  in 
59  B.C.  of  extortion  in  that  province.  Cicero  and  Hortensius  de- 
fended him  and  secured  his  acquittal.  C.  Pomptinus,  one  of 
Flaccus'  colleagues  in  the  praetorship,  was  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Gallia  Narbonensis  in  61  B.C.,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
defeating  the  Allobroges,  who  were  then  in  rebellion,  their  services 
to  the  Roman  state  during  Cicero's  consulship  having  brought  them 
no  relief.  In  51  B.C.  he  served  as  Cicero's  legate  in  Cilicia. 

99  i .    amantissimos  rei  publicae  :  most  patriotic. 

2.  qui  .  .  .  sentirent :  whose  political  sentiments  were  always 
noble  and  excellent.     Sentirent  is  subj.  of  characteristic  or  of  cause. 

3.  sine  recusatione  :   unhesitatingly. 

4.  cum  advesperasceret :  towards  evening. 

5.  pontem  Mulvium  :  abridge  over  the  Tiber  and  leading  to 
the   Via  Flaminia,  built   in   109  B.C.   by  the  censor  M.  Aemilius 
Scaurus.     It  has  been  suggested  that  the  word  Mulviiis  may  be  a 
corruption  of  Aemilius. 


IN   CATILINAM    TERTIA  287 

8.    multos  fortis  :  et  is  omitted  because  fortis  joins  with  viros  to         PAGE 
denote  a  single  conception.  —  praefectura  Reatina :  Reate  was  an  99 

ancient  town  of  the  Sabines  in  central  Italy.  That  Cicero  selected 
his  men  from  among  the  citizens  of  Reate  is  explained  by  the  fact 
that  he  was  the  patron  of  their  town  and  could  trust  their  loyalty.  A 
praefectura  was  an  Italian  town  or  community  originally  governed 
by  a  Roman  official  {praefectus  zuri  dicundo).  After  all  Italians 
had  obtained  the  full  Roman  citizenship,  the  term  praefectura,  as 
well  as  the  names  mimicipium  and  colonia,  continued  to  exist  only 
as  a  historical  reminiscence. 

10.    tertia  fere  vigilia  :  i.e.  about  three  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

14.  nota  soils  :  Sallust  (Cat.  45)  states  that  the  Allobroges,  cito 
cognito  consilio,  at  once  surrendered ;  and  (Cat.  41  and  44)  that 
they  were  acting  under  Cicero's  instructions  and  aiding  him  to 
obtain  evidence  against  the  conspirators.  They  may  not  have  been 
fully  cognizant  of  his  plans,  and  perhaps  their  forcible  arrest  may 
have  been  intended  to  cover  their  treachery  to  the  conspirators. 

III.  1 6.  sedatur :  historical  present.  So  also  traduntur  and 
deducuntur  below. 

17.    integris  signis  :  see  Introd.,  p.  45. 

19.  Cimbrum  Gabinium :  Sallust  (Cat.  17)  gives  his  name  as 
P.   Gabinius  Capito.      Cicero  appears   to  regard   Gabinius   as  the 
author  of  the  plan   to   tamper   with  the  Allobroges    (ttorum  .   .   . 
machinatorent).     Notice  that  when  the  praenomen  is  omitted,  the 
cognomen  may  precede  the  nomen. 

20.  suspicantem  :  modifies  Gabinium. 

21.  L.   Statilius  :  a   Roman    knight.  —  C.   Cethegus :    C.  Cor- 
nelius Cethegus.  a  senator. 

22.  in  litteris  dandis :  -writing  letters.     The  sarcasm   of  this 
remark  is  fully  appreciated  when  we  notice  the  length  of  the  letter 
quoted  on  p.  102,  1.  1 1  ff. 

23.  vigilarat:  the  ironical  use  of  credo  is  parenthetical,  and  so 
does  not  affect  the  mood. 

25.  prius  quam  def erri :  we  should  expect  deferrentur,  but 
deferri  is  used  to  continue  the  construction  of  aperiri. 

27.  negavi  .  .  .  ut  non  deferrem  :  a  fuller  and  stronger  expres- 
sion for  dixi  me  esse  delaturum.  Trans.  /  said  that  I  -would  not  act 
in  sucli  a  -way  tJiat  in  a  matter  involving  danger  to  the  state  I  could 
not  lay  the  facts  unprejudiced  before  the  council  of  state. 

29.  si :  equivalent  to  etiam  si,  as  often  when  the  main  clause  is 
negative. 

31.    nimiam  diligentiam  :  the  reproach  of  being  over  careful. 


288  NOTES 

I.  coegi :  in  the  temple  of  Concord  between  the  Forum  and  the 
Capitol.  See  map,  p.  75. 

3.    si  quid  telorum  esset :  whatever  arms  might  be  there. 

IV.  5.  fidem  publicam  dedi :  I  promised  him  personal  safety  in 
the  name  of  the  state.  Cf.  Sail.  Cat.  47,  Post  ubi  fide  publica  dicer e 
iussus  est,  omnia  uti gesta  erant  aperit.  Fides  publica  is  equivalent 
to  the  Greek  aSeta,  i.e.  a  promise  of  protection  and  a  guaranty  of 
immunity  from  punishment,  such  as  is  often  granted  among  us  to 
those  who  turn  state's  evidence. 

8.  ut  .  .  .  uteretur,  ut  .  .  .  accederet :  these  two  clauses  give 
the  contents  of  the  mandata  et  litteras,  and  their  construction  is 
dictated  by  the  idea  of  urging  implied. 

9.  servorum  :  see  note  on  p.  81,  1.  21. 

10.  id  autem  :  and  this,  i.e.  and  that  he  should  do  this  (march 
upon  the  city) .  —  ut  praesto  esset  ille  :  explanatory  of  eo  consilio. 

—  ex   omnibus  partibus :  on  all  sides.      Sallust   (Cat.  43)  says 
that  Statilius  and  Gabinius  were  to  set  fire  to  the  city  simultaneously 
in  twelve  different  places. 

12.   erat :  A.  336.  b  ;  B.  314.  3  ;  G.  628.  a ;  H.  643.  3  ;  W.  607. 

—  caedemque   infinitam :    cf.  Plut.  Cic.  18,  "He  (Lentulus)  had 
resolved  to  slay  all  the  senators  and  as  many  of  the  other  citizens  as 
possible." 

16.  data:  A.  187.  b;   B.  235.  B.  2.  b.  /?;  G.  286.  I  ;  H.  395.  2; 
W.  295.  2. 

17.  L.  Cassio :    L.   Cassius  Longinus  had  been  more  cautious 
than  the  other  three  and  had  refused  to  commit  himself  in  writing. 
He  left  the  city  before  the  arrest  of  the  Allobroges  and  Volturcius. 

—  esse  praescriptum :    notice    that    it   is   used   here    both    as  a 
verb  of  commanding  (lit  .  .  .  mitterent)  and  as  a  verb  of  saying 
(Pedestris  .  .  .  defuturas). 

19.  fatis    Sibyllinis :  i.e.   the    Sibylline   books   containing  the 
famous  oracles.     They  were  not  consulted  for  the  purpose  of  fore- 
telling the  future,  but  to  ascertain  what  religious  rites  were  required 
to  propitiate  the  gods  in  the  case  of  an  unusual  calamity,  on  the 
occasion  of  some  prodigy,  or  in  times  of  national  danger. 

20.  tertium  ilium  :  i.e.  the  third  mentioned  by  the  Sibylline  books. 
22.    Cinnam,  Sullam  :  L.  Cornelius  Cinna  and  L.  Cornelius  Sulla, 

the  leaders  in  the  civil  war  of  88-83  B.C.     Each  was  for  a  time  abso- 
lute master  of  Rome. 

24.  qui  esset :  since  it  was.  The  reference  is  evidently  to  some 
current  prophecy. — virginum :  the  vestal  virgins,  six  in  number, 
were  chosen  from  families  of  the  highest  rank  at  the  age  of  from  six 


IN    CATILINAM    TERTIA  289 

to  ten  years.     Their  membership  in  the  order  covered  a  period  of  at         PAGE 
least  thirty  years,  ten  to  learn  their  duties,  ten  to  perform  them,  and          100 
ten  to  impart  them  to  others.     Their  services  were  devoted  to  Vesta 
and  her  temple.     There  they  guarded  the  eternal  fire,  the  extinction 
of  which  foreboded  disaster;  there  they  offered  daily  sacrifices  to 
the  goddess  and  prayed  for  the  safety  of  the  commonwealth.     See 
the  illustration,  p.  116.  —  absolutionem :  nothing  is  known  of  the 
trial  to  which  Cicero  refers  here. 

I .  Capitoli  incensionem  :  the  temple  of  the  Capitoline  Jupiter  101 
on  the  Mons  Capitolinus  had  been  destroyed  by  incendiarism  in 
83  B.C.  According  to  Tacitus,  the  destruction  of  the  Capitol  in 
69  AD.  was  thought  by  the  Gauls  to  forebode  the  end  of  Roman 
dominion.  To  emphasize  the  continuance  of  empire,  it  was  rebuilt 
after  every  conflagration  in  the  same  form,  but  each  time  with  greater 
magnificence.  —  Cethego  :  concerning  his  character,  cf.  Sail.  Cat. 
43.  Xatura  fcrox.  vehement,  manu  promptus  erat ;  maximum  bonum 
in  celeritate  pittabat. 

3.  Saturnalibus :  i.e.  Dec.  17.  The  Saturnalia,  festival  of 
Saturn,  was  celebrated  by  the  rustic  population  of  ancient  Latium 
as  a  sort  of  joyous  harvest-feast,  and  in  every  age  was  a  period  of 
absolute  relaxation  and  unrestrained  merriment.  Such  a  day,  on 
which  all  distinction  between  classes  was  lost  sight  of,  the  rich  keep- 
ing open  house  and  the  slaves  mingling  with  their  masters,  would 
.  offer  a  favorable  opportunity  for  carrying  out  the  designs  of  the 
conspirators. 

V.  5.  ne  longum  sit :  not  to  be  tedious.  Cicero  is  fond  of  such 
parenthetical  clauses  of  purpose.  —  tabellas.  signum,  linum :  see 
Introd.,  pp.  45,  46. 

8.  ipsius  manu :  the  Romans  often  kept  educated  slaves  who 
acted  as  amanuenses. 

14.  qui  .  .   .  respondisset,  dixissetque  :  the  second  of  these 
clauses  is  explanatory  of  the  first,  although  he  had  attempted  to  make 
some  explanation,  saying. 

15.  tamen  :  i.e.  despite  the  evidence  against  him. 

1 8.  ferramentorum  studiosum  :  i.e.  he  claimed  to  be  a  collec- 
tor. Notice  that  Cethegus  used  a  word  that  lacked  the  disagreeable 
connotation  of  telorum. 

21.   in  .   .  .  sententiam  :  to  about  the  same  purport. 

24.  avi  tui :  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  consul  in  162  B.C.  and  after- 
wards princeps  senatus.  In  121  B.C.  he  was  wounded  during  the 
rioting  which  resulted  in  the  slaying  of  C.  Gracchus  and  the  triumph 
of  the  optimates  (cf.  p.  117,  1.  II  ff.). 


290  NOTES 

PAGE  25.    muta  revocare  :  oxymoron. 

101  26.   eadem  ratione  :  to  the  same  purport ;  cf.  in  eandem  senten- 
tiam,  1.  21. 

27.  vellet:  the  subjunctive  is  used  because  Cicero  is  quoting 
what  he  said  to  Lentulus. 

29.  exposito  atque  edito  :  arranged  and  recorded. — quid  .  .  . 
iis  :  what  business  he  had  with  them. 

32.  per  quern  :  either  Gabinius  or  one  P.  Umbrenas  ;  cf.  p.  103, 

1.21. 

33.  nihilne  secum  esset  locutus  :  whether  he  had  not  had  some 
conversation  with  them. 

102  i.   scelere  demens  :  driven  mad  by  the  consciousness  of  his  guilt. 
—  esset :  is.     Notice  that  the  verb  in  a  statement  of  general  truth 
is  regularly  affected  in  Latin  by  the  sequence  of  tenses,  but  not  in 
English. 

2.  praeter  opinion  em  omnium  :  to  every  one^s  surprise. 

3.  dicendi  exercitatio  :  readiness  of  speech. 

4.  qua   semper   valuit :  which  heretofore  had  always  distin- 
guished him. 

9.  perturbatus  :  concessive,  as  is  shown  by  tamen. 

10.  sine  nomine,  sed  ita :  without  address  or  signature  (in  a 
Roman  letter  these  were  combined  and  stood  first ;  cf.  Cicero's  letters 
printed  in  this  book,  p.  246  ff.),  but  read  as  follows.     Sallust  (Cat. 
44)  gives  the  contents  of  this  letter  differently  :  Quis  sim  ex  eo  quern 
ad  te  mist  cognosces.     Fac  cogites  in  quanta  calamitate  si's,  et  meini- 
neris  te  virum  esse.     Consideres  quid  tnae  rationes  postulent.     Au- 
xiliunt  petas  ab  omnibus,  etiam  ab  infimis. 

11.  scies :  equivalent  to  cognosces ;  the  use  of  scio  in  this  sense 
is  colloquial.  —  cogita  .  .  .  progressus :    consider  how  far  you 
have  gone. 

12.  ecquid  :  equivalent  to  num  quid,  whether  anything. 

13.  infimorum  :  i.e.  servorum.     See  note  on  p.  81,  1.  21. 

1 6.  cum  .  .  .  visa  sunt,  turn  multo  certiora :  not  only  did 
these  things  seem  entirely  convincing  .  .  .  but  far  more  convincing. 

20.  non  numquam :  from  time  to  time.  —  inter  sese :  at  one 
another. 

VI.    22.    senatum  consului  :   see  Introd.,  p.  53. 

103  I-   principibus  :   i.e.  the  consuls  elect  and  the  ex -consuls,  who 
were  the  first  to  be  asked  their  opinion. 

2.  sine  .  .  .  secutus :  adopted  unanimously.  —  est  perscrip- 
tum :  see  Introd.,  p.  53. 

5.  verbis  amplissimis  :  in  most  handsome  terms. 


IN   CATILINAM   TERTIA  291 

6.   sit  liberata.  usus  essem :   notice  the  change  in  tense.     A.          PAGE 
287.  e  ;  B.  268.  3  ;  G.  509.  2.  i.  a  ;   H.  546;   W.  470.  103 

8.  forti  fidelique :    an  alliterative  phrase   employed  in  official 
language.     Cf.  Livy,  23.  46.  6,  Eoru  m  forti  fidelique  opera  in  eo  bello 
usi  stint  saepe  Rotnani.  —  merito  ac  iure  :  duly  and  justly. 

9.  coulegae  meo  :  C.  Antonius   Hybrida.  —  laus:    notice  that 
the  praise  was  bestowed,  not  in  recognition  of  anything  Antonius 
had  done  for  the  state,  but  in  thankfulness  that  he  had  done  noth- 
ing against  it.     This  was  indeed  strange  praise  for  a  consul,  but  his 
name  could  not  with  propriety  be  wholly  omitted,  and  there  was 
nothing  else  to  be  said  in  his  favor.     He  had  been  a  friend  of  Cati- 
line and  was  at  first  in  sympathy  with  him.     Cicero,  however,  had 
induced  him  to  desert  the  conspirators  by  promising  him  the  gov- 
ernorship of  the  rich  province  of  Macedonia,  which  had  fallen  by 
lot  to  himself.      Antonius  had   probably  already   taken  the  field 
against  Catiline. 

12.  cum  .  .  .  abdicasset :  when  he  had  resigned  the  praetor- 
ship.     A  Roman  official  could  not  be  impeached  while  in  office. 
See  Introd.,  p.  55. 

13.  custodiam  :  see  note  on  p.  78, 1.  5. 

15.  L.  Cassium  :  he  and  the  other  conspirators  mentioned  below 
had  managed  to  make  their  escape.  Only  one  of  them,  Ceparius, 
was  overtaken  and  shared  the  fate  of  Lentulus,  Cethegus,  Statilius, 
and  Gabinius. 

17.    Apuliam  :  -see  note  on  p.  86,  1.  17. 

21.  libertinum  hominem :  a  freedman,  i.e.  one  who  had  been 
released  from  legal  servitude.  As  a  class,  freedmen  were  called 
libertini ;  but  liberti  in  relation  to  their  former  master. 

23.  est  usus:  shmved.  —  tantaque  .  .  .  hostium :   explanatory 
of  tanta  coniiiratione. 

24.  novem  :  Cicero  could  not  know  at  this  time  that  four  of  those 
who  had  fled  would  escape. 

25.  sanari  :  be  restored  to  reason. 

27.  supplicatio :  in  its  primitive  meaning  a  bending  of  tJie  knee ; 
hence  a  day  of  prayer,  and  here  a  thanksgiving.     In  early  times  such 
sitpplicationes,  which  were  always  connected  with  holidays  {feriae\ 
lasted  from  one  to  three  days,  later  on  usually  five  days,  and  still  later 
they  were  celebrated  for  even  longer  periods  (cf.  Caes.  B.  G.  2.  35). 

28.  meo  nomine  :  /;/  my  honor. 

29.  conditam  :    A.  292.  a ;    B.  337.  5  ;    G.  360.  R.  2  ;    H.  636.  4 ; 
W.  646.  —  togato  :  used  as  on  p.  96,  1.  12. 

30.  Italiam  bello  liberassem :  as  matters  stood,  only  Etruria, 


292  NOTES 

where  Catiline's  forces  were  gathering,  had  to  be  reckoned  with ; 
other  parts  of  Italy  that  might  have  risen  in  rebellion,  had  the  plans 
of  the  conspirators  been  successful,  remained  loyal. 

32.  hoc  interest,  quod :  there  is  this  difference,  that.  Notice 
that  interest  is  stronger  than  interesse  videatur  would  be. 

3.  quae  religio  C.  Mario  non  fuerat  quo  minus  occideret : 
though  this  scruple  had  not  prevented  C.  Mariusfrotn  killing  (which 
scruple  C.  Marius  had  not  had  lest  he  kill).  —  C.  Mario,  C.  Glau- 
ciam  :  see  note  on  p.  70,  1.  7.  —  quo  minus  occideret :  A.  319.  c  ; 
B.  295.  3 ;  G.  549 ;  H.  568.  8  ;  W.  506,  507. 

VII.  12.  non  mini  .  .  .  pertimescendam  :  that  I  should  have  no 
reason  to  fear  the  sleepy  P.  Lentulus  nor  the  corpulent  L.  Cassius 
nor  the  mad  rashness  of  C.  Cethegus.  —  somnum  :  cf.  p.  99, 11.  2 1  -23. 

14.  sed  tarn  diu  dum  :  but  only  as  long  as. 

15.  norat:  contraction  of  noverat.  —  omnium  aditus  tenebat : 
he  knew  how  to  approach  everybody. 

16.  appellare,  temptare,  sollicitare  :  the  arrangement  of  these 
three  verbs   shows    Catiline's  method  of  proceeding,  first    to   ap- 
proach people,  then  to  sound  them,  and  finally  to  gain  them  for  his 
plans. 

1 8.   lam  :  furthermore. 

20.  quod  .  .  .  laboraret :    a  case  of  zeugma,  since  only  obiret 
would  regularly  have  the  accusative. 

21.  vigilaret :    cf.  Sail.  Cat.  5,  Corpus  patiens  inediae,  algoris, 
vigiliae,  supra  quam  cuiquam  credibile  est. 

25.    domesticis  insidiis :  equivalent  to  urbanas  insidias,  p.  86, 

I.  19.  —  in  castrense  latrociuium  :  into  a  robbers  camp.     Cf.  p.  84, 

II.  14,  15. 

28.  Saturnalia:  see  note  on  p.  101,  1.  3.  —  constituisset :  i.e. 
Catiline  would  not  have  waited  so  long.  —  tanto  ante:    so  long 
beforehand. 

29.  commisisset  ut :  would  he  have  so  blundered  that. 

30.  testes  :  as  witnesses. 

2.  quoad  fuit :  sc.  in  urbe. 

3.  ut  levissime  dicam  :  to  say  the  least.    See  note  on  ne  longum 
sit,  p.  101,  1.  5. 

5.    periculis,  pace:  abl.  of  separation  and  manner  respectively. 

VIII.  7.    Quamquam  :  see  note  on  p.  79,  1.  27. 

9.  cum  .  .  .  turn :  not  only  .  .  .  but. 

10.  humani  consili :  A.  214.  c ;  B.  203.  5  ;  G.  366.  R.  I  ;  H.  447 ; 
W.  360. 

13.   ilia:    portents  of  this  kind  were  announced  to  the  senate, 


IN   CATILINAM    TERTIA  293 

which  thereupon  ordered  sacrifices  or  days  of  prayer  as  an  expiation.          PAGE 
The  superstitious  belief  in  portents  was  in  Cicero's  time  not  entirely          105 
dead  even  among  the  educated.    Haifa  century  later  Livy,  and  later 
still  Tacitus  did  not  disdain  the  mentioning  of  similar  prodigies  in 
their  histories.  —  ab  occidente  :  in  Roman  augury  the  west  was  the 
unfavorable  side. 

17.  praetermittendum,  relinquendum :  the  first  suggests  an 
oversight,  the  second  an  intention.  Cf.  Cic.  Off.  3.  2.  9,  "  I  do  not 
agree  at  all  with  those  who  deny  that  that  passage  was  overlooked 
(praetermissum)  by  Panaetius,  but  claim  that  it  was  purposely 
omitted  (consulto  r  dictum)?"1 

19.  Cotta   et   Torquato    consulibus :  L.    Aurelius   Cotta  and 
L.  Manlius  Torquatus  were  elected  consuls  for  65  B.C.,  to  take  the 
place  of  P.  Autronius  Paetus  and  P.  Cornelius  Sulla,  who  having 
been  convicted  of  bribery  had  been  disqualified  from  holding  office. 

20.  Capitolio :  see  note  on  p.  101,  1.  I. —  de  caelo  ease  per- 
cussas  :  were  struck  by  lightning. 

21.  simulacra,  statuae  :  notice  that  the  former  is  used  of  images 
of  the  gods,  the  latter  being  restricted  to  statues  of  men.  —  depulsa, 
deiectae  :  from  their  pedestals. 

22.  legum  aera :  the  bronze  tablets  on  which  the  laws  were  en- 
graved were  kept  in  the  temples. 

23.  Romulus  :  there  is  in  Rome  a  very  ancient  statue  of  the  she- 
wolf  suckling  Romulus  and  Remus,  and  some  scholars  believe  it  the 
statue  mentioned  in  our  passage. 

24.  fuisse  :  see  note  on  dicer e,  p.  71, 1.  31 ;  but  notice  that  here 
the  perfect  is  needed  to  show  that  the  statue  did  not  stand  in  the 
Capitol  at  the  time  when  Cicero  was  speaking. 

25.  ex   tota   Etruria :    soothsaying  was   extensively  practised 
among  the  Etruscans,  and  the  Romans  sometimes  summoned  Etrus- 
can haruspices  to  Rome  by  decree  of  the  senate  on  the  occurrence 
of  disturbing  prodigies. 

27.  bellum  civile  ac  domesticum  :  a  civil  war  carried  on  in 
the  city. 

29.  prope :  as  it  were.  —  flexissent:  for  the  fut.  perf.  of  direct 
discourse.     Notice  that  appropinquare  is  future  in  meaning. 

30.  illorum  :  i.e.  haruspicum. — ludi :  the  Roman  games  were 
originally  of  a  religious  character  and  were  celebrated  chiefly  at  the 
festivals  of  the  gods.     They  consisted  of  chariot-races,  contests  of 
athletes,  gladiatorial  fights,  exhibitions  of  wild  beasts  fighting  with 
each  other  or  with  men,  and  theatrical  representations. 

31.  pertineret :  might  tend. 


294  NOTES 

PAGE  33.   contra   atque :  A.  234.  a.  x.  2;    B.  341.  i.  c;  G.  643;  H. 

105  5I6.  3. 

106  2.    curiam  :  i.e.  Curiam  Hostiliain. 

5.  conlocandum  :  A.  294.  d ;  B.  337.  7.  b.  2  ;  G.  430 ;  H.  622  ; 
W.  644.  2.  —  consules  illi  :    i.e.  Cotta  and  Torquatus.  —  locave- 
runt:    let  the  contract  for.     Ordinarily  this  would  have  been  the 
duty  of  the  censors ;  but  the  censors  for  this  year  being  unable  to 
agree  had  resigned  from  office,  and  the  consuls  acted  in  their  stead. 

6.  superioribus  consulibus  :  i.e.  those  of  64  B.C. 

IX.  9.  mente  captus  :  mad.  A.  253  ;  B.  226;  G.  397;  H.  480; 
W.  396. 

12.    etea:  and  that  too. 

107  2.   ita  praesens  :  such  a  coincidence.  —  Optimi  Maximi :  notice 
the  asyndeton.     Jupiter  as  lord  of  heaven  was  commonly  referred 
to  as  all-good  and  all-powerful. 

3.  ut  .   .  .  statueretur :  explains  Ilhtd. 

4.  eorum  :    against  them.  —  aedem   Concordiae  :    there  were 
various  temples  in  Rome  dedicated  to  Concordia,  the  goddess  of 
harmony.     Reference   is   here   made   to  the  oldest   one  of  these, 
erected  in  367  B.C.  by  Camillus  in  commemoration  of  the  final  recon- 
ciliation  between   patricians    and   plebeians.      In   this   temple  the 
senate  often  met  on  extraordinary  occasions.     See  note  on  p.  100, 
1.  i. 

8.  Quo :  abl.  of  degree  of  difference  depending  on  maiore,  but  to 
be  rendered  as  if  abl.  of  cause,  and  for  this  reason. 

14.  voluit :  willed.  —  hanc  mentem  voluntatemque  suscepi  : 
formed  this  purpose  and  resolution,  i.e.  to  put  down  the  conspiracy. 

108  i .    haec  tanta  indicia  :  such  unmistakable  proofs. 
2.   lamvero:  and  furthermore.     Cf.  p.  87,  1.  13. 

5.  audaciae :    the  abstract  used   instead  of  the  concrete.  —  Ut 
.  .  .  neglegerent  .  .  .  anteponerent :  the  subject  of  esse  factuin 
below.     Id  sums  up  the  clauses  and  is  in  apposition  with  them. 

6.  male  pacata :  see  note  on  Allobrogum,  p.  98,  1.  12. 

8.  patriciis  :  see  note  on  p.  95, 1.  10.  It  seemed  scarcely  believ- 
able that  members  of  the  ancient  patrician  families  could  summon 
the  aid  of  a  foreign  nation  against  Rome. 

10.  qui :  when  they;  but  really  introducing  a  causal  clause  de- 
pendent upon  putatis  rather  than  a  concessive  clause  dependent 
upon  neglegerent  and  anteponerent,  as  is  shown  by  the  sequence  of 
tenses. 

n.  tacendo :  i.e.  if  they  had  not  betrayed  the  plans  of  the  con- 
spirators. 


IN    CATILINAM    TERTIA  295 

X.    12.  ad  .  .  .  supplicatio  :  at  a  snpplicatio  clothed  images  of         PAGE 
the  gods  were  placed  on  couches  (pulvinarta)*  and  food  and  drink 
was  set  before  them.     A  feast  of  this  kind  was  called  lectisternium, 
from  lectus,  couch,  and  sterna,  spread. 

13.  celebratote :  A.  269.  d;  B.  281.  l;  G.  268.  2;  11.560.4; 
W.  475- 

19.  audistis.  meministis.  vidistis :  "  Auditnus  ea  quae  ante 
nostrum  memoriam  facta  sunt :  meminitmis  ea  quae  pueris  nobis 
acciderunt ;  -vidimus  autem  quibus  ipsi  aut  interfuimus  aitt  interesse 
potuimus." 

21.  P.  Sulpicium :  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  tribune  of  the  people  in 
88  B.C.,  proposed  a  bill  bestowing  upon  Marius  the  chief  command 
of  the  Mithridatic  war,  to  supersede  Sulla.  The  latter  thereupon 
advanced  with  his  army  against  Rome,  got  possession  of  the  city, 
and  proscribed  Sulpicius,  Marius,  and  ten  other  prominent  men  of 
the  opposition.  Sulpicius  was  overtaken  in  his  flight  and  killed. 
The  others  escaped  from  Italy.  —  custodem :  Marius  had  saved 
the  city  by  defeating  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones. 

23.  Cn.  Octavius  :  Cn.  Octavius  and  L.  Cornelius  Cinna  were 
consuls  in  87  B.C. 

24.  hie  locus  :  i.e.  the  Forum. 

25.  postea  :  i.e.  towards  the  close  of  the  year  87  B.C.,  when  Cinna 
and  Marius  returned  to  Rome.     Velleius  Paterculus  declares  that  no 
victory  was  ever  more  cruelly  abused  than  this,  except  Sulla's  in 
82  B.C. 

28.  quanta  deminutione  civium  :  Catulus  is  said  to  have  asked 
Sulla  in  the  senate,  "  Whom  then  shall  we  keep  to  enjoy  our  victory 
with,  if  blood  continues  to  flow  in  our  cities  as  abundantly  as  on  the 
battlefield  ? ''     Valerius  Maximus  estimates  the  number  of  the  pro- 
scribed as  4700. 

29.  M.  Lepidus.  Q.  Catulo :  M.  Aemilius  Lepidus  and  Q.  Lutatius 
Catulus  were  colleagues  in  the  consulship.  78  B.C.     On  Sulla's  death 
Lepidus  attempted  to  rescind  the  dictator's  legislative  acts.     In  the 
armed   conflict   which    ensued   he   was   defeated   by  Pompey  and 
Catulus,  who  was  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  senatorial  faction. 
Lepidus  fled  to  Sardinia,  where  he  died  in  exile. 

31.  quarn  :  sc.  inter  it  us. 

32.  illae  :  notice  its  emphatic  position,  and  that  of  illi,  p.  109, 1. 1. 

1 .  in  ea  quae  esset :  /';/  the  state  as  it  then  existed.  109 

2.  se  :  see  note  on  me  esse,  p.  70.  1.  17. 

6.  diiudicatae  sint :  A.  287.  c;  B.  268.  6;  G.  513;  H.  550; 
W.  469. 


296  NOTES 

PAGE  7.   quale  bellum  :  such  a  war  as. 

8.  barbaria  :  band  of  barbarians,  the  abstract  used  for  the  con- 
crete. Cf.  Verg.  Eel.  1 . 62,  Aut  Ararim  Parthus  bibet  aut  Ger mania 
Tigrim. 

12.    tan  turn  civium  quantum  :  only  as  many  citizens  as. 

XI.  1 8.    ornamenta  :  distinctions. 

24.  diem  :  term,  period.  Notice  the  gender.  —  quam  .  .  .  fore  : 
and  I  hope  that  it  will  last  forever.  —  propagatam  .  .  .  mei :  the 
thought  is  not  expressed  precisely.  What  Cicero  intended  to  say 
was  that  the  memory  of  his  consulship  would  endure  as  long  as  the 
city,  whose  life  he  had  prolonged,  and  that  he  hoped  both  might 
live  forever. 

27.  alter,  alter :  the  first  refers  to  Pompey,  the  second  to  Cicero 
himself. 

XII.  30.    quae  illorum  :  as  that  of  those. 
110              2.   vestrum  eat :  it  is  your  duty. 

3.  sua :  see  note  on  p.  87,  1.  30.  —  mini  mea :  Roman  writers 
liked  to  bring  pronominal  forms  together. 

7.   nihil :  A.  240.  a;  B.  176.  3  ;  G.  334;  H.  416.  2  ;  W.  316. 
12.   nullius  :  the  regular  genitive  of  nemo. 
14.    Quod  si:  if  therefore. 

16.  condicione  :  abl.  of  quality. 

17.  mini  quidem  ipsi  :  so  far  as  I  myself  am  concerned. 

21.  ut  .  .  .  ornem,  ut  .  .  .  valeat:  the  first  is  a  clause  of  result, 
the  second  a  clause  of  purpose. 

26.    lovem  ilium:  cf.  p.  105,  1.  32 ff. 

28.  ea  :  sc.  tecta.  —  aeque  ac  :  as  well  as. 


ORATIO   IN   CATILINAM   QUARTA 

Read  carefully  Introd.,  pp.  26-28. 

Ill  I.    7.  Mini  .  .  .  data  est :  if  the  consulship  was  intrusted  to  me 

upon  this  condition. 

10.  dignitas  salusque  :  an  instance  of  hysteron-proteron  ;  with- 
out salus  there  can  be  no  dignitas  for  a  nation. 

1 1 .  cui  :  dat.  of  reference. 

12.  forum  :  see  note  on  p.  84,  1. 10.  —  aequitas  :  for  in  the  Forum 
the  praetor  urbanus  meted  out  justice.  —  continetur  :  centers. 

13.  campus:  see  note  on  p.  74,  1.  8.  —  consularibus  auspiciis 
consecratus  :  the  auspices  taken  before  each  consular  election  con- 
secrated the  place  for  the  time  being.     See  Introd.,  p.  62. 


IN  .CATILINAM    QUARTA  297 

14.  curia :  see  note  on  p.  83,  1.  16.  —  auxilium  :  among  the  pre-         PAGE 
rogatives  of  the  senate  was  the  entire  control  of  foreign  relations          HI 
(see  Introd.,  p.  52).      Hence  embassies  to  it  from  foreign  nations 

who  wished  to  obtain  a  redress  of  the  grievances  which  they  suffered 
at  the  hands  of  other  nations  or  from  the  Romans  themselves  were 
of  frequent  occurrence.-  The  mission  of  the  Allobroges  is  a  good 
example;  see  Introd..  p.  25. 

15.  lectus  :  cf.  p.  73,  1.  4. 

1 6.  datus  :    intended.  —  haec   sedes   honoris:    i.e.    the    sella 
curulis,  an  ivory  chair  resembling  in  shape  a  camp-stool,  the  official 
seat  of  the  curule  magistrates.     See  Introd.,  p.  54. 

17.  periculo,  insidiis  :  dependent  on  •vacua. 

1 8.  multa  tacui :  an  allusion  to  the  suspicion  attaching  to  many 
men  of  prominence.     See  Introd.,  p.  26. 

19.  meo  quodam  dolore :    -with  some  pain  to  myself.     Cicero 
means  that  he  alone  had  to  suffer  from  his  endeavors  to  correct 
abuses,  while  they  were  too  frightened  to  assist. 

22.    virgines  Vestalis  :  see  note  on  p.  100,  1.  24. 

27.  fatale  ad  perniciem  :  cf.  p.  100,  1.  19  ff. 

28.  laeter  :  A.  268  ;  B.  277  ;  G.  259 ;  H.  557  ;  W.  493. 

II.    3.  mini  :  A.  227  ;  B.  187.  II.  a;  G.  346;  H.  426.  2  ;  W.  330.          112 

5.  pro  eo  ac  mereor  :  in  proportion  as  1  deserve. 

6.  si  quid  obtigerit :  if  anything  happens.    It  was  characteristic 
of  the  ancients  to  refer  euphemistically  to  death,  and  in  general  to 
anything  of  ill  omen.    Cf.  Cic.  Phil.  1.4.  IO,  Si  quid  mihi  liumanitits 
accidisset.    The  Greeks  used  the  phrases  et  TL  irdOotfu  or  ty  TL  TrdOw. 
—  aequo  .   .  .  moriar :  so  he  actually  did  meet  his  death  twenty 
years  later  at  the  hands  of  Antony's  soldiers.     See  Introd.,  p.  15. 

8.  immatura  consulari :    to  a  Roman  the  consulship  was  the 
object  of  the  highest  ambition.  —  sapienti :  for  a  wise  man  knows 
that  death  is  no  evil.     Cf.  Cic.  De  Sen.  23.  83,  Sapientissimus  quis- 
que  aeqiiissimo  animo  moritur ;  cf.  also  Sail.  Cat.  51  ;  and  p.  114, 
11.  6-8. 

9.  ille  ferreus  :  so  devoid  of  feeling.    Cf.  Cic.  Quint.  Frat.  i.  3. 3, 
Quern  ego  ferus  ac  f err  ens  e  complexu  dimisi  meo.  —  f  ratris  :   a 
younger  and  only  brother,  Q.  Tullius  Cicero,  with  whom  the  orator 
lived  on  terms  of  most   intimate   companionship.     Though   over- 
shadowed by  his  greater  brother,  he  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of 
considerable  ability.     He  was  at  this  time  praetor  elect.     Later  he 
served  as  one  of  Caesar's  lieutenants  in  Gaul,  where  in  54  B.C.  he 
especially  distinguished  himself  by  the  resolute  and  successful  de- 
fense of  his  camp  against  overwhelming  numbers ;  but  in  the  civil 


298  NOTES 

PAGE         war  he  fought  on  Pompey's  side  against  his  old  commander.     He 
112         was  one  of  the  victims  of  the  second  triumvirate.      See  Introd., 
pp.  i,  2,  10.  15. 

10.  lacrimis :  perhaps  to  be  understood  figuratively  as  used  of 
deep  emotion  rather  than  of  actual  tears ;  but  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  were  more  emotional  than  we  and  more  demonstrative. 

12.  uxor :   Terentia.     She  was  a  woman  of  great  strength  of 
character,  and  during  his  banishment  and  the  perilous  times  of  the 
struggle  between  Caesar  and  Pompey  helped  her  husband  with  loyal 
support.     An  estrangement,  however,  arose  between  them,  probably 
over  money  matters,  and  in  46  B.C.  Cicero  divorced  her.     She  is 
said  to  have  survived  him  many  years.  —  filia  :  Tullia,  Cicero's  only 
daughter.     In  character  and  tastes  she  greatly  resembled  her  father, 
who  loved  her  with  the  most  intense  affection.     She  died  at  Tuscu- 
lum  in  45  B.C. 

13.  filius :    Cicero's   only  son   bore   his   father's  praenomen   of 
Marcus.     He  was  only  two  years  of  age  at  this  time.     In  the  civil 
wars  he  served  under  Pompey  and  Marcus  Brutus.     Augustus  made 
him  his  colleague  in  the  consulship.     He  died  at  an  advanced  age. 

14.  obsidem  consulatus  mei :  i.e.  he  is  a  pledge  that  I  will  do 
my  duty  as  consul. 

15.  gener:  C.  Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi.     As  quaestor  in  58  B.C.  he 
exerted  himself  to  the  utmost  to  secure  Cicero's  recall  from  exile,  but 
died  before  his  return  in  57  B.C.     Inasmuch  as  he  had  not  at  the 
time  of  the  delivery  of  this  oration  attained  senatorial  rank,  he  was 
not  within  the  temple,  but  perhaps  stood  in  the  entrance  (stat  in 
conspectu  meo). 

1 6.  sed  in  earn  partem :  but  only  in  this  direction  (i.e.  to  the 
wish  and  determination). 

17.  una  peste  :  abl.  of  means. 

19.  incumbite :    bend  to  the  oars,  a  suggestion  of  the  'ship  of 
state.'    The  figure  is  continued  in  procellas.      For  the  literal  use  of 
the  word,  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  5.  15,  validis  incnnibere  remis. 

20.  quae  impendent :  which  threaten  to  overwhelm  you. 

21.  Ti.   Gracchus:  see  note  on  p.  69,  1.  18.  —  iterum :  it  was 
contrary  to  law  for  a  man  to  be  elected  tribune  of  the  people  twice 
in  succession.     Gracchus  wished  to  hold  the  office  for  a  second  term 
in  order  that  he  might  complete  his  reforms,  and  to  secure  his  own 
safety. 

22.  C.  Gracchus  :  see  note  on  p.  70, 1.  3.  —  agrarios  :  the  allot- 
ment of  the  public  lands  (ager  publicits)  was  a  fruitful  source  of  dis- 
sension in  Roman  history.     At  various  periods,  under  the  leadership 


IN    CATILINAM    QUARTA  299 

of  such  men  as  Sp.  Cassius,  C.  Licinius  Stolo,  and  the  Gracchi,  laws          PAGE 

i  *i  9 
were  passed  providing  for  a  more  equitable  distribution  of  lands  and 

a  lightening  of  the  burdens  of  the  poor.  The  supporters  of  these 
reform  measures  were  called  agrarii.  —  L.  Saturuinus :  see  note 
on  p.  70,  1.  9. 

23.  C.  Memmium :  a  candidate  for  the  consulship  in  100  B.C. 
He  was  slain  by  the  followers  of  Saturninus  and  Glaucia,  the  latter 
of  whom  was  his  rival  in  the  canvass. 

25.    vestram  omnium  :  see  note  on  p.  72, 1.  26. 

28.  servitia  :  here  equivalent  to  servi,  as  often  in  Sallust. 

29.  ut  nemo  :   in  a  clause  of  purpose  we  should  expect  ne  quis ; 
but  the  following  ne  quidem  may  have  caused  the  rejection  of  ne 
qnis  here. 

31.  relinquatur :  present  because  est  initum  is  present  perfect, 
and  present  time  is  uppermost  in  the  speakers  mind  —  this  is  the 
plan  they  have  formed.  A.  287.  a ;  B.  268.  I  ;  G.  51  r.  R.  3  ;  H.  546 ; 
W.  467- 

III.    i .    rei :  from  reus.  113 

8.  togato  :  see  note  on  p.  96,  1.  12. 

9.  praemia  amplissima  :   what  these  rewards  were  is  unknown, 
although  it  is  probable  that  a  considerable  amount  of  money  was 
given  to  the  Allobroges.     Sallust  (Cat.  30)  states  that  the  senate 
had  promised  to  a  free  man  who  should  give  information  concerning 
the  conspiracy  inipunitatem  ems  rei  et  sestertia  dticenta. 

ii.  nominatim  dati  sunt:  Sallust  (Cat.  47)  tells  into  whose 
charge  each  was  given.  —  sine  ulla  dubitatione :  construe  with 
dainnati  esse. 

13.  tamquam  integrum  :  as  if  it  were  an  open  question. 

14.  et  de  facto  .  .   .  censeatis  :  both  what  your  decision  is  as 
to  the  facts,  and  what  your  vote  as  to  the  punishment. 

15.  praedicam  :  / shall  begin  by  stating.  —  consulis  :  A.  214.  c ; 
B.  198.  3  ;  G.  366;  H.  447  ;  W.  360. 

1 6.  nova  mala  :  unheard-of  evils. 

17.  videbam :  see  note  on  rapiebat,  p.  80,  1.  26. 

20.  ante  noctem :  a  decree  of  the  senate  passed  after  sunset 
would  be  illegal. 

2 1 .  Huic  :  sc.  facinori. 

22.  manavit,  obscure  serpens  :  words  well  chosen  to  describe 
the  insidious  movement  of  a  conspiracy. 

24.  multas :    rhetorical    exaggeration.     We   learn   from    Sallust 
(Cat.  21)  that  Catiline  had  expected  support  in  Spain  and  Maure- 
tania,  and  (Cat.  42)  that  there  had  been  sympathetic  disturbances 


300  NOTES 

AGE         in    Gaul,    whither   Catiline   had    sent    his    agents    (transcendit 
113          Alpis). 

IV.    27.    D.  Silani  :  D.  Junius  Silanus,  who  as  consul  elect  spoke 
first. 

29.  C.  Caesaris  :  Gaius  Julius  Caesar,  at  this  time  praetor  elect, 
was  already  a  recognized  leader  of  the  democratic  party.     He  was 
even  accused  by  his  enemies  among  the  optimates  of  fevering  that 
lawless  element  in  Rome  which  was  represented  in  the  person  of 
Catiline.     It  was  therefore  not  to  have  been  expected  that  he  would 
object  openly  to  any  rigor  in  the  punishment  of  those  whose  sinister 
designs  he  was  suspected  of  having  abetted.     The  fact  that  he  spoke 
in  favor  of  only  such  penalties  as  were  provided  by  the  laws  does  great 
credit  not  only  to  his  natural  courage  and  clemency,  but  also  to  the 
political  sagacity  which  foresaw  the  reaction  that  would  inevitably  fol- 
low any  infringement  of  law,  and  his  own  consequent  popularity  as 
defender  of  the  constitutional  rights  of  the  people.     A  strange  para- 
dox it  seems  that  Cicero,  who  gave  up  his  life  in  behalf  of  a  con- 
stitutional government,  should  in  this  case  have  used  his  influence  for 
the  subversion  of  the  laws ;  while  the  man  who  was  afterward  to 
overthrow  the  government  acted  as  their  defender.   Of  Caesar's  actual 
complicity  in  the  conspiracy  there  exists  no  proof  whatever,  and  it  is 
certainly  not  in  accordance  with  the  astuteness  he  showed  in  other 
matters  to  suppose  that  he  could  have  allowed  himself  to  be  involved 
in  it. 

30.  Uterque  in  summa  severitate  versatur  :  both  are  in  favor 
of  the  utmost  severity.  —  pro:  in  accordance  with,  as  was  to  be  ex- 
pected from. 

114  i .    BOB  :  subject  of/rut  oportere. 

3.  punctum  :  ace.  of  duration  of  time.  —  vita,  spiritu  :  abl.  with 
frui. 

4.  saepe  esse  usurpatum :  has  often  been  resorted  to,  a  state- 
ment not  in  accordance  with  historical  facts. 

10.  singularem  poenam :  penal  imprisonment  was  resorted  to 
by   the  Romans  only  in  rare  instances.     A  citizen  could  usually 
avoid  sentence  of  death  by  going  into  exile,  and  this  was  also  in 
Cicero's  time  the  usual  penalty  imposed  upon  criminals  by  the  courts. 

1 1 .  Habere  :  to  carry  with  it. —  ista  res  :  i.e.  municipiis  dispertiri. 

12.  velis:  A.  309.  a;  B.  302.  2;  G.  595.  R.  3 ;  H.  578.2;  W. 
494.  —  difficultatem  :  because  the  municipia  would  not  be  willing 
to  undertake  the  responsibility. 

13.  suscipiam :  /  will  undertake  it,  i.e.  the  execution  of  your 
decree. 


IN   CATILINAM    QUART A  301 

14.  qui  .  .  .  recusare  :  those  "who  will  not  think  it  in  keeping  PAGE 
u'ith  the  dignity  of  their  position  to  object  to  a  measure  which  you  114 
have  determined  upon  in  the  interest  of  the  common  safety. 

1 6.  horribilis  custodias  :  i.e.   the  municipia  will  guard  them 
closely  because  of  the  penalty  just  mentioned. 

17.  dignas :  commensurate. 

1 8.  eorum  :  do  not  construe  with  quis  ;  but  cf.  gut's  eorum,  1.  1 6. 
—  per  senatum,  per  populum :  i.e.  by  a  decree  of  the  senate,  by 
action  of  the  comitia.    Sallust  {Cat.  51)  makes  Caesar  propose  that 
any  one  initiating  such  legislation  be  declared  by  the  senate  a  public 
enemy. 

19.  spem  .  .  .  solet:  Cf.  Goldsmith,  The  Captivity,  Act  II:  — 

"  To  the  last  moment  of  his  breath, 

On  hope  the  wretch  relies  ; 
And  even  the  pang  preceding  death 
Bids  expectation  rise." 

23.  in  vita :  here  on  earth. 

24.  illi  antiqui  :  those  men  of  old. 

25.  voluerunt :  would  have  it.     In  expounding  these  teachings 
of  philosophy,  Cicero  is  really  endeavoring  to  counteract  in  some 
degree  the  Roman  repugnance  to  the  death  penalty.     In  his  charac- 
ter of  orator  and  pleader,  he  never  hesitates  to  adjust  his  beliefs  as 
well  as  the  historical  facts  to  the  view  he  is  maintaining  at  the  time. 
Compare  the  words  with  which  he  closes  the  first  oration  against 
Catiline,  aeternis  suppliciis  vivos  mortuosque  mactabis. 

V.   27.  mea:    to   be   construed  with    inter  sit.     A.  222.  a;    B. 
211.  I.  a;  G.  381  ;  H.  449.  I  ;  W.  369.  a. 

28.  in  re  publica  :  in  politics. 

29.  habetur :  used  instead  of  est  because  Cicero  does  not  wish 
to  acknowledge  that  the  policy  of  the  populares  is  really  the  course 
which  makes  for  the  good  of  the  people.     See  Introd.,  p.  62. 

30.  hoc  :  i.e.  Caesare.  —  cognitore  :  in  civil  suits  the  represen- 
tative who  conducted  the  case  in  behalf  of  either  plaintiff  or  defen- 
dant was  called  cognitor.     If  the  senate  adopted  Caesar's  proposal, 
the  defense  of  the  senate's  action  would  devolve  upon  him. 

31.  illam  alteram  :  i.e.  sententiam  Silani. — nescio  an  :  /  am 
inclined  to  think  that,  a  mild  affirmation  expressed,  as  often  by 
Cicero,  in  the  form  of  an  indirect  question. 

32.  rationes  :  consideration. 

33.  vine  at :  outweigh. 

2.   amplitude  :  Caesar  belonged  to  one  of  the  proudest  patrician          115 


302  NOTES 

PAGE        gentes,  which  traced  its  origin  back  to  the  earliest  beginnings  of 

115          Roman  history.      Notwithstanding  the  dignity  of    their    lineage, 

however,  his  ancestors  seem  never  to  have  attained  to  any  great 

prominence   in  the  state.      Cicero's   words  here  give  an  excellent 

example  of  his  skill  in  oratorical  flattery. 

3.  interesset :  see  note  on  esset,  p.  102,  1.  i. 

4.  levitatem  contionatorum  :  the  shallowness  of  demagogues. 

6.  non  neminem :  more  than  one.     Notice  that  singular  forms 
follow  (ferat,  Is),  where  English  idiom  requires  the  plural.     Per- 
haps, however,  Cicero  had  a  particular  person  in  mind,  and  this  may 
have  been  Q.  Metellus   Nepos    (see  Introd.,  p.  6).  —  videlicet: 
ironical. 

7.  nudius  tertius  :  i.e.  Dec.  3. 

8.  mini:  in  my  honor.     It  is  equivalent  to  meo  nomine,^.  103, 
1.28. 

10.  qui:  its  antecedent  is  the  subject  contained  in  iitdtcarit. — 
quaesitori  :  this  word  was  regularly  used  of  the  president  of  one  of 
the  courts  of  law  (quaestiones) .  Cicero  here  uses  it  of  himself  as 
having  conducted  the  examination  of  the  conspirators. 

13.  legem  Semproniam :  in  123  B.C.  C.  Sempronius  Gracchus 
secured  the  passage  of  a  law  to  the  effect  that  it  should  be  illegal  to 
punish  a  Roman  citizen  with  death  without  a  direct  decree  of  the 
people  (tie  de  capite  civium  Romanorum  iniussu  populi  iudicare- 
tur).  See  Introd.,  pp.  26,  27  for  a  statement  of  the  opposing  views 
concerning  the  right  of  the  senate  to  evade  this  law  by  declaring  the 
conspirators  enemies  of  the  state. 

15.   eum  civem  :  subject  and  predicate  respectively. 

20.    homo  .  .  .  lenissimus :  concessive. 

VI.   26.   hoc :  i.e.  Caesar's  proposal. 

27.  ad  contionem:  see  Introd.,  p.  51,  and  n'jte  on  cognitore, 
p.  114,  1.  30.  Cicero  expected  to  have  to  address  a  contio  after  the 
adjournment  of  the  senate ;  and  if  Caesar's  proposal  prevailed,  would 
naturally  call  upon  him  to  explain  it. 

29.  populo  Romano :  the  verb  purgare  is  construed  with  the 
dative  of  the  person  in  whose  eyes  one  wishes  to  be  justified.  — 
earn:  i.e.  Silani  sententiam. 

31.  tanti    sceleris    immanitate :     equivalent   to  tarn   immaw 
scelere. 

32.  de  meo  sensu  :  frotn  my  own  feeling. 

33.  liceat :  optative  subjunctive,  a  common  use  with  ita  .  .  .  nt 
in  making  a  solemn  assertion.     Compare  our  judicial  oath,  '  So  help 
me  God/  —  quod  :  in  so  far  as. 


IN   CATILINAM    QUARTA  303 

3.  Videor  .  .  .  videre  :  for  in  imagination  I  see  (lit.  /  seem  to         PAGE 
myself  to  see). — lucem  :  a  favorite  figure.     Similarly  Cicero  calls          116 
Corinth  totius  Graeciae  lumen. 

4.  arcem  omnium  gentium :   the  same  thought  as  sumtmtm 
auxilium  omnium  gentium,  p.  in,  1.  14. 

9.  purpuratum  :  among  Oriental  nations  royal  dignitaries  were 
clad  in  purple.     With  his  unerring  mastery  of  words  Cicero  calls  up 
by  this  expression  the  picture  of  an  Eastern  despotism  with  Lentulus 
as  monarch  and  Gabinius  as  grand  vizir.  —  esse,  venisse :  notice 
that  the  change  to  the  construction  of  indirect  discourse  is  necessary, 
since  the  participial  construction  (regnanteni)  cannot  be  continued. 

—  huic:  A.  235.  a;  B.  188.  l.N. ;  G.  350.  I  ;  H.  425.  4.  N. ;  W.  335. 

10.  familias:    A.  36.  b;    B.  21.  2.  a;  G.  29.   R.  I  ;  H.  79.  2; 
W.62. 

21.  de  servo:  Cicero  might  even  have  said  de  servis.  When  a 
master  had  been  murdered  in  his  own  home,  all  the  slaves  who  had 
been  under  the  roof  at  the  time  might  be  tortured  and  put  to  death. 
The  torture  was  designed  to  extort  evidence,  and  the  death  penalty 
was  inflicted  because  of  their  failure  to  defend  their  master. 

25.  Mihi:  sc.videatur. 

26.  qui  .  .   .  lenierit :  a  striking  example  of  the  difference  be- 
tween ancient  and  modern  thought,  between  paganism  and  Chris- 
tianity.    Notice  that  this  clause  is  conditional.     A.  316;  B.  312.  2; 
G.  593.  i  ;  H.  593.  i ;  W.  586.  5. 

27.  nocentis  :  of  the  guilty  one. 

29.    nos  :  its  verb  is  habebimur,  p.  117,  1.  I.  —  in:  in  the  case  of. 
31.   trucidare :    butcher,  a  stronger  word  than    interfectis  and 
occisa  above. 

34.    qui  id  egerunt  ut  conlocarent :  who  have  striven  to  place. 

—  in  vestigiis  :  on  the  ruins.     Here  Cicero  takes  advantage  of  the 
hereditary  dread  and  hatred  of  the  Romans  for  the  Gauls,  who  had 
once  destroyed  the  city  of  Rome. 

4.    Nisi    vero :    unless    indeed,    used    ironically.  —  L.    Caesar :          117 
L.    Julius    Caesar  Strabo,  a  distant  relative  of  the  greater  Julius 
Caesar,  was  consul  in  64  B.C.     His  sister  Julia  was  married  to  P. 
Lentulus  the  conspirator.  —  amantissimus  rei  publicae  :  see  note 
on  p.  99,  1.  i. 

6.  lectissimae  :  see  note  on  amplissimus,  p.  69,  1.  18. 

7.  avum  suum  :  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus.     See  note  on  p.  70, 1.  7. 

8.  filium  impuberem  :  the  boy,  who  was  but  eighteen  years  old, 
was  sent  by  his  father  to  Opimius  to  make  terms,  but  was  arrested 
by  the  consul  and  executed  in  prison. 


304  NOTES 

9.  Quorum  :  i.e.  Flaccus  or  his  son.     The  meaning  is,  What  act 
of  theirs  was  so  heinous  as  the  plans  of  these  conspirators? 

10.  Largitionia  :  Cicero  is  thinking  of  the  lex  agraria  and  Is.x 
frumentaria  of  the  younger  Gracchus.     The  latter  law  provided  for 
the  distribution  of  grain  to  the  people  at  a  nominal  price. 

12.  avus  :  mentioned  on  p.  101,  1.  24. 

13.  Ille,  hie  :  refer  respectively  to  grandfather  and  grandson.  — 
ne  .  .  .  deminueretur  :  that  the  welfare  of  the  state  might  suffer 
no  impairment. 

1 6.  nos :  i.e.  senator es.     Sallust  (Cat,  43)   has  it  that  Cethegus 
was  specially  assigned  to  kill  Cicero.  —  trucidandos  :  see  notes  on 
conlocandum,  p.  106, 1.  5,  and  p.  116, 1.  31. 

17.  Cassio :  according  to  Sallust  (Cat.  43),  it  was  Statilius  and 
Gabinius  who  were  charged  with  the  task  of  firing  the  city. 

1 8.  Vereamini  censeo :  ironical,  /  advise  you  to  fear.     Notice 
the  omission  of  ut. 

VII.    27.    cum,  turn :  both  .  ,  ,  and. 

30.    ordinum  :  i.e.  ordinis  senatorii,  ordinis  equestris,  plebis. 
33.    conditam  :  see  note  on  p.  103, 1.  29. 

118  2.   cum   omnibus  .   .   .  voluerunt:    for  "Misery  loves   com- 

pany." 

9.  ita  ut :  only  so  far  that,  only  to.  —  summam  :  superiority. 

10.  dissensioue :    this  political  controversy   between  senatores 
and  equites  dated  from  the  year  122  B.C.,  when  Gaius  Gracchus  made 
the  republic  '  double-headed '  by  transferring  the  privilege  of  serv- 
ing as  jurors  in  all  criminal  courts  from  the  senators  to  the  knights. 
Under  the  Sullan  constitution  this  important  prerogative  was   re- 
stored to  the  senators.     The  strife  between  the  two  orders  for  the 
control  of  the  courts  was  finally  brought  to  an   end  by  the    lex 

.  Aurelia   iudiciaria  of  70  B.C.     This  law  provided  that  the  jurors 

should,  be  chosen  in  equal  proportion  from  among  the  senators, 
knights,  and  tribuni  aerarii.     See  Introd.,  pp.  5,  48,  60. 

11.  societatem    concordiamque  :     hendiadys.  —  revocatos  : 
i.e.  by  the  lex  Aurelia  iudiciaria. 

13.  perpetuam :  a  vain  hope.  As  to  Cicero's  political  policy, 
see  Introd.,  p.  6. 

17.  tribunes  aerarios  :  in  the  days  of  direct  taxation  of  Roman 
citizens  these  officials  had  collected  the  war-tax  (tributum*)  and  paid 
the  soldiers.  Their  exact  status  in  Cicero's  time  is  unknown.  — 
scribas :  public  notaries  or  clerks,  assigned  by  lot  to  the  different 
magistrates,  the  most  important  being  the scribae  quaestorii.  In  their 
case  the  allotment  took  place  annually  on  Dec.  5,  the  day  on  which 


IN   CATILINAM   QUARTA  305 

the  quaestors  entered  into  office,  in  the  temple  of  Saturn,  in  the         PAGE 
basement  of  which  was  the  state  treasury  (aerarium). 
19.    esse  converses  :  have  turned  their  attention. 

VIII.  24.   libertinorum  hominum  :  see  note  on  p.  103,  1.  21. 

25.  sua  virtute  :  through  their  own  merit.  This  custom  of  giv- 
ing deserving  slaves  their  freedom  was  very  common  at  Rome.  — 
fortunam  huius  civitatis  :  i.e.  Roman  citizenship.  See  Introd., 
p.  47. 

28.  hostium  :  as  shown  by  their  plotting  against  it.  —  Sed  quid 
commemoro  :  the  indicative  is  used  instead  of  the  subjunctive 
because  Cicero  has  mentioned  hosce  homines  ordinesque.  Compare 
the  use  of  the  subjunctive  commemorem  in  preterition,  1.  8. 

32.  qui  modo  sit:  A.  320.  d;  B.  283.  5  ;  G.  627.  R.  I  ;  H.  587 ; 
W.  589. 

2.    voluntatis  :  construe  with  quantum.  119 

4.  tabernas :  the  Forum  (ilium  ipsum  locum,  1.  8)  was  lined  on 
two  sides  with  such  shops.  See  map,  p.  75. 

6.  est :  notice  the  emphasis  given  by  its  position.  This  effect 
might  be  reproduced  in  English  by  the  use  of  italics,  '  This  has  been 
tried.1 

10.  Multo  vero  .  .  .  alitur  otio :  it  is  for  this  reason  that  the 
great  middle  class  of  a  nation  is  always  its  strength  and  its  safeguard. 

14.  frequentia  .  .   .  otio :    notice    the   chiasmus.  —  quorum  : 
refers  to  eorum  qui  in  tabernis  sunt,  1.  n. 

15.  incensis:    sc.    tabernis.  —  futurum    fuit:    A.   308.   d;    B. 
304.  3.  b  ;  G.  597.  R.  3  ;  H.  582. 

IX.  24.  vobis  .  .  .  vobis  :  notice  the  anaphora.  —  vitam  :  see 
note  on  p.  74,  1.  15. 

25.  arcem  et  Capitolium  :  the  Capitoline  hill  has  two  summits  ; 
the  Capitol  or  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  was  on  the  south  sum- 
mit, while  the  citadel  (arx)  was  on  the  north  summit.  See  map  of 
Rome.  —  aras  Penatium  :  the  household  divinities  of  the  Romans 
were  known  under  two  names,  Penates  and  Lares,  but  in  the  course  of 
time  these  words  became  almost  identical  in  meaning.  They  were 
both  domestici,  gods  of  the  family,  and  publici,  those  of  the  city  or 
state  considered  as  a  greater  family.  The  former  were  worshiped  at 
the  hearth  or  in  the  private  chapel  of  each  home,  the  head  of  the 
family  officiating  as  priest ;  to  the  latter  temples  were  consecrated, 
that  of  the  Penates  at  Rome  being  in  the  Velian  quarter  between  the 
Palatine  and  the  Esquiline  (see  map  of  Rome).  It  is  to  this  temple 
that  Cicero  probably  refers.  Originally  the  Lares  were  the  spirits 
of  forefathers  hovering  lovingly  about  their  descendants,  watching 


306  NOTES 

over  them  and  protecting  them.  The  Penates,  on  the  other  hand, 
were  in  their  oldest  conception  the  gods  of  the  storeroom  (penus), 
and  their  worship  was  closely  connected  with  that  of  Vesta.  —  ilium 
.  .  .  sempiternum  :  Cicero  points  to  the  temple  of  Vesta,  which  was 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Forum.  See  note  on  virginum,  p.  100, 1. 24. 

31.  vestri,  sui :  A.  99.  c;  B.  242.  2;  G.  364.  N.  2;  H.  175.  2; 
W.  420. 

33 ^  civili  causa :  as  contrasted  with  a  foreign  war. 

1 .  Cogitate  .  .  .  imperium  una  nox  paene  delerit :  consider 
with  what  great  struggles  the  government  ivas  established  -which  one 
night  came  near  destroying. 

4.  una  nox  :  this  may  refer  to  the  meeting  of  the  conspirators  at 
the  house  of  M.  Laeca  (cf.  p.  72,  1.  19),  to  the  Saturnalia  (cf.  p.  101, 
1.  3),  or  to  the  night  of  the  arrest  of  the  Allobroges  (cf.  p.  99, 1.  10). 
—  delerit :  subj.  in  an  indirect  question. 

X.  10.  ad  sententiam :  sc.  rogandam.  —  redeo:  A.  327.  a; 
B.  291.  i ;  G.  574,  575  ;  H.  605.  I ;  W.  534. 

1 1 .    quanta  manus  :  correlative  with  tantam  multitudinem. 

2.  Quod   si:  but  even  if.  —  aliquando   alicuius :    compounds 
with  ali-  have  always  some  affirmative  emphasis,  which  here  is  still 
further  intensified  by  the  combination.     That  which  Cicero  feared 
came  to  pass  in  his  banishment  (see  Introd.,  pp.  7,  8). 

3.  plus  valuerit :  shall  prove  stronger.  —  dignitas  :  here  equiv- 
alent to  auctoritas. 

4.  me,  factorum:  A.  221.  b;  B.  209.  i  ;  G.  377;  H.  457 ;  W. 
368. 

6.   vitae  :  during  his  life. 

8.   bene  gesta  :  sc.  re  publica. 

10.  Sit:    A.  266.  c;  B.  278;  G.  264;    H.   559.  3:    W.  483.- 
Scipio :    P.  Cornelius    Scipio   Africanus   Major,  the  victor   in  the 
battle  of  Zama,  which  closed   the  second  Punic  war  in  202  B.C. 
By  carrying  operations  into  Africa  he  compelled  the  great  Cartha- 
ginian general  Hannibal  to  withdraw  his  forces  from  Italy  in  order 
to  protect  his  own  country.  —  in  Africam  .  .  .  decedere  :   hysteron- 
proteron.     By  reversal  of  the  chronological  order  of  the  two  events 
attention  is  called  to  the  more  important. 

11.  Italia:  notice  the  unusual    omission  of  the  preposition. — 
alter  Africanus :    i.e.  P.  Cornelius    Scipio  Aemilianus  Africanus 
Minor.    He  was  the  son  of  the  Paulus  mentioned  in  1.  14  and  grandson 
by  adoption  of  Scipio  Africanus  Major,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  third  Punic  war  by  the  destruction  of  Carthage  in  146  B.C.  ;  and 
by  the  destruction  of  Numantia  in  Spain  in  133  B.C. 


IN    CATILINAM    QUARTA  307 

14.  Paulus  :  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  the  father  of  the  younger  Scipio.          PAGE 
In  the  third  Macedonian  war  he  defeated  King  Perseus  near  Pydna          •*• 

in  1 68  B.C.  —  currum  :  triumphal  chariot.     Cf.  Livy,  45.  40.  6,  In 
catenis  ante  currum  victoris  duds  per  urbem  hostium  ductus. 

15.  gloria:  abl.  of  quality.  —  bis:  Marius  defeated  the  Teutones 
at  Aquae  Sextiae  in   102  B.C.,  and   the  Cimbri  near  Vercellae  in 
101  B.C. 

16.  anteponatur  omnibus  Pompeius :  in  making  this  estima- 
tion of  Pompey's  achievements,  Cicero  was  doubtless  influenced  by 
the  fact    nat  Pompey  was  still  living.     History  often  reverses  the 
judgmen    which  a  man  forms  concerning  his  contemporaries. 

19.  nisi  forte  :  denies  in  advance  the  correctness  of  the  supposi- 
tion which  it  introduces. 

21.  habeant  quo:    may  have  a  place  to  which.      Cicero  says 
elsewhere.    Alihi    guide  in    Cn.   Pompeius   mult  is    audientibus   hoc 
tribuit,  ut  diceret  frustra    se  triumphum    tertium    deportaturum 
fuisse,  nisi  meo  in   rem  publicam  beneficio  ubi  triutnpharet  esset 
habiturus. 

22.  uno  loco :  in  one  respect. 
28.    depravati :  led  astray. 

30.    reppuleris,  possis  :  see  note  on  velis,  p.  114, 1.  12. 

34.    Id  :  sc.  helium. 

3.    coniunctioiiem  :  this  harmony  did  not  last  long.     Only  two          122 
years   later  Cicero  writes,  Credo  te  audisse  twstros  equites  paene  a 
senatu  esse  disiunctos. 

XI  6.  pro  imperio  .  .  .  provincialibus  :  an  enumeration  of  the 
various  advantages  to  be  obtained  from  the  administration  of  a 
prov;nce  The  governor  commanded  an  army  (exercittt)  and  had 
unrestricted  power  (imperio).  If  fortunate,  he  might  have  the 
opportunity  of  conducting  a  successful  war,  in  reward  for  which 
service  he.  would  receive  upon  his  return  to  Rome  a  triumph 
(tri'.tmpho),  as  well  as  the  title  imperator  and  wreaths  and  other 
tributes  (ceterisque  laudis  insignibus).  In  his  province  he  might 
form  valuable  connections  (client elis.  hospittis).  which  later  on  were 
likely  to  prove  a  source  of  social,  political,  or  financial  influence. 

7.  quam  neglexi :  Cicero  had  really  refused  two  provinces,  the 
one  that  he  might  have  had  after  his  praetorship  and  the  one 
assigned  to  him  as  consul.  Life  at  Rome  had  a  zest  for  him 
which  no  consideration  of  the  wealth  or  influence  to  be  derived 
from  the  government  of  a  province  could  tempt  him  to  forego. 
When,  however,  the  province  of  Cilicia  was  forced  upon  him 
twelve  years  later  (see  Introd.,  p.  11),  his  administration  was  a 


308  NOTES 

PAGE         remarkably  able  one.     He  could  justly  claim  that  in  relinquishing 

122  tne  province  mentioned  here  he  was  actuated  by  patriotic  motives. 
The  senate  had  assigned  (see  Introd.,  p.  64)  the  provinces  of  Mace- 
donia and  Cisalpine  Gaul  to  the  consuls ;  Macedonia,  the  richer  of 
the  two,  fell  by  lot  to  Cicero.     He  exchanged  with  his  colleague, 
however,  in  order  to  win  him  over  from  Catiline.     Later  he  gave  up 
Cisalpine  Gaul  also,  and  it  was  assigned  to  Q.  Metellus  Celer,  who 
as  praetor  had  rendered  good  service  in  putting  down  the  conspiracy. 

9.  urbanis  opibus :  for  instance,  in  the  conduct  of  the  case 
against  Verres  (see  Introd.,  pp.  3,  4). 

1 1 .  studiis :  plural  because  his  devotion  had  been  manifested  in 
various  ways. 

14.    dum  erit:   A.  328;  B.  293.  II;  G.  569;  H.  603.  I;  W.  533. 

16.    superaverit :  used  intransitively,  as  on  p.  108,  1.  25. 

123  2.    eius  :  construe  with  filium,  1.  3. 

3.  suo  solius  :  A.  197.  e;  B.  243.  3.  a;  G.  321.  R.  2;  H.  393.6; 
W.  424. 

6.  de  aris  .  .  .  sedibus :  a  stock  phrase  of  Roman  oratory. 
Cf.  Cic.  Nat.  Dear.  3.  40.  94,  Est  enirn  mihi  tecum  pro  aris  ac  focis 
certamen,  et  pro  deorum  templis  ac  delubris  proque  urbis  muris.  It 
is  said  that  during  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  socialistic  orators  re- 
counted with  great  pathos  the  fact  that  Roman  generals  always 
exhorted  their  soldiers  to  fight  pro  aris  et  focis,  though  they  could 
not  call  one  inch  of  Roman  soil  their  own,  and  though  on  their 
victorious  return  only  the  debtors1  fate  awaited  those  who  had  fought 
for  their  native  land. 

9.  instituistis :  i.e.  before  Cicero  interrupted  the  debate  to  de- 
liver this  speech  (see  Introd.,  p.  27). 

10.  quoad  vivet :  see  note  on  p.  122, 1.  14. 

See  Introd.,  pp.  27,  28  for  the  fate  of  the  conspirators. 

DE   IMPERIO   POMPEI   ORATIO 

ARGUMENT 

I.   Exordium  (introduction).  —  Reasons  why  Cicero  has  never  hitherto 

addressed  a  contio  (chap.  I). 
II.   Narratio  (statement  of  the  facts  bearing  upon  the  question).  —  The 

war  with  Mithridates  (chap.  II,  to  p.  125,  1.  n). 
III.   Partitio  (enumeration  of  points  to  be  considered),  p.  125,  11.  12-14. 

1.  The  nature  of  the  war. 

2.  Its  magnitude. 

3.  The  choice  of  a  commander. 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI  309 

IV.    Confirmatio  (affirmative  proof),  p.  125,  1.  14,  to  p.  143,  1.  10.  PAGE 

1.  The  war  must  be  carried  on  energetically,  for  there  are  at  stake :  —  123 

a.  The  ancient  glory  of  the  Romans. 

b.  The  welfare  of  their  allies. 

c.  The  most  important  revenues  of  state. 

d.  The  property  of  many  Roman  citizens. 

2.  The  war  is  a  dangerous  one.    The  brilliant  campaigns  of  Lucullus 

ended  in  disaster  and  disgrace  to  the  Roman  arms.  That 
general's  recall. 

3.  Pompey  alone   possesses  all  the  characteristics  essential  for  an 

ideal  commander :  — 

a.  Experience. 

b.  Ability. 

c.  Renown. 

d.  Luck. 

Moreover  Pompey  is  near  the  seat  of  war  with  an  army. 
V.   Befutatio  (rebuttal),  p.  143,  1.  11,  to  chap.  XXIV. 

1.  The  objection  made  by  Hortensius,  that  supreme  power  should 

not  be  intrusted  to  one  man,  is  disproved  by  Pompey's  bril- 
liant conquest  of  the  pirates;  in  this  campaign  he  held  su- 
preme power,  which  had  been  intrusted  to  him  by  the  Gabinian 
law,  passed  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of  Hortensius. 

2.  The  objection  of  Catulus,  that  the  bestowal  of  a  new  command 

upon  Pompey  would  be  contrary  to  precedent,  is  contradicted 
by  the  younger  Scipio's  extraordinary  career,  that  of  Marius, 
that  of  Pompey  himself. 

3.  These  facts  should  convince  the  optimates  that  the  will  of  the  peo- 

ple must  be  obeyed.  The  exigency  of  the  time  demands  the 
appointment  of  Pompey. 

4.  Many  eminent  men,  moreover,  have  spoken  strongly  in  favor  of 

the  measure. 
VI.   Peroratio  (conclusion),  chap.  XXIV. 

1.  Manilius  is  urged  to  persevere.    All  possible  assistance  is  promised 

him. 

2.  Not  selfish  motives,  but  the  welfare  of  the  commonwealth  alone 

influences  Cicero  in  speaking  for  this  bill. 


Read  carefully  Introd..  pp.  28-32. 

I.    12.  frequens  conspectus  vester  :  the  sight  of  your  crowded 
meeting.     See  Introd.,  p.  51,  for  an  account  of  the  contio. 

13.  multo :  before  superlatives  longe  is  more  commonly  used  in 
classical  prose. 

14.  hie  locus :  i.e.   the  Rostra,  a  platform  in  the  Forum  from 
which  the  magistrates  addressed  the  people.     It  had  its  name  from 


310  NOTES 

PAGE         the  beaks  (rostra)  of  captured  ships  with  which  it  was  adorned.  — 

123  agendum  :  sc.  cum  populo.     Only  the  higher  magistrates  had  the 
right  to  address  a  contio,  or  to  press  legislation  (agere  cum  populo) 
before  the  comitia  or  (agere  cum  plebe),  in  the  case  of  the  tribunes, 
before  the  concilium  plebis.     They  might,  however,  grant  any  private 
person  permission  to  address  a  contio.     Hence  Cicero  speaks  of  the 
place  as  most  dignified  (atnplissimus)   for  a  magistrate,  and  most 
honorable  (oriiatissiitii(s)   for  a  private  citizen,  since  only  men  of 
prominence  (optimo  cinque)  were  given  such  recognition. 

17.  aditu  laudis  :  path  to  fame  •  abl.  of  separation  dependent 
G^prohibiteruntj  and  objective  genitive.  —  optimo  cuique  :  A.  93.  c ; 
B.  252.  5.  c;  G.  318.  2;  H.  515.  2;  W.  433-  3- 

20.    ab  ineuiite  aetate  :  from  earliest  manhood. 

24.  temporibus :    this  word  and  pericuhim  (cf.  1.  26)  are  fre- 
quently used  of  the  hazards  of  the  courts  of  law.     There  was  no 
recognized  legal   profession  among  the  Romans.      Legal  sen-ices 
were  gratuitous  and  acceptance  of  pay  forbidden  by  law,  though  it 
was  customary  for  the  defendant  to  show  his  appreciation  by  volun- 
tary presents.   Thus  Verres  gave  Hortensius  a  valuable  statue  of  the 
Sphinx.     Cicero  himself  states  that  he  never  accepted  any  gifts  for 
his  services.     But  even  if  no  pecuniary  advantage  was  derived,  the 
influence  and  prominence  thus  gained  were  a  distinct  advantage  in 
political  life.    Notice  that  Cicero  uses  teinpus  in  two  senses  in  this 
sentence.     The  Romans  did  not  consider  this  a  blemish  of  style, 
but  rather  affected  it. 

25.  ab  iis  :  construe  with  vaatus. 

26.  causam :  interests. 

28.  dilationem  comitiorum :  an  adjournment  of  the  comitia 
could  be  brought  about  in  two  ways.  A  magistrate  might  announce 
some  unfavorable  omen,  such  as  a  case  of  epilepsy  or  a  stroke  of 
lightning;  or  a  tribune  might  interpose  his  veto  (see  Introd..  p.  58). 
In  the  excitement  of  party  strife  great  abuse  was  made  of  this  right 
of  veto,  and  ill  omens  were  observed  whenever  they  were  wanted. 
Moreover,  the  proceedings  were  rendered  invalid  if  the  business 
before  the  comitia  had  not  been  finished  by  sunset. 

124  I  •    primus :    does  not  modify  praetor*  but  has  the  force  of  an 
adverb  modifying  reimntiatits  sum.     Of  the  eight  praetors  to  be 
chosen,  Cicero  had  been  the  first  to  be  elected,  and  that  not  merely 
by  a  majority  of  the  votes  of  the  centuries  (see  Introd.,  p.  50)  but 
unanimously  (centuriis  cunctis).     Twice,  however,  a  subsequent 
dilatio  coinitiontm  made  his  election  void,  and  only  at  the  third 
meeting  was  the  voting  for  all  eight  praetors  completed  and  the 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  311 

result  declared  legal.  —  renuntiatus  sum  :  declared  elected,  the  PAGE 
technical  term  for  the  formal  announcement  by  the  consul  presiding.  124 
This  announcement  was  necessary  to  the  validity  of  the  election. 

4.  houoribus  :  see  Introd.,  pp.  3,  5. 

5.  ex  foreiisi  usu :  i.e.  experience  gained  in  his  legal  practice. 
All  the  law-courts  sat  in  the  Forum. 

8.    eirei:  i.e.  dicendi  facultati. 

10.  in  hac  .  .   .  dicendi :  in  hac  ratione  is  modified  by  insolita 
inihi  and  ex  hoc  loco  dicendi. 

12.    oratio:  words.     In  1.  13  the  meaning  is  subject,  and  in  1.  16 
the  word  has  its  usual  signification  of  speech. 

11.  18.   Mithridate,  Tigrane  :   see  Introd.,  pp.  28,  30. 

19.  relictus  :  left  unconquered.  —  lacessitus  :  Tigranes  had  been 
offended  by  the  haughty  conduct  of  Appius  Claudius,  whom  Lucullus 
had  sent  to  him  to  demand  the  surrender  of  Mithridates. 

20.  Asiam  :  i.e.  the  Roman  province  formed  out  of  the  kingdom 
of  Pergamus,  which  had  been  bequeathed  to  Rome  by  Attalus  III 
in  133  B.C.     The  province  consisted  at  this  time  of  Phrygia,  Mysia, 
Caria,  and  Lydia.  — Equitibus  :  see  Introd.,  p.  48. 

21.  honestissimis  :  see  note  on  amplissimus.  p.  69,  1.  18. 

1 .  res  .  .  .  occupatae  :  capital  invested  in  farming  your  rev-         125 
enites  is  at  stake.     A  company  of  Roman  capitalists  had  the  contract 

to  collect  all  the  revenues  from  Asia.  They  paid  into  the  treasury 
the  sum  agreed  upon,  and  squeezed  as  much  more  as  they  could 
out  of  the  province. 

2.  pro  necessitudine  :  Cicero's  father  was  of  the  or  do  equester, 
and  he  himself  had  won  the  good  will  of  the  order  by  his  prosecution 
of  Yerres. 

4.  Bithyniae:    see  Introd.,  p.  30.  —  vicos  exustos  esse :   the 
indirect  discourse  gives  the  contents  of  the  litterae.     Notice  that  the 
clauses  quae  .  .  .  est  and  quod  .  .  .  vectigalibus  are  parentheti- 
cal. 

5.  Ariobarzanis  :  through  Roman  influence  he  had  been  elected 
to  the  throne  of  Cappadocia  :  he  had  already  been  twice  driven  from 
his  kingdom  by  Tigranes  and  Mithridates  and  each  time  restored  by 
the  Romans. 

6.  L.  Lucullum  :  see  Introd.,  p.  30. 

7.  huic  qui  successerit :  his  successor,  M'.  Acilius  Glabrio. 

8.  non  .  .  .  admiiiistrandum :  Cicero's  statement  of  the  case 
is  very  euphemistic.     See  Introd..  p.  30. 

9.  unum,  imperatorem :    subject  and  predicate  accusative  re- 
spectively. 


312  NOTES 

10.  deposci  atque  expeti:  is  earnestly  demanded.  For  the 
sake  of  emphasis,  two  synonymous  verbs  are  often  used  in  Latin 
where  English  usage  favors  the  translation  by  a  single  verb  and  a 
modifier. 

12.  Causa  quae  sit  videtis:  you  see  how  matters  stand. 

15.  quod  .  .  .  debeat:  a  clause  of  result. 

16.  persequendi :  sc.  belli. 

17.  gloria,  salus,  vectigalia:  a  point  of  honor,  a  question  of 
loyalty,  a  consideration  of  material  interest. 

20.  certissima.  maxima :  on  account  of  the  fertility  and  pros- 
perity of  that  province.     It  was,  however,  fast  being  drained  dry, 
and  this  fact  accounts  for  the  support  it  gave  to  Mithridates. 

21.  pacis    ornamenta,   subsidia   belli:   chiasmus.     By  pacts 
ornamenta  is  probably  meant  money  for  building  operations,  reli- 
gious festivals,  and  the  like. 

22.  requiretis  :  you  will  look  in  -vain  for. 

23.  a  vobis  :*the  dative  of  agency  is  not  employed,  since  another 
dative  (quibus)   occurs  in  the  same  clause  and  there   might   be 
ambiguity. 

III.    i.  gloriae:  A.  2i8.b;  6.204.1. a;  G. 375  ;  1-1.451.3;  W. 352. 

3.  bello  superiore  :  this  refers  to  the  first  Mithridatic  war.    The 
so-called  second  war  (see  Introd.,  pp.  29,  30)  was  considered  by 
Cicero  of  too  little  importance  to  be  taken  into  account. 

4.  quod  .  .  .  regnat :  explains  macula. 

5.  tota  in  Asia  :  the  use  of  the  preposition  in  with  a  noun  modi- 
fied by  totus  is  a  comparatively  rare  construction,  employed  here  by 
analogy  with  the  following  tot  in  civitatibus.  —  una  significatione 
litterarum  :  by  one  stroke  of  his  pen.     See  Introd.,  p.  29. 

6.  necandos    trucidandosque :    both  are   strong  words.     For 
the  construction,  see  note  on  conlocandum,  p.  106, 1.  5. 

8.  suscepit :  a  very  unusual  verb  with  poenam.     The  common 
words  are  dare,  pendere,  and  solvere,  with  certain  compounds  of  the 
last  two.  —  annum  :  ace.  of  duration  of  time. 

9.  Ponti,  Cappadociae :  Pontus  was  the  far  northeastern  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  along  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  east  of  the  Halys 
River ;  south  of  it  was  the  kingdom  of  Cappadocia. 

n.  in  Asiae  luce  :  in  contrast  to  the  remote  regions  almost 
inaccessible  to  Roman  arms  (latebris). 

13.  insignia  .  .   .  reportarent:    cf.  Tac.   Ger.   37,  Ac  rursiis 
inde  puhi  (i.e.  German:}  proximis  temporibus  triiimphati  magis 
quam   victi  sunt.  —  Triumphavit  .   .   .  Mithridate :     in    8l    B.C. 
Sulla    celebrated   a  triumph   for   his   victories   at    Chaeronea  and 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI  313 

Orchomenus :  Murena  was  granted  a  triumph  in  80  B.C.,  although  PAGE 
the  battle  which  he  had  fought  with  Mithridates  near  the  river  126 
Halys  was  a  defeat  for  the  Romans  rather  than  a  victory. 

1 6.  regnaret :  continued  to  reign. 

17.  quod  egerunt.  quod  reliquerunt :  for  what  they  did,  for 
what  they  left  undone.     Both  verbs  are  used  absolutely,  quod  being 
the  conjunction. 

1 8.  res  publica :  the  political  situation.      The  Marian   faction 
had  again  gained  the  ascendancy. 

IV.  20.  omne  reliquum  tempus :  i.e.  after  the  close  of  the 
second  war. 

22.  cum  .  .  .  comparasset :  "  Dispensing  with  the  mixed  multi- 
tudes and  the  noisy  menaces  of  barbarous  tribes  of  various  languages, 
and  with  the  ornaments  of  gold  and  precious  stones  ...  he  gave 
his  men  broad  swords  like  those  of  the  Romans,  and  massy  shields ; 
chose  horses  better  for  service  than  show;  drew  up  120,000  foot 
in  the  figure  of  the  Roman  phalanx,  and  had  16,000  horse,  besides 
chariots  armed  with  scythes  no  less  than  a  hundred.  Besides,  he  set 
out  a  fleet  not  at  all  cumbered  with  gilded  cabins,  luxurious  baths, 
and  women's  furniture,  but  stored  with  weapons  and  darts  and  other 
necessaries  ;  and  thus  made  a  descent  upon  Bithynia  "  (Plut.  Luc.  7). 
—  ornasset :  equipped. 

24.  Bosporanis :  i.e.  the  peoples  dwelling  near  the  Cimmerian 
Bosporus,  the  strait  connecting  the  Pontus  Euxinus  (Black  Sea) 
with  the  Palus  Maeotis  (Sea  of  Azov). 

25.  eos  duces  :  i.e.  the  rebel  leaders  Sertorius  and  Perpenna. 
27.   binis  :  A.  95.  b  ;  B.  81.  4.  b  :  G.  97.  R.  3  ;  H.  164.  3. 

29.  de  imperio  dimicaretis  :  might  have  to  fight  for  your  sov- 
ereignty. 

30.  Sertorianae  atque  Hispaniensis :  Q.  Sertorius  was  one  of 
the   ablest  men   of  his   time.     He  served  with  distinction  under 
Marius  in  the  war  against  the  Teutones,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  civil  war  on  the  side  of  the  Marian  faction.     Praetor  in  83  B.C., 
he  received  Hither  Spain  as  his  province.     There  large  numbers  of 
Marian  refugees  had  found  an  asylum,  and  Sertorius  became  their       j 
leader.      He  organized  a   republic,  and  by  his  wise  administration 
gained  the  firm  allegiance  of  the  Spaniards.     For  several  years  he 
defended  himself  successfully  against  the  Roman  armies  sent  to  crush 
him.    It  was  not  until  after  the  assassination  of  Sertorius  by  Perpenna 

in  72  B.C.  that  Pompey  was  able  to  bring  the  Spanish  war  to  a  close. 

31.  firmament!  ac  roboris  :  i.e.  external  support  and  internal 
strength. 


314  NOTES 

PAGE  i.    in  altera  parte  :  i.e.  in  the  East. 

127  6.    alio  loco  :  A.  258.  f .  I  ;  B.  228.  i.  b ;  G.  385.  N.  I  ;  H.  485.  2  ; 
W.  402.  2.      In  chap.  VIII  Cicero  keeps  his  promise  to  eulogize 
Lucullus. 

7.    ei :  A.  229 ;  B.  188.  2.  d  ;  G.  347.  R.  5  ;  H.  427  ;  W.  337. 

V.    ii.  mer catoribus   .   .   .  tractatis  :  causal  abl.  abs. 

12.  iniuriosius  :  A.  93.  a ;  B.  240.  I  ;  G.  297  ;  H.  498  ;  W-4I4-  2. 
—  tot  niilibus  :  according  to  some  ancient  writers,  80,000  people 
were  slaughtered  ;  Plutarch  speaks  even  of  1 50,000. 

128  2.    Legati  .  .  .  superbius  :  in  order  to  strengthen  his  argument, 
Cicero  gives  an  exceedingly  mild  version  of  this  event.     The  states 
of  the  Achaean  league  were  at  variance  and  had  appealed  to  the 
Roman   senate,  which   decided  that  Sparta  should  be  allowed  to 
withdraw  from  the  league,  and  that  other  states  should  be  required 
to  sever  their  connection  with  it.      This  decision  was  bitterly  re- 
sented.     During  the  negotiations  Roman  envoys  were  driven  out 
of  the  assembly  of  the  league  amid  shouts  of  derision.     In  the  war 
that  followed,  Corinth,  the  principal  city  of  the  league,  was  captured 
and  utterly  destroyed  in  146  B.C. 

3.  lumen:  see  note  on   lucent,  p.  116,  1.  3.  —  exstinctum :  we 
should  expect  exstinctam,  as  Corinthus  is  feminine,  but  occasionally 
the  predicate  agrees  with  a  noun  in  apposition  or  a  noun  contained  in 
a  relative  clause  modifying  the  subject.     Here  the  agreement  of  ex- 
stinctum with  lumen  emphasizes  the  figure. 

4.  legatum  :  i.e.  M'.  Aquillius.    Cicero  does  not  mention  the  fact 
that  Aquillius  had  forfeited  the  ins  legationis  by  engaging  in  actual 
warfare  against  Mithridates.     See  Introd.,  p.  29. 

6.  Uli:  i.e.  maiores  nostri,  patres  vestri.  —  imminutam,  erep- 
tam :  see  note  on  conditani,  p.  103, 1.  29. 

15.  socius  .  .  .  amicus :  an  honorary  title  bestowed  by  the 
senate  upon  foreign  rulers  who  had  rendered  some  service  to  the 
Roman  nation.  Cf.  Caes.  Bell.  Gall.  i.  35,  Cum  in  consulatn  SHO 
rex  atquc  amicus  ab  senatu  appellatus  esset  (of  Ariovistus). 

1 8.  cuncta  Asia :  the  omission  of  in  is  rare  with  cunctus,  though 
regular  with  totus. 

20.  alium  :  i.e.  Glabrio.  They  did  not  venture  to  seem  to  criti- 
cize either  him  or  his  appointment  (neque  .  .  .  arbitrantur) . 

22.  in  quo  .  .  .  omnia :  in  whom  all  the  JiigJiest  qualifications 
are  combined. 

23.  propter  :  adverbial. — quo:  see  note  on  p.  107,  1.  8. 
25.    maritimum  bellum  :  see  Introd.,  p.  31. 

27.   tacite   rogant :    oxymoron.  —  ut   se  quoque  dignos  .   .  . 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  315 

commendetis  :  that  you  deem  that  they  also  deserve  that  you  should         PAGE 
intrust  their  safety  to  such  a  man.  128 

32.  hunc :  notice  the  asyndeton,  often  resorted  to  in  Latin  to 
heighten  a  contrast,  where  we  use  while. 

VI.    i .    iiulla  .   .  .  lacessiti :  concessive.  129 

2.  cum  .  .  .  Poenis :  the  chronological  order  is  neglected  for 
the  sake  of  the  rhetorical  arrangement,  two  kings  and  two  nations. 
Philip  V  of  Macedon  and  Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria,  were 
both  brought  into  conflict  with  Rome  by  their  attacks  upon  Perga- 
mus  and  the  Rhodians,  allies  of  the  Roman  people.  Philip  was 
defeated  at  Cynoscephalae  in  197  B.C.,  and  Antiochus  at  Magnesia 
in  190  B.C.  The  Aetolian  league  had  joined  Antiochus  against  Rome. 
The  three  Punic  wars  originated  in  the  Carthaginians  attacking 
Messana  in  Sicily,  Saguntum  in  Spain,  and  King  Masinissa  of  Nu- 
midia  respectively.  In  the  case  of  Saguntum,  the  Romans  took  no 
adequate  measures  to  succor  their  allies,  though  they  made  the 
destruction  of  the  city  a  cause  of  war.  Compare  the  reply  given  by 
the  Spanish  chief  when  Rome  attempted  to  gain  his  aid  against 
Hannibal  (Liv.  21. 19.  9),  Quae  verecundiaest,Romani,postulare  vos 
Hti  -restrain  Karthaginiensium  amicitiae  praeponamus,  cum  qui  id 
fecerunt  (i.e.  Saguntinos)  crudelius  quam  Poenus  hostis  perdidit,  vos 
socii  prodideritis. 

5.  de  vectigalibus    agatur :    equivalent  to  vectigalia  agantur 
(cf.  p.  125,  1.  20). 

6.  tanta  suut  .  .  .  possimus  :  are  barely  sufficient  to  furnish  us 
the  means  of  protecting  tJie  provinces  themselves.   What  is  the  literal 
translation?      Always   make   sure   first   that    you    understand    the 
exact  meaning  and  construction  of  each  Latin  word,  and  then  strive 
to   reproduce  the  sense   of  the  passage  in  idiomatic  and   elegant 
English. 

8.  ubertate  .  .  .  exportentur :  this  is  said  with  reference  to 
the  system  of  taxation.  Cf.  11.  19,  20,  and  notes. 

II.   belli  .   .   .  dignitatem:  cf.  p.  125,1.21. 

15.  Bed  etiam  metus  :  this  is  sound  financial  reasoning.  War 
jeopardizes  all  investments. 

19.  ex  portu :  i.e.  the  duties  on  exports.  —  decumis :  this  tax 
was  levied  upon  all  field  produce. 

20.  scriptura  :  a  rax  paid  for  the  use  of  public  pastures,  so  called 
from  the  fact  that  the  number  of  cattle  had  to  be  registered  (scribere) 
with  the  tax-gatherer. 

23.  eos  .  .  .  exigunt :  exercent  refers  to  the  shareholders  in 
the  company  that  was  farming  the  revenues  of  Asia,  while  exigunt 


316  NOTES 

PAGE         has  reference  to  those  who  actually  made  the  collections  in  the 

1  OQ 

province. 

27.  custodiis  :  places  where  custom-house  officials  were  on  guard 
to  prevent  smuggling. 

29.    vobis  fructui:  A.  233.  a;  B.  191.  2  ;  G.  356;  H.  433  ;  W.  345. 

VII.  31.  Ac  ne  illud  quidem  neglegendum  est :  nor  should 
this  fact  be  disregarded. 

32.  cum  essem  dicturus  :  when  I  began  to  speak.  Cf.  p.  125, 1. 22. 
130  2.  quorum  ratio  :  regard  for  whom. 

3.  et :  corresponds  to  Deinde,  1.  9.     Cicero  has  so  much  to  say 
of  the  pubticani  that  a  correlative  et  is  impossible,  and  deinde  is  used 
instead.     This  is  an  instance  of  anacoluthon. 

4.  suas  rationes  et  copias :  their  business  interests  and  their 
capital. 

5.  perse:  for  their  own  sake.  —  vobis  curae :  see  note  on 
p.  129,  1.  29. 

6.  nervos  rei  publicae :  cf.  Cic.  Phil.  5.  2.  5,  primum  nervos 
belli,  pecuniam  infinitam. 

7.  eum  ordinem  :  while  very  many  of  the  equites,  probably  the 
majority  of  them,  were  publicani,  still  the  terms  eques  wad.  publuanus 
were  by  no  means  identical. 

1 1 .  partim  eorum  :  while  others  of  them,  eornm  being  part.  gen. 
Senators  could  not  legally  engage  in  commercial  enterprises,  but 
many  had   large  sums   invested    (conlocatas  habent)    as   silent 
partners. 

12.  humanitatis,   sapientiae :  A.  214.  d;  B.   198.  3;  G.  366; 
H.  439.  3  ;  W.  360. 

15.  illud  parvi  refert :  //  is  of  little  consequence.     For  the  case 
of  parvi,  see  A.  252.  a ;  B.  21 1. 3.  a ;  G.  380.  i ;  H.  449.  3  ;  W.  369.  c. 

1 6.  neque  .  .  .  timorem :   i.e.  those  who  are  now  engaged   in 
farming  your  revenues  will  no  longer  have  the  means  to  continue  in 
the  business,  and  others  will  be  afraid  to  risk  their  money. 

20.  initio  belli  Asiatici :  i.e.  the  first  Mithridatic  war.  — 
docuit :  A.  205.  b ;  B.  255.  3 ;  G.  285.  Exc.  2  ;  H.  392.  4 ;  W.  298.  I. 
—  docti :  made  wise. 

22.  amiserant:  A. 325. a;  B.  288. 1.  A. a;  G.  580;  H. 601.2  ;  W.  369. 

24.    ut  non  trahaiit :  without  dragging,  a  clause  of  result. 

26.  ratio  pecuniarum  :  financial  system. 

27.  foro :  the  Forum  was  the  financial  center  of  Rome.     Here 
were  the  banks,  and  here  business  was  transacted. 

28.  Asiaticis  :    invested  in   Asia.  —  ruere,    labefacta,   conci- 
dant :  figurative  language  corresponding  to  our  expression  '  crash,1 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  317 

used  of  financial  ruin.  —  ilia,  haec  :  neuter  plural  pronouns,  although          PAGE 
the  feminine  nouns  fides,  ratio,  and  pecuniis  are  referred  to.     Notice          130 
that  the  meaning  is  not  the  former  and  the  latter ;  but  the  pronouns 
have  reference  to  that  which  is  more  remote  and  that  which  is  near 
at  hand. 

29.  ne  non  :  has  the  force  of  ne  alone.     See  note  on  p.  71,  1.  4. 

30.  incumbere :  see  note  on  p.  112,  1.  19. 

VIII.    2.  belli  genus  esse  :  the  war  is  in  its  nature.  131 

3.  ita  magnum  :  Cicero  uses  this  and  not  tantum  apparently  for 
two  reasons  —  ita  magnum  corresponds  to  the  preceding  ita  neces- 
sarium,  and  it  implies  the  thought  magnum  sed  non  tarn  magnum. 

8.  homini:  observe  how  this  word,  which  adds  nothing  to  the 
thought,  preserves  the  symmetry  of  the  sentence. 

9.  eius  adventu  :  at  the  time  of  his  arrival. 

10.  ornatas,  instructas  :  here  used  as  pred.  adj. ;  but  obsessam 
(1.  13)  is  part  of  the  verb  form. 

11.  urbem  clarissimam  :  one  of  the  most  famous  cities. 

13.  Cyzicenorum :  sc.  urbem.  Cyzicus  was  a  prosperous  city 
of  Mysia,  situated  on  the  Propontis  (Sea  of  Marmora)  opposite 
Byzantium  (Constantinople).  —  obsessam,  oppugnatam  :  what  is 
the  difference  in  meaning  between  these  two  verbs  ? 

1 8.    periculis  :  abl.  of  separation. 

20.  ducibus  Sertoriauis  :  of  the  three  admirals  who  commanded 
the  fleet  of  Mithridates  only  one  was  a  Roman  and  adherent  of  Ser- 
torius,  but  there  were  with  the  fleet  many  other  Marian  refugees.  It 
was  reported  to  be  their  intention  to  raise  once  more  the  Marian 
standard  in  Italy  itself.  The  battle  mentioned  here  was  fought  near 
the  island  of  Lemnos. 

27.  Pontum  :  cf.  p.  126,  11.  9-11.  —  clausus  :  here  used  as  an  ad- 
jective. 

28.  fuisset :  concessive. 

30.  uno  aditu  adventuque:  to  be  taken  with  permultas  alone, 
inasmuch  as  Sinope  and  Amisus  surrendered  only  after  a  desperate 
resistance. 

31 .  ad  alios  reges  :  he  had  asked  help  of  Tigranes  and  Machares. 
the  latter  of  whom  was  his  son,  and  ruled  the  kingdom  of  the  Bosporus 
under  his  suzerainty ;  and  later  on.  of  the  Parthian  king  Arsaces. 

33.  sal  vis  .  .  .  vectigalibus  :  Lucullus  had  neither  oppressed 
the  provincials  by  burdensome  requisitions  nor  made  heavy  drafts 
upon  the  Roman  treasury,  but  had  made  the  booty  pay  the  expenses 
of  the  war. 

2.   nullo  :  used  regularly  as  the  ablative  of  nemo.  132 


3  1 8  NOTES 

PAGE  IX.    7.  ex  eodem  Ponto  :  Mithridates  had  conquered  the  ancient 

132  Colchis  and  annexed  it  to  his  kingdom.     According  to  the  myth, 
Medea  helped  Jason  to  obtain  the  Golden  Fleece,  and  sailed, with 
him  in  the  Argo  when  he  fled  from  Colchis  with  his  prize. 

8.  ilia:  A.  102.  b;  B.  246.  3;  G.  307.  2;  H.  507.  4;  W.  426.  3. 
—  quondam  :  once  upon  a  time. 

9.  praedicant :  notice  that  this  is  not  praedicant.  —  fratris  sui : 
his  name  is  given  as  Absyrtus. 

11.  parens  :  i.e.  Aeetes.  —  dissipavisse  .  .  .  retardaret :  Cicero 
elsewhere  quotes  the  following  verses,  apparently  from  Accius  or 
Ennius,  and  our  passage  may  be  a  reminiscence  of  them  :  — 

Perqite  agros  passim  dispergit  corpus  ;  id  ea  gratia, 

ut  dum  nati  dissipates  art  us  captaret  parens, 

ipsa  interea  effugeret,  ilium  ut  maeror  tardaret  sequi. 

12.  dispersa :  here  and  there.     The  force  of  dispersa  is  really 
felt  with  eorum,  but  grammatically,  of  course,  it  modifies  conlectio. 
It  is,  therefore,  what  is  known  as  a  transferred  epithet. 

23.  ilium :  Aeetes. 

24.  hos  :  the  soldiers  of  Lucullus. 

28.  rebus  suis  :  his  fortunes.  For  the  case,  see  A.  227 ;  B. 
187.  II.  a;  G.  346;  H.  426.  i  ;  W.  330. 

33.  numquam  neque  :  A.  209.  a.  2  ;  B.  347. 2  ;  G.  445  ;  H.  656.  2  ; 
W.  662. 

133  2.    vehemens  :  fanatical. 

3.  fani:  according  to  Mommsen,  the  shrine  of  the  Persian  god- 
dess Anaitis,  in  the  district  of  Elymais  north  of  the  Persian  Gulf; 
it  was  the  richest  and  most  celebrated  sanctuary  of  all  the  region  of 
the  Euphrates. 

7.  urbem :  Tigranocerta. 

8.  desiderio  suorum  :  longing  for  their  dear  ones ;  suorum  is  a 
substantive  use  of  suns,  and  in  the  objective  genitive.  —  commove- 
batur :  i.e.  there  was  a  mutiny.     See  Introd.,  p.  30. 

10.  Hie:    on  this  subject.  —  Fuit  enirn  illud   extremum  :  this 
indeed  was  the  final  outcome. 

13.  eorum:    modifies  auxiliis,  and  is  therefore  coordinate  with 
adventiciis. 

15.  hoc  .  .  .  solere :  that  it  almost  invariably  happens  (lit. 
that  this  is  commonly  wont  to  happen  tints,  a  doubly  redundant  ex- 
pression). 

18.  ut  .  .  .  videatur:  a  clause  of  result.  Among  the  extant 
fragments  of  Sallust's  history  is  a  similar  reflection,  apparently  upon 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  319 

this  same  Mithridatic  war  {Adeo  illis  ingenita  est  sanctitas  regii 
)w  minis) . 

19.  victus  :  after  his  defeat.  —  incolumis  :  at  the  height  of  his 
power. 

22.  ut :  namely  that.     The  use  of  this  result  clause  instead  of 
quod  and  the  indicative  is  due  to  the  influence  of  the  verb  of  hap- 
pening (accnierat).  —  umquam  :  used  here  because  of  the  negative 
force  given  by  praeter  spem.     He  had  not  expected  that  he  would 
ever  reach  Pontus.  % 

23.  impetum  fecit :    after  Lucullus  had  been  forced  to  retreat 
by  the  mutiny  of  his  soldiers,  Mithridates  successfully  attacked  the 
Roman  troops  left  behind  in  Pontus,  and  regained  possession  of  his 
kingdom  by  utterly  defeating  Triarius,  a  lieutenant  of  Lucullus,  near 
Zela  in  67  B.C.  (nostram  calamitatem,  1.  26). 

25.  Sinite  praeterire :  preterition.  The  figure  indeed  has  its 
name  from  this  verb  praeterire.  —  poetae  :  Cicero  may  have  had  in 
mind  Cn.  Naevius,  who  in  his  Bellum  Punicum  gave  a  poetical 
account  of  the  first  Punic  war ;  and  Q.  Ennius,  who  in  his  Annales 
gave  in  verse  a  history  of  Rome  from  the  earliest  time  to  his  own 
age. 

27.  imperatoris  :  i.e.  Lucullus.  —  non  .  .  .  nuntius :  to  indi- 
cate the  complete  rout  of  the  Roman  army  ;  a  rhetorical  exaggeration 
if  it  implies  that  none  survived  to  tell  the  tale.  —  ex  sermone : 
from  hearsay. 

29.    aliqua  ex  parte  :  in  some  measure. 

31.   vetere  exemplo  :  equivalent  to  more  maiorum. 

35.    coniungant :  unite  in  carrying  on. 

I.   integrae  :  fresh,  with  strength  unimpaired.     Cf.  p.  132,  1.  33.  134 

X.    3.    esset :  A.  336.  B.  N.  2  ;  B.  268.  2  ;  G.  518  ;  H.  548. 

8.   potissimum  :  in  preference  to  all  others. 

14.    summo  :  tJie  ideal. 

1 8.  patris  :  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  who  played  an  important  part 
in  the  Social  War.     In  87  B.C.  he  was  called  to  Rome  to  defend  the 
city  against  Cinna.     Though  a  mere  youth,  Pompey  accompanied 
his  father  in  the  later  campaigns  of  the  Social  War  ;  and  while  under 
his  command  in  the  civil  war  had  an  opportunity  to  display  his 
energy  and  ability. 

19.  extrema:  A.  193;  B.  241.  i;  0.291.11.2;  11.497.4;  W. 
416. 

20.  imperatoris  :  this  refers  again  to  Pompey's  father. 

21.  imperator:  when  Sulla  landed  in  Italy  in  83  B.C.,  Pompey, 
then  twenty-three  years  of  age,  went  to  Picenum,  where  he  possessed 


320  NOTES 

PAGE         great  estates,  and  there  raised  three  legions.     After  gaining  some 
134          advantages  over  opposing  forces,  he  led  his  army  to  Sulla  in  Apulia. 
Sulla,  delighted  with  his  energy,  saluted  him  as  imperator,  that  is 
a  general  commanding  an  army  in  his  own  name. 

21.  hoste,  inimico :  this  is  almost  a  locus  classiais  for  the  dis- 
tinction between  these  words.  —  quisquam  :  what  is  the  negative 
idea  that  requires  this  pronoun? 

24.  alienis :  this  adjective  is  used  regularly  in  place  of  the  pos- 
sessive genitive  of  alias. 

25.  suis  imperils  :  "  It  was  customary  for  a  Roman  knight,  when 
he  had  served  the  time  ordered  by  law,  to  lead  his  horse  into  the 
Forum  before  the  two  magistrates  called  censors,  and  after  having 
given  an  account  of  the  generals  and  other  officers  under  whom  he 
had  made  his  campaigns,  and  of  his  own  actions  in  them,  to  demand 
his    discharge.  .  .  .     The  senior  censor  then  addressed  him  as 
follows,  'Pompey  the  Great,  I  demand  of  you  whether  you  have 
served  all  the  campaigns  required  by  law?'      He  answered  with  a 
loud  voice, '  I  have  served  them  all,  and  all  under  myself  as  general '  v 
(Plut.  Pomp.  22). 

27.  Civile :  throughout  the  struggle,  Pompey  was  Sulla's  most 
brilliant  general. 

28.  Africanum  :  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  one  of  the  partizans 
of  Marius,  had  escaped  to  Africa  and  formed  an  alliance  with  Hiar- 
bas,  the  pretender  to  the  throne  of  Numidia.      Pompey  defeated 
Ahenobarbus  in  81  B.C.,  and  within  forty  days  put  an  end  to  all 
opposition  in  Africa.      For  this  victory  a  triumph  was  granted  him, 
although  he  had  not  yet  risen  to  senatorial  rank.     Up  to  this  time 
only  magistrates  with  the  iinperimn  (dictator,  consul,  praetor)  had 
been  allowed  to  celebrate  a  triumph.  —  Transalpinum :    while  on 
his  march  to  Spain  in  77  B.C.,  Pompey  had  to  contend  in  several 
fierce  engagements  with  Gallic  tribes,  which  had  probably  been  in- 
duced by  Sertorius  to  dispute  his  passage.  —  Hispaniense  :  see  note 
on  p.  126,  1.  30.  —  mixtum  ex  ...  nationibus :  in  reference  to 
the  motley  character  of  the  forces  of  Sertorius. 

29.  servile :    Pompey's  share  in  crushing  this   insurrection  of 
gladiators  and  slaves  was  very  slight.     Under  the  able  leadership 
of  Spartacus,  a  Thracian  gladiator,  they  had  defeated  four  Roman 
armies,  when  the  command  was  assigned  to  the  praetor  M.  Crassus, 
who  had   been   one  of   Sulla's  lieutenants.      At  first  he  met  with 
serious    reverses,  and  requested  the  senate  to  recall  M.   Lucullus 
from  Macedonia  and  Pompey  from  Spain  to  assist  him  ;  but  before 
any  reinforcements   could   reach   him,   he  met  and  utterly  routed 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  321 

Spartacus,  who  himself  fell  in  the  battle.    A  remnant  of  the  defeated         PAGE 
army  escaped  to  Cisalpine  Gaul,  where  Pompey  returning  from  Spain          134 
easily  cut  to  pieces  the  disheartened  fugitives.     In  his  report  to  the 
senate,  Pompey  claimed  the  credit  of  finishing  the  war.  —  navale  : 
i.e.  the  war  with  the  pirates.     See  Introd.,  p.  31. 

30.  gesta:  there  is  here  something  like  zeugma,  for  one  could 
not  say  genera  hostium  gesta. 

31 .  confecta  :  brought  to  a  successful  close. 

XI.  i .    quae  .  .  .  inveniri :  what  words  can  be  found  adequate.          135 

4.  virtutes  imperatoriae  :    virtues  of  a  true  commander.     In 
1.  i,  virtuti  means  worth,  the  sum  of  -virtues.     Cicero  does  not  men- 
tion the  additional  qualities  he  has  in  mind  till  chap.  XIII. 

9.  Testis  :  anaphora,  most  effectively  closed  by  the  plural  Testes, 
1.  22.  In  this  passage  Cicero  takes  up  more  in  detail,  but  in  the 
same  order,  the  wars  already  mentioned  on  p.  134,  11.  27-29. 

12.  celeritate :  at  the  close  of  the  struggle  in  Italy,  Sulla  sent 
Pompey  to  Sicily,  to  operate  against  the  Marian  force  under  the 
command  of  Perpenna.  When  he  appeared  on  the  coast,  Perpenna 
evacuated  the  island  without  resistance,  and  Pompey  was  ordered  to 
proceed  to  Africa  to  reduce  Ahenobarbus. 

20.    absente  :  see  note  on  p.  134,  1.  29. 

23.    universa  :    /;/  their  entire  extent. 

25.  Quis  enim  :  in  the  statements  which  Cicero  makes  in  this  and 
the  succeeding  chapter  concerning  the  outrages  committed  by  the 
pirates,  he  is  guilty  of  no  great  exaggeration.  The  magnitude  of  the 
danger  may  be  inferred  from  the  forces  placed  at  Pompey "s  disposal : 
120,000  infantry.  5000  cavalry,  500  ships,  and  all  the  resources  of  the 
public  treasury. 

28.  hieme  :  contrary  to  custom,  vessels  braved  the  storms  of 
winter,  because  at  that  season  the  sea  was  less  infested  with  pirates. 
—  praedonum  :  refertus  is  usually  followed  by  the  genitive  of  per- 
sons, the  ablative  of  things. 

30.  arbitraretur :  would  have  thought.  —  ab  omnibus  .  ,  . 
imperatore  :  a  combination  of  two  figures  of  rhetoric,  chiasmus  and 
commutatio  (chiasmus  in  imperatoribns  anno,  annis  imperatore', 
commutatio  in  omnibus  imperatoribiis  uno  anno,  omnibus  annis  uno 
imperatore'). 

34.  Cui  praesidio  :  the  double  dative  construction.  —  classibus  : 
ablative. 

XII.  4.  Fuit :  see  note  on  p.  69.  1.  23.  136 

5.  proprium  populi  Roman! :  A.  234.  d ;  B.  204. 2 ;  G.  359.  R.  I ; 
H-43S-45  W.  352. 


322  NOTES 

PAGE  7.   Sociis  :  notice  that  the  impatience  of  deliberative  questions  is 

136          commonly  shown  by  the  omission  of  the  interrogative  particle.  — 
die  am :  must  be  pres.  subj.,  like  commemorem,  1.  14. 

8.  Brundisio :  the  usual  port  of  departure  for  Greece  and  the 
East.  —  hieme    summa  :    in  the  depth  of  winter.      See  notes   on 
p.  134,  1.  19;  and  p.  135,  1.  28. 

9.  venirent :  imperfect  because  it  depends  upon  captos   (esse^, 
but  redempti  sint  depends  directly  upon  qiierar. 

II.  duodecim  secures:  i.e.  two  praetors.  By  a  double  me- 
tonymy the  praetores  are  represented  by  the  secures  of  the  lictores 
who  accompanied  them.  See  Introd.,  p.  57. 

14.  cum  vestros  portus  .   .  .  sciatis :  "Even  the  sacred  soil 
of  Italy  was  now  no  longer  respected  by  the  shameless  transgressors ; 
from  Croton  they  carried  off  with  them  the  temple-treasures  of  the 
Lacinian  Hera ;  they  landed  in  Brundisium,  Misenum,  Caieta.  in  the 
Etruscan  ports,  even  in  Ostia  itself;  they  seized  the  most  eminent 
Roman  officers  as  captives,  among  others  the  admiral  of  the  Cilician 
army  and  two  praetors  with  their  whole  retinue,  with  the  dreaded 
fasces  themselves  and  all  the  insignia  of  their  dignity ;  they  carried 
away  from  a  villa  at  Misenum  the  very  sister  of  the  Roman  admiral- 
in-chief  Antonius,  who  was  sent  forth  to  annihilate  the  pirates  ;   they 
destroyed  in  the  port  of  Ostia  the  Roman  war  fleet  equipped  against 
them  and  commanded  by  a  consul"  (Mommsen,  IV.  354,  355). 

15.  vitam  ac  spiritum  :  the  breath  of  life.     Rome  was  depen- 
dent on  her  imports  for  the  necessities  of  life. 

19.  liberos :  Plutarch  says  a  daughter  of  Antonius  was  carried 
off;  see  note  on  1.  14,  where  Mommsen  has  in  mind  her  brother. 
Both  M.  Antonius  the  orator  and  his  son,  the  father  of  the  triumvir, 
had  fought  against  the  pirates. 

20.  gesserat :  the  use  of  the  indicative  produces  something  like 
the  effect  of  had  actually  waged.  —  Nam  quid  :  a  good  example  of 
preterition. 

21.  Ostiense  :  Ostia  was  the  port  of  Rome. 

22.  cum :  at  the  time  when.     Notice  that  this  is  a  different  use 
from  that  in  11.  8,  10,  n,  14. 

24.    Pro:  the  interjection.  —  unius  hominis  :  Pompey. 

27.  ii  :  refers  to  vos.  It  may  be  translated  even  yon.  —  Oceani 
ostium  :  i.e.  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar;  used  by  way  of  strong  contrast 
to  ostium  Tiber  inn  in. 

29.  haec  :  subject  of  gesta  sint,  or  of  praetereunda  sunt.  — qua 
celeritate  gesta  sint :  object  of  vidctis. 

30.  a  me  :  stronger  than  the  more  usual  mihi. 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI  323 

31.  consequendi  quaestus  :  making  money.  PAGE 

32.  tarn  brevi  tempore  quam  celeriter  tanti  .  .  .  navigavit: 
so  swiftly  as  the  fit  ry  of  this  mighty  -war  swept  over  the  sea. 

3.   frumentaria  subsidia  :  granaries.  137 

5.  duabus    Hispaniis :    i.e.    the   Roman    provinces   Hispania 
Citerior  and  Hispania  Ulterior. 

6.  confirmata  :  in  agreement  with  Gallia,  the  nearer  part  of  the 
compound  subject,  to  prevent  ambiguity. 

7.  Illyrici  maris  :  i.e.  the  Adriatic.  —  Achaiam :  at  this   time 
the  name  was  used  for  the  Peloponnesus  only ;  later  the  whole  of 
Greece  was  organized  as  a  Roman  province  under  this  name. 

9.  profectus  est :  A.  324;  6.287.  *?  0.561;  H.  602;  W.  530, 
531.     Translate  ut  here  from  the  time  when. 

10.  Ciliciam  :  this  country  had  been  the  stronghold  of  the  pirates. 

11.  Omnes  .  .  .  fuerunt:  all  pirates,  wherever  they  were. 

13.  Cretensibus  :  dat.  with  both  ademit  and  imperavit.     This 
passage  shows  clearly  the  real  force  of  the  so-called  dative  of  sep- 
aration. 

14.  deprecatoresque  :  to  plead  for  them.     Words  added  with 
-que  often  serve  to  complete  the  meaning  of   the  words  to  which 
they   are  added.      Cf.    1.    15,  where  the   meaning   is  did  not   de- 
prive the  Cretans  of  hope  that  their  surrender  would  be  accepted,  as 
was  sfwwn  by  his  making  a  demand  upon  them  for  hostages.     The 
dissension  arising  from  this  incident  almost  led  to  a  conflict  between 
Pompey  and  Q.  Metellus,  then  governor  of  Crete,  who  refused  to 
recognize  Pompey's  authority,  having  himself  broken  the  back  of 
resistance  in  the  island. 

XIII.  i .  virtus  :  i.e.  the  bellandi  virtus  mentioned  below,  and  138 
already  explained  in  the  passage  beginning  on  p.  135,1.  3.  Noticethe 
consummate  art  with  which  Cicero  has  here  made  use  of  preterition. 
While  affecting  in  the  first  instance  to  take  no  notice  of  the  com- 
monly recognized  abilities  of  a  successful  commander,  he  has  given 
at  length  a  masterly  exposition  of  Pompey's  eminence  in  each  par- 
ticular, a  skilful  digression  which  heightens  the  effect  of  the  unusual 
qualities  to  a  consideration  of  which  he  now  returns. 

2.    Quid  ceterae  :  what  of  the  other  virtues. 

6.  innocentia :  integrity  or  incorruptibility,  when  applied  to  a 
public  officer.  The  discussion  of  this  point  begins  with  1.  12,  and 
occupies  the  remainder  of  the  chapter. 

8.  Quae:  see  note  on  p.  76, 1.  14. 

10.    ex  aliorum  contentions  :  by  comparison  with  others. 

12.  ullo  in  numero  :  at  all  worthy  of  that  name. 


324  NOTES 

PAGE  13.   centuriatus  :  the  centurions  were  appointed  by  the  general 

138  from  the  ranks.     The  frequency  of  such  occurrences  as  those  hinted 
at  by  Cicero  here  may  be  inferred  from  a  statement  of  Caesar  {Bell. 
Gall.  i.  40),  that  he  had  no  reason  to  fear  mutiny,  since  he  had 
never  been  guilty  of  avarice.  —  veneant,  venierint :  from  veneo, 
not  venio.  —  Quid  .  .  .  cogitare  :  sc.  possutnus  putare.     For  the 
meaning  of  Quid  .  .  .  cogitare,  cf.  qui  .  .  .  sentirent,  p.  99,  1.  2. 

1 6.  provinciae  :  obj.  gen.  with  cupiditatem.     The  meaning  is 
that  the  money  was  used  in  bribing  the  magistrates  to  exert  their 
influence  to  have  the  governor  continued  in  his  province. 

17.  in  quaestu  :  at  interest. 

1 8.  facit  .  .  .  videamini:  makes  it  evident  that yoti  recognize. 
22.   ventum  sit :  for  venerint.    A.  146.  d  ;  B.  138.  IV ;  G.  208.  2  ; 

H.  518.  i  ;  W.  442.  4. 

24.   recordamini :  imperative. 

29.  iudicando,  iudices :  the  governor  had  supreme  judicial 
power  in  his  province ;  but  he  might  himself  be  tried  for  maladmin- 
istration upon  his  return  to  Rome. 

31.  Hie:   under  these  conditions.  —  ceteris  :    excellere  governs 
the  dative  after  the  analogy  of  praestare  and  antecellere. 

32.  non  modo  :  see  note  on  p.  92,  1.  32.  —  manus,  vestigium  : 
the  first  refers  to  wilful  violence ;  the  second,  to  damage  naturally 
done  by  an  army  on  its  march,  in  destroying  crops,  etc. 

139  3.    Hiemis,  avaritiae  :  the  first  genitive  is  objective ;  the  second, 
subjective. 

XIV.  5.  Age  vero  :  but  come.  Age  is  practically  interjectional, 
and  may  be  in  the  singular  even  when  addressed  to  more  than  one 
person,  as  here. 

6.  Unde :  how. 

7.  inventum  :  was  made  possible. 

12.  amoenitas :  sc.  locorum,  beautiful  scenery.  —  urbis : 
"Though  he  was  pressed  for  time,  and  in  his  haste  had  sailed  by 
many  cities  without  calling,  yet  he  stopped  at  Athens.  He  entered 
the  town  and  sacrificed  to  the  gods ;  and  afterwards  he  addressed 
the  people,  and  then  prepared  to  re-embark  immediately"  (Plut. 
Pomp.  27). 

15.  tollenda :  the  practice  of  bringing  home  as  spoils  the  art 
treasures  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  had  resulted  already  in  a  general 
diffusion  of  interest  in  art  among  the  wealthier  Romans,  and  it  was 
quite  the  fashion  to  pose  as  a  connoisseur.  —  ea  :  simply  repeats  the 
antecedent  of  quae,  namely  signa  .  .  .  oppidorum. 

19.  fuisse  :  emphatic  by  its  position,  that  there  really  were. 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI 


325 


20.    quod  videbatur  :  a  fact  which  was  beginning  to  seem. 
24.    habebamus  :    A.  325.  a;  B.  288.  i.a;  0.580;  H.  601.  2; 
W.  536- 

30.  in  quo  ipso  :  and  in  tJiis  also. 

31.  hoc  ipso  ex  loco:  i.e.  the  Rostra.     Whatever  his  abilities 
5s  a  soldier  may  have  been,  Pompey  could  lay  but  little  claim  to 
consideration  as  an  orator.     "  In  the  tumult  of  battle  he  faced  the 
enemy  fearlessly :  in  civil  life  he  was  a  shy  man.  whose  cheek  flushed 
on  the  slightest  occasion ;   he  spoke  in  public  not  without  embar- 
rassment, and   generally  was   angular,   stiff,   and   awkward   in   in- 
tercourse11 (Mommsen).     Cicero  says  of  him  that  he  might  have 
attained  greater  fame  as  a  speaker,  had  ambition  not  drawn  him  to 
the  career  of  a  soldier;  and  praises  his  common  sense,  the  clear- 
ness of  his  voice,  and  the  dignity  of  his  gestures. 

32.  quam  hostes  omnes  iudicarint:  when  all  our  enemies  have 
deemed  it. 

2.  pugnantes  :  when  fighting  against  him.  140 

3.  quisquam :    see  note  on  p.  71,  1.  14.  —  quin   ...  sit:  A. 
332.  g.  x.  I.  R.  ;  B.  298 ;  G.  555  :  H.  595.  i  :  W.  575,  576. 

XV.  8.  ea  re :  in  this  respect.  —  Vehementer  .  .  .  quis 
ignorat :  moreover,  who  does  not  understand  that  what  the  enemy 
and  what  our  allies  think  about  our  commanders  is  of  the  greatest 
importance  in  carrying  on  wars. 

1 1 .  homines  :  subject  of  commoveri.  —  ut  .  .  .  ament :  clauses 
of  result  dependent  on  commoveri. 

15.  f  acit :  creates,  makes  for. 

1 6.  iudicia  :  i.e.  by  /toriores  and  imperia  bestowed  upon  him. 

17.  quo  :  equivalent  to  ut  ad  earn.  —  illius  diei :  i.e.  the  day  on 
which  the  Gabinian  law  was  passed.     See  Introd.,  p.  31. 

20.  commune  .  .  .  bellum  :  cf.  quo  hello  o nines  gentes  ac  nationes 
premebantur,  p.  137.  1.  16. 

22.  ut  non :  not  quite  equivalent  to  tie,  for  non  goes  closely  with 
dicam  in  the  sense  of  omittam.  —  neque  :  and  not  introducing  a 
clause  of  purpose  is  regularly  expressed  by  neve  (nen) .  —  aliorum  : 
because  sufficient  illustrations  are  found  in  Pompey's  life  alone. 

24.    qui  quo  die  :  on  the  day  on  which  he. 

26.  vilitas  annonae  :  ••  As  the  price  of  provisions  fell  immedi- 
ately, the  people  were  greatly  pleased,  and  it  gave  them  occasion  to 
say,  '  The  very  name  of  Pompey  has  put  an  end  to  the  war'  "  (Plut. 
Pomp.  26). 

27.  unius  hominis :   to  be  construed  as  an  objective  genitive 
with  spe,  as  a  subjective  genitive  with  nomine. 


326  NOTES 

PAGE  29.   potuisset :  the  apodosis  of  a  condition  contrary  to  fact,  the 

140  implied  protasis  being  sifuisset  diuturna  pax,  and  ex  ...  agrorum 
equivalent  to  si  sum  ma  nbertas  agrorum  fuisset. 

31.   paulo  ante:  i.e.  on  p.  133,  11.  25-28. — invitus :  A.   191; 

B.  239;  G.  325.  R.  6;  H.  497.  I ;  W.  412. 

33.  ad  ...  temporis :  at  the  critical  moment  of  that  danger- 
ous time. 

141  7.  rumore  :  sc.  adventus  sui. 

XVI.    8.    Age  vero  :  see  note  on  p.  139,  1.  5. 
12.    Cretensium  :  see  note  on  p.  137,  1.  14. 

14.  noster  imperator :  i.e.  O.  Metellus. 

15.  in  ultimas  prope  terras:    rhetorical   exaggeration.      The 
distance  from  Crete  to  Pamphylia  is  not  very  great ;    but  Cicero 
takes  advantage  of  the  fact  that  these  countries  were  ultimae  prope 
with  reference  to  Rome. 

20.  ad  eundem  Pompeium :    according  to  all  other  accounts, 
Mithridates  had  entered  into  negotiations  with  Sertorius  and  not 
with  Pompey ;   there  is  a  possibility  that  one  of  the  king's  spies 
had  been  taken  in  Pompey's  camp,  and  that  to  flatter   Pompey's 
vanity  the  report  was  spread  that  the  captive  was  a  royal  mes- 
senger. 

22.  eum :  one. 

23.  ii :  i.e.  Pompey's  rivals  ;  it  is  the  subject  of  maluerunt. 

24.  potissimum  :  rather  than  to  any  one  else. 

25.  speculatorem  .  .  .  iudicari :  object  of  maluerunt. 
28.   hanc  .  .  .  amplificatam :  subject  of  valituram  esse. 
30.    quantum  .  .  .  existimetis :  object  of  constituere. 

142  i.   homines:  sc.  dicer e.  —  pauca:  briefly. 

2.  Maximo  .  .  .  Mario:  Q.  Fabius  Maximus, dictator  in  2176.0., 
called  Cunctator  on  account  of  his  cautious  strategy  in  his  campaigns 
against  Hannibal ;  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  who  captured  Syracuse 
in  212  B.C.  ;  probably  Scipio  Aemilianus  (see  note  on  p.  121,  1.  n)  ; 

C.  Marius. 

10.  hac  .  .  .  videamur :  /  shall  speak  with  such  moderation 
that  I  shall  not  say  that  fortune  has  been  actually  placed  in  his 
power,  but  that  I  shall  seem  merely  mindful  of  the  past  and  hopeful 
of  the  future. 

14.   invisa  :  an  allusion  to  the  dreaded  envy  of  the  gods. 

18.  domi  militiae  :  A.  258.  d  ;  B.  232.  2  ;  G.  41 1.  R.  2  ;  H.  484.  2  ; 
W.  403.  2. 

19.  ut :  how. 

21.  adsenserint :   the  active  form  is  used  instead  of  the  more 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  327 

common  deponent  for  rhetorical  reasons  (concinnity),  to  agree  in         PAGE 
sound  with  obtempcrarint,  etc. 

22.   venti  tempestatesque  :  wind  and  weather. 

26.  tot,  tautas.  tacitus  :  notice  the  alliteration. 

27.  quot  et  quantas  :  as. 

35.  quin  hoc  tan  turn  boni  conferatis  :  to  make  use  of  this 
great  advantage.  The  infinitive  is  regularly  used  with  dubito  when 
it  means  hesitate. 

XVII.   4.  erat  deligendua  :  A.  308.  c ;  B.  304. 3.  b ;  G.  597.  R.  3 ;          143 
H.  582. 

5.  mine  :  now,  however. 

6.  ut  .  .  .  possit :  substantive  clauses  of  result  explaining  oppor- 
tnnitas. 

7.  qui  habent :  i.e.  Lucullus,  who  on  account  of  the  inactivity  of 
Glabrio  had  been  forced  to  retain  the  chief  command  in  Asia ;  Gla- 
brio  himself;  and  Q.  Marcius  Rex,  the  governor  of  Cilicia.  —  acci- 
pere  :  sc.  exercitus.  —  quid  exspectamus  :  why  do  we  hesitate  (lit. 
what  are  we  waiting  for). 

10.  regium  :  against  the  kings,  Mithridates  and  Tigranes.  —  com- 
mittamus  :  see  note  on  invitem,  p.  80,  1.  16. 

12.  adfectus:  honored.  —  Q.  Catulus  :  Q.  Lutatius  Catulus  was 
consul   in  78  B.C.,  and  later  princeps  senatus',    he  was  the  most 
respected  of  the  optimates  and  their  acknowledged  leader.     Cf.  Cic. 
Sest.  47.  1 01,  Qua/is  nnper  Q.  Catulus  fiat,  quern  neque  periculi 
tempestas  neque  honoris  aura  potuit  umquam  de  suo  cursu  aut  sfe 
ant  metu  demo^>ere. 

13.  Q.  Hortensius  :  for  many  years  his  eloquence  made  him  the 
undisputed  leader  of  the  Roman  bar  (see  Introd.,  p.  18).     He  was 
very  wealthy,  and  one  .of  the  most  prominent  and  constant  sup- 
porters of  the  optimates. 

14.  ratione  :  opinion,  way  of  thinking. 

1 5 .  multis  locis  :  on  many  occasions. 

16.  cognoscetis :  Cicero  gives  later  in  the  speech  (p.  150,11.4- 
14)  the  names  of  some  influential  men  who  favored  the  bill. 

17.  omissis  auctoritatibus  :  disregarding  opinions. 

18.  ipsa  re  ac  ratione:  hendiadys.     Trans,  by  a  consideration 
of  the  actual  facts. 

20.  isti :  here  used,  as  commonly,  of  opponents. 

21 .  summa  esse  omnia :  all  the  requisite  qualities  are  found  to 
an  eminent  degree. 

24.  Obsolevit  iam  ista  oratio  :  that  argument  has  now  lost  its 
force. 


328  NOTES 

PAGE  27.   A.  Gabinium  :    see  Introd.,  p.  31.  —  graviter    ornateque  : 

143          forcibly  and  eloquently. 

29.  promulgasset :   the  magistrate  who  intended  to  propose  a 
bill  to  the  comitia  was  required  to  announce  its  provisions  at  least 
twenty-four  days  before  the  meeting  at  which  it  was  to  be  voted  on. 

30.  Turn  :  construe  with  valuisset.    It  is  characteristic  of  Cicero's 
methods  in  dealing  with  his  audience  that  he  evades  any  discussion 
of  the  only  weighty  objection  to  the  Manilian  law,  the  serious  con- 
stitutional question  of  bestowing  such  unlimited  power  upon  one 
man.     Having  made  the  statement  that  the  same  arguments   had 
been  used  against  the  Gabinian  law,  he  adroitly  argues  from  the 
successful  outcome  of  that  law,  appealing  to  the   experience,  the 
prejudice,  the  patriotism  of  his   hearers,  and   allowing  the   main 
objection  to  pass  unnoticed. 

32.    vera  causa :  their  true  interests, 

^44  XVIII.   8.  quondam  :  i.e.  in  the  fifth  century  B.C.,  the  height  of 

Athenian  supremacy. 

9.  Karthagiiiiensium :  until  her  power  was  broken  by  Rome, 
Carthage  had  practically  the  entire  carrying-trade  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean in  her  hands. 

10.  Rhodiorum  :  the  Rhodians,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  mari- 
time and  commercial  power  of  Athens,  often  assisted  Rome  with 
their  fleets  in  her  Asiatic  wars. 

14.  per  se  ipsa  :  Latin  writers  were  fond  of  this  redundant  use 
of  ipse  to  emphasize  the  reflexive. 

145  2.   invictum :    an  inaccurate  statement,  which,  however,  would 

naturally  appeal  to  his  audience.  In  the  battle  of  Drepana,  for 
instance,  249  B.C.,  P.  Claudius  Pulcher  suffered  a  crushing  defeat  by 
the  Carthaginian  fleet. 

3.  permanserit :  subj.  of  characteristic.  —  ac  :  and  indeed, — 
multo  :  see  note  on  p.  123,  1.  13.  —  utilitatis  :  of  its  material  ad- 
vantages. 

5.  Aiitiochum.  Persem  :  see  note  on  p.  129,  1.  2.  and  on  Pan  Ins, 
p.  121, 1.  14.  The  Romans  made  large  use  of  their  fleet  in  the  opera- 
tions against  Antiochus  and  Perseus.  —  omnibus  :  see  note  on  1.  2. 

7.    ii :  cf.  p.  136,  1.  27,  and  idem  in  1.  13  of  this  page. 

1 1 .  insula  Delos  :  famous  in  ancient  times  as  the  birthplace  of 
Apollo  and  Diana ;  it  was  in  the  Aegean  Sea  near  the  center  of  the 
Cyclades.     On   account  of  its  central   position   and    its  especially 
sacred  temple  of  Apollo,  which  seemed  to  insure  protection,  it  be- 
came a  place  of  great  commercial  importance  after  the  destruction  of 
Corinth  in  146  B.C.;  but  the  forces  of  Mithridates  seized  it  in  the 


DE   IMPERIO    POMPEI  329 

first  Mithridatic  war  and  laid  it  waste,  and  in  69  B.C.  it  was  sur-          PAGE 
prised  and  utterly  devastated  by  a  band  of  pirates.  145 

14.  portubus  :  A.  70.  d ;  6.49.3;  G.  6i.R.  i;  H.  131.  2  ;  W.  96. 

1 5 .  Appia  via :  the  first  and  greatest  of  Roman  highroads,  built 
by  the  censor  Appius  Claudius  as  far  as  Capua,  and  afterwards  ex- 
tended to  Brundisium.     For  some  part  of  the  way  it  ran  dose  to 
the  sea.  —  iam  carebamus  :  were  obliged  to  avoid. 

17.   exuviis  .  .  .  ornatum  :    see  note  on  hie  locus,  p.  123,  1.  14. 
XIX.    19.  Bouo  animo :    with  good  intentions,  abl.  of  manner 
modifying  dicere.  —  te  et  ceteros  :  subject  of  dicere. 

20.  ea  quae  sentiebatis :  a  circumlocution  for  sententias  tuas. 
The  indicative  is  regularly  used  in  such  circumlocutions  for  a  sub- 
stantive. 

21.  in  salute  communi :  /;/  a  matter  affect  ing  the  public  -welfare. 

22.  dolori :  distress. 

25.  vere :  to  be  construed  with  imperare',  it  is  placed  before 
videremur  for  the  sake  of  alliteration.  —  videremur :  we  were  seen, 
not  seemed. 

27.  Quo  .  .  .  adhuc  :  for  this  reason  it  seems  to  me  all  the  more 
undeservedly  that  objection  has  been  made  hitherto.     At  this  time  and 
until  the  passage  of  the  Manilian  law  the  imperium  possessed  by  Pom- 
pey  was  that  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Gabinian  law,  and  the  pro- 
poser of  a  lawr  could  not  legally  share  in  the  benefits  it  bestowed. 

28.  id  quod  est  verius  :  which  would  come  nearer  the  truth. 

29.  legaretur :  the  word  legati  was  used  of  envoys  sent  by  the 
senate  to  other  nations  and  of  deputies  sent  by  the  senate  to  carry 
messages  or  counsel  to  magistrates  in  the  field ;  after  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  first  provinces  one  or  more  legati  went  out  as  assistants 
with  the  magistrate  intrusted  with  the  management  of  a  province, 
and  later  on  with  all  generals  holding  an  important  military  com- 
mission.    In  the  beginning,  the  wishes  of  the  officials  were  often 
consulted  as  to  the  appointment  of  their  legati ;  and  when  military 
power  came  into  the  ascendancy  and  the  authority  of  the  senate 
began  to  wane,  the  generals  became  more  and  more  independent 
in  their  selection.    Mommsen  calls  attention  to  the  Latin  terms  suc- 
cessively used,  as  indicative  of  the  three  stages  in  this  evolution  of 
the  legatus  —  legatiis  ad  aliqitem.  legatus  alicui,  legatus  alicuius.  — 
expetenti.  postulanti :   what  is  the  difference  in  the  meaning  of 
these  synonyms  ? 

31.  qui  impetret :  A.  320.  f  :  B.  282.  3  ;  G.  631.  i  ;  H.  591.  7; 
W.  588.  3. 

2.    periculo  :  because  the  one  who  proposed  a  law  was  considered          146 


330  NOTES 

at  least  morally  responsible  for  its  consequences,  and  by  advocating 
a  poor  measure  might  endanger  his  future  political  career.  Gabinius 
was  exposed  even  to  personal  violence  at  the  hands  of  the  senators 
who  opposed  his  law. 

5.  honoris  causa  uomino  :  a  phrase  employed  in  a  reference  to 
persons  of  consequence  still  living,  to  avoid  any  possible  suspicion 
that  offense  was  meant  by  the  mention  of  their  names.     Cf.  Cic. 
Rose.  Amer.  16.  47,  Homines  notos  sumere  odiosum  est.  cum  et  ill  ltd 
incertum  sit,  velintne  ii  sese  nominari.  —  plebi  :    this  form  of  the 
genitive  instead  of  plebis  is  often  found  with  tribunus. 

6.  anno  proximo  :  we  cannot  now  know  whether  this  was  perti- 
nent.    It  would  depend  apparently  upon  whether  the  men  he  names 
had  during  their  tribuneship  proposed  the  bills  conferring  itnperinm 
upon  those  under  whom  they  afterwards  served  as  legati. 

7.  sunt :  i.e.  the  obtrectatores.  —  diligentes  :  scrupulous. 

9.  etiam  .  .  .  deberet :  ought  to  have  enjoyed  even  special  privi- 
leges ;  or  should  have  been  a  lieutenant,  and  with  peculiar  justice. 
In  the  first  interpretation,  praecipuoiure  is  abl.  of  quality ;  in  the 
second,  it  is  abl.  of  manner. 

1 1 .  ego  .  .  .  relaturum :    as  praetor  Cicero   had   the   right  to 
lay  such  a  proposal  before  the  senate ;  but  a  consul,  praetor,  or 
tribunus  plebis  could   by  his  veto  prevent  its  enactment  into  law. 
The  consuls,  moreover,  could  by  decree  (inimicum  edictum)  pre- 
vent the  consideration  of  any  question  not  on  the  calendar. 

12.  quo   minus   defendam :  A.  331.  e.  2 ;   B.  295.  3;  G.  549; 
H.  568.  8  ;  W.  514.  — vestrum  ius  beneficiumque  :  i.e.  the  right 
and  favor  the  people  had  conferred  upon  Pompey  by  granting  him 
the  power  to  choose  his  own  legati  under  the  Gabinian  law. 

13.  praeter  inter cessionem  :  the  right  of  veto  was  seldom  exer- 
cised in  the  senate  save  by  the  tribunes,  and  their  intercessio  could 
not  be  lightly  disregarded. 

15.    quid  liceat :  how  far  they  can  go. 

17.  ascribitur  :  is  joined.  For  Cicero's  real  opinion  of  Gabinius, 
see  Introd.,  p.  9.  —  alter,  uni :  the  one,  the  other.  Uni  is  used  in- 
stead of  alter i  for  the  sake  of  variety. 

XX.  21.  quaereret :  Q.  Catulus  spoke  in  a  contio  against  the 
Gabinian  law. 

22.  si  quid  eo  factum  esset :  if  anything  should  happen  to  him. 
Sallust  has  the  equivalent  expression  si  in  Pompeio  quid  Jniniani 
evenisset.  See  the  note  on  si  quid  obtigerit,  p.  112,  1.  6.  For  the 
construction  of  eo,  see  A.  244.  d;  B.  218.  6;  G.  401.  N.  7;  H. 
474.  3  ;  W.  389. 


DE    IMPERIO    POMPEI  331 

28.  quo,  hoc  :  the  .  .  .  the,  abl.  of  degree  of  difference.  PAGE 

29.  minus  diuturna  :  shorter.  146 

30.  viri.  vita,  virtute  :  notice  the  alliteration. 

32.  At  enim  :  at  is  used  in  speaking  of  an  opponent's  objection, 
and  enitn  is  often  added  where  his  argument  is  given. 

1 .  Non  dicam.  non  dicam.  non  commemorabo  :  preterition          147 
and  anaphora. 

2.  consuetudini,  utilitati  paruisse :  followed  precedent,  con- 
sulted expediency. 

5.  uno  imperatore :  Scipio  Aemilianus  was  elected  consul  the 
first  time  before  he  was  of  eligible  age,  and  his  second  consulship 
was  in  violation  of  a  law  in  force  at  the  time,  which  forbade  that  a 
person  should  hold  the  office  twice. 

8.  esse  visum :  it  seemed  best.  —  uno  C.  Mario:  Marius  was 
consul  five  times  in  succession,  though  the  law  required  a  lapse  of 
ten  years  before  a  second  tenure  of  the  office. 

n.  novi  constitui  nihil  vult:  desires  that  no  innovation  be 
made. 

12.    summa  voluntate  :  with  {he  fullest  approval. 

XXI.  15.  difficili :  critical.  For  the  events  referred  to  in  this 
chapter,  cf.  p.  134,  11.  17-32,  and  p.  135,  11.  9-24;  read  also  the  his- 
torical notes  on  these  passages. 

17.  peradulescenti :    notice   that  the  prefix  per  gives  to   this 
word   practically  the   same   force   that  is  given  to  adulescentulum 
above  by  the  diminutive  suffix. 

1 8.  senatorio  gradu  :  since  Sulla's  time  the  quaestorship  entitled 
a  man  to  a  seat  in  the  senate,  but  one  could  not  hold  the  office 
of  quaestor  before  completing  his  thirtieth  year. 

23.  triumphare  :  legally  a  triumph  could  be  granted  only  to  a 
general  of  consular  or  praetorian  rank. 

27.  ut  .  .  .  mitteretur :  substantive  clause  of  result,  equivalent 
to  the  infinitives  conficere,  etc.,  above.  —  duo  consules  :  Mamercus 
Aemilius  Lepidus  and  D.  Junius  Brutus,  consuls  for  the  year  77  B.C. 

—  clarissimi    fortissiniique  :    mere  terms  of  empty  compliment. 
Neither  of  the  consuls  (to  whom  such  a  dangerous  war  as  that  with 
Sertorius  would  naturally  have  been  assigned)  was  either  able  or 
willing  to  take  command. 

29.  pro  consule  :  with  proconsular  power. 

30.  non  nemo  :  not  a  few. 

31.  privatum  :  Pompey  had  as  yet  held  no  regular  magistracy. 

—  L.  Philippus :  he  was  famous  for  his  quickness  of  repartee  and 
sarcastic  aggressiveness. 


332  NOTES 

PAGE  32.   BB  mittere  :  i.e.  that  he  was  voting  to  send, 

3.  legibus  solutus  :  having  been  exempted  from  the  legal  require- 
ments.     When    Pompey  entered   upon   his  consulship  in  70  B.C., 
he  had  held  no  other  magistracy ;    he  was,  moreover,  only  in  his 
thirty-sixth  year.      It  had  required  a  special  decree  of  the  senate 
(senatus   consulto)  to   make   him   eligible  for  the   office.      See 
Introd.,  p.  54. 

4.  ullum  alium  magistratum :  Cicero  probably  had  in  mind 
only  the  curule  magistracies ;  but  inasmuch  as  two  years  must  inter- 
vene between  the  different  steps  of  the  cursus  honorum,  thirty-seven 
may  have  been  the  accepted  age  for  holding  the  quaestorship.     This 
would  give  forty  and  forty-three  as  the  age  of  eligibility  to  the 
praetorship  and  consulship  respectively,  and  leave  out  of  account 
the  aedileship,  the  tenure  of  which  was  not  required. 

5.  iterum :  Pompey  celebrated  his  second  triumph  the  day  be- 
fore he  entered  upon  his  consulship,  namely  the  last  day  of  Decem- 
ber, 71  B.C. 

7.   nova :  innovations. 

XXII.  12.  videant :  i.e.  Catulus,  Hortensius,  and  the  other 
opponents  of  the  Manilian  law.  —  non  ferendum  :  express  together 
one  idea;  otherwise  we  should  have  neque  instead  of  et  non. 

13.  illorum:  not  •  referring  to  the  subject  of  videant,  for  this 
would  require  sitam  or  ipsorum ;  but  used  of  the  senators  generally, 
with  reference  to  the  senatus  consulto  mentioned  above. 

17.   vel :  even. 

19.    praeponeretis  :  subj.  of  purpose. 

21.  Sin  .  .  .  vidistis :  but  if,  on  the  other  hand,  you  on  that 
occasion  showed  the  greater  insight  in  affairs  of  state. 

22.  VOB  :  we  should  sayaw</or  if  you.    Asyndeton  is  a  salient 
characteristic  of  Latin  style.  — iis  repugnantibua  :  ///  spite  of  their 
opposition. 

24.  aliquando :  then  it  is  time  that.  —  sibi,  ceteris  :  dat.  of 
agency. 

28.  magnae  et  multae :  the  normal  order  would  be  multae  et 
magnae. 

149  i.    quanto  in  odio  simus  :  in  odio  esse  or  odio  (dat.)  esse  is  used 

as  the  passive  of  odisse. 

3.    libidines  et  iniurias  :  lawless  and  injurious  acts. 

12.    hostium  simulations  :  using  the  foe  as  a  pretext. 

15.  animos  ac  spiritus :  insolence  and  arrogance.  Cf.  Caes. 
Bell.  Gall,  i .  33.  Ariovistus  tantos  sibi  spiritus,  tantam  adrogantiam 
sumpserat.  —  capere  :  contain,  i.e.  satisfy. 


DE  IMPERIO    POMPEI  333 

XXIII.    1 6.  quern:  the  indefinite  pronoun.  —  conlatis  signis  :          PAGE 
battle  IMS  been  joined.  149 

22.  pacatam  fuisse  :  has  been  considered  subdued.     The  mean- 
ing is  that  a  country  was  treated  as  hostile  so  long  as  it  gave  oppor- 
tunity for  plunder. 

23.  istis  :  men  of  that  stripe,  the  contemptuous  use  of  the  word. 

28.  classium  nomine:  u'ith  their  so-called  fleets.     The  money 
that  should  have  been  spent  for  the  equipment  and  maintenance  of 
their  fleets  had  been  diverted  by  the  commanders  to  their  own  pri- 
vate uses,  and  heace  the  ships  were  so  inadequate  and  inefficient  as 
to  be  almost  useless  for  war.  —  detrimentis  accipiendis :  abl.  of 
cause.     We  might  have  had  acceptis  here,  but  the  gerundive  is  used 
more  exactly  to  take  the  place  of  the  missing  present  passive  par- 
ticiple. 

29.  cupiditate  :  i.e.  eagerness  for  the  wealth  to  be  gained  from 
a  province,  in  which  lay  their  only  hope  of  averting  financial  ruin. 

30.  iacturis  :  expenditures,  to  secure  their  election  to  office  and 
subsequent  appointment  to  a  rich  province.  —  condicionibus  :  i.e. 
the  arrangements,  often  on  the  most  unfavorable  terms,  which  they 
were  obliged  to  make  with  their  creditors  before  it  was  possible  for 
them  to  set  out. 

33 .  alienis  vitiis  :  by  contrast  "with  the  failings  of  others.  — 
videamns  :  A.  312;  B.  307.  I.  2;  G.  602;  H.  584.  2;  W.  567. 

I .    nolite  dubitare  :  A.  269.  a.  2  ;  B.  276.  c ;  G.  271 .  2  ;  H.  561.  I  ;          150 
W.  496.  —  quin  credatis :  see  note  on  p.  142,  1.  35.  —  inter:  in 
the  course  of. 

5.  omnium:  i.e.  omnium  generutn. 

6.  P.  Servilius :  P.  Servilius  Vatia  Isauricus  rendered  valuable 
sen-ices  against  the  pirates  during  the  years  78-75  B.C.     The  relief 
gained,  however,  was  but  temporary.     The  four  men  mentioned  in 
this  sentence  were  all  of  consular  rank. 

8.  C.  Curio :  C.  Scribonius  Curio,  consul  in  76  B.C.  and  after- 
wards governor  of  Macedonia,  was  the  first  Roman  commander  to 
lead  an  army  to  the  Danube.  As  he  enjoyed  some  reputation  as  a 
speaker,  Cicero  mentions  his  ingenium.  —  summis  .  .  .  praeditus  : 
a  case  of  zeugma.  With  beneficiis  and  rebus  gestis  some  such 
word  as  ornatns  would  be  more  appropriate  ;  but  cf.  p.  151. 11.  10,  n. 

10.  Cn.  Lentulus :  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Clodianus,  one  of 
Pompey's  lieutenants  in  the  war  with  the  pirates. 

12.  C.  Cassius :  C.  Cassius  Longinus  Varus,  consul  in  73  B.C. 
and  governor  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  in  72  B.C.,  suffered  there  a  defeat  at 
the  hands  of  Spartacus. 


334  NOTES 

PAGE  13.   horum  :.  the  indirect  question  begins  with  this  word. 

150  ^    oration!  :  argument. 

XXIV.    1 6.  vehementissime  :  most  emphatically. 

17.  auctore  populo  Romano  :  an  abl.  abs.  expressing  cause. 

18.  neve:  A.  155.  2.  i;    B.  282.  i.  d;   G.  543.  4;    H.  568.  6. 
See  also  note  on  neque,  p.  140,  1.  22. 

21.  iterum :  the  first  time  was  the  occasion  of  the  vote  on  the 
Gabinian  law. 

25.  beneficio :  i.e.  the  election  which  gave  him  the  potestas 
praetoria. 

29.  loco  temploque  :  hendiadys,  this  sacred  place,  i.e.  the  Ros- 
tra.    The  Rostra  was  called  templum  as  being  a  place  consecrated 
by  the  augurs  in  taking  the  auspices.  —  qui   ad  rem  publicam 
adeunt :  who  tmdertake  affairs  of  state. 

30.  rogatu  cuiusquam :  at  anybody^s  request. 

31.  neque  quo  .  .  .  putem  :  A.  321.  R.,  341.  R. ;  B.  286.  I.  b  ;  G. 
•         541.  N.  2  ;  H.  588.  2  ;  W.  547.     It  is  interesting  to  read  in  this  con- 
nection in  the  treatise  which  Quintus  Cicero  addressed  to  his  brother 
to  guide  him  in  his  canvass  for  the  consulship  the  following  sugges- 
tion of  an  explanation  to   be  given  to  the  optimates,  in  case  they 
should  resent  his  championship  of  Pompey :  Si  quid  locuti  popu- 
lar it  er  videamur,  id  nos  eo  consilio  fecisse,  ut  nobis  Cn.  Pompeium 
adiungeremus,  ut  eum  qui  plurimum  posset  aut  ainicum  in  nostra 
petitione  haberemus  aut  certe  non  ad-versarium. 

151  2.    ut  .  .  .  oportet:  as  far  as  a  mortal  ought  to  undertake. 
5 .   f eret :  permits  it. 

8.  tantumque  abest  ut  videar  ut  intellegam :  and  I  am  so 
far  from  seeming  that  I  realize.  A.  332.  d ;  B.  284.  i  ;  G.  552.  R.  I  ; 
H.  570.  2  ;  W.  528. 

14.    rationibus  :  interests. 


PRO   ARCHIA   POETA   ORATIO 

Read  carefully  Introd..  pp.  32,  33. 

I.  1 6.  ingeni.  exercitatio  dicendi,  ratio:  the  three  essential 
qualifications  of  an  orator,  natural  endowment,  skill  acquired  by 
practice,  theoretical  knowledge. — indices  :  see  Introd.,  pp.  60,  61. 

1 8.  huiusce  rei :  i.e.  dicendi.  —  aliqua  :  some.    Aliquis  is  some- 
times  used    instead   of  quis  after  si,  nisi,  tie,  and  num,  to   give 
emphasis. 

19.  optimarum  artium  :  especially  philosophy,  poetry,  and  rhet- 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  335 

oric.  but  including  all  the  studies  that  make  for  culture.     In  the          PAGE 
middle  ages  the  artes  liberates  were  considered  to  be  seven  in  num-          151 
ber,  grammar,  logic  (dialectic),  rhetoric,  music,  arithmetic,  geometry, 
and  astronomy.     Compare  the  mediaeval  saying :  — 

Gram  loquitur,  Dia  verba  docet,  Rhe  verba  ministrat, 
Mus  canit,  Ar  numeral,  Ge  ponder  at,  As  colit  astro. 

20.  nullum  .  .  .  abhorruisse  :    litotes.  —  earum  rerum :    i.e. 
ingeni,  exercitationis,  rationisque. 

2 1 .  vel  in  primis  :  among  the  very  first.     Vel  is  often  used  to 
still  further  strengthen  a   superlative.  —  A.  Licinius  :    for  effect, 
Cicero  uses  the  poet's  Roman  name  in  his  first  mention  of  him.  — 
repetere  :  means  to  claim  what  belongs  to  one  righ\fully. 

22.  debet :  is  entitled  to.  —  quoad  longissime  :  as  far  back  as. 

23.  pueritiae  memoriam  ultimam  :  my  earliest  recollections. 

24.  inde  .  .  .  exstitisse  :  going  back  er>en  so  far  as  that  (review- 
ing my  life  from  that  time  on),  I  see  that  this  man  was  my  guide  in 
choosing  and  entering  upon  tJie  course  of  these  studies. 

28.  a  quo:  its  antecedent  is  hide,  p.  152,  1.  I.  —  id  quo  :  that  by 
means  of  which.  —  ceteris,  alios  :  a  good  illustration  of  the  differ- 
ence in  the  meaning  of  these  two  synonyms ;  ceteris  means  all  other 
men  who  needed  his  help,  while  alios  denotes  those  who  were  ac- 
quitted through  his  efforts  in  their  behalf,  some  of  them. 

i.    quantum  .  .  .  uobis  :  i.e.  quantum  est  in  nostra  potestate.  152 

3.  ita  dici  :  is  put  so  strongly. 

4.  hoc:  i.e.  Archias.  —  sit:    subj.  because   the  thought  of  the 
wonderer.  —  neque  :    and  not.  —  aut:  used  for  ac  because  of  the 
negative  neque. 

5 .  ne  .  .  .  f  uimus  :  let  me  say  that  I  too  have  never  been  devoted 
exclusively  to  this  one  pursuit,  i.e.  oratory.     Perhaps  Cicero  is  think- 
ing of  his  own  essays  in  poetical  composition,  for  which  see  Introd., 
p.  20.     Notice  that  the  use  of  f  uimus  instead  of  sumus  shows  that 
dediti  is  here  used  as  a  predicate  adjective. 

6.  artes  .  .  .  pertinent :    substantially   equivalent   to  optimae 
artes  or  artes  liberates. 

7.  quoddam.  quasi,  quadam :  used  to  soften  the  metaphorical 
use  of  vinculum  and  cognatio.     Trans,  quasi  by  as  it  were  or  so  to 
speak. 

II.  9.  me:  subject  of////,  1.  12.  —  quaestione  legitima :  i.e. 
one  of  the  quaestiones  perpetuae  or  a  special  court  established  by  the 
provisions  of  the  lex  Papia. 

10.    iudicio  publico  :  not  indicia  private,  for  this  was  a  criminal. 


336  NOTES 

PAGE         not  a  civil  suit.  —  cum  res  agatur  :    when  the  case  is  being  tried. 
152          —  praetorem :    Cicero's   brother  Quintus.      See   note   on  fratris, 

p.  112,  1.  9. 

1 1 .  lectissimum,  severissimos  :  epithets  frequently  applied  to 
judges  and  jurors. 

12.  tanto  conventu :  A.  255.  d.  5;  B.  221;  G.  409;  H.  489; 
W.  391.     It  is  to  be  translated,  however,  as  if  abl.  of  place  where. 

15.  accommodatam  huic  reo,  vobis  non  molestam  :  notice 
the  chiasmus. 

1 6.  ut  patiamini  :    explanatory   of  veniam. — me  :   subject  of 
loqui,  1.  20,  and  uti,  1.  22. 

17.  hoc  concursu  :  see  note  on  1.  12. 

1 8.  hac  vestra  humanitate  :  before  men  of  your  culture. 

20.  persona  :  used  with  reference  to  Archias.    Personain  tractare 
means  literally  to  play  a  part  upon  the  stage,  here  the  stage  of  life. 

21.  otium :  peaceful  mode  of  life. —  periculis  :    see    note   on 
p.  123,  1.  24. 

24.  segregandum  :  sc.  esse,  noifuisse. 

25.  asciscendum  fuisse :    sc.  civem  (i.e.  in  nnmerum  civiuiii). 
In  direct  discourse  the  verb  would   be  asciscendus   erat  or  fuit. 
A.  308.  c;  B.  304.  3.  b;  G.  597.  R.  3.  a;  H.  582. 

HI.  27.  ex  pueris  excessit :  an  imitation  of  the  Greek  expres- 
sion €K  iraiSwv  f£fj\dev.  —  Archias:  Cicero  here  uses  the  poefs 
Greek  name  because  he  had  not  yet  taken  the  Roman  one. 

30    loco  nobili  :  of  a  noble  family.  —  urbe  :  A.  184.  c ;  B.  169. 4 ; 
G.  411.  R.  3;  H.  393.  7. 
153  i.   Post:  the  adverb. 

2.  Asiae  :  i.e.  Asia  Minor.  —  sic  . . .  celebrabantur :  his  arrival 
was  everywhere  the  subject  of  so  much  comment.    The  plural  adven- 
tus  is  used  to  denote  arrival  in  one  place  after  another. 

3.  ipsius  :  subjective  with  ativentus,  objective  with  admiratio. 

5.  Italia:  with  special  reference  to  southern  Italy  (Magna  Grae- 
cia).     In  Italia,  Latio,  Romae  there  is  a  narrowing  of  the  circle  and 
a  coming  to  the  center. 

6.  turn :  repeated  to  emphasize  the  contrast  with  the  following 
nunc. 

7.  tranquillitatem  :   from  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  to  the  out- 
break of  the  Social  War,  the  city  of  Rome  had  enjoyed  comparative 
freedom  from  political  disturbances. 

8.  et  Tarentini  :  corresponds  to  et  otnnes  below. 

9.  civitate  :  it  was  customary  for  the  Greek  cities  to  bestow  citi- 
zenship upon  strangers  of  distinction  without  requiring   them   to 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  337 

renounce  allegiance  to  another  state.  For  the  construction,  see  A.  PAGE 
225.  d;  B.  187.  I.  a;  G.  348;  H.  426.  6;  W.  328.  —  ceteris  prae-  153 
mils  :  such  as  chaplets,  money,  etc. 

1 1 .  Hac  tanta  celebritate  :  abl.  of  cause.     For  Hoc  tanta,  see 
note  on  p.  76,  1.  20. 

12.  absentibus  :  those  at  a  distance. 

13.  Mario  consule  et  Catulo  :  in  102  B.C.     The  usual  form  of 
expression  is  Mario  et  Catulo  consttlibus. 

14.  res  maximas  :  see  note  on  bis,  p.  121,  1.  15. 

15.  studium  atque  auris  :    Q.  Lutatius  Catulus,  the  father  of 
the  Catulus  who  opposed  the  Manilian  law,  was  a  man  of  superior 
culture,  well  versed  in  Greek  literature.     He  was  the  author  of  a  his- 
torical  treatise    on    his    own    consulship.  —  adhibere :    a  case   of 
zeugma,  for  adhibere  cannot  properly  be  used  with  res. 

16.  Luculli:    especially  L.  Licinius  Lucullus  (see  Introd.,  p.  30) 
and  his  brother  Marcus.  —  praetextatus :  the  term  is  here  not  to 
be  taken  literally,  for  a  Greek  youth  would  not  wear  the  toga  prae- 
texta,  and  besides  Archias  must  have  been  too  old  to  wear  it.     See 
note  on  p.  85,  1.  15. 

17.  erat  .   .   .  virtu tis :   //  was  due  not  merely  to  his  literary 
talent,  but  to  his  intrinsic  worth  as  well. 

20.  temporibus   illis  :  i.e.  in  the  years  102-92  B.C.  —  Q.  Me- 
tello  Numidico  :  during  the  years  109  and  108  B.C.  he  commanded 
the  Roman  army  operating  against  Jugurtha.     He  was  exiled  in 
100  B.C.  for  his  resistance  to  the  measures  of  Saturninus.  — illi  :  see 
note  on  ilia,  p.  132,  1.  8. 

21.  Pio :  this  surname  was  given  him  because  of  the  affection  he 
showed  in  his  efforts  to  bring  about  his  father's  recall  from  exile.  — 
M.  Aemilio  :  M.  Aemilius  Scaurus  was  a  supporter  of  the  aristo- 
cratic party  and  for  many  years  princeps  senatus. — vivebat :  was 
intimate. 

22.  patre  :    the  one  mentioned  in  1.  13  above.  —  filio  :  see  note 
on  p.   143.  1.   12. — L.  Crasso :  one  of  the  most  eminent  Roman 
orators  before  Cicero. 

23.  Drusum :    M.  Livius  Drusus,  tribune  in  91  B.C.     He  made 
himself  hated  by  attempting  to  revive  agrarian  and  other  legisla- 
tion in  the  interest  of  the  populace  and  by  his  advocacy  of  the  cause 
of  the  Italian  allies  of  Rome,  and  was  finally  murdered.     His  fall 
was  the  signal  for  the  outbreak  of  the  Social  War.  —  Octavios : 
an  Octavius  was  consul  with  Cinna  in   87  B.C.   (cf.  p.  108,  1.  23). 
Two  other  Octavii  of  this  period   are  mentioned   as  distinguished 
orators.  —  Catonem  :  probably  the  father  of  Cato  Uticensis,  men- 


338  NOTES 

PAGE         j.ioned  on  p.  160,  1.  10,  as  present  at  the  trial,  probably  as  a  juror. 

153  _  Hortensiorum :    the   most   famous  member  of  the  family  was 
Q.  Hortensius  Hortalus.     See  note  on  p.  143,  1.  13. 

27.  simulabant :  in  Cicero's  time  it  was  fashionable  to  display 
a  knowledge  of  Greek  and  a  taste  for  Greek  literature  and  art. 
Men  of  the  older  type,  however,  still  looked  with  contempt  upon 
this  new  learning.  To  Cicero's  grandfather  was  credited  the  saying 
that  the  young  Romans  were  like  Syrian  slaves ;  the  more  Greek 
they  knew,  the  greater  rascals  they  were. 

IV.  28.  satis  longo  intervallo  :  about  ten  years.  —  esset  pro- 
fectus,  decederet,  venit :  notice  carefully  the  force  of  the  tenses. 

30.  Heracliam :  in  Lucania  near  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum.  It 
formed  an  alliance  with  Rome  in  278  B.C.,  by  which  it>  enjoyed 
special  privileges  (aequissimo  iure  ac  foedere). 

154  2.    Silvani   lege   et    Carbonis :    i.e.   the    le.v  Plautia-Papiria, 
carried  by  the  tribunes  M.  Plautius  Silvanus  and  C.  Papirius  Carbo 
in  89  B.C.     See  Introd.,  pp.  46,  33.  —  Si  qui  :  the  indefinite  expres- 
sion si  quis  is  regularly  employed  in  laws  instead  of  is  qni.      The 
provisions  of  the  law  are  given  in  indirect  discourse,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  clause  cum  lex  ferebatur,  which  is  merely  explanatory. 
Ascripti  fuissent  quotes  ascripti  fuerint,  shall pr me  to  be  enrolled. 
In  direct  discourse,  habuissent  and  essent  professi  would  also 
stand  in  the  future  perfect,  shall  prove  to  have  and  shall  declare 
their  intentions.  —  f oederatis  civitatibus  :  probably  dative.     For 
other  constructions   with   ascribere,  cf.  p.   153,  1.  31;  p.  155,1.4; 
p.  154,1.  9;  p.  154,  1.  14. 

7.  de  civitate  ac  lege :  i.e.  of  the  claim  that  Archias  was  a 
Roman   citizen,   having   fulfilled   all    the   requirements   of  the   lex 
Plantia-Papiria . 

8.  horum :  i.e.  the  statements  that  Cicero  had  made  concerning 
the  fulfilment  by  Archias  of  the  requirements  of  the  law.  —  Gratti  : 
the  prosecutor. 

13.  publico :  official,  i.e.  to  give  testimony  in  the  name  of  the 
city. 

15.  Italico  bello:  i.e.  the  so-called  Social  War. 

16.  omnis  :  notice  the  emphasis  of  its  position.  —  ad:  concern- 
ing, i.e.  in  reply  to,  in  disproof  of  . 

20.  municipi :   civitates  foederatae  upon  receiving  the  Roman 
citizenship  became  municipia. 

21.  idem  :  you  yourself .     It  would  appear  from  the  first  sentence 
of  chap.  V  that  Grattius  had  cast  doubt  upon  the  reliability  of  the 
praetors'  lists. 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  339 

24.  datam  :  see  note  on  conditam,  p.  103,  1.  29. 

25.  iis  tabulis  :  abl.  of  means. 

V.  28.  Appi:  Appius  Claudius  Pulcher,  the  father  of  Cicero's 
enemy  Clodius.  He  was  afterwards  expelled  from  the  senate,  prob- 
ably on  the  ground  of  his  carelessness  in  keeping  the  records.  We 
find  on  this  page  the  names  of  four  of  the  praetors  of  89  B.C.,  Q.  Me- 
tellus  Pius  (1.  6).  Appius.  Gabinius,  and  L.  Lentulus. 

29.  Gabini:  P.  Gabinius  Capito.     Some  years  after  his  praetor- 
ship  he  was  convicted  of  extortion  in  his  province  of  Achaia  (dam- 
nationem). 

30.  fidem   resignasset:  had  destroyed  the  credit.     Resignare 
means  to  unseal,  to  break  the   seal   of  a   document ;  therefore,  to 
destroy  all  faith  in  its  genuineness. 

32.  Iieiitulum :  in  whose  court  trials  concerning  the  right  of 
citizenship  were  probably  held.  — venerit:  see  note  on  p.  109.  1.  6. 

1 .  litura :  literally  a  smoothing  over  of  the  wax  on  a  writing- 
tablet  to  erase  what  is  written.     This  was  done  with  the  blunt  end 
of  the  stilus.     As  to  writing  materials,  see  Introd.,  p.  45. 

2.  A.  Licini :  the  Roman   name   would    naturally   be   the  one 
entered  on  the  list  of  Roman  citizens. 

4.  fuerit  ascriptus :    notice  how  this  differs  in  meaning  from 
sit  ascriptus. 

5.  cum:  at  a  time  u'heii.     Notice  the  imperfect  indicative  im- 
pertiebant. — aut    humili  aliqua   arte  :    or  only  some  ordinary 
skill,  such  as  that  of  actors  or  musicians,  who  were  held  in  slight 
esteem  among  the  Romans. 

6.  Graecia:  i.e.  Magna  Graecia. 

7.  Reginos  .  .  .  Tarentinos :  cf.  p.  153,  1.8.  —  credo:  ironical. 
In  this  use,  credo  is  generally  parenthetical,  but  not  so  here. 

9.  noluisse :    sc.  largiri.  —  ceteri :    an    exaggeration  for  tnulti 
alii,  or  more  probably  it  means  all  the  others  whose  citizenship 
under  the  lex  Plautia-Papiria  had  been  called  in  question. 

10.  legem  Papiam  :  see  Introd.,  p.  33. 

12.  illis :  i.e.  the  records  of  Regium,  Locri,  Naples,  and  Taren- 
tum. 

14.  Census  nostros  requiris  :  evidently  Grattius  had  called  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  Archias'  name  did  not  appear  in  the  lists  of 
citizens  registered  by  the  censors  who  had  held  office  since  89  B.C. 
—  est  enim  obscurum  :  ironical.  —  proximis  censoribus  :  i.e. 
those  of  the  year  70  B.C.  No  census  had  been  taken  in  65  or  64  B.C. 

1 6.  apud  exercitum :  not  in  e.vercitu,  for  Archias  was  a  non- 
combatant,  merelv  one  of  the  friends  who  swelled  the  retinue  of  a 


340  NOTES 

provincial  governor.  —  superioribus  :  sc.  censoribus,  i.e.  those  of 
the  year  86  B.C.  No  census  had  been  taken  between  86  B.C.  and 
70  B.C.  —  quaestore  :  Lucullus  served  as  quaestor  under  Sulla  in 
the  first  Mithridatic  war.  See  Introd.,  p.  58. 

17.  primis :  i.e.  L.  Julius  Caesar  and  P.  Licinius  Crassus,  who 
as  censors  of  89  B.C.  were  the  first  to  enroll  those  who  had  gained 
citizenship  by  the  lex  Plautia-Papiria. 

18.  census  .  .  .  cive :   i.e.  the   census   does   not   establish   the 
right  of  citizenship,  but  merely  proves  that  the  person  who  is  re- 
turned in  the  census  has  at  the  time  the  status  of  a  citizen. 

20.  quern:  its  antecedent  is  the  implied  subject  of  fecit,  adiit. 
and  delatus  est. — ne  .  .  .  iudicio :  Grattius  drew  this  conclusion 
from  the  failure  of  Archias  to  have  his  name  entered  on  the  lists  of 
the  censors. 

22.  testamentum  .  .   .  Romanorum :  peregrini  (see  Introd., 
p.  47)  could  not  make  a  legal  will,  nor  could  they  inherit  the  prop- 
erty of  a  Roman  citizen. 

23.  in  beneficiis  .  .   .  delatus  est :  upon  returning  from    his 
province,  the   governor   presented   to  the   treasury  the   names  of 
those   who   had    accompanied   him    (comiles),    and    recommended 
that   a  financial    compensation   be   given    them  for   their  services. 
Cf.  Cic.  Fain.  5.  20.  7,  Quod  scribis  de  beneficiis,  scito  a  me  et  tri- 
bunos  militaris  et  praefectos  et  contubernalis  dumtaxat  meos  delatos 
esse. 

25.   numquam  neque  :  see  note  on  p.  132,  1.  33. 

VI.  27.  Quaeres  :  but  you  -will  ask.  It  is  used  like  quaerat 
quispiam,  requiretur  fortasse  nunc,  and  similar  phrases,  in  antici- 
pating the  argument  of  another.  —  hoc  nomine  :  A.  254.  b.  i  ;  B. 
219.  i  ;  G.  408  ;  H.  475  ;  W.  384. 

28.  ubi:  the  means  whereby.  It  is  indefinite  and  introduces 
clauses  of  characteristic. 

30.  suppetere  :  used  here  as  the  passive  of  suppeditare. 

31.  rerum  :  demands,  employment. 
33.    Ego  vero  :  I,  for  my  part. 

1 .  si  qui  .  .  .  abdiderunt :  such  as  have  so  buried  theinseh'cs  in 
books.     Usually  abdere  is  followed  by  in  and  the  accusative  or  in 
and  the  ablative,  according  as  motion  or  the  rest  that  ensues  is  to 
be  denoted. 

2.  nihil  neque  :  see  note  on  p.  132,  1.  33. 

3.  quid  :  equivalent  to  cur. 

4.  vivo  :  see  note  on  patimur,  p.  70,  1.  1 1 .  —  nullius  umquam  : 
the  regular  combination  in  Latin,  where  we  say  never  .  .  .  any  one.  — 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  341 

tempore  :  for  periculo,  hour  of  need  (cf.  p.  123,  1.  24,  and  the  note). 
It  refers  to  criminal  suits,  commodo  to  civil  suits. 

8.  quantum  :  limited  by  the  part.  gen.  temporum,  1.  10.  —  cete- 
ris  :  dependent  on  conceditur. 

9.  festos  dies  ludorum :  on  certain  holidays  games  and  plays 
were  given  in  honor  of  the  gods.     These  public  spectacles  were 
superintended  by  the  aediles.  who,  in  order  to  pave  their  way  to 
higher  offices,  often  lavished  the  most  extravagant  sums  on  them. 

10.  temporum :  we  say  time,  but  the  Latin  uses  the  plural  be- 
cause each  of  the  employments  mentioned  is  allotted  its  own  por- 
tion of  time. 

1 1 .  alii :  notice  why  Cicero  substitutes  this  word  for  ceteris.  — 
tempestivis  conviviis :  early  banquets,  i.e.  beginning  before  the 
usual  hour  for  dinner,  about  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.     Early 
dining  was  an  indication  of  idle  and  luxurious  living. 

12.  alveolo,  pilae :  the  former  was  disreputable  and  forbidden 
by  law   (cf.  aleatores,   p.  93,  1.  31);  but   the  latter  was  perfectly 
respectable   and  a  favorite  form  of  exercise,  and  Cicero  probably 
mentions  it  here  only  as  frivolous.     In  the  game  of  ball  most  popu- 
lar among  the  Romans  the  ball  was  thrown  and  caught  or  struck 
with  the  hand ;  it  therefore  did  not  resemble  our  base-ball  or  foot- 
ball, but  was  rather  such  a  game  as  fives. 

14.  oratio   et   facultas :    by    hendiadys    for   dicendi  faculta s. 
This  accounts  for  the  singular  verb  crescit. 

15.  quantacumque  :  here  equivalent  to  the  more  modest  quan- 
tulacumque. 

18.    multisque  litteris  :  and  through  much  reading. 

20.  in  ea  autem  persequenda :  and  that  in  the  pursuit  of  these. 
The  singular  ea  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  two  abstract  nouns  laudem 
and  honestatem  together  convey  a  single  idea. 

21.  cruciatus  .  .  .  exsili :  a  climax.     Exile  was  to  the  Roman 
the  saddest  of  fates. 

22.  parvi  :  A.  252.  a;  B.  203.  3  ;  G.  379,  380.  I  ;   H.  448.  I  ;  W. 
361,  362. 

23.  cottidianos  impetus :  a  reference  to  the  feeling  which  the 
summary   execution   of  the   Catilinarian   conspirators  had  caused. 
The  leaders  of  the  populares  had  already  begun  to  attack  Cicero  for 
his  part  in  this  action. 

27.  imagines  expressas :  lifelike  portraits.  Exprimere  is  often 
used  of  the  sculptor's  art,  and  the  language  here  is  metaphorical. 

30.  animum.  mentem :  what  is  the  distinction  in  meaning  be- 
tween these  two  words  ? 


342  NOTES 

31.  hominum  :  objective  genitive.  —  conformabam  :  the  im- 
perfect  of  customary  action. 

VII.    32.    Quaeret  quispiam  :  see  note  on  p.  155,1.27. 

1.  eruditi:  used  adjectively. 

2.  est  .   .   .  respondeam :  it  is  clear  to  me  what  I  may  say  by 
way  of  reply. 

4.  et  moderates  et  gravis  :  men  both  self-restrained  and  stead- 
fast. 

7.  Atque  idem  :  at  the  same  time,  however. 

8.  ratio  conformatioque  doctrinae  :  the  principal  idea  is  con- 
tained in  doctrinae,  learning;  this  must  be  gained  by  methodical 
training  (ratio),  through  a  broad,  liberal,  well-rounded   education 
(conformatio) . 

10.  Ex  hoc  numero  :  i.e.  ex  horum  numero  in  quibus  illud 
exstitit.  —  esse  . . .  senem  :  depends  on  contendo,  1.  7.  —  hunc  :  used 
instead  of  ilium  in  reference  to  the  second  Africanus,  as  the  nearer 
to  Cicero  in  point  of  time.  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus  Minor 
was  the  first  prominent  Roman  to  find  the  sterling  virtues  of  his 
countrymen  not  incompatible  with  a  more  liberal  culture.  He  drew 
about  him  a  number  of  Greek  savants,  among  them  the  historian 
Polybius,  and  Panaetius,  the  philosopher.  In  this  circle  the  two 
cultured  Romans  mentioned  here,  C.  Laelius  Sapiens  and  L.  Furius 
Philus,  held  a  prominent  place. 

13.  illis  temporibus  :  used  in  a  restrictive  sense,  for  tJiose  times. 

14.  M.  Catonem  :  M.  Porcius  Cato  Censorius,  whose  name  was 
synonymous  with  old-fashioned  sternness  and  uncompromising  vir- 
tue, received  the  surname  Censorius  from  the  vigorous  measures  of 
reform  which  characterized  his  censorship.     He  was  an  able  soldier, 
a  vigorous  statesman,  a  forceful  orator,  and  not  wholly  ignorant  of 
Greek  culture.     He  remained  strenuously  active  for  the  public  good 
to  the  end  of  his  long  life. 

15.  adiuvarentur  :  by  using  the  imperfect  instead  of  the  pluper- 
fect, Cicero  implies  that  literature  not  only  was  a  help  to  the  men 
he  has  mentioned,  but  is  a  help  to  all  men  as  well. 

17.  si  non  :  notice  that  nisi  would  not  do  here,  since  si  is  equiva- 
lent to  etiam  si.  —  tantus  fructus  :  it  is  characteristic  of  the  prac- 
ticality of  the  Roman  mind  that  Cicero  in  his  defense  of  the  higher 
learning  devotes  himself  chiefly  to  the  consideration  of  its  utility. 
To  the  Greek,  the  pursuit  of  the  humanities  was  in  itself  a  higher 
mode  of  existence  needing  no  excuse ;  while  the  Roman  viewed  all 
knowledge  in  relation  to  its  adaptability  to  the  needs  of  every-day  life. 

19.    iudicaretis  :  you  ought  to  consider. 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  343 

20.    omnium  :  modifies  temporum  and  locorum  as  well  as  aetatum.         PAGE 
22.    adversis  :  sc.  rebus.  157 

VIII.  27.    videremus  :  subj.  by  attraction. 

28.  Rosci :  the  most  famous  comic  actor  of  Cicero's  time, 
admired  especially  for  his  gracefulness.  The  respect  with  which  he 
is  mentioned  is  the  greater  tribute  in  that  the  stage  was  not  con- 
sidered a  reputable  calling. 

6.  revocatum  :  recalled  by  applause,  encored.  158 

7.  accurate  cogitateque  scripsisset :  contrasted  with  dicere  ex 
tern  pore. 

10.    sic:  explained  by  ceterarum  .  .  .  inflare. 

14.  Ennius  :  Q.  Ennius,  '  the  father  of  Roman  poetry,'  was  born 
at  Rudiae  in  Calabria,  in  239  B.C.     Cato  the  Censor  met  him  in  Sar- 
dinia, where  he  had  served  in  the  Roman  army  during  the  second 
Punic  war,  and  induced  him  to  settle  in  Rome.     There  he  lived 
thenceforth,  honored  and  esteemed  by  the  most  prominent  Romans 
of  his  time,  notably  the  elder  Africanus.     Late  in  life  he  was  granted 
Roman  citizenship,  then  very  difficult   of  acquisition.      His  fame 
rested  principally  upon  his  Annales,  an  epic  poem  on  the  history  of 
Rome,  the  first  Latin  hexameter  verse.    Only  fragments  of  his  poems 
survive. 

15.  esse  videantur :  Cicero  was  fond  of  closing  his  periods  with 
these  words,  and  the  ancients  ridiculed  their  constant  repetition. 

17.  poetae  :  see  note  on'  comititm,  p.  74,  1.  22. 

18.  Saxa  .  .   .  consistunt :  a  reference  to  the  power  of  music 
as  told  in  various  myths,  especially  those  of  Orpheus,  Amphion,  and 
Arion. 

20.  Homerum  :  notice  its  emphatic  position.  —  Colophonii  .  .  . 
permulti  alii :  many  cities  claimed  the  honor  of  having  been  the 
birthplace  of  the  great  poet.  Compare  the  ancient  epigram :  — 

'ETTTCI  TroXets  Ste/3i'£oucriv  irtpl  pt'£av  '0/j.r/pov, 

2/xvpva,  'PoSos,  KoAo<£wv.  2aAa/xi's,  Xt'os,  "Apyos.  'AOrjvat. 

IX.  25.  alienum  :  one  only,  if  any,  of  the  cities  that  claimed  him 
was  really  entitled  to  call  Homer  its  son;  and  Cicero  indicates  by 
the  use  of  alienum  that  he  cannot  decide  between  them. 

-29.  et :  Cicero  must  have  had  it  in  mind  to  write  et  Mithridati- 
cum  helium  (cf.  p.  159,  1.  6);  but  there  is  an  anacoluthon,  due  to 
the  digression  Neque  .  .  .  celebrari.  —  Cimbricas  res :  apparently 
Archias  had  written  a  poem  celebrating  the  victory  over  the  Cimbri 
and  Teutones. 

30.    C.  Mario:  cf.  p.  153.!.  14.  where  Cicero  says  that  Marius 


344  NOTES 

PAGE         could  offer  only  res  ad  scribendmn  ma.vimas^  while  Catulus  could 

158  also  appreciate  the  poet's  talent. 

159  2.    eius  :  sc.  ^>ocem  sc  aiidire. 

3.  L.  Plotium  :  the  first  teacher  of  Latin  rhetoric  at  Rome. 

4.  gesserat :  see  note  on  p.  145,  1.  20. 
6.   bellum  :  see  Introd.,  p.  30. 

10.  Populus  Romanus  :  emphatic.  Trans,  it  was  the  Roman 
people  that  opened  up  Pont  us.  — Pontum  :  cf.  p.  131,  1.  26. 

12.  non  maxima:  a  good  instance  of  litotes.  The  reference  is 
to  the  battle  of  Tigranocerta. 

14.    Cyzicenorum  :  see  note  on  p.  131,  1.  13. 

160  I .   nostra  :  predicate,  as  ours. 

3.    apud  Tenedum  pugna  :  cf.  p.  131,  1.  19. 

8.  sepulcro  :  this  tomb  was  discovered  on  the  Appian  Way  near 
the  Porta  Capena  in  1780.  In  it  was  a  sarcophagus,  now  in  the 
Vatican  (see  illustration,  p.  159),  whose  inscription  bears  the  name 
of  L.  Cornelius  Scipio  Barbatus,  consul  in  298  B.C.  In  the  tomb 
was  also  found  the  bust  of  stone,  not  marble,  which  stands  on  top 
of  the  sarcophagus.  From  the  un-Roman  type  of  the  features  and 
the  laurel  wreath  with  which  it  is  crowned  it  has  been  supposed  to 
be  the  bust  of  Ennius  mentioned  in  our  passage.  Livy  says,  Extra 
port  am  Capenam  in  Scipionum  monumento  tres  statuae  sunt,  qua- 
rum  duae  P.  et  L.  Scipionum  dicuntur  esse,  tertia  poetae  Q.  Enni. 
—  putatur :  Cicero  uses  this  term,  as  Livy  uses  dicuntur,  because 
the  bust  being  without  inscription  could  not  be  positively  identified. 

10.  huius  :    i.e.  M.  Porcius  Cato  Uticensis,  who  was   probably 
present  at  the  trial.  —  proavus :    see  notes  on  p.  157,  1.  14,  and 
p.  158,1.  14. 

11.  tollitur  :  i.e.  by  Ennius. 

12.  Omnes  illi  Maximi,  Marcelli,  Fulvii:  i.e.  these  men  and 
men  like  them.     Cicero  is  thinking  of  three  men  whose  achieve- 
ments Ennius  had  celebrated  in  his  Annales :  Q.  Fabius  Maximus 
Cunctator,  'the  shield  of  Rome,1  of  whom  Ennius  wrote  Unus  homo 
nobis  cunctando  restituit  rem;  M.  Claudius  Marcellus.  'the  sword 
of  Rome';  M.  Fulvius  Nobilior,  whom  Ennius  had  accompanied  in 
his  campaign  against  the  Aetolians. 

X.  14.  Rudinum,  Heracliensem  :  as  if  the  comparative  impor- 
tance of  the  two  men  depended  upon  that  of  the  towns  of  which 
they  were  citizens  —  Rudiae,  a  poor  country  village;  Heraclia,  a 
flourishing  civitas  foederata  of  considerable  renown. 

20.  finibus  :  abl.  of  means,  not  place. 

21.  sane:  modifies  exiguis. 


PRO    ARCHIA    POETA  345 

25.  de  vita  :  at  the  risk  of  their  lives.  PAGE 

26.  periculorum,  laborum  :  objective  genitives.  160 
29.    Achillis  tumulum :   on  the  promontory  of  Sigeum  at  the 

western  entrance  of  the  Hellespont  are  several  mounds,  the  largest 
of  which  has  been  known  from  the  most  ancient  times  as  the  tomb 
of  Achilles,  and  the  one  adjacent  to  it  as  that  of  his  friend  Patroclus. 
The  excavations  made  in  these  and  some  of  the  other  hillocks  have, 
however,  furnished  no  evidence  that  they  were  barrows  heaped  up 
over  graves,  like  the  famous  Mound  of  Marathon. 

i.    Magnus:  i.e.  Cn.  Pompeius.     There  is  an  adroit  compliment          161 
to  Pompey  in  the  comparison  of  Noster  hie  Magnus  with  magnus  ille 
Alexander.  —  Theophanem :  he  was  afterwards  one  of  Pompey's 
chief  advisers  during  the  civil  war ;  in  fact,  through  his  influence  with 
Pompey  he  had  a  large  share  in  causing  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 

3.  civitate    donavit:    sometimes    the   general   was   given    by 
special  enactment   the   right  to  bestow  citizenship ;    sometimes  he 
usurped  it  as  a  prerogative. 

4.  milites :  common  soldiers.     The  meaning  is  that  they  could 
not  appreciate  the  learning  and  genius  of  Theophanes  because  of 
their  own  lack  of  culture. 

5.  eiusdem  laudis :  i.e.  the  praise  bestowed  upon  Pompey  in 
the  writings  of  Theophanes. 

6.  si  non  :  see  note  on  p.  157,  1.  17. 

7.  potuit:  A.  308.  c;  B.  304.  3.  a;  G.  597.  R.  3;  H.  583. 

8.  petentem  :  with  conditional  force. 

9.  quern  :  refers  to  Sulla. 

10.  de  populo  :  of  the  common  people,  of  the  baser  sort.  —  quod 
epigramma  :  an  epigram  which. 

1 1 .  alternis   versibus   longiusculis :    probably   refers   to   the 
elegiac  distich,  in  which  hexameter  and  pentameter  verses  alternate. 
Greek  and  Roman  epigrams  were  commonly  in  this  meter.     Cicero 
means  that  the  only  literary  merit  the  composition  possessed  lay 
in  its  having  a  metrical  form. 

12.  vendebat :    Sulla  was  conducting  a  sale  of  the  confiscated 
property  of  those  whom  he  had  proscribed. 

14.  duxerit :   subj.  in  a  relative  causal  clause. — tamen :    i.e. 
despite  the  fact  that  he  was  mains  poeta. 

15.  expetisset,   impetravisset :    apodoses   of  conditions   con- 
trary to  fact,  the  protases  being  implied. 

1 8.  Cordubae  :  a  little  later  this  city  produced  a  more  famous 
poet  in  Lucan,  who  wrote  an  epic  on  the  struggle  between  Pompey 
and  Caesar. 


346  NOTES 

PAGE  jg.    pingue  quiddam  atque  peregrinum  :  cognate  accusative. 

XI.  23.    optimus  quisque  maxime :  the  best  men  .   .   .  most; 
or  the  better  a  man  is,  the  more. 

25.  nomen  suum  inscribunt :  a  clever  touch  of  satire. 

26.  nominari :  notice  that  this  word  is  from  the  same  root  as 
nobilitatem. 

27.  Decimus  Brutus:    D.  Junius  Brutus,  consul  in   138  B.C., 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war  with  the  Spanish  tribes  of  the  Lusi- 
tanians  and  Gallaeci,  and  took  the  surname  Gallaecus. 

28.  Acci :  a  Roman  writer  of  tragedies,  who  lived  at  the  end  of 
the  second  century  before  Christ. 

29.  suorum :  i.e.  those  built  by  him  from  the  spoils  of  his  Span- 
ish campaign. 

30.  Fulvius :  see  note  on  p.    160,  1.   12.  —  Martis  manubias 
Musis  :  a  good  example  of  alliteration. 

31.  prope  armati :  almost  before  laying  aside  their  arms,  con- 
trasted with  togati. 

162  i.   id  f aciatis  :  i.e.  show  consideration  for  Archias  as  a  poet, 
hunc  poetam  conservetis. 

2.  quodam  :  softens  somewhat  the  strong  term  amore. 

3.  quas  res  .  .  .  gessimus  :    object  of  attigit  atqne  incohai'it. 
This  poem  on  Cicero's  consulship  was  probably  never  finished. 

20.  vigiliis  :  sleepless  nights. 

21.  de  vita:  see  note  on  p.  160,  1.  25. — Nunc :    see  note  on 
p.    77,   1.    6.  —  iiisidet  .  .  .  virtus:    Seneca   expresses   a  similar 
thought  by  the  words  Sacer  inter  nos  spiritus  sedet. 

XII.  27.    atque :  and  therefore. 

28.   usque  ad  extremum  spatium  :  to  the  very  last  moment  of 
our  lives. 

30.  imagines :  this  word  was  used  specifically  of  the  wax  masks 
of  ancestors  who  had  held  curule  magistracies. 

31 .  multi  summi :  see  notes  on  mult  is  ac  summis,  p.  73, 1.  8.  and 
multos  fortis,  p.  99,  1.  8. 

32.  effigiem  expressam  :  see  note  on  p.  156.  1.  27. 

163  2.    in  gerendo  :  while  doing  them. 

4.  Haec  :  i.e.  memoria  sempiterna. 

5.  sapientissimi  homines  :  e.g.  Pythagoras,  Socrates,  Plato. 

6.  cogitatione,  spe  :  see  note  on  hoc  homine,  p.  155,  1.  27. 
8.   pudore,  ingenio,  causa:  abl.  of  quality. 

19.    ex  eo  numero  qui  :  equivalent  to  ex  eorum  numero  qui. 

23.    de  causa  :  concerning  the  case  itself. 

27.   eo  .  .  .  exercet:  see  note  on  praetorem,  p.  152,  1.  10. 


PRO    MILONE  347 


PRO   MILONE   ORATIO 

ARGUMENT 

I.   Exordium  (introduction),  to  p.  172, 1.  19. 

1.  Introduction  proper. 

a.  An  attempt  to  encourage  the  jurors  to  disregard  the  clamors 

of  the  mob.     The  presence  of  an  armed  guard  is  intended 
only  to  secure  order,  not  to  dictate  the  verdict. 

b.  A  statement  of  the  line  of  argument,  namely  that  Milo  killed 

Clodius  in  self-defense. 

2.  A  refutation  of  prejudices. 

a.  Under  certain  conditions  homicide  is  justifiable. 

b.  The  senate  did  not  declare  itself  hostile  to  Milo  in  voting  that 

the  affair  should  be  investigated. 

c.  Pompey's  arrangements  for  the  conduct  of  the  investigation  do 

not  indicate  a  belief  that  Milo  is  guilty. 

II.  Narratio  (statement  of  the  facts  bearing  upon  the  question).  —  An 
account  of  the  affray  and  of  the  events  leading  up  to  it, 
p.  172,  1.  19,  to  chap.  XI. 

III.  Confirmatio  (affirmative  proof),  from  chap.  XI  to  p.  184,  1.  15. — 

That  Milo  acted  in  self-defense  is  probable :  — 

1.  From  the  fact  that  Clodius  alone  had  a  motive  for  murder. 

2.  From  the  previous  life  of  the  two  men. 

3.  From   the   time,  the   place,  and   the    circumstances   of    the  en- 

counter. 

IV.  Befutatio  (rebuttal),  p.  184, 1.  15,  to  chap.  XXIII. 

1.  The  manumission  of  Milo's  slaves  was  not  an  admission  of  guilt. 

They  could  have  testified  only  to  facts  admitted  by  Milo. 

2.  The  testimony  of  the  slaves  of  Clodius  is  worthless. 

V.   Confirmatio  extra  causam  (extrajudicial  considerations),  chap.  XXIII 
to  chap.  XXXIII  inclusive. 

1.  Milo's  bearing  since  the  event  argues  his  innocence. 

2.  Even  if  Milo  had   killed  Clodius   premeditatedly,  he  would  be 

deserving  of  gratitude  and  praise,  for  his  deed  was  a  service 
to  the  state. 

3.  Milo  was  the  tool  of  divine  vengeance,  as  is  clearly  shown  by  the 

following  facts :  — 

a.  That  it  was  an  act  of  madness  for  Clodius  to  attack  Milo. 

b.  That  Clodius  fell  near  the  scene  of  his  crimes,  and  before  a 

shrine  of  Bona  Dea. 

c.  That  his  burial  lacked  all  honors  due  to  the  dead. 

d.  That  without  divine  aid  such  a  monster  could  not  have  been 

overthrown. 


348  NOTES 

VI.   Peroratio  (conclusion),  from  chap.  XXXIV  to  the  end. 

1.  An  appeal  to  the  jurors  to  show  their  sympathy  for  Milo :  — 

a.  Because  of  his  courage. 

b.  For  the  sake  of  the  speaker. 

c.  In  grateful  recognition  of  Milo's  services. 

2.  And  to  render  a  just  verdict  without  fear. 

Read  carefully  Introd.,  pp.  34-37. 

I.  i .  dicere  iucipientem  timere  :  for  one  to  feel  fear  who  is 
essaying  to  speak.  Dicere  is  the  object  of  incipientem,  incipienteni 
the  subject  of  timere,  and  incipientem  timere  the  subject  of  titrpe  sit. 
For  the  nervousness  of  Cicero  and  the  bravery  of  Milo,  cf.  Piut.  C/< . 
35  :  "  On  quitting  his  litter  to  commence  the  cause  of  Milo,  at  the 
sight  of  Pompey  posted,  as  it  were,  and  encamped  with  his  troops 
above,  and  seeing  arms  shining  round  about  the  Forum,  he  was  so 
confounded  that  he  could  hardly  begin  his  speech  for  the  trembling 
of  his  body  and  hesitance  of  his  tongue ;  whereas  Milo  meantime 
was  bold  and  intrepid  in  his  demeanor,  disdaining  either  to  let  his 
hair  grow  or  to  put  on  the  mourning  habit.  And  this,  indeed, 
seems  to  have  been  one  principal  cause  of  his  condemnation.  Cicero, 
however,  was  thought  not  so  much  to  have  shown  timidity  for  him- 
self as  anxiety  about  his  friend." 

5.  novi  iudici:  see  Introd.,  p.  36. — inciderunt,  requirunt : 
a  good  example  of  Roman  exactness  in  the  use  of  tenses. 

7.  corona :    ring  of  spectators.      Ordinarily  a  large  crowd  was 
present  at  important  trials  (cf.  p.   152,  1.   12).      Now  the  armed 
guards  were  keeping  the  people  at  a  distance. 

8.  non  non  adferunt  oratori  aliquid  :  cannot  but  produce  some 
effect  upon  a  speaker.     A.  209.  c;  B.  375.  I  ;  G.  449.  R.  2  ;  H.  656, 
752.  8  ;  W.  660. 

9.  pro  templis :  i.e.  those  about  the  Forum  from  which  a  view 
of  the  proceedings  could  be  obtained,  and  which  would  naturally 
have  been  occupied  by  the  mob. 

12.  non  timere  sine  aliquo  timore  :  oxymoron. 

13.  Quae  .   .   .  putarem :  throughout  the  oration  Cicero  repre- 
sents Pompey  in  the  rdle  of  Milo's  friend,  hoping  thus  to  work  upon 
both  Pompey  himself  and  the  jury.  —  cederem  tenipori :  i.e.  he 
would  not  attempt  Milo's  defense. 

16.  iustitiae  :  A.  214.  d;  6.198.3;  0.366;  H.  439.  3  ;  W.  360. 
Pompey  had  proposed  the  bill  under  which  the  court  was  acting. 

1 8.    sapieiitiae  :  in  the  same  construction  as  iustitiae. 

2 1 .  denuntiant :  a  case  of  zeugma,  for  with  periculiun  it  means 
threaten. 


PRO    MILONE  349 

23.  silentium  :  silence,  and  therefore  a  hearing. 

24.  quae  .  .  .  civium  :  so  far  at  least  as  it  consists  of  citizens, 
i.e.  all  but  the  slaves  and  foreigners. — tota  nostra  est:  a  state- 
ment far  from  the  real  facts.  —  neque  quisquam  non  cum  favet : 
nor  is  there  any  one  who  does  not  both  favor. 

II.    i.    eorum  :  namely  those,  an  explanatory  genitive.  165 

3.  hesterna  contione  :  at  this  meeting  the  tribune  T.  Munatius 
Plancus  had  urged  the  people  to  be  present  at  the  trial  on  the  fol- 
lowing day,  that  they  might  intimidate  the  jury  by  their  numbers. — 
voce  praeirent :  when  an  oath  was  to  be  taken  or  a  solemn  prayer 
uttered,  the  words  were  dictated  by  the  magistrate  or  priest  in  charge 
{voce  praeire)  and  repeated  after  him.     Cicero  attempts  to  arouse 
the  feeling  of  the  jurors  by  intimating  that  the  partizans  of  Clodius 
thought  they  could  dictate  the  verdict. 

4.  iudicaretis  :  in  the  direct  form  this  would  be  the  deliberative 
subjunctive. 

7.  adeste  animis :  keep  your  presence  of  mind.  —  si  quern 
habetis  :  a  tactful  qualification  implying  a  doubt  as  to  the  existence 
of  any  fear. 

10.  amplissimorum  .  .  .  viris :  there  were  three  hundred  jurors 
selected  by  Pompey,  all  of  whom  heard  the  evidence ;  then  eighty- 
one  were  chosen  by  lot ;  each  side  challenged  fifteen,  leaving  fifty-one 
in  all,  eighteen  of  whom  were  senators,  seventeen  knights,  sixteen 
tribuni  aerarii. 

1 1 .  studia :  plural  because  each  man  showed  his  own  studium, 
or  because  studitnn  was  shown  for  tM&fortis  et  bonus  civis. 

12.  significassent :  subj.  by  attraction. 

14.  nos  :  Cicero  makes  Milo's  cause  his  own. 

15.  lugeamus.  recreemur  :  see  note  on  1.  4. 
19.    exercitum  :  from  exerceo. 

23.  pro  bonis  senserat :    his  sympathies  had  been  enlisted  in 
behalf  of  patriotic  men . 

24.  consilio :  jury. 

29.  tribunatu:  see  Introd.,  p.  35. 

30.  ad  ...  defensionem  :  /;/  defending  him  against  this  charge ; 
but  notice  that  ad  denotes  purpose,  as  often. 

31.  abutemur:    take   advantage  of.  —  oculis :   with  your  own 
eyes.  i.e.  clearly. 

i.   mors  :    the  mildest  term  Cicero  could  use.  —  salus  vestra  :          166 
stronger  than  the  usual  saluti  vobis. 

3.  illius  :  i.e.  Clodius.  —  hac  luce  :  the  light  of  day .  —  denique  : 
and  only  then. 


350  NOTES 

PAGE  4.    cetera :  e.g.  freedom  of  speech,  justice  in  the  courts,  honest 

166  elections ;  all  of  which,  according  to  Cicero,  had  been  endangered 
again  and  again  by  Clodius  and  his  followers.  —  hoc:  defined  by 
vitam  .  .  .  defendere. 

III.  7.  earn  orationem :  that  part  of  my  speech,  that  line  of 
argument. — venio  :  A.  327.  a;  B.  291.  i  ;  G.  574,  575;  H.  605.  I; 
W.  534. 

8.  quaestionis  :  A.  234.  d ;  B.  204.  2.  a  ;  G.  359.  R.  i ;  H.  435. 4 ; 
W.  352. 

11.  veniat:  subj.  by  attraction. 

12.  ei:  instead  of  this  dative  of  reference  with  essefas,  we  might 
have  had  eum  as  the  subject  of  intueri. 

14.  quae  .  .  .  Horati  :  which  saw  as  its  first  trial  on  a  capital 
charge  that  of  M.  Horatius.    M.  Horatius,  the  victor  in  the  con- 
test between  the  three  Horatii  and  the  three  Curiatii  by  which  the 
supremacy  of  Rome   over   Alba  Longa  was   established,   was  so 
incensed  at  the  grief  of  his  sister,  who  had  been  betrothed  to  one  of 
the  Curiatii,  that  he  slew  her  with  his  own  hand.    He  was  condemned 
to  death,  but  King  Tullus  Hostilius  allowed  him  the  privilege  of  an 
appeal  (provocatio)  to  the  people  and  he  was  acquitted. 

15.  nondum  libera  civitate  :  concessive  ablative  absolute. 

17.  hoc:  explained  by  cum  .  .  .  defendi. 

1 8.  quaeratur:  an  investigation  is  being  held.     Compare  the  use 
of  quaestio  to  denote  a  court  of  law.  —  recte  et  iure  :  in  accordance 
with  right  and  justice. 

19.  Nisi  vero :  A-3i5.b.N.;  6.306.5;  G. 591.11.4;  11.575.8. 
—  P.  Africanum :    the  younger  Scipio,  the  brother-in-law  of  the 
Gracchi.     It  was  reported  that  when  he  received  the  news  of  the 
death  of  Ti.  Gracchus,  which  was   brought  to  him  while   he  was 
besieging  Numantia,  he  repeated  the  well-known  line  of  Homer,  "fls 
aTroAotTO  Kat  dAAos  OTIS  Totavra  ye  pe'£oi. 

20.  C.  Carbone :  C.  Papirius  Carbo,  tribune  in  131  B.C.,  was  a 
most  zealous  partizan  of  the  Gracchi.    After  the  death  of  the  younger 
Gracchus,  however,  he  deserted  the  popular  cause.     He  was  sus- 
pected of  complicity  in  the  assassination  of  Scipio. — seditiose  : 
i.e.  Carbo's  purpose  in  asking  the  question  was  to  work  upon  the 
people. 

22.  Ahala  .  .  .  C.  Marius :  these  instances  of  homicide  are 
much  cited  by  Cicero.  He  used  them  all  in  a  somewhat  similar 
argument  at  the  beginning  of  the  first  Catilinarian  oration.  For  the 
order  Ahala  Servilius,  see  the  last  sentence  of  the  note  on  p.  99, 
1.  19. 


PRO    MILONE  351 

24.  me  consule  senatus  :  Cicero  cleverly  throws  upon  the  sen- 
ate the  responsibility  for  the  execution  of  the  Catilinarians. 

28.  sapientissimae  deae :  i.e.  Pallas.     Orestes,  who  had  slain 
his  mother  to  avenge  his  father's  murder,  was  persecuted  by  the 
Furies  for  his  crime  and  fled  to  Delphi  to  seek  Apollo's  aid ;  for 
that  god  had  urged  him  to  commit  the  deed.     Following  his  instruc- 
tions, Orestes  went  to  Athens  and  was  tried  by  the  Areopagus,  the 
ancient  criminal  court  of  that  city.     The  votes  of  the  judges  being 
equally  divided,  Pallas  Athene,  who  presided  over  the  court,  cast  her 
vote  in  favor  of  his  acquittal.     Cicero  assumes  that  this  version  of 
the  myth  is  known  to  his  audience,  if  not  from  the  Eumenides  of 
Aeschylus,  at  least  from  the  play  of  the  same  name  by  Ennius. 

29.  duodecim  tabulae  :  the  first  code  of  Roman  law,  drawn  up 
by  the  decemvirs  in  451  and  450  B.C.     The  name  came  from  the  fact 
that  the  laws  were  engraved  on  twelve  tablets  of  bronze.     Though 
gradually  modified  and  supplemented  by  praetorian  decisions,  they 
always  remained  the  foundation  of  Roman  jurisprudence. 

30.  quoquo  modo  :  under  any  circumstances. 

31.  quis,  quis  :  the  first  qitis  is  interrogative,  the  second  indefi- 
nite. —  quoquo  modo  :  no  matter  under  what  circumstances. 

32.  puniendum  :  punishment  must  be  inflicted. 

IV.  4.    eriperet :  conative  imperfect.  167 
5.   facere  periculose  :  expose  himself  to  danger. 

7.  Atque :  and  yet,  i.e.  although  the  murdered  man  was  his 
nephew  and  an  officer. 

9.  Quid  volunt :  ivhat  mean.  —  comitatus  :  the  disorder  of  the 
times  was  so  great  that  it  was  customary  for  men  of  prominence  to 
be  attended  by  a  body-guard  sufficient  to  ward  off  violence. 

14.    ut  .  .  .  salutis :  in  apposition  to  lex. 

17.  cum  .  .  .  repetenda :  i.e.  when  the  man  who  is  willing  to 
wait  for  the  operation  of  law  must  suffer  an  unjust  fate  before  the 
law  can  be  of  any  assistance  to  him. 

19.  Etsi :  used  like  Quamquam,  p.  79,  1.  27,  and  Tametsi,  p-jg, 
1-30. 

24.    maneat :  stand  as  the  law. 

V.  i.  quam  .  .  .  occultis  :  litotes.     Trans,  how  outspoken  and          168 
open. 

2.    summum  :  at  the  most. 

4.  tribuni  plebis  :  i.e.  T.  Munatius  Plancus,  who  had  harangued 
the  excited  multitude  surging  around  the  extemporized  funeral  pyre 
of  Clodius,  until  the  spread  of  the  flames  forced  him  to  desist 
(ambusti).  See  Introd.,  p.  36. 


352  NOTES 

9.   hos  labores  :  i.e.  as  an  advocate  in  the  courts  of  law. 

13.  quaestiones :    i.e.   the  quaestiones  perpetuae  (see  Introd.. 
p.  60),  which  rendered  unnecessary  the  appointment  of  an  extraor- 
dinary court  (nova  quaestio)  for  the  trial  of  this  case. 

14.  de  caede  :  the  law  term  was  de  sicariis. 

1 6.  stupro :  i.e.  the  presence  of  Clodius  at  the  mysteries  of  the 
Bona  Dea.  See  Introd.,  pp.  7,  34. — indicium  .  .  .  erepta :  Clo- 
dius was  brought  to  trial  before  an  extraordinary  court,  as  the  senate 
had  insisted  he  should  be ;  but  the  senate's  proposal  that  the  praetor 
should  select  the  jury  was  defeated  by  the  people,  and  the  jury  was 
constituted  in  the  usual  way.  —  senatui:  see  note  on  p.  127,  1.  7. 

19.  oppugnationem  ,  .  .  Lepidi :  on  account  of  the  disorder. 
the  consular  elections  of  53  B.C.  had  not  been  held.  In  January, 
52  B.C.,  M.  Lepidus  was  appointed  interrex  (see  Introd.,  p.  56). 
Upon  his  refusal  to  make  arrangements  for  the  consular  elections,  a 
mob  attacked  his  residence  and  besieged  him  for  five  days. 

23.  Nisi  vero  .  .  .  vulnerarunt :  i.e.  though  the  killing  of 
these  men  was  a  necessary  evil,  yet  it  was  an  evil  and  did  harm  to 
the  state. 

25 .  Gaius  :  i.e.  Gaius  Gracchus.  —  e  re  publica  :  for  the  good  of 
the  state. 

VI.  27.  Itaque  .  . .  notavi  :  therefore  I  myself  voted — since  there 
•was  no  doubt  that  a  murder  had  been  committed  on  the  Appian  \  \  'ay 
—  not  that  the  one  who  had  acted  in  self-defense  had  acted  contrary 
to  the  interests  of  the  state ;  but  since  violence  and  treachery  entered 
into  the  case,  I  left  the  investigation  of  the  question  of  guilt  to  the 
court,  but  disapproved  of  the  act  itself. 

30.    furiosum  ilium  tribunum  :  i.e.  T.  Munatius  Plancus. 

32.  Decernebat :  a  resolution  had  been  offered  in  the  senate  to 
the  effect  (i)  that  the  murder  on  the  Appian  Way  was  a  crime  against 
the  state ;  (2)  that  the  case  should  be  tried  in  the  regular  courts 
(veteribus  legibus),  but  should  be  advanced  to  the  first  place  in 
the  calendar  (extra  ordinem).  The  tribune  Q.  Fufius  Calenus,  to 
whom  Cicero  contemptuously  refers  in  nescio  quo.  asked  that  the 
two  parts  of  the  resolution  be  voted  upon  separately  (Divisa  sen- 
tentia  eat),  whereupon  the  first  part  was  passed,  but  the  second 
was  vetoed  by  the  tribune  Plancus. 
169  3-  auctoritas  senatus  :  see  Introd.,  p.  53. 

5.  rogatione :  a  bill  was  proposed  to  the  people  for  enactment 
into  law  with  the  formal  inquiry,  I7elitis  iubeatis,  Quirites,  hoc  jitri .' 
.  .  .  Haec  it  a  nti  di.vi*  ita  vos.  Qitin'tt's,  rogo. 

6.  tulit :    sc.  rogationem.     This  bill  was  passed,  and  the  court 


PRO    MILONE  353 

which  tried  Milo  was  constituted  in  accordance  with  its  provisions.         PAGE 
—  facta  esset,  occisus  esset :  subj.  in  indirect  discourse.     Cicero 
quotes  the  language  of  the  bill. 

9.  paret :  equivalent  to  apparet.  —  etiam  .  .  .  facti  iuris  defen- 
sionem  :  even  in  the  case  of  a  confession  of  the  deed,  a  defense  on 
the  ground  of  justification.  —  confessions  facti,  iuris  defensio- 
iieni :  chiasmus. 

10.  Quod  nisi  :  and  unless.    This  connective  use  of  quod  is  com- 
mon in  combination  with  si,  nisi,  utinam,  and  some  other  words 
Cf.  p.  92,  1.  12. 

12.  quaeri  :  an  investigation.  —  tarn  quam  :  as  well  as.  —  salu- 
tarem,  tristem  :  i.e.  A,  the  initial  of  absolvo ;  C,  the  initial  of  con- 
demno.  See  Introd.,  p.  61. 

18.    lam:  now. 

VII.  21.  patronus  :  i.e.  as  the  patron  protects  his  clients,  so  did 
Drusus  protect  the  senate.  See  note  on  Drusum,  p.  153,  1.  23. 

22.  tribunus  plebis  :    the  emphatic  position   of  the  title  calls 
attention  to  the  fact  that  a  tribune's  person  was  sacred. 

23.  Nihil  populus  consultus  :  i.e.  nulla  rogatio  lata  est. 

25.  P.  Africano:  i.e.  Scipio  Aemilianus.  One  morning  he  was 
found  dead  in  his  bed,  and  as  he  had  been  the  foremost  opponent 
of  the  measures  of  C.  Gracchus,  suspicion  of  foul  play  was  at  once 
aroused.  Various  leaders  of  the  reform  party  were  accused,  but  sus- 
picion fell  especially  upon  C.  Papirius  Carbo.  See  note  on  p.  166, 1.  20. 

28.  necessariam :  Africanus  was  fifty-six  years  of  age  at  the 
time  of  his  death. 

30.  Quid  ita :  and  why  not  ? 

3 1 .  Intersit :  granting  that  there  is  a  difference.     A.  266.  c ; 
B.  278;  G.  264;  H.  559.  3;  W.  483. 

1.  Nisi  forte  :  see  note  on  Nisi  vero,  p.  116,  1.  19.  170 

2.  eo:  see  note  on  hoc,  p.  86,  1.  16. 

3.  momimentis  maiorum  suorum :    Appius  Claudius  Caecus, 
the  illustrious  censor,  an  ancestor  of  Clodius,  had  built  the  Appian 
Way,  the  first  great  military  road  of  the  Romans,  from  Rome  to 
Capua.     See  note  on  Appia  via,  p.  145,  1.  15. 

8.  muniverit :    this  word  is  regularly  used  of  the  making  of  a 
military  road.      For  the  tense  and  mood,  see  note  on  videamus, 
p.  149,  1.  33. 

9.  uteretur,  latrociuarentur :  subj.  of  purpose. 

15.    M.  Papirium :  Tigranes,  the  son  of  the  Armenian  king  of 
the  same  name,  had  been  brought  to  Rome  by  Pompey  as  a  captive. 
Clodius  helped  him  to  escape  from  custody,  and  Papirius  was  slain 
2  A 


354  NOTES 

PAGE         in  an  affray  between  the  minions  of  Clodius  and  a  party  sent  to 

170  recapture  the  fugitive. 

17.  homo  .  .  .  occiderat :  i.e.  the  murderer  was  a  nobleman, 
the  murdered  man  only  a  knight. 

26.  postea  quam  :  preferred  by  Cicero  to  the  more  simple  post- 
quam. 

27.  ilia :  those  ancient  instances,  i.e.  the  murder  of  Drusus  and 
of  Africanus,  for  the  investigation  of  which  no  extraordinary  court 
was  ordered. 

28.  templo  Castoris  :  although  this  temple  was  dedicated  to  the 
twin  brothers  Castor  and  Pollux,  it  was  generally  spoken  of  as  the 
temple  of  Castor.     See  the  map  on  p.  75,  where  it  is  marked  T.  Ca- 
storum,  the  plural  of  Castor  being  used  for  Castoris  et  Pollucis.   The 
incident  referred  to  occurred  on  1 1  Aug..  58  B.C.     On  this  day  the 
senate  met  in  the  temple  of  Castor,  and  Pompey  was  to  be  assassi- 
nated as  he  entered  the  building. 

29.  ei  :  see  note  on  p.  76, 1.  12. 

30.  Caruit  foro :  stayed  away  from  the  Forum. 

32.   quae :  A.  105.  d ;  B.  252.  i ;  G.  315 ;  H.  512.  I. 
35.   foro,  vestibulo  senatus  :  see  note  on  1.  28.     It  will  be  seen 
from  the  map  that  the  temple  of  Castor  was  near  the  Forum. 

171  6.    re  non  perfecta  :  causal  abl.  abs. 

VIII.    12.   audeamus  :  subj.  in  a  relative  clause  of  cause. 

14.  Luget  .  .  .  desiderant :  the  irony  of  this  statement  is  inten- 
sified by  the  solemnity  of  its  expression  and  the  rhetorical  arrange- 
ment of  the  words. 

19.  quadam  :  see  notes  on  p.  152, 1.  7,  and  p.  162, 1.  2. 

20.  ilium :  i.e.  Clodius. 

21.  gauderet:   subj.  in  indirect  discourse.      Pompey's  thought 
would  be  rigutidt&ff. 

22.  reconciliatae   gratiae :    a  reconciliation   had   taken   place 
between  Pompey  and  Clodius,  whose  assistance  Pompey  needed  for 
the  accomplishment  of  his  ambitious  designs. 

24.   fortiter  :  fearlessly.  —  delegit :  see  note  on  p.  165, 1.  10. 
26.    secrevit :  discriminate  against. 

172  I-    non  potuit  legere  non  :  he  could  not  help  choosing. 

2.  mei :  objective  genitive.  —  Quod  vero  voluit :  and  indeed,  in 
that  he  wished.  —  L.  Domiti :  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  "  one  of 
the  most  narrow-minded  and  stubborn  of  the  Roman  aristocracy."  - 
praeesse  voluit :  cf.  te  creavit  below.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Domi- 
tius was  appointed  by  the  comitia,  but  Pompey's  wishes  were  fol- 
lowed. 


PRO    MILONE  355 

4.    consularem  :  sc.  huic  quaestioni praeesse. 

IX.    ii.   vellemus  :  could  have  wished,  potential  subjunctive.  ^^ 

16.    quo  facilius  possitis :  A.  317.  b;  B.  282.  i.  a;  G.  545.  2; 
H.  568.  7  ;  W.  506,  507. 

20.  tracta  esse  :  the  disordered  condition  of  the  state  had  made 
it  impossible  to  elect  the  consuls  and  praetors  for  53  B.C.  until  July 
of  that  year. 

21.  qui  .  .  .  spectaret :   i.e.  it  was  not  political  ambition  that 
influenced  him.      The  clause  is  causal. — honoris    gradum :    see 
Introd.,  p.  54. 

22.  L.  Paulum  :  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  praetor  in  53  B.C.,  a  staunch 
partizan  of  the  optimates  and  therefore  opposed  to  Clodius.  —  con- 
legam :  used  predicatively. 

24.  annum  suum :  inasmuch  as  he  had  been  aedile  in  56  B.C., 
he  would  naturally  have  been  a  candidate  for  the  praetorship  of 
53  B.C.     See  Introd.,  p.  54. 

25.  sese  .  .  .  transtulit:  postponed  his  candidacy  to  the  next  year. 

26.  dicebat :  said  repeatedly.     So  Occurrebat,  1.  29,  the  thought 
kept  occurring. 

30.  consule  Milone :  should  Milo  be  elected  consul.     Milo  was 
a  candidate  for  the  consulship  of  52  B.C.      His  competitors  were 
Q.  Metellus  Scipio  and  P.  Plautius  Hypsaeus. 

31.  fieri  :  the  present  is  used  instead  of  the  future  because  Cicero 
means  that  the  canvass  showed  that  Milo  was  as  good  as  elected.  — 
Contulit  se  :  gave  his  support. 

1.  Convocabat :  i.e.  for  the  purpose  of  electioneering.  173 

2.  se  interponebat :  i.e.  he  acted  as  agent  of  the  candidates.  — 
Collinam  novam  :  the  four  city  tribes  contained  the  freedmen  and 
those  who  owned  no  land,  and  were  therefore  held  in  less  esteem 
than  the  rural ;    and  the  Colline  tribe  was  the  most  disreputable 
of  all.     Cicero  intimates  that  Clodius  by  organizing  the  proletariate 
in  political  clubs  had  called  into  existence  an  association  as  disrepu- 
table and  as  dangerous  to  law  and  order  as  the  Colline  tribe. 

3.  ille,  hie  :  i.e.  Clodius,  Milo. 

6.  certissimum  consulem  :  perfectly  certain  of  the  consulship. 

7.  suffragiis  .  .  .  declaratum :    though  the  comitia  had  been 
postponed  again  and  again,  either  because  of  the  veto  of  a  tribune  or 
on  account  of  some  unfavorable  omen  or  because  open  riot  made  it 
impossible  to  proceed  with  the  election,    yet  the  voting,  so  far  as 
it  had  gone,  had  favored  Milo. 

9.  quibus  :  abl.  of  means,  equivalent  to  quorum  opera. 

10.  Etruriam  :  Clodius  owned  estates  in  Etruria. 


356  NOTES 

PAGE  1 1 .    minime  obscura  :  litotes. 

1^3  14     M.  Favonio :  one  of  the  optimates,  and  associated  with  Cato 

in  his  vehement  opposition  to  the  democracy.     Mommsen  calls  him 

Cato's  Sancho. 

15.  summum  :  see  note  on  p.  168,  1.  2. 

1 6.  hunc :  cf.  huius  iudicis  nostri,  p.  169,  1.  21.     We  can  easily 
believe  that  Cato  voted  for  Milo's  acquittal,  as  one  ancient  writer 
declares  he  did  openly. 

X.  20.   Lanuvium :    ace.  of  place  whither.     Lanuvium  was  an 
ancient  town  of  Latium  on  the  Via  Appia.     Here  there  was  a  famous 
temple  of  luno  Sospita,  i.e.  The   Protectress,  whose  flatnen  was 
appointed  by  Milo  as  chief  magistrate  of  Lanuvium.    The  illustra- 
tion on  p.  174  shows  a  colossal  statue  of  the  goddess  now  in  the 
Vatican. 

22.  re  :  from  the  sequel. 

23 .  ita :  under  such  circumstances. 

27.  est  dimissus  :  Cicero  makes  the  point  that  Milo  finished  his 
business  for  the  day,  contrasting  his  deliberateness  with  the  hasty 
departure  of  Clodius. 

28.  calceos  et  vestimenta :  at  the  meeting  of  the  senate  Milo 
had  worn  a  toga,  a  tunic  with  the  lot  us  davits  (see  Introd.,  p.  48), 
and  shoes  of  the  special  fashion  prescribed  for  the  formal  dress  of 
senators. 

30.   id  temporis  :  see  note  on  p.  73, 1.  8. 

32.  Graecis  comitibus :   musicians  and  the  like,  kept  for  the 
entertainment  of  their  master. 

33.  insidiator :  ironical. 

174  5.    hora  fere    undecima :    this  would   have  been  at   this  time 

of  year  sometime  between  three  and  four  o'clock.  The  encounter 
probably  occurred  some  hours  earlier,  but  it  was  to  Cicero's  interest 
to  put  it  at  as  late  an  hour  as  possible,  as  will  appear  later. 

7.  de  loco  superiore  :  another  evidence  that  Clodius  had  selected 
the  place  of  attack. 

8.  adversi  :  in  front. 

16.    putarent :  A.  321.  N.  2:  B.  286.  r.a;  G.  541. N.  3;  H-588.  i. 
20.    pugnari :  there  ivas  fighting,  impersonal  passive. 

24.  servi :  the  subject  vifecerunt  is  the  implied  antecedent  of  qui, 
1.  1 8,  but  it  is  now  expressed  specifically  in  order  to  emphasize  the 
fact  that  the  deed  was  actually  done  by  the  slaves,  not  their  master. 

26.    quod :  its  antecedent  is  id,  1.  24.  —  Fecerunt  id  quod  .  .  . 
voluisset  is  a  very  euphemistic  expression  for  Clodium  occiderunt. 

XI.  29.    vi  victa  vis  :  notice  the  alliteration. 


PRO    MILONE  357 

I .  nihil  .  .  .  def  endam  :  /  have  nothing  to  offer  in  his  defense. 

5.    quin  simul  iudicetis  :  without  declaring  at  the  same  time.  ^^ 

I 1 .  non  .  .  .  venit :  then  this  is  not  now  the  question  before  the 
court. 

16.    notavit :  cf.  p.  168,  11.  29,  30. 

XII.    19.   hie:  my  client,  as  commonly.     Sc.  insidias  fecit.  —  ut 
ne  :  equivalent  to  ne  alone. 

23.  propositam,  fuisse  :  these  two  words  go  together. 

24.  illud  Cassianum  :  the  famous  question  of  Cassius.     L.  Cas- 
sius  Longinus,  consul  in  127  B.C.,  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  most 
upright  iudex.  —  cuibono:  to  whose  advantage,  the  double  dative 
construction. 

26.  Atqui :  now,  introducing  the  application  of  the  general  prin- 
ciple stated  by  Cassius. 

27.  adsequebatur  :  equivalent  to  adsecuturus  erat,  but  the  form 
used  here  effectively  represents  the  plans  of  Clodius  as  being  already 
carried  into  execution.  —  quo  :  sc.  consiile. 

28.  iis  consulibus  :  i.e.  Milo's  competitors. 

29.  certe  :  modifies  coniventibus. 

30.  eludere  :  have  his  own  way.  —  cuius  :  referring  to  Clodius. 
—  conatus  :  object  of  reprimere. 

32.   tantum  beneficium  :   i.e.  their  election. 

4.   neque  .  .  .  versantur  :  and  do  they  give  no  attention  to  the         176 
common  talk  of  the  citizens. 

8.  Sexte  Clodi :  the  secretary  of  the  murdered  man  and  one  of 
his  tools.    He  bore  the  name  Clodius  by  virtue  of  being  a  client  of  the 
Claudian  family.  —  legum :    refers  to  the  bills  which  Clodius  had 
drawn  up  for  introduction  during  his  praetorship.      One  of  these 
proposed  the  granting  of  full  political  rights  to  all  freedmen  and 
slaves  living  in  practical  freedom.  —  vestrarum  :  the  plural  is  used 
with  reference  to  both  Sextus  Clodius  and  his  master. 

9.  e  domo  .  .  .  nocturna :  i.e.  from  the  house  of  P.  Clodius, 
during  the  rioting  that  followed  his  murder. 

10.  Palladium:  the  sacred  image  of  Pallas  Athene,  which,  accord- 
ing to  Roman  legend,  had  been  carried  away  from  burning  Troy  (ex 
mediis  armis  tnrbaque  nocturna)  by  Aeneas.     It  was  kept  in  the 
temple  of  Vesta  at  Rome.    When  the  temple  was  burned  in  241  B.C., 
L.  Caecilius  Metellus,  the  victor  of  Panormus.  rescued  from  the  flames 
th\s/ata/e  pignus  imperi  Romani  at  the  risk  of  his  life  and  with  the 
loss  of  his  eyesight. 

12.    aspexit  me:    Cicero  represents  Sextus  Clodius  as  casting 
upon  him  a  menacing  glance. 


358  NOTES 

PAGE  14.   lumen  curiae  :  a  play  upon  words,  the  man  who  set  the  senate- 

176  house  on  fire  (at  the  time  of  the  funeral  of  P.  Clodius)  and  the  light 
of  the  senate  (in  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  used  on  p.  108, 1.  26). 

XIII.  1 6.  punitus  es  :  a  deponent  form.  —  humanitatis  :  A. 
214.  d ;  B.  198.  3  ;  G.  366 ;  H.  447 ;  W.  360. 

17.  eiecisti:  efferre  is  the  word  used  of  the  carrying  out  of  the 
corpse  in  the  usual  way  for  the  funeral  procession. 

18.  imaginibus :  the  wax  masks  of  all  ancestors  who  had  filled 
curule  offices  were  worn  at  the  funeral  obsequies  of  noble  Romans 
by  persons  who  marched  in  advance  of  the  corpse.     As  Clodius 
belonged  to  a  most  illustrious  family,  the  procession  would  have 
been  an  imposing  one. 

19.  laudatione  :  the  funeral  oration,  eulogy .    This  was  delivered 
from  the  Rostra  by  a  near  relative. — infelicissimis  lignis :    the 
benches  of  the  senate-house,  probably  called  ill-omened  because  the 
pyre  was  not  built  of  the  material  prescribed  by  the  ritual  of  Roman 
religion.  —  nocturnis  :  prowling  about  at  night. 

22.    laudare  non  possum  :  while  I  cannot  approve. 

27.  At  .  .  .  magis :  but  he  was  sure  of  election  in  spite  of  the 
opposition  of  Clodius,  nay  rather  the  more  on  that  account.  With 
fiebat  it  is  necessary  to  supply  consul.  The  thought  of  the  sentence 
is  that  the  demagogue's  enmity  strengthened  Milo's  chances  of  elec- 
tion. Cf.  p.  I73,J1.  3,  4. 

29.  vos :    i.e.  as  voters.     A  good  instance  of  Cicero's   skill   in 
establishing  sympathetic  relations  between  the  jury  and  his  client  or 
himself. 

30.  lacrimae :  see  note  on  p.  112,  1.  10. 

33.  solutam  :  here  an  adjective.  —  rerum  novarum  :  a  revolu- 
tion. 

177  2.   Eum:  such  a  man. 

7.  furoribus  :  the  plural  denotes  repeated  furious  acts. 

8.  adept!  estis  :  have  gained  this  advantage. 

9.  exercitationem  :  a  field  for  the  exercise. 

12.  mortuo:  now  that  he  is  dead.  —  coeptus  est:  A.  143.  a; 
B.  133.  I  ;  G.  175.  5.  N.,  423.  N.  3 ;  H.  299.  I. 

18.  segetem  ac  materiem  :  the  source  and  foundation.     Notice 
the  metaphors  in  these  words. 

19.  Ille  erat  ut  odisset :  as  for  Clodius,  it  was  a  fact  that  he 
hated.     The  subject  of  erat  is  the  result-clause  ut  odisset.    Ille  is  the 
subject  of  odisset,  but  put  first  for  emphasis. 

21.  reus  .  .  .  Clodius:  in  57  B.C.  Milo  accused  Clodius  under 
the  lex  Plotia  de  vi,  but  his  election  to  the  aedileship  made  it  impos- 


PRO    MILONE  359 

sible  to  bring  him  to  trial ;  yet  the  accusation  might  be  renewed  at  PAGE 
any  time  quoad  -uixit.  On  p.  179,  1.  6,  Cicero  speaks  of  two  prose-  ^" 
cutions  of  Clodius  by  Milo. 

XIV.  25.  Reliquum  .  .  .  coarguant:  an  ironical  statement  of 
the  position  of  the  prosecutors  of  Milo. 

26.  Nihil :  sc.  faciebat.     Notice  that  the  Latin  idiom  is  nemo 
ii»iquam,  nihil  umquam,  etc.,   not  numquam  quisquam,  numquam 
quicquam,  etc. 

27.  Ego  :  emphatic,  in  my  own  case. 

28.  iudiciumne  timui?    Non  servos  :  preserve  the  emphasis  by 
translating  was  it  a  legal  trial  that  I  feared?  "was  it  not  slaves,  etc. 

30.  Diem  .  .  .  intenderat :  Cicero  enumerates  here  certain  legal 
formalities  which  would  have  been  observed  had  he  been  regularly 
impeached  by  Clodius.  A  day  would  have  been  set  for  the  trial 
(diem  dicer  e),  and  the  concilium  plebis  asked  to  impose  a  fine  (tnul- 
tam  inrogare)  or  a  trial  instituted  before  the  comitia  centuriata  on 
the  capital  charge  of  high  treason  (actionem perduellionis  intendere). 

3.  Q.  Hortensium  :  see  note  on  p.  143,  1.  13.  He  was  probably  178 
present,  inasmuch  as  he  was  one  of  Milo's  counsels.  During  the 
agitation  that  preceded  Cicero's  banishment,  Hortensius  joined  a 
delegation  of  knights  which  went  before  the  senate  to  petition  that 
body  to  thwart  the  designs  of  Clodius.  When  they  left  the  senate, 
they  were  roughly  handled  by  the  mob. 

9.  Pompeio :  cf.  p.  170, 1.  27  ff.  — monumentum  sui  nominis  : 
see  note  on  p.  170, 1.  3. 

10.  Papiri :  see  note  on  p.  170,  1.  15.  —  haec  eadem  ...  in 
me  :  see  Introd.,  p.  35. 

12.  regiam :    the  Regia,  the   official   residence   of  the  pontifex 
maxiwits,  was  at  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Forum  near  the  temple 
of  Vesta.     It  was  said  to  have  been  originally  the  royal  palace  of 
Numa  Pompilius.     Though  several  times  destroyed  by  fire,  it  was 
always  rebuilt  on  the  same  foundations. 

13.  Quid  simile  Milords:  <what  act  of  ^lilo  is  comparable  with 
these.     Cf.  p.  117,  1.  9.  —  haec  semper  fuit :  aimed  always  at  this. 

1 6.  Potuitne  :  tie  has  here  the  force  of  nonne. 

17.  domum  .  .  .  defenderet :  on  Nov.  12,  57  B.C.,  Clodius  laid 
siege  to  Milo's  house  with  a  band  armed  with  shields,  swords,  and 
lighted  torches.     He  was  beaten  off,  many  of  his  ruffians  were  killed, 
and  Clodius  himself  barely  escaped  by  taking  refuge  in  a  neighboring 
house. 

18.  P.  Sestio  :  one  of  the  tribunes  of  the  year  57  B.C.,  who  made 
vigorous  efforts  to  secure  Cicero's  recall.     Like  Milo,  he  kept  a  band 


360  NOTES 

PAGE         of  bullies  and  engaged  in  frequent  street  fights  with  Clodius  and  his 

178  gang.     On  one  occasion  he  was  set  upon  when  unprepared  and  so 
severely  wounded  that  he  was  left  for  dead. 

19.    Q.  Fabricio  :  another  of  the  tribunes  of  57  B.C. 

21.  L.  Caecili :  L.  Caecilius  Rufus,  praetor  in  57  B.C.     He  also 
was  active  in  advocacy  of  Cicero's  recall  from  exile. 

22.  illo  die:  Aug.  4,  57  B.C.  (see  Introd.,  p.  9).     The  proposal 
for  Cicero's  recall  was  passed  with  scarcely  any  opposition  in  spite 
of  the  harangues  of  Clodius.    At  the  request  of  the  consuls  a  large 
number  of  citizens  of  the  Italian  towns  (totius  Italiae  concursus). 
friends  of  good  government  and  admirers  of  Cicero,  had  come  to 
Rome  to  cast  their  vote  for  the  bill. 

XV.  26.  consul :  the  other  consul,  Q.  Metellus  Nepos,  had  been 
bitterly  opposed  to  Cicero  (see  Introd.,  p.  6),  but  in  deference  to 
the  wishes  of  Pompey  joined  in  advocating  the  cause  of  his  former 
enemy. 

27.   illius  :  i.e.  Clodius. 

29.  septem  .  .  .  plebei :  there  were  therefore  only  one  praetor 
and  two  tribunes  opposed  to  the  bill.  —  plebei:  notice  that  this 
comes  from  the  nominative  plebes,  not  plebs. 

33.  decretum :  a  resolution  advocating  Cicero's  recall,  which 
was  passed  by  the  local  authorities  of  Capua  at  the  suggestion  of 
Pompey,  who  was  at  that  time  one  of  the  duoviri  —  a  title  given  to 
the  highest  magistrates  of  a  municipium  or  colon ia. 

179  I.   eius  :  used  for  suam  because  imploranti  is  equivalent  to  qaae 
itnplorabat. 

3.  mei:  objective  genitive.  —  quern  .  .  .  cogitaretur:  and  if 
any  one  had  killed  him  then,  it  would  not  have  been  a  question  of 
impunity  for  the  assassin  but  of  rewarding  him. 

5.  cogitaretur:   A.  308.  a.  R. ;   B.  304.  2;    G.   597.  R.  I  ;    H. 
579-  i ;  W.  558. 

6.  in  iudicium  bis :  see  note  on  p.  177,  1.  21. 

7.  Private  Milone  et  reo :  one  of  the  first  acts  of  Clodius  on 
entering  upon  the  aedileship  in    56   B.C.  was  to    bring  an  action 
against  Milo,  who  was  now  once  more  a  private  citizen  and  there- 
fore impeachable,  for  a  breach  of  the  peace   (vis)   in  employing 
gladiators   during   his   tribuneship   in    57   B.C.     At  the  trial,  when 
Pompey  rose  to  speak,  the  followers  of  Clodius  raised  such  a  clamor 
as  to  make  it  almost  impossible  for  him  to  proceed.    Milo's  partizans 
retaliated,   and   being   the   stronger  finally  made  an  attack   upon 
Clodius   and    his   gang    and    drove   them    from   the    Forum.  —  ad 
populum  :  because  the  case  was  tried  before  the  comitia  tributa. 


PRO    MILONE  361 

10.  M.  Antonius :  this  is  the  man  who  was  later  a  member  of 
the  second  triumvirate,  and  whose  enmity  cost  Cicero  his  life.     On  the 
occasion  mentioned  in  the  text  he  had  pursued  Clodius  with  a  drawn 
sword,  and  would  have  killed  him,  had  he  not  managed  to  make  his 
escape  into  the  dark  stairway  (scalarum  tenebras)  of  a  book-store. 

1 1 .  gravissimam  rei  publicae  pattern  :  a  most  important  part 
in  public  affairs.    Antony  was  at  the  time  a   candidate  for  the 
quaestorship. 

13.  beluam,  laqueos,  inretitam :  notice  the  metaphorical 
language. 

1 6.  magnum  fuit :  was  it  a  great  matter. 

17.  Comitiis  :  abl.  of  time.     The  comitia  centnriata  is  meant,  as 
is  shown  by  in  campo. 

1 8.  saepta:  a  large  inclosure  erected  on  the  Campus  Martins 
for  the  elections  held  in  the  comitia  centuriata.     The  saepta  was 
divided  into  compartments  for  each  century.     To  cast  their  ballots 
(tabulae),  the  voters  left  these  compartments  through  narrow  pas- 
sages, the  so-called  pontes. 

XVI.  22.    noluit,  voluit,  eat  ansus  :  sc.  occidere. 

23.  loco,  tempore :  sc.  aequo,  suo,  to  bring  out  the  antithesis 
with  iniquo,  alieno  below. 

30.  rumorem,  fabulam  :  both  are  used  of  gossip,  but  the  former 
of  idle  report,  the  latter  of  a  story  told  in  detail.  —  f  alsam,  fictam  : 
one  may  repeat  a  false  (falsam)  report  without  having  personally 
invented  (fictam)  the  story. 

i .   recte :  a  participle  used  as  a  substantive  is  usually  modified          180 
by  an  adverb  rather  than  an  adjective. 

3.  campi:  by  metonymy  the  name  of  the  place  where  the  meet- 
ing of  the  comitia  centuriata  was  held  is  used  of  the  meeting  itself. 

4.  prae  se  ferens  :  proclaiming. 

5.  auspicia :  see  Introd.,  pp.  51,62.  —  veniebat:  see  note  on 
adsequebatur,  p.  175,  1.  27. 

6.  non  credibile  :  equivalent  to  incredibile,  but  this  form  of  ex- 
pression is  chosen  for  its  parallelism  with  non  dubitandum.  —  in 
hoc  :  i.e.  in  Milone. 

7.  se  regnaturum  :  he  could  do  as  he  pleased,  but  this  translation 
does  not  do  justice  to  the  offensive  meaning  of  regno.     See  note  on 
p.  82, 1.  22. 

8.  Quod  .  .   .  audaciae  :  and  this  is  the  chief  source  of  boldness, 

15.  M.  Cato  :  see  note  on  p.  173,  1.  16. 

16.  sors  :  see  note  on  p.  165,  1.  10. 

17.  M.  Favonio  :  see  note  on  p.  173.  1.  14. 


362  NOTES 

PAGE  1 8.   post  diem  tertium  quam  :  the  third  day  after.  —  gesta  res 

180  est :  the  attempt  was  made. 

XVII.  21.    dies  fefellit:  cf.  p.  72,  11.  i,  2. — Dixi  modo  :  in 
chap.  X. 

22.   nosse  .  .  .  erat :  it  was  no  trouble  to  know. 
27.   approperaret :  see  note  on  p.  179, 1.  5. 

32.  qui:  the  adverb. 

33.  Ut  rogasset :  A.  313.  a,  266.  c ;  B.  308  ;  G.  608 ;  H.  586.  II ; 
W.  571. 

4.    Quaesierit :  see  note  on  sit,  p.  121,  1.  10. 

181  8.   testimonio  :  an  attempt  to  invalidate  the  testimony  of  Causin- 
ius  in  this  case  by  calling  to  mind  his  perjury  at  the  trial  of  Clodius 
for  violation  of  the  rites  of  the  Bona  Dea.    It  was  by  his  evidence 
that  he  had  entertained  Clodius  upon  the  night  in  question  at  his 
home  at  Interamna  that  Clodius  tried  to  establish  the  alibi  which 
Cicero  himself  disproved.     See  Introd.,  p.  34. 

10.  in  Albano :  i.e.  at  his  villa  on  the  Appian  Way  near  the 
Alban  Mount. 

XVIII.  14.   liberatur  non  profectus  esse :  is  cleared  of  the 
charge  that  he  set  out,  is  proved  not  to  have  set  out. 

15.  quippe  .  .  .  erat:  since,  according  to  the  statement  of 
Causinius,  Clodius  intended  to  spend  the  night  at  his  Alban  estate. 

18.  hac  rogatione :   i.e.  the  bill  instituting   the  court  for  the 
trial  of  Milo. 

24.  occurrit  illud  :  this  objection  meets  me,  an  instance  of  occu- 
patio,  i.e.  the  anticipation  of  an  opponent's  argument. 

30.  Una :  sc.  cum  Clodio.  —  obsignavi  :  a  Roman  will  was  writ- 
ten and  sealed  like  a  letter.  See  Introd.,  p.  45.  The  witnesses 
signed  their  names  near  their  seals. 

182  XIX.    i.  Age:  see  note  on  p.  139, 1.  5.  —  sit  factum  :  see  note  on 
sit,  p.  121,  1.  10.  —  properaret,  coniceret :  subj.  of  characteristic. 

2.  adferebat :  its  subject  is  quod  heres  erat. 

3.  properato :  A.  292.  b;  B.  218.  2.  c;  G.  406;  H.  477.  III. 
12.    muta  .  .  .  ostendisset :   notice  the  oxymora. — indicasset. 

ostendisset :  contrary  to  fact  as  well  as  causal. 

15.  Etruria :  cf.  p.  173,  1.  10,  and  the  note. 

1 6.  Quod  ut  sciret :  now,  granting  that  he  knew.    For  ut  sciret, 
see  note  on  p.   180,  1.  33;   and  for  this  use  of  quod,  see  note  on 
p.  169,  1.  10. 

17.  suspicari  debuit :  see  note  on  duci,  p.  69, 1.  16. 

19.  tangeret:  causal.  —  ante:  i.e.  before   Clodius  reached  his 
Alban  estate. 


PRO    MILONE  363 

20.    eo  in  loco  quo  .  .  .  esset:    i.e.  some  favorable  spot  between         PAGE 
Rome  and  the  estate  of  Clodius.  182 

23.    ad:  "with  reference  to. 

27.  nihil  auditum  :  nothing  of  this  sort  had  been  heard.  A  few 
years  before  this,  Cicero  himself  had  written  in  a  letter  that  Milo 
boasted  that  he  would  kill  Clodius. 

30.  exiturum  :  sc.  se,  which  may  have  been  omitted  because  of 
the  preceding  prae  se. 

31 .  dissimulasse  :  had  concealed  the  fact.  —  nullius  rei  :  in  no 
respect. 

XX.  i.    caput :  the  most  important  point.  —  locus:  notice  the          183 
emphasis  given  to  this  word  by  placing  it  first  instead  of  utri.  —  ad 
insidias  :  belongs  with  aptior. 

3.  etiam:  still. 

4.  insauas :   so  characterized  on  account  of  their  extravagant 
size. 

5.  hominum  mille :    A.  94.  e.  N. ;    B.  80.  5.  a;    G.  293;    H. 
168.  i;  W.  133.  —  adversari :  gen.  of  possession. 

6.  superior  em  :  at  an  advantage. 

9.  Res  loquitur  ipsa  :  the  facts  speak  for  themselves . — quae: 
we  should  expect  quod  with  the  clause  Res  loquitur  ipsa  for  its  ante- 
cedent. 

12.  Quid  horum  :  which  one  of  these  things. 

13.  vestitus :  the  paenula  was  a  heavy  cloak  which  did  not 
permit  the  free  use  of  the  arms. — vehiculum :  the  raeda  was  a 
cumbrous  traveling-carriage  holding  several  persons  with  their  bag- 
gage. 

14.  Quid  minus  promptum  :  what  could  be  less  ready  (i.e.  than 
Milo). 

15.  uxore :  the  ablative  of  means  is  used  instead  of  the  ablative 
of  agent  because  it  was  not  his  wife  but  her  presence  that  hindered 
him. 

1 6.  subito :  notice  that  the  position  of  this  word  makes  it  clear 
that  the  following  cur  means  cur  subito.  —  Vesperi  :  cf.  p.  174, 1.  5. 

17.  qui  convenit :  how  did  this  fit  in,  what  was  the  sense  of  this. 
—  id  temporis :  see  note  on  p.  73,  1.  8. 

18.  Alsiensi :  a  villa  near  Alsium,  an  old  town  on  the  coast  of 
Etruria. 

19.  esse  :  sc.  eum. 

20.  hie :  i.e.  Milo. 

XXI.  24.    Graeculi :    a  diminutive  used  to  express  contempt. 
See  note  on  p.  173,  1.  32. 


364  NOTES 

PAGE  25.    castra  Etrusca:  there  was  a  story  that  Clodius  had  started 

to  join  the  Catilinarians  at  Faesulae,  but  turned  back.  It  may  be. 
however,  that  Cicero  refers  here  to  the  depredations  of  Clodius  in 
Etruria;  cf.  p.  173, 1.  10. 

29.  nisi  .  .  .  diceres :  except  such  as  one  might  say  had  been 
picked  man  by  man.     This  is  a  reference  to  the  custom  of  selecting 
a  certain  number  of  men  of  recognized  valor  for  a  desperate  under- 
taking and  then  allowing  each  of  them  to  choose  another  on  whom 
he  could  absolutely  rely,  and  so  on.     Cf.  Caes.  Bell.  Gall.  i.  48, 
Quos  ex  omni  copia  singidi  singulos  suae  salutis  causa  delegerant.  — 
diceres  :  see  note  on  velis,  p.  114, 1.  12. 

184  4.    quanto  illi  odio  esset :  how  bitterly  he  was  hated  by  him. 
See  note  on  p.  149, 1.  I. 

5.  maximis  .  .  .  addictam  :  had  been  put  up  for  sale  as  a  good 
investment  and  almost  knocked  down.  By  maximis  praemiis  are 
meant  the  rewards  that  the  death  of  Milo  would  bring  to  Clodius. 
The  construction  is  probably  ablative  of  price. 

8.  Maitemque    communem :    and  the  impartiality  of  Mars. 
Cf.  Homer,  Iliad,  18.  309,  "  The  war-god  is  alike  to  all  and  a  slayer 
of  him  that  would  slay";  and  Ecclesiastes  9.  II,  "The  race  is  not 
to  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  to  the  strong." 

9.  spoliaiitem  jam  :  the  man  already  stripping  his  enemy  of  his 
arms.  —  perculit  ab  abiecto  :  struck  him  down  by  the  hand  of  his 
prostrate  foe. 

15.  manu  misit :  immediately  after  the  murder  Milo  freed  the 
slaves  who  had  been  with  him  at  the  time.  Only  slaves  could  be 
put  to  the  torture,  and  the  prosecution  charged  that  Milo  had  taken 
this  means  of  insuring  that  his  slaves  should  not  give  evidence 
against  him. 

1 8.  Quid  quaeris  :  what  is  it  that  you  wish  to  find  out. 

19.  Nihil  ad  tortorem  :  the  torturer  has  nothing  to  do  with  that. 
XXII.    23.    cur  .  .  .  praemiis:  why   he  did  not  reward  them 

more  generously. 

24.  iiescis  .  .  .  reprehendere :  you  dotft  know  how  to  criticize 
an  enemy^s  action. 

30.  Etsi:  see  note  on  p.  167,  1.  19.  — id:  i.e.  the  mere  fact  that 
he  escaped  death. — non  tanti :  equivalent  to  minoris.  and  so  fol- 
lowed by  quam.     For  the  case  of  tanti,  see  note  on  p.  80.  1.  i. 

185  3-    esse  praemium  persolutum  :  notice  that  this  construction  is 
equivalent  to  the  preceding  quod  satiavit. 

5.  urgent:  compromise.  —  nunc  :  but  recently.  The  meaning  is 
that  the  examination  had  not  been  held  until  long  after  the  murder. 


PRO    MILONE  365 

6.  atrio  Libertatis  :  this  hall  stood  near  the  Forum,  between  the         PAGE 
Capitoline  and  Quirinal  hills,  and  was  used  for  the  transaction  of          185 
public  business,  especially  by  the  censors.  — Rogas  :  can  you  ask. 

7.  Appius  :  Appius  Claudius,  the  nephew  of  Clodius,  had  caused 
his  uncle's  slaves,  who  had  fallen  to  him  by  inheritance,  to  be  tor- 
tured in  order  to  obtain  testimony  against  Milo. 

8.  Ab  Appio  :  from  the  house  of  Appius. 

9.  ut  fuit  in  Clodium :  this  refers  to  the  trial  of  Clodius  for 
violation  of  the  rites  of  the  Bonn  Dea.     So  also  propius  .  .  .  pene- 
trarat  below  is  an  allusion  to  that  act  of  sacrilege. 

13.    non  quin  posset:    A.  321.  R. ;  B.  286.  I.  b;  G.  541.  N.  2; 
H.  588.  II.  2;  W.  547. 

1 6.  Heus  :  Cicero  at  this  point  describes  the  examination  as  he 
imagines  it.  —  Rufio:  many  of  the  Roman  slaves  came  from  north- 
ern countries  and  had  light  hair,  and  on  the  stage  slaves  were  always 
represented  as  red-headed. 

17.  verbi  causa:    any  name  will  do.  —  cave   mentiare :    A. 
269.  a.  3;   B.  276.  c;   G.  271.  2;   H.  561.  2;  W.  496.  3.  —  sis: 
equivalent  to  si  vis,  if  you  please. 

1 8.  Certa  crux:    he  is  sure  to  be  crucified.     This  was  a  com- 
mon punishment  of  slaves.  —  Sperata  libertas  :  there  is  hope  of 
freedom. 

19.  Subito  abrepti :  even  when  slaves  have  been  arrested  with- 
out warning. 

XXIII.   30.    Neque  solum  sed  etiam  :  notice  the  various  ways 
in  which  this  idea  is  expressed  in  this  sentence. 

32.  eius :  i.e.  Pompey. 

33.  omnem  Italiae  pubem :  Pompey  had  called  out  all  men  of 
military  age  throughout  Italy. 

2.    cauaae  suae  :   in  the  justice  of  his  cause.  186 

4.    in  utramque  partem  :  in  either  direction. 

12.  imperitorum :  this  is  usually  explained  as  meaning  who  did 
not  know  him,  but  perhaps  it  means  rather  men  of  poor  judgment. 
Cf.  p.  82,  1.  21. 

13.  illud  :  explained  b}'  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  inimicum. 

14.  tanti:    A.  252.  a;    B.  203.  3;    G.  380.  R. ;    H.  448.  i;   W. 
361,  362. 

17.    non  dubitaturum  quin  cederet :  A.  332.  g.  N.  2  ;  B.  298.  b ; 
G.  555.  R.  3. 

21 .  ilia  portenta  :  the  monsters  associated  with  him. 

22.  miseros  civis  :  ace.  in  exclamation. 
25.    ilia:  those  predictions. 


366  NOTES 

PAGE  XXIV.    27.    Quae  .  .  .  sustinuit :    as   to  those  charges  which 

186  were  afterward  heaped  upon  htm,  charges  which  would  have  over- 
whelmed any  one  burdened  with  the  consciousness  of  even  ordinary 
misdeeds,  how  boldly  he  faced  them. 

33.   indicabatur:  A.  330.  b.  I ;  B.  332;  G.  528;  H.  611;  W. 

63I-3- 

187  2.   Ocriculanam  :  Milo  had  a  villa  at  Ocriculum,  a  town  in  Um- 

bria  on  the  Tiber.  —  Tiberi :  A.  258.  g;  B.  218.  9;  G.  389.- 
domus  .  .  .  referta :  there  seems  to  be  an  anacoluthon  here.  Cicero 
neglects  the  intervening  dicebant,  and  returns  to  the  personal  passive 
construction  of  indicabatur.  Probably  arma  .  .  .  Tiberi  is  also  in 
the  personal  passive  construction. 

3.  clivo  Capitolino  :  see  map,  p.  75.  — malleolorum  :  see  note 
on  p.  83, 1. 1 6. 

g.  popa :  a  priest's  attendant,  who  led  the  victim  to  the  altar 
and  slew  it  by  a  blow  with  a  hammer  or  ax.  According  to  Asconius, 
the  person  referred  to  was  a  sacrificulus  (  priest) .  Cicero  speaks  of 
him  as  a  mere/0/te,  whose  testimony  carries  little  weight. 

10.  circo  maximo :  the  Circus  Maximus,  in  which  were  held 
chariot-races,  hunts  of  wild  beasts,  and  similar  sports,  was  situated 
in  the  depression  between  the  Palatine  and  Aventine  hills. 

1 1 .  coniurasse :  sc.  se,  which  may  be  omitted  because  se  and 
sibi  have  just  been  used  of  the  popa. 

13.  hortos  :  probably  on  Mons  Pincius,  the  so-called  collis  hor- 
torum,  north  of  the  Quirinal. 

19.  aliquid :  used  instead  of  quid  for  emphatic  contrast  with 
omnia. 

21.  nuntiabatur:  see  note  on  p.  186, 1.  33. 

22.  celebri  loco :  i.e.  the  Via  Sacra,  where  Caesar,  who  was 
pontifex  maximus,  occupied  the  Regia  as  his  official  residence.     See 
note  on  p.  178,  1.  12.  —  audiebatur  :  the  story  was  listened  to. 

188  i  •    Nudavit  se  :  under  ordinary  circumstances  this  would  have 
been  sacrilegious,  since  it  took  place  in  sanctissimo  tetnplo. 

XXV.  5.  si  metuitur  .  .  .  perhorrescimus  :  if  Milo  is  still  an 
object  of  fear,  it  is  no  longer  this  accusation  that  he  murdered  Clodius 
that  we  (i.e.  Milo  and  Cicero  himself)  dread,  but  the  effect  of  your 
suspicions. 

7.  ea  voce  .  .  .  possis :  Pompey  was  not  present  at  the  trial, 
but  remained  with  the  troops  which  had  been  stationed  at  the 
Aerarium  to  overawe  the  mob  and  maintain  order. 

19.  sanares,  confirmares :  A.  287.  i;  B.  268.  2;  G.  518;  H. 
548.  Notice  that  sanares  applies  to  aegras,  confirmares  to  labantis. 


PRO    MILONE  367 

20.  locus :  according  to  Asconius,  Milo  was  refused  admittance         PAGE 
by  Pompey  when  he  sought  an  audience  in  order  that  he  might          188 
justify  himself. 

2 1 .  neminem :  often  used  instead  of  nullus  with  such  words  as 
vir,  civis. 

22.  nullum  umquam  :  see  note  on  p.  177,  1.  26. 

26.    capitis  :  see  note  on  Private  Milone  et  reo,  p.  179, 1.  7. 
28.    probaret :  A.  308.  a;   B.  304.  2 ;  G.  597.  R.  I  ;  H.  579.  I ; 
VV.  558.     Cf.  inhaesisset. 

31.  ne :  see  note  on  p.  86,  1.  22.  —  ita  .  .  .  consuevit:  was 
born  with  such  a  disposition  and  is  accustomed  so  to  act,  i.e.  Milo 
makes  his  own  fortunes  subordinate  to  the  good  of  his  country. 

32.  Magne :    see    Introd.,    p.    30.  —  Antestaretur :    i.e.    Milo 
would  have  called  Pompey  to  witness  that  he  was  sacrificing  himself 
for  his  sake  and  the  sake  of  Rome.   • 

XXVI.  i.    vitae  ratio  :  the  course  of  life.  189 

2.  infidelitates  :  the  plural  is  used  to  denote  repeated  acts  mani- 
festing faithlessness.     In  this  use  the  abstract  singular  is  often  the 
best  rendering. 

3.  quam  .  .  .  simulationes :  Jww  fitted  to  the  moment  are  the 
pretenses. 

5.  salutaribus  :   here  equivalent  to  sal-vis. 

6.  motu  .  .  .  temporum  :  on  account  of  some  change  in  the  politi- 
cal situation.     This  came  only  three  years  later  in  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war. 

7.  expert!  :  from  experience. 
I  r .   rei  publicae  :  statecraft. 

13.  versiculo  :  the  diminutive  is  used  to  intensify  the  contrast  — 
one  short  sentence  giving  the  consuls  unlimited  power.    See  Introd., 
p.  53.  — satis  armati.  nullis  arrnis  datis  :  oxymoron. 

14.  hunc  :  repeats  Cn.  Pompeium,  1.  10.  for  the  sake  of  clearness. 

15.  exspectaturum  fuisse  :  the  indirect  form  of  the  apodosis  of 
a  condition  contrary  to  fact,  the  protasis  of  which  is  implied  in  in 
eius  consiliis  vindicandis,  if  it  had  been  a  question  of  punishing 
the  measures  of  a  man. 

1 8.  oporteret.  liceret :  subj.  of  characteristic. 

19.  Quod  .  .  .  sedet :  in  sitting.  —  in  illo  loco  atque  .  .  .  cir- 
cumfusus  :  see  note  on  p.  188,  1.  7. 

21.    ut  condemnetis  :  the  infinitive  is  more  common  with  cogere. 
24.    hesternam  contiouem  :  see  note  on  p.  165,  1.  3. 

XXVII.  30.    Sp.  Maelium :  see  note  on  p.  69,  1.  22. 

2.    Ti.  Gracchum:  see  note  on  p.  69,  1.  18.  —  per  seditionem  :          190 


368  NOTES 

PAGE         the  law  by  which  Gracchus  secured  the  removal  of  his  colleague 
190          M.  Octavius  from  office  because  of  his  opposition  to  the  agrarian 

reforms  was  plainly  a  violation  of  the  constitutional  rights  of  the 

tribunes  of  the  people. 

5.    adulterium :  see  note  on  stupro,  p.  168,  1.  16. 

8.  sorore  :  the  divorced  wife  of  Lucullus. 

9.  iuratus:  under  oath,  as  a  witness  at  the  trial  of  Clodius  for 
violation  of  the  rites  of  the  Bona  Dea.  — quaestionibus  :  this  does 
not  refer  to  the  trial  of  Clodius,  but  to  the  investigation  of  Clodia's 
conduct  by  her  husband. 

10.  civem  :  i.e.  Cicero  himself. 

12.  servorum  armis  :  i.e.  they  had  controlled  the  comitia  which 
passed  the  decree  of  banishment. 

13.  regna  dedit,  ademit:    Brogitarus,  the  son-in-law  of  King 
Deiotarus  of  Galatia,  was  given  the  title  of  king  by  a  law  proposed 
by  Clodius,  whose  influence   had   been  bought.     Another  law  of 
Clodius1  tribuneship  deprived  Ptolemaeus,  who  had  given  Clodius 
offense,  of  his  kingdom  of  Cyprus,  which   was  then  annexed  to 
Rome.  —  partitus  est :  Piso  and  Gabinius,  the  consuls  of  58  B.C., 
entered  into  an  agreement  with  Clodius,  in  accordance  with  which 
they  supported  his  tribunician  measures  and  he  in  return  had  the 
people  pass  a  bill  granting  them  the  provinces  they  desired.     For 
the  constitutional  way  of  assigning  the  provinces,  see  Introd.,  p.  64. 

15.  civem:  i.e.  Pompey.     Cf.  Cic. Sest.  32.  69,  Initur  consilium 
de  interitu  Cn.  Pompei,  quo  patefacto  ille  indusus  doini  tarn  diu  fuit 
quam  diu  inimicus  jneus  in  tribunatu. 

16.  aedem  Nympharum:  the  temple  in  which  the  censors1  lists 
of  citizens  were  kept.     It  was  probably  burned   during  the  riots 
which  preceded  the  banishment  of  Cicero.     The  statement  here  im- 
plies that  Clodius  committed  this  crime  in  order  to  gain  an  oppor- 
tunity of  entering  upon  the  new  lists  that  would  have  to  be  prepared 
the  names  of  friends  who  did  not  possess  the  citizenship,  or  because 
the  records  might  be  used  against  him  as  evidence  of  election  frauds. 

19.  calumnia :  a  legal  term  denoting  a  false  and  malicious  prose- 
cution.    To  undertake  such  a  prosecution  was  a  punishable  offense. 
See  note  on  p.  74,  1.  30. 

20.  vindiciis,  sacramentis  :  these  also  are  legal  terms.     The 
former  is  used  of  the  formal  assertion  of  ownership ;  the  latter  de- 
notes the  sum  of  money  which  the  parties  to  a  suit  were  required  to 
deposit,  and  which  in  the  case  of  the  loser  was  forfeited  to  the  state. 

22.    Etruscos  :  cf.  p.  173,  1.  10. 

31.    cui  viro  :  a  man  like  him.     His  treatment  of  such  a  man  as 


PRO    MILONE  369 

Furfanius  is  mentioned  as  showing  his  audacity  more  clearly  than         PAGE 
his  threats  against  a  woman  or  a  mere  youth.  190 

34.  ausum  esae  :  we  should  expect  ausits  est,  but  there  is  an 
anacoluthon,  and  the  infinitive  is  used  as  if  in  indirect  discourse 
after  dicam. 

i .    mortuum  :  a  corpse,  object  of  inlatiirum.  —  qua  invidia  :  i.e.          191 
cuius  rei  invidia.     The  meaning  is  that  Furfanius  would  be  sus- 
pected of  murder. 

4.  vestibulum  :  a  court  in  front  of  a  Roman  residence,  bounded 
in  the  rear  by  the  main  building,  and  separated  on  the  sides  from 
the  neighboring  property  either  by  walls  or  colonnades  or  by  wings 
used  for  domestic  purposes  or  occupied  by  shops.  —  sororis:  prob- 
ably the  notorious  Clodia  who  was  suspected  of  having  poisoned  her 
husband,  Q.  Metellus  Celer,  the  praetor  of  63  B.C.  Her  residence  on 
the  Palatine  adjoined  that  of  her  brother.  She  has  attained  immor- 
tality as  the  Lesbia  to  whom  Catullus  addressed  many  of  his  poems. 

6.    omni  aditu  et  limine  :  all  approach  and  entrance  to  her  house. 

XXVIII.  9.   nescio  quo  modo  :  somehow  or  other,  i.e.  incred- 
ible as  it  may  scan. 

1 1 .  Quae  vero  :  contrasted  with  haec  quidem.  1.  7. 

12.  potuissetis  :  i.e.  had  Clodius  not  been  slain.  —  Imperium  : 
i.e.  if  he  had  been  elected  to  the  praetorship,  for  which  he  was  a 
candidate  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

26.  esset  vero  timendum  :  ironical. 

3.  esse  visuros  :  will  live  to  see.  —  vivo  P.  Clodio :  zsvisuros         192 
fitisse  indicates,  the  abl.  abs.  implies  unreality. 

6.    viro :  i.e.  Pompey. 

XXIX.  13.    libentius    quam  verius :  with   more   willingness 
than  truth.     A.  192  ;  B.  240.  4 ;  G.  299 ;  H.  499. 

14.  esse  debebat :  sc.  odium  meum. 

15.  in  communi  .  .  .  meum:  my  personal  hatred  hardly  ex- 
ceeded the  average. 

20.  sic  .  .  .  videmus  :  i.e.  in  thought  we  can  bring  whatever  we 
wish  before  our  mental  vision  and  hold  it  for  contemplation,  as  we 
discern  those  things  which  we  see  with  our  bodily  eyes. 

22.  sed  ita,  si  :  but  only  under  the  condition  that. 

23.  Quid  vultu  extimuistis  :  what  means  this  look  of  terror, 

27.  ab  inferis  excitare :  cf.  p.  92,  11.  26,  27. 

28.  propter  amicitiam  :  see  note  on  p.  171,  1.  22. 

4.  Athenis  :  with  special  reference  doubtless  to  the  honors  paid          193 
to  Harmodius  and  Aristogiton,  the  assassins  of  the  tyrant   Hip- 
parchus. 

2B 


370  NOTES 

PAGE  5.    cantus,  carmina  :  cantus  refers  to  the  act  or  manner  of  ren- 

193  dering  a  song,  carmen  to  its  contents.     Cf.  English  "  singing "  and 
"  song."     Here,  however,  cantus  may  be  used  of  hymns,  carmina  of 
lyric  poems. 

6.    Prope  .  .  .  consecrantur :  cf.  p.  97,  1.  12,  and  the  note. 

XXX.  13.   id:  i.e.  that  he  killed  Clodius  in  self-defense. 

18.  qui  :  the  adverb.  —  sua  :  refers  to  cuiquam,  the  logical  sub- 
ject. 

19.  minus  :  construe  with  grata.     It  is  practically  equivalent  to 
non. 

24.  nostra  gloria,  periculum  et  invidiam  nostram :  notice 
the  emphasis  given  by  the  chiasmus. 

28.    mulier  :  not  femina,  but  mutter  is  used  in  contrast  with  vir. 

32.  Populi  grati :  see  note  on  p.  164,  1.  16. 

194  I.   viri  f  ortis  :  the  same  construction  as  Populi  grati. 

3.  Ahala,  Nasica.  Opimius,  Marius :  the  same  stock  illustra- 
tions that  we  have  found  Cicero  using  so  many  times  before.  See 
notes  on  pp.  69,  70. 

5.   conscientia  :  clear  conscience. 

XXXI.  14.   neque :   does  not  negative  the  first  member  only, 
but  the  whole  sentence  (there  is  not  in  these  bodies  of  ours  a  some- 
thing which  is  not  present  in  this  movement  of  nature).     While 
grammatically  coordinate,  the  first  member  is  logically  subordinate 
(since  there  is  in  these  bodies  of  ours  a  something  which  has  vigor 
and  sentience,  it  cannot  be  that  it  is  not  present  in  this  movement  of 
nature). 

22.  cui  .  .  .  iniecit:  'Whom  the  gods  would  destroy,  they  first 
make  mad.'     Cf.  p.  108, 11.  4,  5. 

23.  vinceretur:    while    grammatically    dependent    on    mentem 
iniecit  ut,  logically  vinceretur  depends  on  auderet  (and  so  he  was 
defeated). 

28.   commosse  :  contracted  from  comnurvisse. 
31.    aequales :  coevals. 

33.  substructionum  insanis  molibus :  cf.  p.  183,  1.  4. 

195  3-    monte  :  i.e.  Mons  Albanus.     The  shrine  of  Jupiter  Latiaris  on 
this  mount  had  been  the  religious  center  of  the  Latin  league,  and 
here  each  year  the  consuls  celebrated  the  Feast  of  the  Latins  (feriae 
Latinac) . 

18.   iudicio  illo  nefario  :  see  Introd.,  p.  7. 

XXXII.  2 1 .    Nee  vero  non  :  most  assuredly,  too. 

22.  imaginibus :  see  note  on  p.  176,  1.  18.  —  cantu :  i.e.  the 
music  of  flutes  and  horns  in  the  funeral  procession.  —  ludis  :  i.e. 


PRO    MILONE  371 

theatrical  representations  or  gladiatorial  shows  given  in  honor  of  the         PAGE 
deceased  by  his  relatives.  195 

23.  lamentis :  i.e.  those  of  women  hired  for  this  purpose.  They 
sang  a  dirge  in  the  procession.  —  laudationibus :  see  note  on 
p.  176,1.  19. 

26.  clarissimorum  virorum  formas :  i.e.  the  imagines  of  the 
ancestors  of  Clodius. 

27.  mortem  eius:  used  for  eum  mortuum  for  the  sake  of  paral- 
lelism with  vita. 

28.  in  quo  .  .  .  damnata :  i.e.  the  Curia.     Cf.  p.  190,  11.  7,  8. 

1.  resciderat:  i.e.  by  banishing  their  author  he  had  annulled         196 
the  measures  taken  against  the  Catilinarians. 

2.  bona  diripuerat.  domum  iucenderat :  after  the  passage  of 
the  bill  exiling  him,  Cicero  was  regarded  as  an  outlaw,  his  property 
was  confiscated,  his  house  on  the  Palatine  burned,  and  his  villas  at 
Tusculum  and  Formiae  plundered.    But  upon  his  return,  his  property 
was  restored  to  him,  and  compensation  for  his  losses  was  granted 
him  from  the  public  treasury. — liberos,  coniugem:  cf.  Cic.  Sest. 
24.  54,  Ve.vabatur  u.vor  mea,  liberi  ad  necem  quaerebantur. 

4.  magistratuum :  probably  an  exaggerated  reference  to  the 
attacks  on  Sestius,  Fabricius,  and  Caecilius.  See  p.  178,  11.  18-22. 

6.  domum  .  .  .  incenderat :  when  the  work  of  restoring  Cicero's 
house  on  the  Palatine  was  begun,  Clodius  at  the  head  of  an  armed 
band  attacked  and  drove  off  the  workmen,  and  set  fire  to  the  adjoin- 
ing house  of  Quintus  Cicero. 

7.  multos  :  see  the  instances  given  at  the  bottom  of  p.  190  and 
the  top  of  p.  191. 

9.    capere:  cf.  p.  149,  1.  15. 

1 1 .  incidebantur :  i.e.  as  if  they  had  already  been  passed.  — 
leges  .  .  .  addicerent :  it  has  been  generally  supposed  that  Cicero 
refers  to  Clodius'  proposal  to  allow  freedmen  to  vote  in  all  the 
tribes  instead  of  only  the  four  city  tribes.  As  each  tribe  had  one 
vote,  determined  by  a  majority  of  the  tribe,  the  proposed  change 
would  have  greatly  increased  the  political  influence  of  the  freedmen. 
It  is  possible,  however,  that  Cicero  insinuates  that  Clodius  intended 
a  general  emancipation  of  the  slaves.  See  note  on  legum,  p.  176, 1.  8. 

13.  quod  quidem  adamasset :  A.  320.  d;  B.  283.  5;  G. 
627.  R.  i;  H.  591.  3;  W.  589. 

17.  Ilium  ipsum  :  i.e.  Pompey. 

1 8.  novo  reditu  in  gratiam :  see  note  on  p.  171, 1.  22. 
XXXIII.    25.    circumscripsisset :    would    have    kept    within 

bounds.     Cf.  in  praetore  coercendo,  1.  27. 


372  NOTES 

PAGE  30.   consularem  :  i.e.  Cicero's. 

196  31.   teneret :  sc.  si '  viveret. 

32.  legibus  Clodianis :  laws  actually  passed  on  his  initiative 
would  be  called  leges  Clodiae.  —  servos  .  .  .  f ecisset :  see  note  on 
1.  ii. 

197  i.   homo  effeminatus  :  used  concessively. 

6.   uno  .  .  .  duce:  i.e.  Sextus  Clodius.     See  note  on  p.  176, 1.  8. 
8.   aram  .  .  .  gentium:  since  the  senate  had  charge  of  all  foreign 
relations. 

14.   quam :  whose  authority. 

198  6.   falcibus  :  to  tear  down  the  steps  leading  up  to  the  temple  and 
thereby  render  it  impregnable.     Cf.  Cic.  Sest.  15.  34,  Arma  in  tern- 
plum  Castoris  palam  comportabantur,  gradus  eiitsdem  templi  tolle- 
bantur.    Temples  were  never  built  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  but 
were  raised  on  a  substructure.  —  Castoris  :  see  note  on  p.  170, 1.  28. 

8.  silentio :  for  which  reason  the  attack  made  by  the  followers 
of  Clodius  was  the  less  justifiable.  — M.  Caelius  :  see  Introd.,  p.  37. 

11.  hac  :  modifies  both  invidia  and  fort '»na  singular  i. 
XXXlV.    13.  de  causa,  extra  causam  :  see.  Argument,  p.  347. 

16.  ipse  non  implorat:  Quintilian  praises  the  art  with  which 
Cicero  pleads  in  behalf  of  Milo,  while  representing  it  as  inconsistent 
with   Milo's  character  to  plead  for  himself.  —  etiam   repugnante 
hoc  :  even  against  his  will. 

17.  Nolite  hoc  minus  ei  parcere  :  do  not  be  the  less  merciful  to 
him  on  this  account. 

20.   haud  scio  an :  cf.  nescio  an,  p.  114, 1.  31,  and  the  note. 

24.  servare  :  a  reference  to  the  custom  of  allowing  the  spectators 
at  the  games  to  determine  whether  the  life  of  a  wounded  gladiator 
should  be  spared.  —  eorum,  nos  :  see  note  on  p.  121, 1. 4. 

32.    quoquo  modo  :  however. 

199  4.    labores  :  the  use  of  the  accusative  in  exclamations  with  O  is 
more  common   in   Cicero.     The  nominative  is  used  here  because 
labores  is  the  subject  of  the  thought  {alas,  how  fruitless  have  proved 
the  tasks  I  have  undertaken) . 

6.  quern:  i.e.  cuiiis  auctoritatem. — exstinctum  :  the  alliance 
of  Clodius  with  Gabinius  and  Piso  practically  left  the  state  at  the 
mercy  of  these  three  men.  See  note  on  partitus  est,  p.  190, 1.  13.  — 
acceperam  :  I  had  found,  i.e.  upon  entering  into  office. 

12.  tui :  as  to  Cicero's  relations  with  the  equites,  see  note  on 
p.  125,  1.  2.     In  senatus,  equites,  municipiorum,  Italiae.  refer- 
ence is  made  to  the  supporters  of  Milo  in  his  efforts  to  secure  the 
recall  of  Cicero  from  exile. 


PRO    MILONE  373 

13.  studia  municipiorum  :  with  reference  to  such  action  as  that         PAGE 
taken  by  Capua  (see  note  on  p.  178, 1.  33).  — Italiae  voces  :  see          199 
note  on  p.  178, 1.  22. 

14.  vox  atque  defensio  :  hendiadys. 

XXXV.  18.    quo:    A.  199.  a;    6.250.5;    G.  617;    11.399.5; 
\V.  302.  i.     In  our  passage,  however,  it  is  possible  to  understand 
emn  esse. 

20.  Plebem  :  as  to  the  plebs. 

21.  earn  :  i.e.  plebem,  object  of fleeter ~et  and  deleniret. 

23.  tribus  suis  patrimoniis  :  one  from  his  father,  another  from 
T.   Annius,  his  maternal  grandfather^  who  had  adopted  him,  the 
third  perhaps  from  his  mother  or  his  wife  Fausta. 

24.  muneribus :   i.e.  ludis  gladiatoriis,  by  which   Milo   strove 
according  to  custom  to  gain  the  good-will  and  the  votes  of  the 
people.     Cicero  in  Quint.  Frat.  3.  8.  6  censures  Milo  for  his  ex- 
travagance {Ludos  apparat  magnificentissimos,  sic,  inquam,  ut  nemo 
sumptiiosiores;  stitlte  bis  tcrqne.  non  posttilatos). 

26.    vestrorum  ordiuurn  :  see  note  on  p.  165,  1.  10. 

29.  praeconis :  the  result  of  an  election  was  proclaimed  by  a 
herald.  For  the  election  here  referred  to,  see  note  on  p.  173, 1.  7. 
—  quam  minima  desiderarit :  Cicero  represents  Milo  as  feeling 
no  disappointment  that  he  had  failed  through  a  technicality  to  ob- 
tain the  consulship,  since  he  desired  only  the  approval  of  his  fellow- 
citizens,  which  they  had  indicated  by  their  votes. 

32.  facinoris  .  .  .  crimen :  i.e.  the  suspicion  that  he  had  plotted 
against  Pompey  or  the  state,  not  the  charge  that  he  murdered 
Clodius. 

5.    quibus  .  .  .  fuerit:  tuJio  for  this  cause  have  been  honored.  200 

7.    esset:  notice  the  change  to  secondary  sequence. 

10.    absentes  adessemus,  mortui  viveremus  :  oxymora. 

15.  invidiae  meae  :  to  kindle  hatred  of  me,  dat.  after  subiciantur. 
Cf.  p.  84, 1.  4,  and  p.  97,  1.  16. 

1 8.  Etruriae  :  all  Etruria  celebrated  the  death  of  Clodius,  or  so 
at  any  rate  Cicero  would  have  the  jury  believe. — Centesima  et 
altera :  the  one  hundred  and  second.  The  reckoning  is  perfectly 
exact ;  the  year  52  B.C.  had  an  intercalary  month  of  twenty-three 
days. 

XXXVI.  24.   tu :  sc.  loquebaris, 

26.  es  :  cum  is  sometimes  used  with  the  indicative  in  dependence 
upon  an  expression  of  emotion,  in  which  case  it  is  equivalent  to  the 
more  common  quod  and  may  be  translated  in  the  same  way  (/';/  that 
yon  have  this  spirit). 


374  NOTES 

PAGE  32.    etsi  .   .  .  tantus  :    and  yet  what  sorrow  can  be  so  great  as 

200  this. 

33.  quanti  .  .  .  feceritis :  how  much  you  have  always  made  of 
me,  how  kindly  you  have  always  treated  me. 

201  7.   potentium  :  especially  Pompey. 

12.  deposco  :  sc.  mihi. 

XXXVII.  19.    naturae  finem :  cf.  p.  114,  1.  7. 
22.   virtutem  :  the  abstract  for  the  concrete. 

29.  Revocare  tu  me,  ego  te  retinere :  notice  how  the  anti- 
thesis is  strengthened  by  the  juxtaposition  of  the  pronouns  and  the 
prominence  of  Revocare. 

32.  abes:  Quintus  Cicero  was  in  Gaul  as  one  of  Caesar's  legates. 

33.  temporum  illorum  :  i.e.  Cicero's  troubles  in  58  and  57  B.C. 
—  Me  potuisse  :  sc.  respondebo. 

202  2.   The  manuscripts  are  corrupt  here,  and  the  doubtful  portion 
has  been  omitted.  —  Quodnam  .  .  .  dolores :  an  attempt  to  make 
it  appear  that  his  failure  to  secure  a  verdict  for  his  client  would  be 
due  to  the  animosity  of  those  who  had  favored  Catiline.     Cicero 
aims  to  identify  in  this  way  Milo's  cause  with  the  cause  of  good 
government. 

4.   indagavi  .  .  .  exstiiixi :  asyndeton  and  climax.     Notice  that 
exstinxi  can  go  with  indicia  only  by  zeugma. 
9.    qui :  the  adverb. 

XXXVIII.  12.    dixerim  :  /  would  say  it.    A.  311.  b;  B.  280.  2  ; 
G.  257;  H.  552,  554.  2;  W.  485. 

13.  viveret :    we  should  expect  tit  viveret  after  ferissent,  but 
there  is  an  anacoluthon  due  to  the  parenthesis. 

1 8.    patriae  :  dative. 

24.    miseram,  si  amiserit :  notice  the  assonance. 

27.  id  audeatis  :  sc.  iudicare. 

28.  IB  :  i.e.  Pompey.  —  probabit :   a  statement  hardly  in  agree- 
ment with  the  facts.     Cf.  Velleius  Paterculus,  2.  47.  4,  Milonetn 
reum  non  magis  invidia  facti  quam  Pompei  damnavit  voluntas. 


IN   ANTONIUM   ORATIO   PHILIPPICA  QUARTA  DECIMA 

Read  carefully  Introd.,  pp.  37-40. 

203  !•    5-    saga:    it  was  a  custom  of  the  Romans  to  manifest  the 

anxiety  occasioned  by  a  threatening  war  by  assuming  the  military 
cloak  in  place  of  the  usual  toga,  the  garb  of  peace. 

13.    delude  .  .  .  prodeamus  :  Cicero's  opinion  as  to  what  will 


PHILIPPICA    QUART A   DECIMA  375 

have  to  be  done,  not  a  part  of  the  resolution  of  Servilius.  —  Nos          PAGE 
vero  :    contrasted  with  ista  sententia.  203 

24.  hanc  :  sc.  sententiam. 

25.  Vos  vero  :  contrasted  with  quosdam,  1.  18. 

II.  i.   legati  .  .  .  civitatis  :  on  January  5,  three  ex-consuls  were          204 
sent  by  the  senate  to  treat  with  Antony,  but  their  mission  was  un- 
successful. 

2.    parricidae  :  traitor.     Cf.  p.  77,  1.  6. 

8.  Caesar :  i.e.  Octavianus. 

9.  per  se :  on  his  own   responsibility.      The  senate  had  up  to 
this  time  given  him  no  authority.     See  Introd.,  p.  14. 

10.  pestibus  .  .  .  liberasset :  this  refers  to  his  activity  against 
Antony   before   the   beginning   of  actual   hostilities.     See  Introd., 
p.  14. 

14.  dolorem :  his  natural  resentment  against  Brutus  as  one  of 
the  assassins  of  Caesar.  —  domesticum  :  personal. 

1 6.  Quid  .  .  .  aliud  :  -what  other  object  did  Gains  Pansa  have  in 
•view.  Hirtius  had  first  taken  the  field  against  Antony,  while  his 
colleague  Pansa  remained  at  Rome  to  see  to  the  levying  of  troops 
and  the  raising  of  supplies. 

25.  spei  .  .  .  reservari  :  construe  spei  with  fructum,  rei  et  evento 
with  reservari. 

29.  propraetore :  i.e.  Octavianus. 

30.  si  ante  :  after. 

III.  32.    duobus :  sc.proeliis.     On  April  15,  three  battles  were 
fought  by  the  opposing  forces.     Pansa,  who  was  coming  from  Rome 
with  his  army  of  raw  recruits  to  join  Hirtius  and  Octavianus,  was 
attacked  by  Antony  near  Forum  Gallorum,  a  small  town  between 
Bononia  and  Mutina.     Antony  gained  some  advantage,  and  Pansa 
received  a  mortal  wound.     As  the  forces  of  Antony  were  being  led 
off.  however,  Hirtius  came  up,  and  a  second  engagement  followed, 
in  which  Antony  was  completely  routed.      Octavianus,  meanwhile, 
who  had  been  left  by  Hirtius  in  command  of  the  camp,  successfully 
defended  it  from  an  attack  made  by  a  detachment  of  Antony's  army. 

4.    tremere  :  explained  by  ditbitantis  .  .  .figantur.  205 

8.  De  improbis  :  sc.  supplicationem  decernendam  censeo.  —  in- 
quit :  i.e.  Servilius. 

I.    quattuor  consulibus  :  i.e.  the  two  consuls  of  the  year  43  B.C.          206 
and  L.  Munatius  Plancus  and  Decimus  Brutus,  who  were  considered 
consuls  elect  since  they  had  been  designated  by  Julius  Caesar  for 
the  consulship  of  42  B.C.     Plancus,  now  governor  of  Transalpine 
Gaul,  had  taken  no  part  in  the  struggle  against  Antony  and  soon 


376  NOTES 

PAGE         afterward  went  over  to  him,  but  at  the  time  of  the  delivery  of  this 

206  oration  he  was  promising  his  loyal  support  to  the  senate. 

5.  facinus :  P.  Cornelius  Dolabella,  the  son-in-law  of  Cicero, 
and  after  Caesar's  death  Antony's  colleague  in  the  consulship,  while 
on  his  way  to  Syria  to  wrest  that  province  from  Cassius,  seized  at 
Smyrna  the  proconsul  of  the  province  of  Asia,  C.  Trebonius,  one 
of  the  assassins  of  Caesar,  subjected  him  to  cruel  tortures,  and 
put  him  to  death.  Cicero's  statement  as  to  Antony's  share  in  the 
deed  (suo  consilio)  is  a  malicious  exaggeration,  for  though  he  had 
expressed  his  approval  of  the  murder  in  a  letter  to  Hirtius  and  Octa- 
vianus,  he  had  neither  planned  it  nor  assisted  in  its  execution.  Dola- 
bella was  unsuccessful  in  his  struggle  with  Cassius,  and  committed 
suicide  to  avoid  falling  into  his  hands.  —  barbaria  :  cf.  p.  109,  1.  8. 

7.  hoc   templo :  this   session   of  the  senate   was   held   in   the 
temple  of  Jupiter  on  the  Capitoline. 

8.  Parmensium :  Antony  had  occupied  Parma,  a  town  on  the 
Via  Aemilia  near  Mutina,  for  strategic  reasons. 

12.    L.  Autonius  :  the  brother  of  Antony. 

IV.    25.    huius  urbis  :  sc.  eutn  esse. 

27.  Saxa :  L.  Decidius  Saxa,  a  Celtiberian  by  birth,  at  one  time 
metator  castrorum  under  Caesar,  now  a  centurion  in  Antony's  service. 

29.  rumoribus  :  it  had  first  been  reported  at  Rome  that  Antony 
had  won  a  great  victory,  and  his  adherents  in  the  city  (domesticis 
hostibus)  were  emboldened  to  meet  and  consider  plans  for  turning 
it  over  to  him. 

31.   larem  :  see  note  on  aras  Penatium,  p.  1 19,  1.  25. 

207  6.    numerum  dierum  :  see  note  on  p.  103,  1.  27. 

7.  tribus  ducibus  :  i.e.  Pansa,  Hirtius,  and  Octavianus. 

10.  his :  the  past.  —  ut  non  appellaretur :  without  his  being 
called, 

208  V.    5.   consuetudine :   a  successful   general   might  obtain   the 
title  of  imperator  by  a  vote  of  the  senate  or  by  acclamation  on  the 
field  of  battle.     Cicero  means  that  the  senate  conferred  the  title  for 
every  little  military  success  in  these  latter  days. 

8.  hostes  domestic!:  see  note  on  p.  206,  1.  29. 

11.  hoc  templum:  see  note  on  p.  206, 1.  7.     The  triumphal  pro- 
cession of  a  victorious  general  ascended  to  this  temple,  where  the 
general  then  offered  sacrifices  to  Jove. 

12.  hesterno  die:  see  Introd.,  p.  39. 

20.  Tu  .  .  .  te  :  are  you  then  boasting  of  yourself .  —  dixerit :  A. 
311.  a;  B.  280.  i;  G.  257.2;  H.  552,  554.  2;  W.  485.  See  also 
note  on  Quaeres,  p.  155,  1.  27. 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA    DECIMA  377 

26.  Parilibus :  the  feast  of  the  Partita  or  Palilia,  in  honor  of         PAGE 
the  goddess  Pales,  one  of  the  ancient  Italian  divinities,  the  protec-          208 
tress   of  shepherds  and   their  flocks,  was  celebrated  on  April  21, 

which  was  regarded  as  the  date  of  the  founding  of  Rome.  —  de- 
scensurum  :  i.e.  into  the  Forum,  to  assume  dictatorial  power. 

27.  credo  :  see  note  on  p.  155,  1.  7.  —  hoc  esse  conlatum  :  this 
design  was  imputed. 

28.  Catilinam  :  Catiline's  name  here  stands  for  a  class.      Com- 
pare the  English  usage  of  the  name  Maecenas. 

30.  exsisterem  :  see  note  on  p.  79,  1.  27. 

31.  Quibus  auspiciis  .  .  .  acciperem :  constitutionally  a  dicta- 
tor could  only  be  appointed  by  a  consul  and  after  the  auspices  had 
been  duly  taken,  and  an  augur  might  be  expected  to  insist  upon  the 
latter  requirement.     See  Introd.,  pp.  61,  62. 

32.  Quemquam  fuisse  :  A.   274;  B.  334;  G.   534;  H.  616.3; 
W.  630.  3. 

VI.  4.   fama :  see  note  on  p.  206,  1.  29.  209 
5.    furiis,  rei  publicae  :  dat.  dependent  on  infelicem. 

10.  ad  me  :  the  citizens  would  look  to  Cicero  as  the  leader  of  the 
opposition  to  Antony. 

19.  Quae  :  object  of  patefecit.  —  res  :  the  course  of  events. 

20.  suo  tempore  :  in  good  time. 

23.  iam  inde  a  consulatu  meo:  ever  since  my  consulship. 

30.  nuntii  et  litterae :  announcing  the  defeat  of  Antony  at 
Forum  Gallorum. 

2.    male  .  .  .  ageretur  :  for  I  should  be  in  a  sorry  plight.  210 

4.  fecissem  :  part  of  the  advice ;  otherwise /#:/'  would  have  been 
used. 

7.    Crassua  :  see  note  on  L.  Crasso,  p.  153,  1.  22. 

VII.  8.    principes :  i.e.  Pompey  and  other  leaders  of  the  opti- 
mates. 

10.  in  tanta  inopia  :  when  there  is  such  a  lack. 

12.  male  sentire  :  hold  opinions  dangerous  to  the  state. — nihil 
omnino  curare  :  are  absolutely  indifferent. 

1 6.  vitiis  :  abl.  of  means  with  contendit. 

20.  Nollem  :  /  should  not  "wish  you  to  do  this. 

24.  possim  :  A.  311.  a.  N.  3;  B.  280:  G.  257;  H.  552;  W.  485. 
30.  maxime  :  sc.  de  nobis. — hoc  loco  :  sc.  consularium.     See 

Introd.,  p.  53. 

33.  ante  .  .  .  lanuarias :  Cicero  delivered  the  third  and  fourth 
Philippics  on  this  day. 

I.    Kalendis  lanuariis  :  the  date  of  the  fifth  Philippic.  211 


378  NOTES 

PAGE  4.   meis  litteris  .  .  .  excitatos  :  this  was  almost  literally  true. 

211  « In  the  absence  of  both  the  consuls,  Cicero  was  allowed  and  en- 
couraged to  take  the  helm  of  the  commonwealth.     He  poured  forth 
in  rapid  succession  his  animated  harangues  against  the  public  enemy  ; 
he  breathed  confidence  into  the  desponding  and  redoubled  the  efforts 
of  the  valiant.     Clothed  in  the  garb  of  war  he  traversed  the  streets, 
calling  for  contributions  to  the  common  cause,  and  filling  the  treas- 
ury with  fines  demanded  from  the  malcontents.     At  the  same  time 
he  maintained  an   active   correspondence   with  the  chiefs  in  the 
provinces,  assured  each  in  turn  of  the  constancy  of  all  the  others, 
and  bruited  far  and  wide  the  high  spirit  of  the  veterans,  the  devo- 
tion of  the  people,  the  fidelity  of  the  generals,  and  their  abundant 
resources"  (Merivale). 

6.  legates:    sc.    missos esse.      In   the  fifth  Philippic  (a  Kalen- 
dis  lanuariis)  Cicero  opposed  the  proposal  to  send  a  commission 
to  treat  with  Antony,  but  it  was  finally  adopted.      See  note  on 
p.  204, 1.  i. 

7.  ilium,  hoc  :  sc.  meis  sententiis  appellation  esse. 

10.  discessionem  facere  voluissent :  see  Introd.,  p.  53.  The 
magistrate  presiding  in  the  senate  had  the  right  to  refuse  to  put  a 
motion. 

VIII.  20.    qui  decrevit :  i.e.  Servilius.  —  imprudens :  unwit- 
tingly. 

22.  Civile  bellum  .  .  .  ultus  est  Sulla :  cf.  p.  108,  11.  20-29, 
and  the  notes. 

27.  conlega  :  i.e.  Julius  Caesar,  with  whom  Servilius  was  consul 
in  48  B.C. 

28.  pugna  Pharsalia :  i.e.  the  defeat  of  Pompey  at  Pharsalus, 
48  B.C. 

29.  referre  :  sc.  ad  senatitm. 

30.  de  Alexandria :  this  refers  to  the  suppression  by  Caesar  of 
the  Egyptian  insurrection  in  47  B.C.  — de  Pharnace :  referring  to 
the  battle  of  Zela,  47  B.C.,  in  which  Pharnaces,  the  son  of  Mithridates, 
was   so  easily  defeated   as   to   give  occasion  for   Caesar's  famous 
despatch,  Vent,  vidi,  vici. 

212  3.    non  .  .  .  genere  :  cf.  p.  103,  11.  27-33. 

6.  Gabinium :  the  consul  of  58  B.C.  He  so  disgracefully  mis- 
governed the  province  of  Syria  that  the  senate  recalled  him  and 
refused  him  a  supplicatio  for  which  he  had  the  audacity  to  ask. 

IX.  9.    ille :  i.e.  Servilius.  —  re,  verbo :  by  implication,  explic- 
itly. 

10.    nomine  :  i.e.  imperator. 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA    DECIMA  379 

12.  Quo  modo  enim  potius  :  for  how  else.  PAGE 

13.  nomen  :  i.e.  consul.  212 

14.  alterum.  alterum  :  i.e.  consul,  itnperator. 

1 6.    rei  publicae  :  dative.  —  Qui  .  .  .  avertit :  cf.  p.  204, 11.  9-12. 

18.  iugulis,  membris  et  visceribus :  the  former  refers  to  the 
danger  of  death ;  the  latter  to  the  possibility  of  torture,  or  perhaps 
to  the  indignities  that  might  be  committed  upon  their  bodies  after 
death,  as  afterward  happened  to  Cicero  himself. 

19.  diei:  i.e.  April  15. 

21.  legione  Martia :  the  Martial  legion  and  the  Fourth  had 
declared  for  Octavianus  in  November.  This  defection  was  a  serious 
loss  to  Antony,  as  they  were  the  flower  of  his  troops,  being  largely 
made  up  of  Caesar's  veterans. 

26.  vitam  reservavit :  but  only  for  a  short  time.  After  the 
battle  Pansa  was  taken  to  the  neighboring  town  of  Bononia,  where 
he  died  from  the  wounds  he  had  received. 

X.  i .  relicto  Antonio  :  having  abandoned  Antonyms  cause.    See          213 
note  on  p.  212,  1.  21. 

3.  servassent :  an  implication  that  the  better  class  of  veterans, 
those  who  had  saved  the  money  and  lands  given  them  by  Julius 
Caesar,  were  to  be  found  in  the  army  which  was  endeavoring  to 
protect  the  commonwealth  ;  while  the  revolutionary  forces  of  Antony 
were  recruited  from  the  spendthrifts  who  had  nothing  to  lose. 

4.  His   viginti   cohortibus :    i.e.   the   two    legions   just   men- 
tioned. 

8.  huic  :  sc.  templo ;  construe  with  imminentis.  —  OptimiMaari- 
mi :  see  note  on  p.  107,  1.  2. 

1 6.    Aetas  :  Octavianus  was  but  twenty  years  of  age. 

20.  eius  nominis  :  i.e.  imperi.     When  the  senate  gave  him  the 
itnperium,  it  gave  him  the  right  to  hope  that  by  his  achievements 
he  might  win  the  title  of  imperator. 

XI.  28.    causas  complectar  ipsa  sententia :  /  shall  sum  up 
the  reasons  in  the  motion  itself.     The  formal  motion  is  given  in 
chap.  XIV. 

30.    Est  autem  :  it  becomes,  moreover. 

3.    coniungi  :  sc.  cum  imperatorum  honor e.  —  omnibus  :  some          214 
are  beyond  the  reach  of  rewards. 

5.  restat  victoribus :    i.e.    the   promised    rewards,   and    even 
greater  than  have  been  promised,  will  be  given  upon  the  successful 
completion  of  the  war  to  all  who  survive. 

9.  iis  .   .  .  videmur :    i.e.    the   living.  —  illud :    explained   by 
grata  .  .   .  profuderunt. 


380  NOTES 

PAGE  XII.   2 1 .   Albam  :  Alba  Fucentia,  a  stronghold  between  fifty  and 

214  sixty  miles  east  of  Rome,  which  the  Martial  legion,  when  it  deserted 
Antony,  occupied  and  held  for  Octavianus. 

22.  bane  imitata  :  by  following  its  example. 

23.  desiderat  neminem :  does  not  mourn  the  loss  of  a  single  man. 

24.  O  fortuiiata  mors  :  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  2.  317,  Pulchrumque  tnori 
succurrit  in  armis ;  and  Hor.  Ode s  3.  2.  13,  Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro 
patria  tnori.     For  the  case,  see  note  on  p.  199,  1.  4. 

27.  urbem  haiic  genuisse :  the  myth  made  Romulus  the  son  of 
Mars. 

29.  Mars  .  .  .  solet :  in  Norse  mythology,  Odin  sends  forth  the 
Valkyrs,  l  Choosers  of  the  Slain,1  to  every  battle-field  to  conduct  the 
bravest  warriors  to  Valhalla. 

30.  ad  :  equivalent  to  apud.     Cf.  p.  83.  1.  33,  and  p.  1 14, 11.  23- 
26,  for  Cicero's  treatment  of  the  question  of  punishment  in  an  after- 
life. 

31.  vos  .  .  .  consecuti :   compare  the  Moslem  belief  that  those 
who  die  fighting  for  the  true  faith  enter  Paradise. 

215  2.    Quae  :  i.e.  memoria.     For  the  reasoning,  cf.  p.  162,  11.  17-22. 
15.    numquamque  :  used  for  the  more  common  neque  nmquani. 

XIII.  22.    tauta  praesidia  :   such  valiant  defenders. 
29.   impenderent,  esset:  see  note  on  esset,p.  102,  1.  i. 

216  10.   qui  autem  .  .  .  censeo :  a  provision  reminding  one  of  the 
modern  idea  of  pension. 

XIV.  13.    Sed  .  .   .  complectar :    but    to  embody  finally   my 
proposals  in  a  formal  motion.     Cf.  p.  213,  11.  28,  29.     Notice  that 
the  motion  resembles  a  formal  resolution  of  to-day  in  its  preciseness 
and  ponderosity. 

14.   cum :  whereas. 

17.  tironum :  these  were  the  raw  recruits  which  Pansa  had 
brought  from  Rome.  Antony  did  not  know  that  Pansa  had  been 
reinforced  by  some  veteran  troops,  the  Martial  legion  and  the  body- 
guards of  Hirtius  and  Octavianus,  which  Hirtius  had  sent  to  meet 
him,  and  advanced  to  attack  him  expecting  an  easy  victory. 

22.  occidione  occiderit :  cut  to  pieces  (slew)  with  great  slaugh- 
ter. Roman  writers  were  fond  of  using  together  different  forms  of 
the  same  word,  different  words  of  the  same  derivation,  or  words 
similar  in  sound. 

26.  senatum  existimare :  indirect  discourse  depending  on 
censeo,  1.  13. 

32.  uti  .  .  .  constituat :  also  depends  on  censeo,  but  notice  the 
change  in  meaning  and  construction. 


PHILIPPICA    QUARTA    DECIMA  381 

1 .  aberunt :  i.e.  from  the  city.  —  praetor  urbanus  :  in  the  ab-         PAGE 
sence  of  the  consuls  the  praetor  urbanus  became  the  chief  magis-         217 
trate. 

2.  pulvinaria  :  see  note  on  p.  108,  1.  12.     Ennius  in  his  Annales 
arranges  the  names  of  the  twelve  greater  divinities  to  whom  the 
lectisterniutn  was  offered  in  the  two  hexameters :  — 

luno,  Vesta,  Minerva,  Ceres,  Diana,  Venus,  Mars, 
Mercurius,  lovis,  Neptunus,  Volcanus,  Apollo. 

15.  locandum:  see  note  on  conlocandutn,  p.  106,  1.  5. 

16.  quaestores  urbanos :  see  Introd.,  p.  58. 


WORD-GROUPS 


1.  V  AC,   SHARP 

Seer,  sharp. 
acriter,  sharply. 
acies,  edge. 
acu5,  sharpen. 
acus,  needle. 
acerbus,  sharp,  bitter. 
acerbe,  sharply,  bitterly. 
acerbitas,  bitterness. 
acervus,  heap,  pile. 

2.  V  AG,   DRIVE 

ago,  drive. 

agitd,  set  in  violent  motion. 

actio,  doing. 

actum,  act. 

Set  us,  driving,  doing. 

cogo  (co-  +  ag5),  drive  together, 
compel. 

cogit5  (co-  +  agitS) ,  consider  thor- 
oughly. 

cOgitatiS,  thinking. 

cogitate,  thoughtfully. 

ex-c6git5,  think  out. 

ex-igo,  drive  out,  finish. 

prod-igus,  wasteful. 

red-actus,  brought  back,  reduced. 

sub-igo,  drive  under,  subdue. 

trans-ig5,  carry  through. 

nav-ig5  (V  NAV),  sail. 

nav-igati5,  sailing. 

ager,  field. 

agraril,  the  agrarian  party. 

agrestis,  rustic. 

agri-cola  (V  COL),  former. 


3.      V  AID,   BURN 

aedis,  fireplace,  building,  temple. 

aedi-tko,  build. 

aedi-ticium  (V  FAC),  building. 

aedilis,  aedile. 

aestas,  summer. 

aestus,  heat. 


4.     V  AL,  ALI,  OTHER 

alter,  the  other  of  two. 
alternus,  alternate. 
alter-uter,  one  or  the  other. 
alius,  another,  other. 
aliter,  otherwise. 
ali-unde,  from  another  quarter. 
alienus,  another's,  strange. 
alieni-gena  (V  GEN),  foreigner. 
ali-quis,  some  one  or  other. 
all-quo,  some-Mhere  or  other. 
ali-quando,  at  some  time  or  other. 
ali-quantus,  considerable. 
all-quanto,  considerably. 
ali-quot,  several. 


5.     V  AM,  LOVE 

amo,  love. 
amor,  love. 

ad-amo,  fall  in  love  with. 
amlcus,  friend. 
amlcitia,  friendship. 
in-imicus,  enemy. 
in-imlcitia,  enmity. 
amoenitas,  beauty. 


383 


3  84 


WORD-GROUPS 


6.      V   AN,   BREATHE 

anima,  breath,  life. 
animus,  soul,  spirit,  mind. 
animosus,  spirited. 
ex-animo,  deprive  of  breath. 
ex-animatus,  exhausted. 
anim-ad-verto  (  V  VERT),  turn  one's 

mind  to,  notice. 
anim-ad-versio,  attention. 
anhelo,  pant. 

7.     \/  ANG,  SQUEEZE 

ango,  throttle. 
angustus,  narrow. 
angustiae,  narrows. 
angulus,  corner. 
angi-portus,  lane. 

8.     V  ANT,  BEFORE 

ante,  before. 
antea,  before. 
ante-quam,  before. 
antiquus,  ancient. 
antiquitas,  antiquity. 

9.      V   AP,  OP,  LAY  HOLD,  HELP 

apt  us,  fastened,  Jit. 

ad-iplscor    (ad    +    aplscor,    reach 

after),  obtain. 
coepi    (co-    +   apio,   attach),   take 

hold  of,  begin. 
cdpia  (for  co-opia),  supply. 
copiosus,  well  supplied. 
opes,  aid,  -wealth,  power. 
opitulor,  assist. 
in-opia,  scarcity. 
of-ficium    (for  opi-ficium),  service, 

duty. 

of-ficiosus,  serviceable,  dutiful. 
opus,  work,  need. 
opera,  service,  pains. 
opinor,  suppose,  think. 
oplnio,  conjecture. 


opto,  desire. 

ex-opt5,  desire  earnestly. 

optabilis,  desirable. 

optimus,  best. 

optime,  best. 

optimates,  best  men,  aristocrats. 

10.     V  AR,  FIT,  JOIN 

arma,  equipment,  weapons. 

armo,  arm. 

armatus,  armed. 

ars,  skill,  art. 

arti-fex  (V  FAC),  artist. 

in-ers,  wWiout  skill. 

in-ertia,  want  of  skill. 

II.      V  ARC,  SHUT  IN,  KEEP  OFF 

arceo,  keep  off. 
area,  chest. 

ans  (for  arcs),  citadel. 
co-erceo  (co-  +  arceo),  confine. 
ex-erceo  (ex  +  arceo),  drive,  prac- 
tise, train. 

ex-ercitus,  trained  body,  army. 
ex-ercito,  train. 
ex-ercitatio,  training. 

12.      V  ARG,  BRIGHT 

arguo,  make  clear. 
argumentum,  proof. 
argumentor,  argue. 
co-arguo,  prove. 
red-arguo,  disprove. 
argent  um,  silver. 
argenteus,  of  silver. 

13.      V  AV,  DELIGHT,   DESIRE 

aveo,  desire. 
avidus,  eager. 
avide,  eagerly. 
avaritia,  greed. 
audeo,  dare. 
audax,  daring. 
audacia,  boldness. 


WORD-GROUPS 


385 


14.  V  AV,  NOTICE 

auris,  ear. 

audio,  hear. 

ex-audio,  hear  plainly. 

in-audltus,  unheard  of. 

ob-oedio  (ob  +  audio),  give  ear  to. 

15.  V  AVG,  GROW 

augeo,  increase. 
auctor,  author. 
auctoritas,  authority. 
auctio,  increase,  auction. 
auctionarius,  of  auction. 
august  us,  magnificent,  venerable. 
auacilium,  aid. 

1 6.  V  CAD,   FALL 

cado,  fall. 

cadaver,  corpse. 

casus,  fall,  accident,  event. 

ac-cido,  fall  upon,  happen. 

con-cido,  fall  down. 

ex-cid5,  fall  out.  • 

in-cido,  fall  upon. 

oc-cido,  fall  down. 

oc-cidens,  sunset,  west. 

oc-casus,  falling. 

oc-casio,  opportunity. 

cido,  give  -place,  yield. 

ac-cSdo,  move  toward. 

ac-cessus,  approach. 

ar-cesso   (acc§d5),  cause  to  come, 

summon. 

con-cedo,  go  away. 
de-c€do,  go  away  from. 
dis-C§do,  go  apart. 
dis-cessiS,  separation. 
dis-cessus,  parting. 
ex-ced5,  go  out. 
inter-cedo,  come  between. 
inter-cessio,  intervention. 
pro-cedo,  go  on,  advance. 
pro-cessio,  advance. 
re-cessus,  retreat. 

2C 


se-c5do,  withdraw. 
se-cessio,  withdrawal. 
suc-cedo,  come  under. 

17.     V  CAL,  CLA,  CALL 

Kalendae  (Calendae),  day  of  proc- 
lamation, Calends. 
con-cilium,  assembly. 
con-cilio,  call  together,  unite. 
re-con-cili5,  reconcile,  recover. 
clamo,  cry  out. 
clamor,  shout. 
re-clamo,  cry  out  against. 
clarus,  clear,  noble. 
prae-clarus,  very  noble. 
prae-cl§.re,  very  nobly. 
de-claro,  make  clear,  declare. 
classis,  thing  summoned,  fleet. 

1 8.     V  CAL,  SCAL,  COVER 

oc-cultus,  concealed. 
oc-culte,  secretly. 
oc-cult5,  conceal. 
oc-cultator,  concealer. 
clam,  secretly. 
color,  color. 
squalor,  dirt. 
squaleo,  be  dirty. 

19.     V  CAND,  GLOW 

candidatus,  clad  in  white. 
in-cendo,  kindle. 
in-cendium,  burning. 
in-C§nsio,  burning. 
sus-cgnseo,  be  incensed. 

20.      V   CAP,  TAKE,   HOLD 
capio,  take. 

ac-cipi5,  receive,  accept. 
con-cipio,  take  up. 
ex-cipio,  take  out. 
in-cipio,  begin. 
in-ceptum,  beginning. 


386 


WORD-GROUPS 


per-cipio,  take  wholly,  seize,  perceive. 

prae-cipio,  take  beforehand,  antici- 
pate. 

prae-ceptum,  direction,  instruction. 

prae-cipuus,  special. 

prae-cipue,  especially. 

re-cipio,  take  back. 

re-ceptor,  receiver. 

sus-cipio,  undertake. 

dis-cepto,  discuss,  decide. 

dis-ceptatio,  discussion. 

muni-ceps  (V  MV,  8l),  inhabitant 
of  a  free  town. 

muni-cipium,  free  town,  munici- 
pality. 

parti-ceps  (  V  PAR,  89),  taking  part. 

prin-ceps  (  V  vv.i) ,  foremost. 

prin-cipium,  beginning. 

prin-cipatus,  first  place. 

oc-cupo,  seize. 

oc-cupatus,  engaged. 

oc-cupatio,  occupying,  seizure. 

caput,  head. 

capitalis,  of  the  head. 

Capitolium,  Capitol, 

Capitollnus,  of  the  Capitol. 

capillus,  hair. 

an-ceps  (for  ambi-ceps),  two- 
headed,  doubtful. 

prae-ceps,  headlong. 

21.     V  CARD,  LEAP 
cor,  heart. 

con-cors,  harmonious. 
con-cordia,  harmony. 
dis-cordia,  discord. 
miseri-cors  (V  Mis),  merciful. 
miseri-cordia,  mercy. 
re-cordor,  recall  to  mind. 
re-cordatio,  recalling  to  mind. 

22.       V   CAV,   WATCH,    WARE 

caveo,  take  care. 
caute,  cautiously. 


cautio,  taking  care. 
causa,  cause. 

ac-cuso  (ad  +  causa),  accuse. 
ac-cusator,  prosecutor. 
ac-cusatio,  accusation. 
ex-cus5,  excuse. 
re-cuso,  refuse. 
re-CUsatio,  refusal. 

23.     V  CEL,  RISE 
ante-cello,  surpass. 
ex-cello,  surpass. 
ex-cellens,  superior. 
ex-celsus,  high. 
collis,  hill. 
Colllnus,  of  the  hill. 

24.       V   CEL,   CER,   STRIKE,   DRIVE 

celer,  swift. 

celeriter,  swiftly. 

celeritas,  swiftness. 

ac-celero,  hasten  to. 

celeber,  crowded. 

celebritas,  crowd. 

celebro,  crowd. 

con-celebro,  celebrate. 

per-cell5,  strike  down. 

pro-cella,  storm. 

pro-cul,  at  a  distance. 

clades,  destruction. 

gladius  (for  cladius),  s-vord. 

gladiator,  swordsman,  gladiator. 

gladiatorius,  gladiatorial. 

curro,  run. 

cursus,  running. 

currus,  chariot. 

curulis,  of  a  chariot,  curule. 

curriculum,  course. 

con-curro,  run  together. 

con-cursus,  running  together. 

con-curso,  rush  to  and  fro. 

ex-cursio,  sally. 

oc-curro,  run  to  meet. 

oc-cursatio,  running  to  meet. 


WORD-GROUPS 


387 


prae-curro,  run  before. 
re-curro,  run  back. 

suc-curro,  rush  to  support. 

25.      V  CER,  CRE,  PART 
cerno,  separate,  distinguish. 
de-cerno,  decide. 
de-cretum,  decision,  decree. 
dis-cerno,  separate. 
se -cerno,  separate. 
certus,  determined,  sure,  reliable. 
certe,  certainly. 
certo,  -with  certainty. 
certo,  contend. 
certamen,  contest,  struggle. 
con-certo,  contend  -with. 
de-certo,  contend,  fight. 
crimen,  charge,  accusation. 
dis-crimen,  separation,  crisis. 
Climinor,  accuse. 
criminosus,  slanderous. 

26.      V  CI,  ROUSE 

cito,  quickly. 

per-citus,  excited. 

cito,  put  in  quick  motion,  urge  on. 

con -cito,  arouse. 

con-citatio,  excitement. 

ex-cito,  call  out,  arouse. 

in-cito,  urge  on. 

in-citamentum,  incentive. 

re-cito,  read  aloud. 

solli-citus   (sollus,  whole},  agitated, 

troubled. 

solli-citudo,  anxiety. 
solli-cito,  stir  up. 
solli-citatio,  instigation. 

27.     V  CIR,  CURVE 
circus,  circle,  ring. 
circum,  around. 
circiter,  about. 
id-circo,  for  this  reason. 
circum-cludo  (  V  CLAV),  close  around, 
inclose. 


circum-do  (\/  DA,  34),  put  around. 

circum-fundo,  pour  around. 

circum-scribo,  write  around,  de- 
fraud, 

circum-scriptor,  cheat. 

circum-sedeo,  sit  around. 

circum-spicio  (\/  SPEC),  look 
around. 

circum-sto,  stand  around,  surround. 

28.     V  CLAV,  LOCK 
claudo,  close. 

circum-cludo,  close  around,  inclose. 
ex-cludo,  shut  out. 
in-cludo,  shut  in,  shut  up. 
inter-cludo,  shut  out,  shut  off. 
oc-cludo,  close. 

29.     V  COL,  TILL 

Colo,  till,  inhabit. 

colonus,  farmer. 

COlonia,  colony. 

agri-cola  (V  AG),  tiller  of  the  field, 

farmer. 

ex-colo,  cultivate,  improve. 
re-colo,  cultivate  again. 
cultura,  cultivation. 

30.     V  CRE,  MARK 
creo,  create. 
pro-cre5,  generate. 
re-creo,  make  anew. 
creber,  thick. 
crebro,  frequently. 
in-crebresco,  increase. 
cresco,  grow. 

31.     V  CRV,  RAW 

cruor,  blood. 
cruentus,  blood-stained. 
cruento,  stain  with  blood. 
crudelis,  cruel. 
crudeliter,  cruelly. 
criidelitas,  cruelty. 


388 


WORD-GROUPS 


32.     V  CVP,  WISH 
cupio,  desire. 
cupidus,  eager. 
cupide,  eagerly. 
cupiditas,  eagerness. 
cupido,  desire. 
con-cuplsco,  covet. 

33.     V  DA,  GIVE 

do,  give. 
donum,  gift. 
dono,  give,  present. 
con-dono,  give  up,  forgive. 
de-d5,  give  up,  surrender. 
de-ditio,  surrender. 
prae-ditus,  especially  gifted. 
pro-do,  give  forth,  betray. 
pr5-ditor,  betrayer. 
red-do,  give  back,  render. 
tra-do  (for  trans-do),  give  over,  re- 
late. 
sacer-dos,  priest. 

34.   VD  A,  PUT  (only  in  compounds) 

ab-do,  put  away,  hide. 

ad-do,  put  to,  add. 

circum-do,  put  around,  surround. 

con-do,  put  together,  found. 

abs-con-do,  hide  away. 

re-con-do,  put  away  again. 

credo,  put  faith  in,  believe. 

credibilis,  to  be  believed,  trustworthy. 

in-credibilis,  untrustworthy. 

e-d5,  put  out,  put  forth,  set  forth, 

tell. 
man-do     (manus),   put    in     one's 

hands,  intrust. 

man-datum,  charge,  commission. 
com-men-do,  intrust. 
com-men-d5ti5,  recommendation. 
per-do,  destroy. 
ven-do  (for  venum-do),  put  up  for 

sale,  sell. 


35.      V  DEC,   BESEEM 

decet,  it  beseems,  is  fitting. 
decus,  grace,  glory,  ornament. 
de-decus,  disgrace,  dishonor. 
decoro,  adorn,  beautify. 
dignus  (for  decnus),  worthy. 
in-dignus,  unworthy. 
in-digne,  unworthily^ 
dignitas,  -worthiness,  worth,  honor. 

36.     V  DIG,  DAC,  SHOW,  POINT 

died, say. 

dictum,  saying,  word. 

male-dictum,  evil  saying,  abuse. 

dictator,  dictator. 

dictatura,  dictatorship. 

dictito,  keep  saying. 

ab-dic5,  deny,  abdicate. 

ad-dico,  assign. 

de-dico,  set  apart,  consecrate. 

e-dico,  issue  an  edict,  proclaim. 

e-dictum,  edict,  proclamation. 

in-dico,  proclaim,  appoint. 

in-dex,  informer. 

in-dico,  point  out. 

in-dicium,  information. 

iu-dex  (^ iv),  judge. 

iu-dico,  judge. 

iu-dicium,  judgment. 

di-iudico,y«<^v  between,  settle. 

prae-dico,  tell  beforehand,  predict. 

prae-dico,  proclaim,  assert. 

prae-dicatio,  proclamation,  praise. 

vindico,  claim. 

vindex,  claimant,  avenger. 

vindiciae,  claim,  suit. 

disco  (for  dicsco),  learn. 

de -disco,  unlearn,  forget. 

disciplina,  instruction,  training. 

doceo,  show,  teach. 

doctus,  learned. 

doctrina,  teaching,  learning. 

documentum,  proof,  evidence. 

e-doceo,  show  fully. 


WORD-GROUPS 


389 


37.     V  DIV,  DI,  SHINE 

divinus,  divine. 

divlnitus,  from  heaven. 

divino,  foresee,  prophesy, 

divitiae,  riches. 

deus,  god. 

dea,  goddess. 

luppiter  (for  Diu-pater),/w/z'/fr. 

dies,  day. 

ho-die  (for  hoc  die),  to-day. 

ho-diernus,  of  to-day. 

postri-die    (V  POS),    on    the    next 

day. 

pri-die  (\/PRi),  on  the  day  before. 
cottl-die  (quot),  daily. 
cotti-dianus,  of  every  day,  daily. 
bl-duum,  tivo  days'  time. 
tri-duum,  three  days'  time. 
diu,  all  day,  long. 
diurnus,  by  day. 
diuturnus,  long  continued. 
diuturnitas,  length  of  time. 

38.     V  DOM,  BUILD 

domus,  house. 

domesticus,  of  one's  house,  domestic. 

domicilium,  habitation,  home. 

dominus,  master  of  a  house. 

domina,  mistress  of  a  house. 

dominor,  V«&. 

dominatio,  dominion. 

39.     V  DVA,  DVI,  APART,  TWO 

duo,  two. 

duo-decim,  twelve. 

duo-decimus,  twelfth. 

dubius,  doubtful. 

dubito,  doubt. 

dubitati5,  doubt. 

bis  (for  dvis),  twice. 

bin!,  two  each,  hvo  at  a  time. 

bl-duum  (V  Div),  two  days'  time. 

bi-partito  (V  PAR,  89),  in  two  parts. 


bellum  (for  duellum),  war. 
bellS,  fight. 
bellicus,  of  war. 
bellicosus,  warlike. 

40.       V   DVC,   LEAD 

duco,  lead. 

ductus,  leading,  command. 
dux,  leader. 
re-dux,  led  back. 
ad- duco,  lead  to. 
con-duco,  lead  together. 
de-duco,  lead  down. 
e-duco,  lead  out. 
in-duco,  lead  in. 
intro-duco,  lead  in,  introduce. 
per-duco,  lead  through. 
pr5-duco,  lead  forth. 
re-duco,  lead  back. 


41.     V  EM,  TAKE 

emo,  buy. 

ad-imo,  take  away. 

ex-emplum,  sample,  specimen,  pat- 
tern. 

ex-imius,  exceptional,  excellent. 

ex-imie,  exceptionally,  excellently, 
exceedingly. 

inter-imo,  kill. 

praemium  (for  prae-emium),  re- 
ward. 

promo  (for  pro  -f  emo),  bring 
forth. 

promptus,  brought  forth,  at  hand, 
ready. 

de-promo,  draw  forth. 

ex-promo,  show  forth. 

red-imo,  buy  back. 

sumo  (for  sub  +  em5),  take  up. 

sumptus,  expense. 

sumptuosus,  expensive,  extravagant. 

sumptuose,  extravagantly. 

con-sumo,  use  up. 


39° 


WORD-GROUPS 


42.       V   ES,   BE,   LIVE 

sum  (for  esum),  be,  exist. 
ab-sum,  be  away. 
ab-sens,  absent. 
ad-sum,  be  present. 
de-sum,  be  wanting. 
in-sum,  be  in. 
inter-sum,  be  between. 
ob-sum,  be  in  the  way. 
pos-sum  (for  potis  sum),  be  able. 
pot -ens,  powerful. 
pot-entia,  power. 
prae-sum,  be  at  the  head  of. 
prae-sens,  present. 
prae-sentia,  presence. 
pro-sum,  be  useful,  aid. 
sub-sum,  be  under. 
super-sum,  be  over,  survive. 

43.      V  FA,  SHINE,   SHOW 

ftbula,  tale,  story. 
fama,  talk,  rumor. 
In -f  Smis,  ill  spoken  of,  of  ill  repute. 
t&s,  divine  law,  right. 
ne-f5s,  contrary  to  divine  law,  sin. 
ne-fandus,     unmentionable,     impi- 
ous. 

ne-f&rius,  impious. 
ne-f&rie,  impiously. 
fStum,  utterance,  oracle,  fate. 
f&talis,  ordained  by  fate. 
f&num,  consecrated  place,  temple. 
fateor,  confess. 
con-fiteor,  confess. 
con-fessio,  confession. 
In-fitior,  not  confess,  deny. 
In-fitiator,  denier. 
pro-fiteor,  confess  openly. 
pro-fessio,  declaration. 

44.      V   FAC,   MAKE 
faci<~>,  make,  do. 
factum,  deed. 
facilis,  easy  to  do. 


facilitas,  ease. 

facultas,  ability,  power. 

facinus,  deed. 

facinor5sus,  criminal. 

dif-ticilis  (dis-  +  facilis),  hard. 

dif-ficultas,  difficulty. 

ad-ficio,  do  to,  treat. 

con-ficio,  do  completely,  accomplish. 

con-fectio,  finishing. 

de-ficio,  withdraw,  be  wanting. 

ef-ficio,  make  out. 

inter-ficio,  kill. 

inter-fector,  murderer. 

per-ficio,  complete,  achieve. 

prae-tici5,  place  before. 

prae-fectus,  one  in  command. 

prae-fectura,  office  of  prefect. 

pro-ticio,  make  headway,  effect. 

pro-fecto,  for  a  fact,  certainly. 

pro-ficlscor,  set  out. 

pro-fectio,  departure. 

re-ticio,  repair. 

Iabe-faci5  (  V  LAB),  cause  to  totter. 

labe-facto,  cause  to  totter. 

lique-facio  (liqueo,  be  fluid},  make 
liquid. 

pate-facio  (pateo,  stand  open), 
make  open. 

satis-facio,  satisfy. 

aedi-fic5  (V  AID),  build. 

aedi-ficium,  building. 

ampli-fico  (amplus),  make  large, 
increase. 

arti-f ex  (  V  AR)  ,  artificer. 

bene-ficus,  helpful,  generous. 

bene-ticium,  good  deed,  service. 

magni-ticus  (  \/  MAG),  magnificent. 

magni-tice,  magnificently. 

male-ticium,  evil  deed. 

miri-fice  (V  MIR),  wonderfully. 

of-ticium  (V  OP),  service,  duty. 

of-ficiosus,  dutiful. 

ponti-fex  (pons),  high  priest  (origi- 
nally bridge-builder}. 

sacri-ficium  (V  SAC),  sacrifice. 


WORD-GROUPS 


391 


signi-fico    (signum),    make  a  sign, 

indicate. 

slgni-ficatio,  sign,  signal. 
vene-ficus     (venenum),    poisonous, 

poisoner. 

45.     V  FEND,  STRIKE 

de-fendo,  ward  off,  defend. 
de-fensio,  defense. 
de-fensor,  defender. 
of-fendo,  strike  against,  offend. 
of-fensio,  offense. 
con-festim,  at  once,  immediately. 
in-festus,  disturbed,  hostile. 
mani-festus  (manus),  caught,  clear. 
mani-festo,  clearly. 

46.     V  FER,  BEAR 

fero,  bear,  tell. 

ad-fero,  bring  to. 

ante-fero,  place  before. 

au-fer5  (for  ab-fero),  carry  off. 

con-fero,  bring  together. 

de-fer5,  bring  down. 

dif-fero,  carry  apart. 

ef-fero,  bring  out. 

In-fero,  bring  in.' 

of-fero,  bring  before. 

per-fero,  carry  through,  endure. 

prae-fero,  carry  before,  prefer. 

pr5-fero,  bring  forth. 

re-fero,  bring  back,  report. 

re-fert  (res),  it  profits. 

suf-fero,  undergo. 

trans-fero,  bear  across. 

signi-fer  (signum),  standard-bearer. 

fere,  nearly,  almost. 

fertilis,  fruitful,  fertile. 

fors,  chance. 

forte,  by  chance. 

fortasse,  perhaps. 

forsitan,  perhaps. 

fortuna,  chance,  fortune. 

fortunatus,  prosperous,  blessed. 


fur,  thief. 

furtum,  theft.  • 

furtim,  by  stealth,  secretly. 

47.     V  FER,  FRE,  HOLD,  FIX 

firmus,  strong. 
ffrmS,  make  strong. 
firmamentum,  prop,  support. 
ad-firmo,  strengthen. 
con-firmo,  establish,  encourage. 
in-firmus,  weak. 
Tn-firmo,  weaken. 
in-firmitas,  weakness. 
fortis,  strong,  brave. 
for  liter,  bravely. 
fortitude,  strength,  courage. 
frenum,  bridle. 
freno,  bridle. 
ef-fren5,  unbridle. 
ef-frenatus,  unbridled. 
ef-frenate,  without  restraint. 
fretus,  sustained,  relying. 

48.  V  FID,   BIND,  TRUST 

fidus,  faithful. 
fido,  trust. 
fides,  trust,  faith. 
fidelis,  faithful. 
Tn-fidelitas,  unfaithfulness. 
fidius,  of  faith. 
con-fido,  trust. 
dif-fido,  distrust. 
foedus,  compact,  treaty. 
foederatus,  allied. 

49.  V   FIG,   HANDLE,   FIX 

figo,  fasten,  fix. 

ad-figo,  fasten  to. 

de-figo,  drive  down. 

ef-tigies,  likeness,  image. 

fingo,  mold,  form. 

fictus,  made  up,  fictitious,  false. 

ad-fing5,  devise  in  addition,  ascribe. 

ad -fictus,  added  falsely,  imputed. 


392 


WORD-GROUPS 


50.     V  FLA,  FLO,  SWELL,  BLOW 

con-flo,  blow  up,  kin'dle. 
ef-flo,  blow  out,  breathe  forth. 
in-flo,  blow  upon,  breathe  into. 
flos,  bloom,  flower. 
floreo,  blossom. 
florens,  flourishing. 
floresco,  flourish. 
fled,  weep. 
flStus,  weeping. 

51.     V  FLAG,  FVLG,  BLAZE, 

BURN 

flagro,  blaze,  burn. 

f lamina  (for  flagma),  blaze,  flame. 

In-flammo,  set  on  fire. 

con-flagro,  burn  up. 

de-flagro,  burn  down. 

flagito,  demand  with  heat. 

ef-flagito,  clamor  for. 

flagitium,  burning  shame. 

flagitiosus,  shameful. 

flagitiose,  shamefully. 

fulgeo,  flash. 

fulmen  (for  fulgmen),  lightning. 

52.     V  FLV,  FLOW 

fluo,  flow. 
ad-fluo,  flow  to. 
dif-fluo,  flow  apart. 
flumen,  river. 
fluctus,  wave. 

53-      V  FRAG,   BREAK 
frango,  break. 
fragilis,  brittle. 
fragilitas,  brittleness. 
nau-fragus  (V  NAV),  shipwrecked. 
suf-fragium,  ballot,  vote. 
suf-fragator,  supporter. 
suf-fr5gatio,  support. 
con-frlngo,  shatter. 
In-fringo,  break  down. 
per-fringo,  break  through. 


54.  V  FVD,  POUR 
fundo,  pour. 

circum-fundo,  pour  around. 
ef-fundo,  pour  out. 
of-fundo,  pour  over. 
pro-fundS,  pour  forth. 
fundus,  bottom,  farm. 
fundo,  found. 
fundamentum,  foundation. 

55.  V  FVG,  FLEE 
fugio,  flee. 

con-fugio,  take  refuge  with. 
ef-fugio,  flee  out  of. 
pro-fugio,  flee  away. 
re-fugio,  flee  back. 
fuga,  flight. 
fugitlvus,  fugitive. 
per-fugium,  place  of  refuge. 

56.     \/  GEN,  GN,  GNA,  BEGET 
gens,  race,  clan. 
gener,  son-in-law. 
genus,  origin,  birth,  race. 
in-genium,  inborn  talent. 
in-genuus,  native,  free-born. 
alieni-gena  (alienus),  foreign-born. 
glgno,  beget. 

benl-gnitas  (bene),  kindness. 
nSscor  (for  gnascor),  be  born. 
natio,  race,  tribe. 
natura,  nature. 
c  o  -  gnat  io,  blood-relationsh  ip. 

57.     V  GNA,  GNO,  KNOW 

gnavus,  active. 

T-gnavia  (in-  +  gnavus),  inactivity, 

cowardice. 
T-gnarus    (in-  -f  gnarus,  knowing), 

not  knowing. 
e-n5rro,  relate. 

nosco  (for  gnosco),  come  to  know. 
notus,  known. 
nobilis,  well-known,  noble. 


WORD-GROUPS 


393 


nobilitas,  nobility. 

nomen  (for  gnomen),  name. 

I-gnominia,  disgrace. 

nomino,  name. 

nominatim,  by  name. 

a-gnosco  (ad  -f  (g)n6sco),  recog- 
nize. 

c5-gn6sc5,  become  acquainted  with, 
learn. 

cd-gnitio,  learning. 

co-gnitor,  investigator,  advocate. 

I-gnosco  (in  4-  (g)nosco),  have  in- 
sight into,  pardon. 

I-gn6tus(in-+  (g)notus),  unknown. 

I-gn6ro,  not  know. 

l-gnoratio,  ignorance. 

nota,  mark,  stain. 

note,  mark,  designate. 

de-noto,  mark  out,  point  out. 

58.       V  GRA,   DESIRE,   FAVOR 

gratus,  pleasing,  grateful. 
in-gr&tus,  ungrateful. 
gratulor,  congratulate. 
gratulatio,  congratulation. 
gratia,  thanks,  gratitude. 
gratiosus,  enjoying  favor,  popular. 
gratuito,  gratuitously. 

59.     V  GRAD,  WALK 

gradus,  step. 

con-gredior,  come  together. 
e-gredior,  go  out. 
in-gredior,  go  in. 
in-gressus,  entrance. 
pro-gredior,  advance. 

60.     V  HAB,  HAVE 

habeo,  have,  hold. 
habitus,  condition,  state. 
habito,  inhabit,  dwell. 
ad-hibeo,    hold    toward,    bring  to, 
summon. 


co-hibeo,  hold  together,  restrain. 

debeo  (for  de-hibeo),  withhold, 
ffiue,  ought. 

debilis  (de  +  habilis),  unmanage- 
able, weak. 

debilito,  weaken,  cripple. 

ex-hibeo,  hold  out. 

praebeS  (for  prae-hibeo),  hold  be- 
fore, offer. 

pro-hibeo,  hold  back,  prevent. 

6l.     V  If  IA,  GO 
eo,  go. 

iter,  going,  journey,  road. 
ab-eo,  go  away. 
ad-eo,  go  to. 
ad-it  us,  approach. 
amb-itio     (ambi-),    going    around, 

canvassing. 

coetus  (for  co-itus),  meeting. 
com-es,  companion. 
com-itatus,  company. 
com-itium,  place  of  assembly. 
ex-eo,  go  out. 

ex-it  us,  going  out,  end,  death. 
ex-itium,  destruction. 
ex-itiosus,  destructive. 
in-eo,  go  into. 
in-itium,  beginning. 
in-itio,  begin. 

inter-eo,  go  among,  be  lost,  perish. 
inter-itus,  destruction. 
ob-eo,  go  to  meet,  go  over. 
per-eo,£w  through,  pass  away, perish. 
prae-eo,  go  before. 
praetor     (for      prae-itor),     leader, 

praetor. 

pro-praetor,  propraetor,  ex-praetor. 
praetorius,  of  a  praetor. 
praetiira,  praetor  ship. 
praeter-eo,  go  by,  pass. 
praeter-itus,  gone  by,  past. 
prod-eo,  go  forth. 
red-eo,  go  back,  return. 
re-ditus,  return. 


394 


WORD-GROUPS 


sed-itio,  going  apart,  secession. 
sed-itiose,  factiously. 
sub-eo,  go  under. 
sub-itus,  sudden. 
sub-ito,  suddenly. 
ianua,  door. 

62.      V  IAC,   SEND,  THROW 

iacio,  throw. 

ab-icio,  throw  away. 

ab-iectus,  downcast. 

am-ici5    (for    ambi-iacio),    throw 

around. 

con-icio,  throw  together,  hurl. 
con-iectura,  putting  together,  infer- 

ence, guess. 

de-icio,  throw  down,  destroy. 
e-icio,  cast  out. 
in-icio,  throw  into. 
ob-icio,  throw  against. 
pro-icio,  throw  away. 
re-icio,  throw  back. 
sub-icio,  throw  under. 
sub-iector,  forger. 

63.      V   IV,  IVG,  BIND,  YOKE 
ius,  right,  law. 
iuro,  swear. 
ius  iurandum,  oath. 
iustus,  just. 
iuste,  justly. 
iustitia,  justice. 
in-iustus,  unjust. 
in-iuria,  injustice. 
in-iuriose,  injuriously. 
con-iur5,  swear  together,  conspire. 
con-iuratio,  conspiracy. 
con-iuratus,  conspirator. 
iu-dex  (V  Die),  judge. 
iu-dico,  judge. 
iu-dicium,  judgment. 
iu-dicialis,  judicial. 


ad-iungo,yo/'«  to. 
con-iungo,  join  together. 


con-iunctio,  uniting,  agreement. 

con-iiinx,  husband,  wife. 

cunctus  (for  con-iunctus),  united, 

all. 

dis-iungo,  separate. 
se-iungo,  separate. 
iugulum,  collar-bone,  throat. 
iugulo,  cut  the  throat. 

64.     V  LAB,  SLIDE 

labor,  slide. 

de -labor,  slip  down. 

dl-labor,  slip  away. 

e -labor,  slip  out. 

labes,/a/4  ruin. 

labo,  totter. 

labe-facio  (VFAC),  make  totter. 

labe-facto,  cause  to  totter. 

65.      V  LAC,   ENTANGLE 

lacesso,  irritate. 
ad-licio,  entice. 
de-lecto,  charm. 
de-lectatio,  pleasure. 
in-lecebra,  enticement. 
ob-lecto,  give  pleasure  to. 
laqueus,  noose,  snare. 

66.     V  LEG,  GATHER 

lego,  gather,  choose,  read. 
con-ligo,  gather. 
con-l§ctio,  gathering. 
dl-ligo,  choose  out,  esteem,  love. 
di-lectus,  choosing,  selection,  levy. 
dl-ligens,  careful,  diligent. 
dl-ligenter,  carefully,  diligently. 
dl-ligentia,  carefulness,  diligence. 
e-lig5,  choose  from. 
int el-lego  (for  inter-lego),  perceive, 

understand. 

neg-lego  (for  nee-lego),  disregard. 
neg-legenter,  negligently. 
legio,  levy,  legion. 


WORD-GROUPS 


395 


67.     V  LIB,  LVB,  DESIRE 

libet,  it  pleases. 
libens,  -willing. 
libenter,  willingly. 
libido,  pleasure,  desire. 
liber,  free. 

liberl,  children  of  free  parents. 
libere,  freely. 

liberalis,  befitting  a  freeman,  gen- 
erous. 

llberaliter,  generously,  kindly. 
liberalitas,  generosity,  liberality. 
libero,  set  free. 
liberator,  deliverer. 
Hberatio,  setting  free. 
Ifbertas,  freedom. 
libertus,  freedman. 
libertinus,  of  a  freedman. 

68.     V  LIC,  LIQV,  LET,  LEAVE 

licet,  it  is  allowed. 
licentia,  freedom,  license. 
de-lictum,  delinquency,  fault. 
scT-licet  (for  sclre  licet),  one  may 

know,  certainly. 
vide-licet    (for    videre    licet),    one 

may  see,  clearly. 
pol-liceor     (por-  =  pr5  -f  liceor, 

bid),  promise. 
re-linqu5,  leave  behind. 
re-liquus,  remaining,  rest  of. 
re-liquiae,  remains,  remnants. 
de-re-linquo,  abandon. 

69.     V  LV,  LOOSE 

Iu5,  loose,  pay,  atone. 
solvo  (for  se-luo),  unbind. 
so-lutus,  unrestrained. 
so-luti5,  setting  free,  payment. 
ab-solvo,  acquit. 
ab-solutio,  acquittal. 
dis-solvo,  separate. 
ex-solvo,  unloose. 
per-solvo,  pay  in  full. 


70.    \/  LVC,   SHINE 
luceo,  shine. 
lux  (for  lues),  light. 
lucus,  open  forest,  grove. 
lumen  (for  lucmen),  light. 
ante-lucanus,  before  daylight. 
di-lucesco,  grow  light. 
in-lucesco,  dawn. 
lustro,  light  up,  purify. 
in-lustro,  light  up. 
in-lustris,  bright,  famous. 

71.     V  MA,  MAN,  MEASURE 

metator,  measuref,  surveyor. 

manus,  hand. 

manicatus,  long-sleeved. 

mani-festus  (V  FEND),  clear,  plain. 

mani-festo,  clearly. 

man-suetus  (suesco,  become  accus- 
tomed), accustomed  to  the  hand, 
tame. 

man-suete,  mildly. 

man-suetudo,  mildness. 

man-do,  put  in  one's  hands,  intrust. 

man-datum,  trust,  charge. 

com-mendo,  intrust. 

manubiae,  spoils,  booty. 

mensis,  month. 

im-manis,  immeasurable,  monstrous. 

im-manitas,  monstrousness,  savage- 
ness. 

72.     V  MAC,  MAG,  BIG 

macto,  honor,  sacrifice,  kill. 

magnus,  large. 

per-magnus,  very  large. 

magni-ficus  (  V  FAC), great,  magnifi- 
cent. 

magni-fice,  magnificently. 

magnitudo,  greatness. 

magis,  more. 

magistratus,  magistracy,  public  office. 

malo  (for  magis  volo),  wish  rather, 
prefer. 


396 


WORD-GROUPS 


maior,  greater. 

maximus,  greatest. 

moles,  mass. 

molestus,  burdensome,  troublesome. 

moleste,  heavily,  severely. 

molestia,  burden,  trouble. 

molior,  strive,  toil. 

73.      y'  MAD,  MEASURE,  MODERATE 

modus,  measure,  limit. 
modo,  only. 

ad-modum,  to  the  limit,  very  much. 
modestus,  moderate,  modest. 
per-modestus,  very  modest. 
moderor,  control. 
moderate,  -with  moderation. 
moderatio,  self-control,  moderation. 
corn-modus,  of  full  measure,  fitting. 
com-modum,    convenience,    advan- 
tage. 

com-modo,  adapt,  supply. 
ac-com-modo,  adapt,  adjust. 
ac-com-modatusj  adapted,  fitted. 

74.     \/  MAN,  MEN,  MIND,  STAY 

maneo,  remain. 
per-maneo,  continue. 
re-maneo,  remain  behind. 
re-mansi5,   remaining,   staying  be- 
hind. 

mens,  mind. 

a-mens,  out  of  one's  mind,  mad. 
a-mentia,  madness. 
d  i- -mens,  out  of  one's  senses. 
de-menter,  madly. 
de-mentia,  madness. 
mentio,  mention. 
mentior,  invent,  lie. 
mendacium,  lie,  falsehood. 
re-minlscor,  recall  to  mind,  recollect. 
memin!,  remember. 
moneo,  warn,  advise. 
monitum,  warning. 
ad-moneo,  warn. 


ad-monitus,  reminder,  suggestion. 
monumentum,  reminder,  memorial. 
monstrum,      means     of    warning, 

prodigy.^ 
de-monstro,  point  out,  show. 

75.     V  MAR,  WEAK,  DIE 

mors,  death. 

mortalis,  mortal. 

im-mortalis,  immortal. 

im-mortalitas,  immortality. 

morior,  die. 

e-morior,  die  off,  pass  away. 

mortuus,  dead. 

inter-mortuus,  lifeless,  powerless. 

morbus,  sickness. 

76.      V   MIN,   SMALL,   LESS 

minor,  smaller. 
minus,  less. 
minimus,  smallest. 
minimi-,  least. 
minuo,  lessen. 
de-minuo,  diminish. 
de-minutio,  diminution,  loss. 
im-minuo,  impair. 
ad-minister,  servant. 
ad-ministra,  handmaid. 
ad-ministro,  serve,  manage. 

77.     \/  MIR,  WONDER 

mirus,  wonderful,  surprising. 
miror,  wonder. 

miri-fice  (V  FAC),  wonderfully. 
ad-miror,  wonder  at. 
ad-miratio,  wonder,  surprise. 
ad-mirabilis,  marvelous. 

78.      V  MIS,  WRETCHED 

miser,  wretched. 
miseria,  misery. 
misereo,  pity. 
miaeror,  deplore. 


WORD-GROUPS 


397 


miserabilis,  deplorable. 
miserandus,  lo  be  deplored,  deplorable. 
miseri-cors  (V  CURD) t  pitying,  com- 
passionate. 
miseri-cordia,  pity. 
maereo,  be  sad. 
maeror,  sadness. 
maestitia,  sadness. 

79.     V  MIT,  SEND 
mitto,  send. 
a -mittS,  let  go,  lose. 
ad -mitto,  let  in,  admit. 
com-mittS,  send  together,  join,   in- 
trust. 

de-mitto,  send  down,  let  down. 
de-missus,  downcast,  humble. 
di-mittS,  let  go,  send  out. 
e -mitto,  send  forth. 
im-mittS,  send  in,  send  against. 
o-mitto,  let  go,  abandon. 
per-mitt5,  give  up,  allow. 
prae-mitto,  send  in  advance. 
praeter-mitto,  let  pass. 
pro-mitto,  hold  forth,  promise. 
pro-missum,  promise. 
re-mitto,  send  back. 
re-missus,  slack,  negligent. 
re-inissio,  sending  back,  relaxation. 
trans-mitts,  send  over. 

80.  V  MOV,  MV,  MOVE 
moveo,  move. 

motus,  motion,  disturbance. 
com.-moveo,  move  violently. 
per-moveo,  move  thoroughly. 
re-moveo,  move  back,  remove. 
muto,  change. 
mutatis,  change,  exchinge. 
com-mutS,  alter  wholly,  exchange. 
com-mutabilis,  changeable. 

81.  V   MV,    SHUT,    FASTEN 

moenia,  fortifications,  walls. 
munio,  fortify. 


munitus,  fortified. 
murus,  wall. 
munus,  service,  gift. 
com-munis,  united,  common. 
com-muniter,  in  common. 
com-muniS,  m  utual  participation. 
com-munico,  share. 

82.     V  NA,  NO 

-ne,  an  interrogative  particle,  origi- 
nally implying  that  a  negative 
answer  was  expected. 

n§,  not,  that  not,  lest. 

ne-que  or  nee,  and  not,  nor,  neither. 

nec-ne,  or  not. 

n§-ve  or  neu,  and  not,  nor,  neither. 

nemS  (for  ne-homS),  nobody. 

ne-quam,  good-for-nothing. 

nequitia,  good- for -nothingness. 

ne-quaquam,  in  no  wise. 

ne-uter,  neither. 

nullus  (ne-  +  ullus),  not  any. 

numquam  (ne-  -f  umquam),  never. 

nusquam  (ne-  +  usquam),  nowhere. 

ne-sciS,  not  know. 

negStium  (for  nec-otium,  no  lei- 
sure), business. 

negStior,  do  business. 

ne-fas  (V  FA),  contrary  to  divine 
law,  wrong. 

ne-farius,  impious,  wicked. 

ne-farie,  impiously,  wickedly. 

ne-fandus,  unspeakable,  wicked. 

negS,  say  not,  deny. 

de-negS,  refuse. 

neglego  (for  nee-lego),  not  regard, 
neglect. 

neglegenter,  carelessly. 

neglegentia,  carelessness. 

nihil,  nothing. 

nihil-dum,  nothing  as  yet. 

nihilum,  nothing. 

nimis,  beyond  measure,  too  much,  too. 

nimius,  too  great. 

ni-mirum  (V  MIR),  doubtless. 


398 


WORD-GROUPS 


nisi,  if  not,  unless. 
non,  not. 

non-ne,  used  to  imply  that  an  affirm- 
ative answer  is  expected, 
non-dum,  not  yet. 

83.     V  NAV,  SWIM 
navis,  ship. 

navalis,  of  ships,  naval. 
navicularius,  shipmaster. 
nav-igd  (V  AG),  sail. 
nav-igatio,  sailing. 
nauta  (for  navita),  sailor. 
nauticus,  of  a  sailor,  nautical. 
nau-fragus  (navis  +  VFRAG),^Z/>- 

wrecked. 
nau-fragium,  shipwreck,  destruction. 

84.     v/  NEQ  NOC,  KILL,  HUNT 

need,  kill. 

nex  (for  necs),  slaughter. 
inter-necio,    slaughter,    extermina- 
tion. 

inter-necivus,  utterly  destructive. 
per-nicies,  destruction. 
per-niciosus,  destructive. 
noceo,  harm. 
nocens,  harmful. 
in-nocens,  harmless,  innocent. 
in-nocentia,  innocence. 
nox  (for  noes),  night. 
nocturnus,  nocturnal. 
per-nocto,  pass  the  night. 

85.     V  NV,  NOV,  NOW 

num,  used  to  imply  that  a  negative 
answer  is  expected. 

nunc,  now. 

nu-dius  (V  DIV),  now  the  day. 

novus,  new. 

re-novo,  reneiv. 

nuntius  (for  noventius),  news,  mes- 
senger. 

nuntio,  give  news,  announce. 


de-nuntio,  announce. 

re-nuntio,  bring  back  word,  report. 

nuper  (for  novi-per),  lately. 

86.     V  OL,  OR,  GROW,  RISE 

orior,  rise. 
oriens,  rising,  east. 
ortus,  rising. 
ad-orior,  attack. 
ob-orior,  arise. 
ordo,  series,  rank,  class. 
ordior,  begin. 
ex-6rsus,  beginning. 
ad-olesco,  grow  up. 
ex-oletus,  adult. 
obs-olesco,  grow  old. 
sub-oles,  offspring. 
ad-ultus,  full-grown. 
ad-ulescens,  growing  up,  youth. 
per-ad-ulescens,  very  young. 
ad-ulescentia,  youth. 
ad-ulescentulus,  mere  boy. 

87.      V  PA,   FEED 
pater,  father. 
paternus,  of  a  father. 
patrius,  paternal,  ancestral. 
patria,  fatherland. 
patricius,  patrician. 
patronus,  protector,  defender. 
patrimonium,  patrimony. 
lu-ppiter  (V  Vl\},  Jupiter. 


pastio,  pasturage. 
pastor,  shepherd. 
Penates,  household  gods. 

88.     V  PAC,  PAG,  PVG,  FIX 
pax  (for  pacs),  agreement,  peace. 
paco,  pacify,  subdue. 
pacatus,  pacified,  subdued. 
pacTscor,  agree  upon,  bargain. 
pact  us,  agreed  upon,  settled. 
pactum,  agreement. 


WORD-GROUPS 


399 


pro-pago,  set  forward,  extend,  in- 

crease, 
pugna,  battle, 


ex-pugnatio,  taking  by  storm. 
op-pugno      (ob  +  pugno),    fight 

against,  besiege. 
op-pugnatiS,  besieging. 
prS-pugnaculum,  bulwark. 
prS-pugnator,  champion. 
re-pugnS,  resist. 

89.       V   PAR,   PARf,   BREED 

pars,  part. 

partim,  partly. 

parti-ceps  (V    CAP),    taking  part, 

sharing. 
partior,  divide. 

bi-partlt5  (V  DVI),  in  two  parts. 
dis-pertio,  divide. 
ex-pers,  without  a  part. 
im-pertio,  impart. 
parS,  provide,  prepare. 
paratus,  ready. 
ap-parS,  get  ready. 
ap-paratus,  well  prepared. 
ap-paratus,  preparation. 
com-parS,  get  ready. 
com-paratiS,  preparation. 
im-paratus,  unprepared. 
im-pero,  command. 
im-perium,  authority,  power. 
im-perator,  commander. 
im-peratorius,  of  a  commander. 
pro-per5,  hasten. 
ad-pro-pero,  hasten  to. 
vitu-peratio    (vitium),  finding   of 

fault,  censure. 

pared,  be  prepared,  appear,  obey. 
ap-pareo,  appear. 
pariS,  bring  forth,  produce. 
par  ens,  parent. 
com-perio,  find  out,  learn. 
re-perio,yi«</  out. 


90.       \/   PAR,   PER,   THROUGH,  TRY 

par,  equal. 

se-paro, separate  (consider  unequal). 

per,  through. 

peritus,  experienced,  skilled. 

com-perio,  find  out. 

ex-perior,  try  thoroughly. 

perlculum,  trial,  danger. 

periclitor,  try  thoroughly,  test. 

periculosus,  dangerous. 

periculose,  dangerously. 

porta,  gate. 

ports,  carry,  bear. 

de-port5,  carry  off. 

ex-porto,  carry  out. 

re-porto,  carry  back. 

portus,  harbor. 

op-portunus,  suitable,  fit. 

op-portunitas,  fitness. 

im-portunus,  unsuitable,  cruel. 

91.      V   PED,   TREAD 

pes  (for  peds),ybo/. 
pedester,  on  foot,  pedestrian. 
ex-pedio,  set  free  (^free  the  foot). 
im-pedio,  entangle,  hinder. 
im-peditus,  entangled,  hindered. 
im-pedimentum,  hindrance. 
sup-pedito,  supply  abundantly. 

92.     V  PEL,  PVL,  DRIVE 

pello,  drive,  strike. 

ap-pello  (ad  +  pello),  address,  call. 

com-pellS,  drive  together,  force. 

de-pellS,  drive  off. 

ex-pello,  drive  out. 

im-pello,  drive  on,  influence. 

re-pello,  drive  back. 

prS-pulsS,  repel. 

93.     V  PET,  FLY 

peto,/aH  upon,  aim  at, 
petitiS,  thrust. 


400 


WORD-GROUPS 


petulantia,  wantonness. 
com-petltor,  competitor. 
ex-peto,  seek  after. 
im-petus,  rush,  attack. 
op-peto,  go  to  meet,  encounter. 
re-peto,  seek  again. 
sup-peto,  be  on  hand.  . 
per-petuus,  continuing. 

94.     V  PLE,  PLV,  FILL 

com-pleo,yf//  up. 
ex-pleo,^//  out. 


p!5nus,/«//. 

plSrusque,  most  of. 

Iocu-pl6s  (locus),  rich  in  land,  rich. 

Iocu-pl8to,  enrich. 

plebs,  common  people. 

plus,  more. 

plurimus,  most. 

am-plus  (for  ambi-plus),  abundant, 

great. 

am-plius,  more. 
am-ple,  abundantly. 
am-pli-fico  (V  FAC),  enlarge. 
am-plitudo,  wide  extent,  greatness. 
populus,  people. 

popularis,  of  the  people,  popular. 
de-populor,  ravage. 
publicus    (for    populicus),     of   the 

people,  public. 
publice,  publicly. 
publico,  confiscate. 
publicatio,  confiscation. 
publicanus,  of  the  public  revenue. 
pulvinar,  couch. 

95-       V   PLEC,   WEAVE,   FOLD 

am-plector    (ambi-),  fold  around, 

embrace. 

com-plector,  fold  together,  embrace. 
com-plezus,  embrace. 
ex-plico,  unfold. 


im-plico,  infold,  bind  up  with. 

sim-pliciter  (V  SIM),  simply. 

sup-plex,  suppliant  (bent  under). 

sup-plicatio,  supplication,  thanks- 
giving. 

sup-plicium,  punishment  (received 
on  bent  knees). 

96.  V  POS,  BEHIND 

post,  behind,  after. 
postea,  afterwards. 
post-hac,  hereafter. 
post-quam,  after. 
posterus,  next. 
postremus,  last. 
postremo,  lastly,  finally. 
postri-die  (V  L»i),  next  day. 
posterities,  future  ages. 

97.  V  POT,  MASTER 

possum  (for  potis  sum),  be  able. 
potens,  powerful. 
potent va.,  power,  authority. 
potestas,  power,  opportunity. 
potior,  preferable. 
potius,  rather. 

potissimum,  preferably,  chiefly. 
potior,  become  master  of. 
hos-pes  (hostis),  host. 
hos-pitium,  hospitality. 

98.  V  PREC,  PRAY 

pieces,  prayers. 
precor,  pray. 
de-precor,  avert  by  prayer. 
de-precator,  mediator. 
posco   (for  porcsco),  ask  for  ur- 
gently.^ 

de-posco,  demand. 
ex-posc5,  demand. 
postulo,  request,  demand. 
postulati5,  request,  demand. 


WORD-GROUPS 


401 


99.     V  PREM,  PRESS 

premo,  press. 
com-primo,  press  together. 
de-primo,  press  down, 
ex-primo,  press  out. 
im-primo,  impress. 
op-primS,  overwhelm. 
re-primo,  press  back. 


loo.     V  PRO,  PRI,  PRAE,  BEFORE 

pro,  before. 

pro-cul  (\/  CEL,  24),  at  a  distance, 
away. 

prope,  near  by. 

propius,  nearer. 

proximus,  nearest,  next. 

propinquus,  near,  related. 

proprius,  own,  peculiar. 

propter,  near,  because  of. 

propterea,  on  this  account. 

prldem,  long  ago. 

pri-die  (V  Dl),  on  the  day  before. 

prior,  former. 

prius,  before,  sooner. 

primus,  first. 

prim  5,  at  first. 

prin-ceps  (V  CAY),  foremost. 

prin-cipatus,  leadership. 

prin-cipium,  beginning. 

pristinus,  former,  early. 

prae,  before. 

praeter,  beyond,  besides. 

praeterea,  besides. 

praetor  (for  prae-itor),  leader, 
praetor. 

praetorius,  of  a  leader. 

praetura,  praetorship. 

praemium  (for  prae-emium),  re- 
ward. 

101.     V  PVD,  SHAME 

pudet,  it  shames. 
pudor,  shame. 

2  D 


im-pudens,  shameless. 
im-pudenter,  shamelessly. 
im-pudentia,  shamelessness. 
pudicitia,  modesty. 
im-pudicus,  shameless. 

102.      V  QUAES,   SEEK 

quaero,  seek,  inquire,  ask. 
ad-quiro,  acquire. 
con-quisltor,  searcher,  recruiter. 
ex-quiro,  search  out,  inquire  into. 
re-quir5,  demand,  miss. 
quaestio,  investigation. 
quaestor,  quaestor  (investigator). 
quaestorius,  of  a  quaestor. 
quaestus,  gain. 
quaesltor,  investigator. 
quaeso,  beg. 

103.      V  RAP,   RVP,   SNATCH, 
BREAK 

rapio,  seize. 

rapina,  robbery. 

ab-ripi5,  carry  off  forcibly. 

ad-ripio,  seize. 

di-ripio,  tear  in  pieces,  plunder. 

di-reptio,  plundering. 

dl-reptor,  robber. 

e-ripio,  snatch  away. 

prae-ripi5,    take    away   beforehand, 

snatch  away. 
sur-ripio,  snatch  secretly. 
rumpo,  break. 
ab-rumpo,  break  off. 
cor-rumpo,  spoil. 
cor-ruptus,  spoiled,  profligate. 
in-cor-ruptus,  unspoiled. 
in-cor-rupte,  without  bias. 
cor-ruptor,  seducer. 
cor-ruptela,  enticement. 
e-rumpo,  burst  out. 
in-rilmpo,  break  in. 
in-rupti5,  inroad. 


402 


WORD-GROUPS 


104.     \/  REG,  RIG,  STRETCH, 

GUIDE 

rego,  direct. 
rSctus,  straight,  right. 
recte,  rightly. 
regio,  direction,  region. 
rex  (for  rggs),  king. 
regnum,  kingdom,  rule. 
r5gn5,  be  king,  reign. 
regius,  kingly. 
regia,  king's  house,  palace. 
regie,  royally,  tyranically. 
regalis,  kingly. 
cor-rigo,  make  straight. 
e-rigo,  raise  up. 
pergo  (per  +  rego),^  on. 
por-rigo  (por-  =  pro  +  rego),  ex- 
tend. 
surgo  (sub  +  rego),  rise. 

105.     V  SAC,  SAG,  FASTEN 
sacer,  dedicated,  sacred. 
aacer-dos  (V  »A,  33),  priest. 
aacramentum,  sacred  pledge,  oath. 
sacrarium,  shrine,  sanctuary. 
sacri-ficium  (V  FAC),  sacrifice. 
con-aecro,  make  sacred,  dedicate. 
ob-secro,  beseech. 
sancio,  render  sacred,  ordain. 
aanctus,  consecrated,  sacred. 
aancte,  sacredly \  conscientiously. 
aanctitas,  sacredness. 
sacro-aanctus,  inviolable,  sacred. 

106.     V  SAC,    SEC,    SCI,    SCID, 

SPLIT 

aaxum  (for  sacsum),  broken  rock, 

stone. 

re-aeco,  cut  loose. 
seciiris,  ax. 

acio,  know,  distinguish. 
ne-acio,  not  know. 
acientia,  knowledge. 
acl-licet  (for  acirc  licet),  one  may 

know,  certainly. 


con-acius,  knowing  in  common. 

con-scientia,  consciousness. 

in-acitia,  stupidity. 

a-scisco  (ad  +  sclsco,  accepf),  at- 
tach, adopt. 

sciscitor,  inquire. 

caedo  (for  acaedo),  cut  down. 

caedes,  murder. 

caementum  (for  caedmentum), 
quarry-stone. 

parricida,  parricide. 

ac-cido,  cut  into. 

con-cido,  cut  to  pieces. 

in-cido,  cut  into. 

oc-cido,  cut  down,  kill. 

oc-Cldi5,  slaughter. 

dl-acidium,  separation. 

ex-scindo,  cut  out,  destroy. 

re-scindo,  cut  away. 

107.     V  SAL,  SER,  SAVE 
salvus,  safe. 
aalus,  safety. 
aaluto,  salute. 
salutaris,  healthful. 
solacium,  comfort. 
con-aolor,  console. 
con-aolatio,  consolation. 
Bervo,  save,  keep. 

ad-serv5,  keep  under  guard,  pre- 
serve. 

con-aervo,  save. 
con-aervator,  preserver. 
con-servatio,  preservation. 
ob-aervo,  watch,  observe. 
re-aervo,  keep  back. 

1 08.     V  SCARP,  CUT 

acrlb5,  write. 

acrlptor,  author. 

acriptura,  writing. 

scriba,  clerk. 

a-scnbo   (ad  +  acrlbo),   write   in 

addition. 
circum-scrlbo,  defraud. 


WORD-GROUPS 


403 


circum-BCriptor,  cheat. 
con-scnb5,  enrol. 
de-BCiibo,  mark  out. 
in-acnbS,  write  upon. 
per-scribo,  write  out. 
prae-acrlbo,  direct. 
pro-scriptio,  -written  notice,  confis- 
cation. 

109.     V  SEC,  FOLLOW 

sequor,  follow. 

secundus,  following,  second,  favor- 
able. 

secunclum,  following. 
ob-aecundOjyW/tfttf,  comply  with,  obey. 
ad-sequor,  follow  to,  attain. 
con-sequor,  follow  after. 
m-sequor,  follow  upon,  pursue. 
per-sequor,  follow  to  the  end. 
pro-sequor,  accompany. 
ex-sequiae,  funeral  procession. 
BOCius,  associate. 
socia,  associate. 
aocietas,  fellowship. 

1 10.     V  SED,  SID,  SIT 

aedeo,  sit. 

sedo,  bring  to  rest,  calm. 

sedes,  seat. 

ad-sido,  sit  down. 

ad-sidue,  constantly,  diligently. 

ad-aiduitas,  diligence. 

circum-aedeo,  sit  around. 

con-sessus,  sitting  together,  assembly. 

dis-Bide5,  disagree. 

in-sideo,  sit  upon. 

In-sido,  settle  upon. 

in-sidiae,  ambush,  plot. 

in-aidiosus,  treacherous. 

In-sidiose,  treacherously. 

Tn-sidior,  lie  in  wait,  plot. 

In-aidiator,  plotter. 

ob-sideo,  besiege. 

ob-aidio,  siege. 


ob-ses  (for  ob-aids),  hostage. 
pos-aideo    (por-  =  pro  +  eedeo), 

occupy,  own. 
pos-seasio,  possession. 
prae-aideo,  preside  over,  guard. 
prae-aidium,  garrison,  protection. 
re-aideo,  sit  back,  remain  behind. 
sub-Bido,  sit  down. 
sub-sidium,  reserve. 
Bella  (for  aedla),  seat. 
sub-aellium,  low  bench. 
ex-Bui,  exile. 
ex-Bul5,  be  an  exile. 
ex-ailium,  exile. 
con-aulo,  consult. 
con-Bultum,  decision. 
con-sulto,  deliberately. 
con-ailium,  deliberation. 
con-sill,  consul. 
con-sulatus,  consulship. 

III.      V  SEM,   SIM,  TOGETHER, 

LIKE 

semel,  once. 
semper,  always. 
aempiternus,  eternal. 
aimul,  at  the  same  time. 
aimilis,  like. 
dis-aimilis,  unlike. 
similiter,  in  like  manner. 
aimilitudo,  likeness. 
dis-aimilitudo,  unlikeness. 
aimultas,  rivalry. 
aim-pliciter  (V  PLEC),  simply. 
simulo,  pretend. 
Tn-aimulo,  charge. 
aimulacrum,  likeness. 
aimulatio,  pretense. 
dis-aimulo,  conceal. 
singuli,  one  at  a  time. 
aingularis,  singular,  extraordinary. 

112.      V   SEN,   OLD 

sencx,  old. 
senectus,  old  age. 


,404 


WORD-GROUPS 


senium,  age,  decay,  affliction. 
senatus,  assembly  of  old  men,  senate. 
senator,  senator. 
senator!  us,  of  a  senator. 

113.     V  SENT,  FEEL 

sentio,  feel,  perceive. 
sensus,  feeling. 
sententia,  opinion. 
ad-sentiS,  give  assent. 
ad-sensio,  assent. 
con-sentio,  agree. 
c6n-s§nsio,  agreement. 
con-se'nsus,  agreement. 
dis-sentio,  differ  in  opinion. 
dis-sSnsio,  disagreement. 
prae-sentio,  perceive  beforehand. 

114.       V  SER,   STRING,   BIND 

sermo,   connected   speech,   conversa- 
tion. 

servus,  bondman,  slave. 
servilis,  of  a  slave. 
servio,  serve. 
Tn-servio,  yield  to. 
servitium,  slavery,  body  of  slaves. 
servitus,  slavery. 
sertum,  wreath. 
de-sero,  desert. 
de-sertus,  deserted. 
prae-sertim,  especially. 
sors,  lot. 

sortitus,  allotment. 
con-sors,  sharing. 

115.     V  SPEC,  SEE,  SPY 

species,  sight,  appearance. 
specto,  look  at. 
spectaculum,  show. 
ex-specto,  look  out  for. 
ex-spectatio,  expectation. 
in-Bpect5,  look  on. 
speculor,  spy  out. 


speculator,  spy. 

a-spicio  (ad  +  specie),  look  at. 

a-spectus,  sight. 

circum-spicio,  look  about  for. 

con-spicio,  look  upon. 

con-spectus,  sight. 

de-spicio,  look  doivn  on. 

per-spicio,  see  through. 

pr5-spicio,  look  forward. 

re-spicio,  look  back. 

su-spicio    (sub    +     specie),   look 

askance  at,  suspect. 
su-spicio,  suspicion. 
su-spicor,  have  suspicion. 
haru-spex,   interpreter  of  entrails, 

soothsayer. 
au-spicium     (avis,    bird),    augury 

from  birds. 

1 1 6.     V  STA,  STAND 
sto,  stand. 
ad-sto,  stand  near. 
circum-sto,  stand  around. 
con -sto,  stand  together,  agree. 
con-steins,  steady,  constant. 
con-stanter,  steadily,  constantly. 
con-stantia,  steadiness,  constancy. 
In-sto,  stand  in,  be  at  hand. 
ob-sto,  stand  against,  resist. 
prae-sto,  stand  forth,  excel. 
prae-stans,  excelling. 
prae-stabilis,  excellent. 
re-st5,  withstand,  remain. 
sisto,  cause  to  stand,  slop. 
con-sisto,  stand  together. 
de -sisto,  leave  off. 
ex-sisto,  stand  forth,  exist. 
ob-sisto,  stand  in  the  way. 
re-sist5,  resist. 
stator,  stayer,  protector. 
statim,  on  the  spot,  at  once. 
status,  position,  attitude. 
statua,  statue. 

stabilis,  steadfast,  stable,  firm. 
stabil i t as,  stability,  firmness. 


WORD-GROUPS 


405 


stabilio,  make  stable. 
statuo,  cause  to  stand. 
c5n-stituo,  set  together,  build,  estab- 
lish. 

In-stituo,  put  in  place,  establish. 
In-stitutum,  intention,  custom. 
re-stitu5,  replace. 
re-stitutor,  restorer. 

117.     V  STER,  STRV,  STLA, 

SPREAD,   HEAP 

aterno,  strew,  scatter. 

pro-sterno,  strew  before,  cast  down. 

ex-struo,  pile  up,  heap  up. 

ex-structio,  building. 

Tn-Btruo,  build,  equip. 

In-strumentum,  equipment,  tool, 
means. 

sub-structio,  under-building,  foun- 
dation. 

IStus  (for  stlatus),  spread  out,  wide. 

15te,  widely. 

1 1 8.     V  TA,  SUCH 

tSlis,  such. 

tarn,  so. 

tam-quam,  as. 

tam-etsi,  despife  that,  although. 

tamen,  for  all  that,  yet. 

tandem,  at  last. 

tantus,  so  great. 

tantum,  so  much,  merely. 

tantum-modo,  so  much  only,  merely. 

tot,  so  many. 

totiens,  so  many  times. 

turn,  at  that  time. 

tune,  then. 

ita,  so. 

ita-que,  and  so. 

iste,  that. 

119.     V  TAG,  SILENT 

taceo,  be  silent. 
tacit  us,  silent. 


tacite,  silently. 

taciturnitas,  keeping  silent,  silence. 
re-ticeo,  keep  silence. 
re-ticentia,  silence. 
con-ticesco,  become  silent. 

120.     V  TAG,  TOUCH 
tango,  touch. 
at-ting5,  touch,  reach. 
con-tingo,  touch  closely,  border  on. 
ob-tingo,  befall,  occur. 
con-tamino  (forcon-tagmino),^«<rA 

with,  defile. 

in-teger,  untouched,  whole. 
in-tegre,  honestly. 
in-tegritas,  integrity. 

121.     V  TEM,  TIM,  STUN 
temere,  blindly,  rashly. 
temeritas,  blindness,  rashness. 
timeo,  fear. 
timoT,/ear. 

timid  us,  afraid,  cmvardly. 
timide,  with  fear,  timidly. 
timiditas,  timidity. 
ex-timesco,  dread. 
per-timesco,  fear  greatly. 

122.      V  TEN,   STRETCH 
tendo,  stretch. 

at-tendo,  stretch  toward,  attend. 
con-tendo,  strain,  hasten. 
con-tentio,  struggle. 
in-tend5,  stretch  toward. 
in-tento,  stretch  toward. 
os-tendo    (obs-  =  ob   +   tendo), 

stretch  toward,  show. 
os-tento,  display. 
por-tentum  (por-  =  pro  +  tendo), 

portent,  omen. 

tenuis,  stretched,  thin,  trivial. 
per-tenuis,  very  thin. 
at-tenuo,  make  thin,  lessen. 
ex-tenuo,  make  thin,  weaken. 
teneo,  hold. 


406 


WORD-GROUPS 


at-tineo,  hold  to,  reach. 
con-tineo,  hold  together. 
con-tentus,  satisfied. 
con-tinens,     continuous,    bordering 

upon. 

con-tinentia,  self-restraint. 
con-tinuus,  continuous. 
con-tinuo,  continuously,  immediately. 
ob-tine5,  hold  fast,  occupy. 
per-tineo,  stretch  through,  extend. 
per-tinax,  holding  fast,  obstinate. 
per-tinacia,  obstinacy. 
re-tineo,  hold  back. 
sus-tineo,  hold  up,  sustain. 
sus-tento,  uphold,  maintain. 

123.  \/     TRAG,   MOVE,   DRAG 

traho,  drag,  draw. 

abs-traho,  drag  off. 

con-traho,  draw  together,  collect. 

de -traho,  drag  off,  remove,  detract. 

dis- traho,  drag  asunder,  divide,  dis- 
tract. 

tracto,  draw  violently,  handle, 
treat. 

ob-trecto,  detract  from,  disparage. 

re-tractatio,  refusal,  objection. 

124.  V  VEH,   MOVE,   CARRY 
veho,  bear,  carry. 
vehiculum,  carriage. 
vectigal,  tax,  rei'enuf. 
vectlgalis,  tributary. 

v§lum,  sail. 

con-veh5,  carry  together. 
de-veho,  carry  away. 
vex5,  toss  violently,  trouble. 
vexator,  persecutor. 
veacatio,  persecution. 

125.     \/  VEN,  COME,  GO 
venio,  come. 
ad-ventus,  arrival. 
ad- ventlcius,  arriving,  foreign. 


con-venio,  come  together,  meet. 
e-ventus,  outcome. 
in-venio,  come  upon,  learn. 
inter-ventus,  intervention. 
per-venio,  go  through,  arrive. 
conti5  (for  con-ventio),  coming  to- 
gether, assembly. 
cSntiSnator,  haranguer. 

126.     V  VERT,  TURN 

verto,  turn. 

versus,  line,  verse  (a  turning}. 

versiculus,  short  line,  short  verse. 

versS,  turn  often. 

a-verto,  turn  away. 

ad-verto,  turn  toward. 

ad-versio,  turning  toward,  employ- 
ment. 

ad-versus,  against. 

ad-versarius,  opponent. 

anim-ad-verto  (V  AN),  turn  one's 
mind  to,  notice. 

anim-ad-versio,  attention. 

ante- verto,  go  before,  precede. 

con-verto,  turn  around. 

de-verto,  turn  aside. 

di-versus,  turned  different  ways, 
opposite. 

e-verto,  overturn. 

re-vertor,  turn  back,  return. 

contro-versia  (contra),  turning 
against,  contention. 

tergi-versatio  (tergum),  declining, 
subterfuge. 

uni-versus  (unus),  all  together. 

127.     V  VIC,  CONQUER 

vinco,  conquer. 
victor,  conqueror. 
victrix,  conqueress. 
victoria,  victory. 
con- vinco,  convince,  prove. 
de-vinco,  conquer  completely. 
re-vinco,  subdue,  convict. 
in-victus,  unconquered. 


WORD-GROUPS 


407 


128.       V  VID,   SEE 

vide5,  see. 

in -video,  look  askance  at,  envy. 

in-vidus,  envious,  hostile. 

in-vidia,  envy,  unpopularity. 

in-vidiosus,  full  of  envy,  odious. 

in-vidiSse,  enviously. 

pro-videntia,  foresight. 

prudens  (for  pro-videns),  foresee- 
ing, wise. 

prudentia,  foresight,  wisdom. 

im-prudens,  not  foreseeing,  heedless. 

videlicet  (for  videre  licet),  one 
may  see,  clearly. 

129.      \/  VOC,  CALL 
VOCo,  call. 

con-voco,  call  together,  summon. 
de-voco,  call  down. 
e-vocator,  summoner,  rallier. 


pro-voco,  call  forth. 
re-voc5,  call  back,  recall. 
vox  (for  vocs),  voice. 
con-vicium,  clamor,  wrangling. 

130.     V  VOL,  WILL,  WISH 

volo,  will,  wish. 

voluntas,  will,  wish,  willingness. 

voluntarius,  willing,  voluntary. 

voluptas,  pleasure. 

nolo  (for  non  volo),  be  unwill- 
ing. 

malo  (for  magis  volo}, prefer. 

bene-volus,  well-wishing,  kind. 

bene-volentia,  good  will. 

vel,  or  {if  you  wish). 

quam-vls,  as  you  wish,  however. 

quT-vis,  any  one  (whom  you  please). 

quo-vis,  anywhere  (where  you 
please}. 


VOCABULARY 


A.,    the    abbreviation    for    Aulus, !  abrog5,    -are,    -avi,    -atus    [ab  + 


A  ul us,  a  praenomen. 

a,  ab,  and  abs,  prep.  w.  abl.  (a  only 
before  a  consonant;  abs  only  in  abs 
te  and  absque,  and  compounds), 
from,  away  from  ;  by;  after. 

abdico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ab  +  dico, 
set  apart],  disown;  se  abdicare, 
resign. 

abditus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  abdo], 
hidden,  remote. 

abdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [ab  + 
-do,  put},  put  away,  hide. 

abeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus  [ab  +  e5],  go 
from,  go  away,  leave;  pass  away, 
be  lost. 

aberro,  -are,  -avi  [ab  +  erro],  wan- 
der out  of  the  way ;  depart  from, 
deviate  from,  disregard. 

abhorreo,  -ere,  -ul  [ab  +  horreo, 
shudder  at],  shrink  from,  be 
averse  to;  be  foreign  to,  be  at  vari- 
ance with,  be  estranged  from,  be 
inconsistent  "with. 

abicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [ab  -f 
iaci5],  throw  away,  throw  aside, 
cast  out,  give  up;  lose;  se  abi- 
cere,  humiliate  oneself. 

abiectus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  abicio], 
cast  down ;  low,  dispirited,  de- 
spondent ;  unprincipled,  con- 
temptible, worthless. 

abnuo,  -nuere,  -nui,  -nuiturus  [ab  -f 
-nuo,  nod~\,  refuse,  decline,  reject. 

abripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus  [ab 
+  rapio],  snatch  away,  carry  off, 
take  away. 


rogo],  take  from,  deprive  of;  re- 
peal, annul. 
abrumpo,  -rumpere,  -riipi,  -ruptus 

[ab  +  rumpS],  break  away,  break, 

sever. 
abs,  see  a. 
abscondo,        -condere,         -condi, 

-conditus  [abs  +  condo],  put  out 

of  sight,  hide,  conceal,  secrete. 
absens,  -entis  [part,  of  absum],  adj., 

absent. 

absolutio,   -onis    [absolve],   f.,  ac- 
quittal. 
absolvS,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutus 

[ab  +  solvo],  loosen,  free ;  acquit. 
abstergeo,  -tergere,  -tersi,  -tersus 

[abs  +  tergeo,  rub  off],  wipe  away, 

wipe  off,  dry. 
abstraho,  -trahere,  -traxl,  -tractus 

[abs  +  traho],  drag  away  ;  divert, 

withdraw. 
absum,  abesse,  afui,  afuturus  [ab 

+  sum],  be  away  from,  be  absent, 

be  distant ;  be  disinclined ;  not  be 

in  accordance  with  ;  tantum  abest 

ut  .  .  .  ut,  so  far  from  .  .  .  that. 
abundans,  -antis  [part,  of  abundoj, 

adj.,  abounding  in,  rich,  full. 
abundantia,    -ae     [abundans],    f., 

plenty,  abundance. 
abundo,    -are,    -avi     [ab  +  undo, 

surge],  overflow,  abound  in. 
abutor,  -utl,  -usus  [ab  +  utor],  use 

up;     abuse,    take    advantage    of, 

profit  by,  outrage. 
ac,  see  atque. 


409 


VOCABULARY 


Acastus,  -I,  m.,  Acastus,  a  slave; 
see  p.  253, 1.  21. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessurus 
[ad  +  cedo],  go  to,  come  to,  ap- 
proach;  come  near  to,  resemble; 
be  added,  happen. 

accelero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
celero,  quicken],  hasten. 

accessus,  -us  [accedo],  m.,  coming 
near,  approach. 

accido,  -cidere,  -cidi  [ad  +  cado], 
fall  upon,  befall,  happen. 

accido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [ad  + 
caedo],  cut  at,  cut ;  impair,  ruin. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [ad 
+  capio],  take,  receive,  welcome  ; 
take  upon,  undertake;  suffer; 
hear,  learn. 

Accius,  -I,  m.,  Accius,  an  early  Ro- 
man poet;  see  note  on  p.  i6i,l.  28. 

accommodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
commodo],  Jit,  adapt,  suit. 

accubo,  -are  [ad  -f  cubo,  lie  down], 
lie  near ;  recline. 

accurate  [accuratus,  careful],  adv., 
carefully,  with  care. 

accusatio,  -onis  [accuse],  f.,  com- 
plaint, accusation,  indictment. 

accusator,  -oris  [accuse],  m., 
accuser,  prosecutor,  plaintiff. 

accuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
causa],  call  to  account,  blame, 
censure  ;  accuse,  indict. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp ;  violent, 
severe;  spirited,  impetuous,  pas- 
sionate, ardent;  fierce,  cruel; 
keen,  shrewd;  active,  brave,  cour- 
ageous. 

acerbe  [acerbus],  adv.,  bitterly, 
severely,  cruelly,  fiercely,  unmer- 
cifully. 

acerbitas,  -atis  [acerbus],  f.,  bitter- 
ness, severity,  harshness,  cruelty; 
anguish,  grief. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um  [acer],  bitter,  se- 


vere, revengefttl,  unmerciful ;  dis- 
tressing, sad. 

acervus,  -I,  m.,  heap,  pile. 

Achaia,  -ae,  f.,  Achaia,  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus; see  note  on  p.  137, 1.  7. 

Achilles,  -is,  m.,  Achilles,  a  famous 
Greek  hero,  son  of  Peleus  and 
Thetis. 

acies,  -ei,  f.,  sharp  edge  ;  line  of  bat- 
tle, battle;  force,  power;  keenness. 

acriter  [acer],  adv.,  sharply,  keenly  ; 
zealously,  courageously. 

acroama,  -atis  [d/cp6a/ua],  n.,  enter- 
tainment ;  reader,  musician. 

actio,  -onis  [ago],  f.,  doing,  action  ; 
ptiblic  acts,  official  conduct ;  suit, 
trial. 

actum,  -I  [part,  of  ago],  n.,  deed, 
proceeding. 

actus,  -us  [ago],  m.,  driving;  act, 
part,  achievement. 

acuo,  acuere,  acui,  acutus,  sharpen  ; 
arouse,  provoke,  incite. 

acus,  -us,  f.,  needle. 

ad,  prep.  w.  ace.,  to,  towards  ;  near, 
in  the  presence  of,  before  ;  for,  for 
the  purpose  of;  as  to,  in  respect  to  ; 
in  accordance  with. 

a.  d.,  the  abbreviation  for  ante  diem. 

adaequo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ad  + 
aequo,  make  eq^tal],  make  equal 
to,  equalize,  level  with. 

adamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
amo],  take  a  fancy  to,  fall  in  love 
with,  admire  greatly. 

addico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus  [ad 
-f-  Alco],  give  assent  to  ;  award,  de- 
liver, assign ;  sacrif.ce,  abandon. 

addo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [ad  + 
-do,  put],  put  to,  add,  increase. 

adduce,  -ducere,  -duxl,  -ductus  [ad 
+  dtico],  lead  to,  bring,  draw ; 
induce,  influence,  persiiade. 

adeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [ad  +  eo],^» 
to,  approach,  visit ;  enter  upon. 


VOCABULARY 


aded  [ad  +  adv.  eo],  adv.,  to  such 
a  degree,  so;  even;  atque  aded, 
a  nd  ez'en,  and  in  fact;  usque  adeo, 
eren  so  far. 

adeps,  adipis,  m.  and  f.,  fat,  corpu- 
lence. 

adfectus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  adficio], 
furnished  with,  supplied  with, 
loaded  with,  endowed  with ;  im- 
paired, weakened,  infirm. 

adfero,  adferre,  attuli,  adlatus  [ad 
+  fer5],  bring  to,  convey ;  give, 
contribute,  bestow;  cause;  report, 
mention,  suggest ;  medicinam  ad- 
ferre, apply  a  remedy;  vim  ad- 
ferre, use  force. 

adficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  [ad  + 
facio],  do  to,  treat,  use,  affect, 
honor  ;  weaken,  impair  ;  pass.,  be 
treated  with,  receive,  suffer  ;  adfi- 
cere  laetitia,  gladden;  adficere 

pretio,  reivard. 

adfigo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fixus  [ad  + 
ttgo~\,  fasten  to,  affix,  attach. 

adfingo,  -fingere,  -finxi,  -fictus  [ad 
+  fingo],_/0r/«  in  addition;  add 
falsely,  ascribe. 

adfinis,  -e  [ad  +  finis],  adjoining, 
neighboring;  accessory  to,  impli- 
cated in;  as  subst.,  m.  and  f.,  con- 
nection by  marriage. 

adflrmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
flrmo],  strengt/ien ;  assert,  claim, 
aver. 

adflicto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
adflTgo],  break  to  pieces,  shatter  ; 
afflict,  torment,  distress. 

adflictus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  adflTgo], 
shattered,  ruined;  disheartened, 
despondent. 

adfligo,  -fligere,  -flixl,  -flictus 
[ad  +  fllgo,  strike],  dash  at,  strike 
dffii'ii,  overthrow;  injure,  ruin, 
crush. 

adfluens,   -entis   [part,  of  adfluo], 


adj.,  abotinding  in,  rich  in  ;  fre- 
quented by. 

adfluo,  -fluere,  -fluxi,  -fluxus  [ad 
-f  flu5],  flow  towards ;  overflow, 
abound  in. 

adhibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [ad  + 
habeo],  hold  towards,  bring  to, 
apply;  lend,  furnish,  offer;  use, 
employ;  aurls  adhibere,  give 
attention  to. 

adhortor,  -ari,  -atus  [ad  +  hortor], 
encourage  to,  urge,  arouse. 

adhuc  [ad  +  hue],  adv.,  until  now, 
up  to  this  time,  hitherto,  as  yet; 
up  to  this  point,  thus  far. 

adimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus  [ad 
+  emo],  take  away,  remove ;  de- 
prive of;  free  from. 

adipiscor,  -ipisci,  -eptus  [ad  + 
aplscor,  reach  after],  come  up 
•with,  overtake;  attain,  obtain; 
accomplish,  gain. 

aditus,  -us  [ade5],  m.,  approach, 
way  of  approach,  access,  arrival; 
entrance,  road  to,  avenue. 

adiumentum,  -I  [adiuvo],  n.,  help, 
aid,  assistance  ;  advantage. 

adiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxl,  -iunctus 
[ad  +  iungo],  join  to,  attach  to, 
unite  with,  add ;  gain ;  bestow, 
grant. 

adiutor,  -oris  [adiuvo],  m.,  helper, 
assistant, promoter,  adviser;  con- 
federate. 

adiuvo,  -iuvare,  -iuvi,  -iutus  [ad  + 
iuvo],  help,  help  along,  aid ;  fur- 
ther, support. 

adlicio,  -licere,  -lexi,  -lectus  [ad  + 
lacio,  entice~\,  allure,  attract; 
persuade. 

administer,  -tri  [ad  +  minister,  ser- 
vant], m.,  attendant,  assistant; 
tool. 

administra, -ae  [administer],  f.,  fe- 
male attendant,  handmaid,  servant. 


412 


VOCABULARY 


administro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
ministro,  attend],  manage,  control, 
guide. 

admirabilis,  -e  [admiror],  wort/iy 
of  admiration,  admirable,  won- 
derful, praiseworthy. 

admirandus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  ad- 
miror],  wonderful,  strange,  sur- 
prising. 

admiratio,  -onis  [admiror],  f.,  ad- 
miration; wonder,  surprise. 

admiror,  -an,  -atus  [ad  +  mlror], 
wonder  at,  admire ;  be  astonished. 

admitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[ad  +  mitto],  send  to  ;  admit,  re- 
ceive ;  allow  to  be  done,  permit, 
connive  at. 

admodum  [ad  +  modus],  adv.,  to 
the  full  limit ;  completely,  very, 
very  much,  greatly. 

admoneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [ad  + 
mone5],  bring  to  mind,  remind, 
suggest,  warn,  admonish. 

admonitus,  -us  [admoneo],  m.,  re- 
minder, suggestion,  warning. 

admurmuratio,  -onis  [admurmuro, 
murmur  at],  f.,  murmuring, 
murmur  (of  approval  or  disap- 
proval). 

adnuo,  -nuere,  -nui  [ad  +  nuo,  nod], 
nod,  assent,  promise. 

adolesco,  -olescere,  -olevi,  -ultus 
[ad  +  olesco, grow], grow  up,  ma- 
ture, increase. 

adorior,  -oriri,  -ortus  [ad  +  orior], 
assault,  attack. 

adorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
orno],  prepare  for,  provide,  fur- 
nish. 

adquiro,  -quirere,-quisivi,  -quisitus 
[ad  +  quaero],  get  in  addition, 
gain. 

adripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus  [ad 
-f  rapio],  snatch,  seize,  take  away, 
appropriate. 


adroganter  [adrogans,  assuming], 
adv.,  presumptuously,  arrogantly, 
haughtily. 

adsensio,  -onis  [adsentio],  f.,  assent, 
agreement,  approval. 

adsentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  -sensus, 
and  adsentior,  -sentiri,  -sensus 
[ad  +  sentio],  give  assent  to,  as- 
sent, agree  to,  approve. 

adsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  [ad  + 
sequor],  follow  up,  overtake ;  ob- 
tain, effect,  accomplish,  gain. 

adservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
servo],  watch  over,  guard  care- 
fully, keep. 

adsido,  -sidere,  -sedi  [ad  +  sldo,  sit 
down],  sit  down,  be  seated. 

adsidue  [adsiduus,  attending],  adv., 
continually,  constantly,  without  in- 
termission. 

adsiduitas,  -atis  [adsiduus,  attend- 
ing], f.,  constant  attendance  ;  con- 
tinuance, perseverance,  assiduity, 
unremitting  effort. 

adsigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
slgno,  mark],  assign,  ascribe,  at- 
tribute. 

adsto,  -stare,  -stiti  [ad  +  sto], 
stand  near,  stand  by. 

adsuefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 
[adsuetus,  accustomed  +  facio], 
accustom,  train,  inure. 

adsum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus  [ad  + 
sum],  be  near,  be  present,  be  at 
hand,  impend;  aid,  assist;  adesse 
animis,  listen  closely,  be  fear- 
less. 

adulescens,  -entis  [part,  of  adoles- 
co], adj.,  young,  youthful;  as 
subst.,  m.  and  f.,  youth,  young 
man  or  woman. 

adulescentia,  -ae  [adulescens],  f. 
youth. 

adulescentulus,  -i  [dim.  of  adule- 
scens], m.,  very  young  man,  lad. 


VOCABULARY 


413 


adulter,  -eri,  m.,  adulterer. 

adulterium,  -I  [adulter],  n.,  adul- 
tery. 

adultus,  -a,  -urn  [part,  of  adolesco], 
grown  up,  full-grown,  adult,  ma- 
ture, 

adventicius,  -a,  -um  [advenio,  ar- 
rive], from  abroad,  foreign,  ex- 
ternal. 

adventus,  -us  [advenio,  arrive], 
m.,  arrival,  approach,  coming. 

adversarius,  -a,  -um  [adversor,  be 
opposed],  opposite,  hostile,  antago- 
nistic;  as  subst.,  m.,  adversary, 
opponent,  enemy. 

adversio,  -onis  [adverto],  f.,  direc- 
tion, employment. 

adversus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  adverts], 
turned  tmvard,  facing,  opposite, 
in  front ;  adverse,  hostile,  antago- 
nistic ;  res  adversae,  adversity, 
misfortune. 

adversus  [adversus],  prep.  w.  ace., 
against. 

adverto, -vertere,  -verti,  -versus  [ad 
+  verto],  turn  toward,  direct. 

advesperascit,  -vesperascere, 

-vesperavit  [ad  +  vesper] ,  it  ap- 
proaches evening,  evening  comes 
on,  it  is  tan  light,  it  grows  dusk. 

aedes  or  aedis,  -is,  f.,  temple;  pi., 
'louse,  Jiabitation,  dwelling. 

aedificium,  -I  [aedifico],  n.,  build- 
ing, edifice,  structure. 

aedificS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [aedes  + 
facio],  build,  erect,  construct. 

Aegaeus,  -a,  -um,  Aegean. 

aeger.  -gra,  -grum,  ill,  sick,  dis- 
eased, feeble,  weak  ;  afflicted,  trou- 
bled, worried. 

aegre  [aeger],  adv.,  painfully; 
barely,  unwillingly,  reluctantly. 

Aegyptus,  -I,  f.,  Egypt. 

Aelius,  -I,  m.,  Aelius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  L.  Aelius  Tuber o,  see 


Introd.,  p.  42 ;  (2)  Q.  Aelius  Tt*- 
bero,  see  Introd.,  p.  42. 

Aemilius,  -I,  m.,  Aemilius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  L.  Aemilius  Paulus, 
see  note  on  p.  121, 1.  14;  (2)  L. 
Aemilius  Paulus,  see  note  on  p. 
172, 1.  22;  (3)  J\f\  Aemilius  Lepi- 
dus,  see  note  on  p.  76,  1.  i; 
(4)  M.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  see  note 
on  p.  108,  1.  29;  (5)  M.  Aemi- 
lius Lepidus,  the  triumvir,  see  note 
on  p.  168, 1.  19;  (6)  M.  Aemilius 
Scaur  us,  consul  in  115  B.C.,  see 
note  on  p.  153, 1.  21. 

aemulus,  -a,  -um,  rivaling,  emu- 
lous;  envious,  jealous ;  as  subst., 
m.  and  f.,  rival. 

aequabiliter  [aequabilis,  /i&?],adv., 
alike,  equally,  indiscriminately; 
uniformly. 

aequalis,  -e  [aequo,  make  equal], 
equal,  of  equal  age,  contemporary. 

aequalitas,-atis  [aequalis], {^equal- 
ity, similarity,  likeness. 

aequaliter  [aequalis],  adv.,  equally, 
uniformly. 

aeque  [aequus],  adv.,  equally,  in 
like  manner  ;  just  as,  as  much. 

aequitas,  -atis  [aequus],  f.,  uni- 
form ity  ;  equity,  fairness,  justice  ; 
tranquillity. 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  equal,  even ;  just, 
fair,  reasonable ;  proper,  honor- 
able, favorable;  aequo  animo, 
•with  resignation,  wit/i  equanim- 
ity. 

aerarius,  -a,  -um  [aes],  of  copper  ; 
of  money  ;  of  the  public  treasury 
or  the  public  funds ;  as  subst.,  n., 
public  treasury. 

aerumna,  -ae,  f.,  toil,  hardship,  dis- 
tress, trouble. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  bronze  ;  money ; 
pi.,  brazen  tablets;  aes  alienum, 
debt. 


VOCABULARY 


Aesculapius,  -I,  m.,  Aesculapius,  the 
mythical  father  of  medicine,  dei- 
fied as  the  son  of  Apollo. 

aestas,  -atis,  f.,  summer,  summer 
season. 

aestus,  -us,  m.,  heat,  fire;  swell, 
surge. 

aetas,  -atis  [for  aevitas  from  aevum, 
age~\,  f.,  life  of  man,  age,  old  age, 
youth  ;  time,  generation,  life. 

aeternitas,  -atis  [aeternus],  f.,  end- 
lessness, eternity,  immortality. 

aeternus,  -a,  -um  [for  aeviternus 
from  aevum,  age~\,  lasting,  endur- 
ing, endless,  eternal,  perpetual. 

Aetolia,  -ae  [Aetolus],  f.,  Aelolia,  a 
district  of  central  Greece. 

Aetolus,  -a,  -um,  Aetolian,  from 
Aetolia;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the 
Aetolians. 

Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa.  _ 

Africanus,  -a,  -um  [Africa],  Afri- 
can; as  subst.,  m.,  Africanus,  a 
surname,  see  Cornelius. 

Africus,  -a,  -um  [Africa],  African, 
from  Africa. 

ager,  agri,  m.,  field,  pasture,  land, 
soil;  farm,  estate;  territory,  do- 
main ;  fields,  open  country,  coun- 
try. 

aggrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
grex],  add  to,  join,  bring  together, 
collect. 

agito,  -are, -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of  ago], 
set  in  violent  motion,  drive,  rouse, 
provoke,  anger,  exasperate;  dis- 
cuss, consider. 

agn5sco,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi,  -gnitus 
[ad+  (g)nosco],  be  aware  of,  rec- 
ognize;  comprehend,  acknowledge, 
approve;  claim. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actus,  put  in  mo- 
tion, drive,  conduct,  manage,  carry 
on ;  aim  at,  attempt,  strive  for ; 
argue,  plead ;  do, finish;  pass.,  be 


at  stake ;  age,  come  !  well!  agere 
fundamenta,  lay  the  foundations  ; 
bene  agere,  deal  fairly ;  causam 
agere,  plead  a  case;  gratias 
agere,  render  thanks,  thank  ;  rem 
agere,  try  a  case;  triumphum 
agere,  celebrate  a  triumph. 

agrarius,  -a,  -um  [ager],  pertaining 
to  land,  agrarian;  as  subst.,  m. 
pi.,  agrarian  party,  supporters  of 
agrarian  laws ;  lex  agraria,  a 
law  concerning  the  division  of 
public  land. 

agrestis,  -e  [ager],  belonging  to  the 
fields  or  country,  rustic;  wild, 
coarse,  uncultivated;  as  subst.,  m., 
farmer,  boor. 

agricola,  -ae  [ager  -(-  colo],  m.,  hus- 
bandman, farmer. 

Ahala,  -ae,  m.,  Ahala,  a  family 
name;  see  Servilius. 

aio,  defective  verb,  say  yes,  assent ; 
affirm,  say,  tell. 

Alba,  -ae,  f.,  Alba,  the  name  of  two 
Italian  towns:  (i)  Alba  Fucen- 
tia,  a  town  of  the  Marsi;  (2)  Alba 
Longa,  '  the  long  white  city,'  an 
ancient  city  of  Latium. 

Albanus,  -a,  -um  [Alba],  Alban,  of 
Alba ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the 
Albans  ;  n.  smg,,Albanum,  Alban 
estate. 

alea,  -ae,  f.,  game  with  dice  ;  gam- 
bling. 

aleator,  -oris  [alea],  m.,  one  -who 
plays  with  dice,  gambler. 

Alexander,  -dri,  m.,  Alexander  (the 
Great),  king  of  Macedonia. 

Alexandria,  -ae  [Alexander],  f., 
Alexandria,  the  chief  city  of 
Lower  Egypt. 

all-,  indefinite  prefix. 

alienigena,  -ae  [alienus  +  gigno], 
m.,  one  born  in  a  foreign  land, 
foreigner,  stranger,  alien. 


VOCABULARY 


415 


alienus,  -a,  -um  [alius],  of  or  belong- 
ing to  another,  of  others ;  strange, 
foreign  ;  unsuitable,  out  of  place  ; 
inconvenient,  unfavorable,  hos- 
tile;  contrary,  at  variance;  as 
subst.,  m.,  stranger,  foreigner; 
n.,  another's  property ;  aes  alie- 
num,  debt. 

alid  [alius],  adv.,  to  some  other 
place,  somewhere  else,  elsewhere. 

aliquando  [all-  +  quando],  adv.,  at 
some  time  or  other,  at  any  time, 
ever  ;  once,  formerly ;  hereafter, 
finally,  at  last;  tandem  ali- 
quando,  now  at  last. 

aliquant5  [aliquantus],  adv.,  some- 
what, considerably  ;  post  aliquan- 
t6,  some  time  afterwards. 

aliquantus,  -a,  -um  [ali-  -f  quan- 
tus],  some,  considerable. 

aliquis  (-qui), -qua, -quid  (-quod), 
[ali-  +  quis  (qui)],  indef.  pron., 
some  one,  any  one;  something, 
anything ;  some,  any ;  aliqua  ex 
parte,  in  some  measure. 

aliquo  [aliquis],  adv.,  to  some  place, 
some'ii'here,  elsewhere. 

aliquot  [ali-  +  quot],  indecl.  adj., 
some,  several,  a  few,  not  many. 

aliter  [alius],  adv.,  in  another  man- 
ner, otherwise,  differently ;  aliter 
atque,  otherwise  than,  different 
from. 

aliunde  [ali-  +  unde],  adv.,  from 
another  source,  from  elsewhere. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  another,  other,  differ- 
ent;  alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  . 
another ;  alii  .  .  .  alii,  some  .  .  . 
others  :  nihil  aliud,  nothing  else. 

Allobroges,  -um,  m.  pi.,  the  Allobro- 
ges,  a  warlike  people  of  Gaul. 

alo,  alere,  alui,  altus  or  aMtus,  feed, 
nourish,  rear,  support;  foster, 
cherish,  increase. 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.  pi.,  the  Alps. 


Alsiensis,  -e,  of  Alsium,  a  town  in 
Etruria;  as  subst.,  n.,  Alsian  villa. 

altaria,  -ium  [altus],  n.  pi.,  high 
altar,  altar. 

alte  [altus],  adv.,  high,  on  high; 
deep,  deeply. 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  one  or  the  other 
(of  two) ;  another,  second ;  alter 
.  .  .  alter,  the  one  .  .  .  the  other ; 
alter!  .  .  .  alteri,  the  one  party 
...  the  other  party. 

alternus,  -a,-um  [alter],  one  after  the 
other,  by  turns,  alternate,  mutual. 

alteruter,  -tra,-trum  [alter  -t-  uter], 
one  or  tlie  other,  one  of  the  two. 

altus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  alo],  high, 
lofty,  tall;  deep,  profound. 

alveolus,  -l,  [alveus,  hollo-a<],  m., 
tray  ;  dice-box  ;  gambling. 

amans,  -antis  [part,  of  atno],  adj., 
loving,  fond  of,  affectionate  toward, 
attached  to  ;  amans  patriae,  pa- 
triotic. 

amanter  [amans],  adv.,  lovingly. 

ambi-,  inseparable  prefix,  around. 

ambitio,  -onis  [ambio,  go  round~\, 
{.,  going  about,  soliciting  of  votes, 
canvassing ;  striving  for  favort 
desire  for  honor,  ambition. 

ambo,  -ae,  -6,  adj.,  both. 

amburo,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustus  [ambi- 
4-  uro,  burn~\,  burn  round,  scorch, 
singe. 

amens,  -entis  [a  +  mens],  adj.,  out 
of  one's  senses,  mad,  frantic; 
foolish,  stupid,  senseless. 

amentia,  -ae  [amens],  f.,  madness, 
frenzy,  insanity ;  folly. 

amicio,-icire,  -ictus  [ambi-  +  iacio], 
throw  around,  wrap  in,  clothe. 

amicitia,  -ae  [amlcus],  f.,  friend- 
ship, alliance. 

amicus,  -a,  -um  [amo],  loving, 
friendly,  agreeable ;  as  subst.,  m., 
friend. 


416 


VOCABULARY 


Amisus,  -I,  f.,  Amisus,  a  town  of 
Pontus. 

amitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[a  +  mittS],  send  away,  dismiss, 
part  with  ;  let  go,  lose. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  love,  like, 
esteem. 

amoenitas,  -atis  [amoenus,  pleas- 
ant], f.,  pleasantness,  delightful- 
ness ;  beauty,  charm;  beaiitiful 
scenery. 

amor,  -oris  [amS],  m.,  love,  liking, 
affection. 

ample  [amplus],  adv.,  largely,  abun- 
dantly ;  liberally,  magnificently; 
comp.,  more,  further,  in  addition. 

amplector,  -plecti,  -plexus  [ambi--f 
plecto,  interweave],  twine  around, 
embrace,  include ;  understand, 
comprehend ;  love,  value,  esteem. 

amplifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [amplus 
+  facio],  enlarge,  extend,  broaden, 
increase;  magnify. 

amplitude,  -inis  [amplus],  f.,  wide 
extent,  width ;  greatness,  dignity, 
grandeur,  prominence. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  of  large  extent, 
great,  ample;  magnificent,  splen- 
did, distinguished,  honorable. 

an,  conj.,  or,  or  rather ;  whether; 
an  vero,  or  indeed ;  baud  scio  an 
or  nescio  an,  /  know  not  whether, 
I  am  inclined  to  think,  perhaps, 
probably. 

anceps,  -cipitis  [ambi-  +  caput], 
adj.,  double,  twofold ;  doubtful,  un- 
certain, indecisive  ;  dangerous. 

ancilla,  -ae,  f.,  maid-servant,  hand- 
maid. 

angiportum,  -I,  n.,  or  angiportus, 
-us,  m.,  narrow  street,  lane,  alley. 

ango,  -ere,  press  tight ;  anger,  vex, 
torment,  pain. 

angulus,  -i,  m.,  angle,  corner. 

angustiae,  -arum  [angustus],  f.  pi., 


narrowness,  defile,  narrow  bounds  ; 
distress,  straits. 

angustus,  -a,  -um  [ango],  narrow, 
confined;  small,  petty. 

anhelo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [anhelus, 
out  of  breatJi\ ,  breathe  with  diffi- 
culty, gasp  ;  breathe  forth. 

anima,  -ae,  f.,  air,  breath ;  soul, 
life,  existence;  efflare  animam, 
breathe  one's  last. 

animadversio,  -onis  [animadverts], 
f.,  investigation,  censure,  reproach; 
punishment. 

animadverto,  -vertere,  -verti, 
-versus  [animus  -\-  adverto],  turn 
the  attention  to,  notice,  observe,  per- 
ceive ;  animadvertere  in,  take 
measures  against,  punish. 

animosus,  -a,  -um  [animus],  full 
of  courage,  courageous,  bold. 

animus,  -i,  m.,  soul,  life;  mind, 
heart,  disposition;  imagination; 
courage,  spirit ;  arrogance,  pride; 
passion,  anger,  indignation ;  de- 
sire, intention;  adesse  animis, 
listen  closely,  be  fearless;  aequo 
animo,  with  resignation,  with 
equanimity  ;  bono  animo,  well  dis- 
posed; quo  animo,  in  what  spirit. 

Annius,  -I,  m.,  Annius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  Q.  Annius  Chile,  see 
p.  103,  1.  19;  (2)  T.  Annius 
Milo,  see  Introd.,  pp.  34-37. 

anndna,  -ae  [annus],  f.,  the  year's' 
produce ;  crops,  grain,  provisions ; 
price  of  grain,  grain  market. 

annus,  -i,  m.,  year. 

ante,  (i)  adv.,  before,  in  front; 
previously,  in  the  first  place,  before- 
hand; multo  ante,  long  ago; 
paulS  ante,  a  little  while  ago; 
tanto  ante,  so  far  ahead ;  ante 
.  .  .  quam,  sooner  than,  before; 
(2)  prep.  w.  ace.,  before,  before 
the  time  of. 


VOCABULARY 


417 


antea  Tante],  adv.,  before;  in 
timf  -.-rsf,  formerly,  previously, 
hitherto. 

antecello,  -ere  [ante  -f  cello,  raise'}, 
be  prominent,  be  superior,  excel, 
surpass. 

antefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [ante 
-f  fero],  place  before,  prefer,  give 
preference  to. 

antelucanus,  -a,  -um  [ante  -f  lux], 
before  light,  before  dawn ;  cenae 
antelucanae,  banquets  lasting  all 
night. 

antepono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[ante  +  pono], place  before;  pre- 
fer, Ta  I  lie  above. 

antequam  [ante  +  quam],  conj.,  be- 
fore, sooner  than  ;  often  separated, 
ante  .  .  .  quam. 

antestor,  -an,  -atus,  call  as  a  wit- 
ness, summon  to  testify. 

anteverto,  -vertere,  -verti  [ante  + 
vert6],//<w*  before,  prefer ;  anti- 
cipate. 

Antiochia,  -ae,  f.,  Antioch,  the  chief 
city  of  Syria. 

Antiochus,  -I,  m.,  Antiochus  (the 
Great) ;  see  note  on  p.  1 29, 1.  2. 

antiquitas,  -atis  [antlquus],  f.,  age, 
antiquity;  ancient  events,  history 
of  ancient  events. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um  [ante],  old,  an- 
cient, of  old  times,  former ;  as 
subst.,  in.  pi.,  the  ancients. 

Antonius,  -I,  m.,  Antonitts,  a  gen- 
tile name:  (i)  L.  Antonius,  see 
note  on  p.  206, 1. 12;  (2)  J/.  Anto- 
nius, see  note  on  p.  179,  1.  10, 
and  Introd.,  pp.  37-40. 
aperio.  -ire,  -ui,  -tus,  open,  uncover ; 

disclose,  explain,  make  knonni. 
aperte      [apertus],     adv.,     openly, 

frankly,  plainly,  unreservedly. 
apertus,  -a.  -um  [part,  of  aperio], 
open,  unprotected ;  clear. 


Apinius,  -I,  m.,  Apinius,  a  gentile 
name :    P.  Apinius,  a   victim   of 
Clodius;  see  p.  190,  1.33. 
Apollo,  -inis,  m.,  Apollo,  son  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Latona,  brother  of  Diana, 
and  god  of  the  sun. 
apparatus,  -a,  -um   [part,    of  ap- 
paro], prepared,  equipped ;   mag- 
nificent, splendid,  sumptuous. 
apparatus, -us  [apparo],  m.,  prepa- 
ration,  equipment,    magnificence, 
state. 
appareS,  -ere,  -ui,   -iturus  [ad  + 

pared],  appear,  be  plain. 
apparo,    -are,    -avi,    -atus    [ad  + 
Tpxtu\,prepare  for,  make  ready,  ar- 
range for. 

appello,    -are,    -avi,    -atus  [ad  + 
pello],  appeal  to,   address,  speak 
to  ;  name,  call,  entitle. 
Appennmus,     -l,    m.,     the    Apen- 
nines,  a  range   of   mountains   in 
Italy. 
appetens,  -entis  [part,  of  appeto], 

adj.,  eager  for,  covetous  of. 

appeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitus 

[ad  +  peto],  strive  for,  be  eager 

for;  demand,  beg ;  attack. 

Appius,   -I,    m.,    Appius,    a    prae- 

nomen :  (l)  Appius  Claudius,  see 

note  on  p.  185,  1.  7;   (2)  Appius 

Claudius     Caecus,    see    note    on 

p.  170,  1.  3;    (3)  Appius  Claudius 

Pulcher,  see  note  on  p.  154, 1.  28; 

as  adj.,  Appius,  -a,  -um,  Appian  ; 

Appiavia,  see  note  on  p.  145,!.  15. 

approbo,  -are,   -avi,  -atus   [ad  + 

probS],  assent  to,  approve,  fa- or. 

appropero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 

propero],  hasten  to,  make  /taste. 
appropinquo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad 
-f-  propinquo,  draw    near},   come 
near  to,  approach. 

aptus,  -a,   -um,  fitted,  joined ;  fit, 
suitable,  adapted,  appropriate. 


418 


VOCABULARY 


apud,  prep.  w.  ace.,  with,  among,  at, 
near ;  in  presence  of,  at  the  house 
of;  in  the  works  of,  in  the  opinion  of. 

Apuleius,  -I,  m.,  Apuleius,  a  gentile 
name.:  (i)  L.  Apuleius  Saturni- 
nus,  see  note  on  p.  70,  1.  7; 
(2)  P.  Apuleius,  an  opponent  of 
Antony,  see  p.  209,  1.  22. 

Apulia,  -ae,  f.,  Apulia,  a  district  of 
southern  Italy. 

aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water. 

aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle,  the  standard  of 
a  Roman  legion. 

ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar. 

arbitrium,  -I  [arbiter,  umpire'],  n., 
judgment,  authority,  will;  bid- 
ding, pleasure. 

arbitror,  -ari,  -atus  [arbiter,  um- 
pire'], be  of  an  opinion,  think, 
judge,  believe. 

area,  -ae,  f.,  place  for  safe-keeping, 
chest,  box,  safe  ;  cell. 

arceo,  -ere,  -ui,  shut  up,  inclose  ; 
keep  from,  keep  away. 

arcesso,  -ere,  -m,  -itus  [accedo], 
cause  to  come,  summon,  send  for. 

Archias,  -ae,  m.,  Archias,  a  Greek 
poet;  see  Licinius. 

architectus,  -i  [dpxn-<f/crwi>],  m., 
master-builder,  architect. 

ardeo,  ardere,  arsi,  arsus,  be  on  fire, 
burn  ;  be  aroused,  be  inflamed. 

ardor,  -oris  [ardeo],  m.,  burning, 
flame,  heat,  glow;  passion,  zeal, 
fury. 

area,  -ae,  f.,  ground,  building-site. 

argenteus,  -a,  -um  [argentum],  of 
silver,  made  of  silver,  silver. 

argentum,  -i,  n.,  silver;  wrought 
silver,  silver  plate  ;  silver  money, 
money. 

argumentor,  -ari,  -atus  [argu men- 
turn],  adduce  proof  of ,  prove,  draw 
a  conclusion,  reason. 

argumentum,  -i  [arguo],  n.,  argu- 


ment, evidence,  ground,  proof; 
sign,  mark,  token. 

arguo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus,  make  /known, 
show,  prove ;  accuse,  censure. 

Alicia,  -ae,  f.,  Aricia,  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium. 

Ariobarzanes,  -is,  m.,  Ariobarzanes, 
a  king  of  Cappadocia;  see  note 
on  p.  125,  1.  5. 

Aristocritus,  -i,  m.,  Aristocritus,  a 
slave;  see  p.  252,  1.  i. 

arma,  -orura,  n.  pi.,  armor,  arms  ; 
implements,  tools. 

armatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  armo], 
armed,  equipped. 

Armenius,  -a,  -um,  Armenian,  of 
Armenia,  a  country  on  the  Eu- 
phrates in  Asia  ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi., 
the  Armenians. 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [arma],  fur- 
nish with  weapons,  arm,  equip. 

Arplnas,  -atis,  adj.,  of  Arpinum,  a 
town  of  Latium. 

Arrius,  -i,  m.,  Arrius,  a  gentile 
name :  Q.  Arrius,  a  friend  of 
Cicero;  see  p.  181,  1.  5. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  skill,  art ;  occupation, 
pursuit ;  ability,  accomplishment ; 
pi.,  branches  of  learning. 

artifex,  -fids  [ars  +  facio],  m.  and 
f.,  master  of  an  art  or  profession  ; 
artist,  actor ;  contriver;  scaenicus 
artifex,  actor. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  castle,  fortress,  strong- 
hold, citadel;  refuge. 

ascendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensus  [ad  +  scando,  di»il>}, 
mount,  rise,  ascend ;  aspire  to. 

ascisco,  -sciscere,  -scivi,  -scitus 
[ad  +  sclsco,  accept],  take  to  one- 
self, join  to,  associate,  win  over. 

ascribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!,  -scriptus 
[ad  +  scrlbo],  enrol,  appoint,  as- 
sign;  ascribere  in  civitatem, 
enrol  as  a  citizen. 


VOCABULARY 


419 


Asia,  -ae,  f.,  Asia,  Asia  Minor  ;  see 
note  on  p.  124,  1.  20. 

Asiaticus,  -a,  -um  [Asia],  Asiatic, 
of  Asia  Minor, 

aspectus,  -us  [aspiciS],  m.,  sight, 
view  ;  appearance,  look,  aspect. 

aspicio.  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[ad  +  specie,  look],  look  at,  look 
upon,  beholJ,  see;  notice,  observe  ; 
consider,  regard. 

at,  conj.,  but,  yet,  however,  neverthe- 
less, but  on  the  other  side,  but  on 
the  contrary  ;  at  enim,  but  indeed, 
but  you  say;  at  VCTO,  but  assuredly. 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  Athens,  the 
chief  city  of  Attica. 

Atheniensis,  -e  [Athenae],  Athe- 
nian; as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Athe- 
nians. 

atque  or  ac  [ad  +  -que],  conj.,  and, 
and  also,  and  even;  with  com- 
paratives, as,  than;  atque  adeo, 
and  even,  and  in  fact;  aliter 
atque,  different  from;  contra 
atque,  contrary  to;  perinde  at- 
que, just  as;  simul  atque,  as 
soon  as. 

atqui  [at  +  quT],  conj.,  but  some- 
how, but  yet,  hcnvever. 

atrium,  -I  [ater,  black"],  n.,  atrium, 
hall,  main  hall. 

atrocitas,  -atis  [atrox],  f.,  fierceness, 
harshness,  severity,  cruelty  ;  enor- 
mity. 

atrociter  [atrox],  adv.,  fiercely,  se- 
verely, cruelly,  harshly. 

atrox,  -ocis  [ater,  black],  adj., 
fierce,  se^'ere,  cruel,  harsh,  wild, 
savage. 

attendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus 
[ad  +  tend5],  direct  toward ;  give 
attention  to,  notice,  perceive, 
listen. 

attenuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad  + 
tenuo,  make  thin],  make  thin, 


weaken,  diminish,  render  less  for- 
midable. 

attineo,  -tinere,  -tinui  [ad  +  teneo], 
hold  fast,  detain,  delay  ;  be  of  con- 
sequence, concern. 

attingo,  -tingere,  -tigi  [ad  + 
tango],  touch,  come  in  contact 
with ;  approach,  reach ;  seize,  at- 
tack ;  mention. 

Attius,  -I,  m.,  Attius,  a  gentile 
name:  P.  Attius  Varus;  see  note 
on  p.  232, 1.  26. 

attribuo,  -tribuere,  -tribul, 
-tributus  [ad  +  tribuo],  assign, 
allot,  bestow,  give. 

auctio,  -onis  [augeo],  f.,  increase; 
auction,  public  sale. 

auctionarius,  -a,  -um  [auctio],  of  or 
for  an  auction,  of  or  by  forced 
sale ;  auctionariae  tabulae, 
auction-notice,  notice  of  property 
to  be  sold  at  auction. 

auctor,  -oris  [augeo],  m.,  author, 
originator,  father ;  builder, 
founder;  voucher,  authority; 
counselor,  adviser. 

auctoritas,  -atis  [auctor],  f.,  au- 
thority, power;  decision,  resolve 
will,  opinion  ;  judgment,  counsel, 
advice ;  weight,  influence,  dignity, 
importance,  prestige. 

audacia,  -ae  [audax],  f,  daring, 
courage,  valor ;  audacity,  inso- 
lence, presumption,  impudence. 

audax,  -acis  [audeo],  adj.,  daring, 
courageous,  valiant;  bold,  auda- 
cious, insolent,  impudent;  reckless. 

audeo,  audere,  ausus,  venture,  dare, 
risk,  be  bold. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  hear,  hear 
of;  listen  to,  heed;  assent  to, 
approve. 

aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablatus 
[ab  +  fer5],  take  away,  bear  off, 
remove;  rob;  destroy. 


420 


VOCABULARY 


augeo,  augere,  auxi,  auctus,  in- 
crease, augment,  enlarge;  extol, 
magnify,  honor,  praise. 

augur,  -uris,  m.,  augur  ;  see  Introd., 
pp.  61,  62. 

augustus,  -a,  -um  [augeo],  conse- 
crated, sacred;  -venerable,  majestic, 
magnificent,  noble. 

Aulus,  -i,  m.,  Aulus,  a  praenomen. 

Aurelius,  -I,  m.,  Aurelius,  a  gentile 
name  :  L.  Aurelius  Cotta,  see  note 
on  p.  105,  1.  19  ;  as  adj.,  Aure- 
lius, -a,  -um,  Aurelian  ;  Aurelia 
via,  see  note  on  p.  87, 1. 1 ;  Forum 
Aurelium,  see  note  on  p.  80, 
1.  17. 

auris,  -is,  f.,  ear,  attention;  auris 
adhibere,  dare,  dedere,  or  prae- 
bere,  give  attention  to. 

aurum,  -i,  n.,  gold. 

auspicium,  -i  [auspex,  diviner},  n., 
divination  by  the  flight  of  birds, 
augury;  sign,  omen;  guidance, 
authority ;  pi.,  auspices,  see  In- 
trod., p.  62. 

aut,  conj.,  or ;  or  at  least ;  aut  .  .  . 
aut,  either  .  .  .  or. 

autem,  conj.,  but,  however,  on  the 
other  hand ;  moreover ;  now. 

auxilium,  -I  [augeo],  n.,  help,  aid, 
assistance,  support;  pi.,  auxilia- 
ries, reinforcements. 

avaritia,  -ae  [avarus,  greedy],  f., 
greed,  avarice,  covetousness. 

aveo,  -ere,  wish  for,  long  for,  desire 
earnestly,  crave. 

a  versus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  averts], 
turned  away,  turned  back  ;  disin- 
clined, unfavorable,  averse,  hostile, 
opposed. 

averts,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versus  [a  + 
verto],  turn  away,  turn  aside; 
avert;  estrange. 

avide  [avidus],  adv.,  eagerly,  greed- 
ily. 


avidus,  -a,  -um  [aveo],  longing,  de- 
sirous, eager ;  covetous,  avari- 
cious. 

avitus,  -a,  -um  [avus],  of  a  grand- 
father, hereditary,  ancestral. 

avoc5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [a  +  voc5], 
call  away,  withdraw,  divert. 

avunculus,  -i  [avus],  m.,  mother's 
brother,  uncle. 

avus,  -l,  m.,  grandfather;  forefather, 
ancestor. 

B 

bacchor,  -an,  -atus  [Bacchus],  cele- 
brate the  festival  of  Bacchus; 
revel,  exult. 

balineum,  -I  [/SaXcu'etoy],  n.,  bath. 

barbaria,  -ae  [barbarus],  f.,  strange 
land,  foreign  country ;  savage- 
ness,  barbarism. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  unintelligible; 
foreign,  strange,  uncivilized,  bar- 
barous;  rude,  uncultivated;  rough, 
cruel;  as  subst.,  m.,  foreigner, 
barbarian. 

barbatus,  -a,  -um  [barba,  beard~\, 
having  a  beard,  bearded. 

beatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  beo,  glad- 
den],  happy,  prosperous,  fortit^ 
nate ;  opulent,  rich. 

belle  [bellus],  adv.,  well,  nicely,  be- 
comingly. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um  [bellicus],  war* 
like,  valorous. 

bellicus,  -a,  -um  [bellum],  of  war, 
military. 

bello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [bellum], 
•wage  war,  carry  on  war,  fight, 
contend. 

bellum,  -i,  n.,  war  ;  bellum  gerere, 
wage  war. 

bellus,  -a,  -um,  pretty,  handsome, 
agreeable,  charming. 

belua,  -ae,  f.,  beast,  wild  beast ;  mon- 
ster, brute. 


VOCABULARY 


42I 


bene  [bonus],  adv.,  well;  success- 
fully, prosperously;  bene  agere, 
deal  fairly. 

beneficium,  -i  [beneficus],  n.,  favor, 
service,  kindness;  honor,  distinc- 
tion; in  beneficiis,  a»i ong  the  ben- 
eficiaries ;  meo  beneficid,  thanks 
to  me. 

beneficus,  -a,  -um  [bene  +  facio], 
beneficent. 

benevolentia,  -ae  [benevolens,  well- 
wishing],  {.,  good  will,  kindness, 
favor. 

benevolus,  -a,  -um  [bene  +  volo], 
well-wishing,  well-disposed,  kind. 

benignitas,  -atis  [benlgnus,  kind~\, 
f.,  kindness,  friendliness,  favor. 

bestia,  -ae,  f.,  beast,  animal^ 

bi-,  inseparable  prefix,  twice. 

bibo,  bibere,  bibi,  drink. 

biduum,  -I  [bi-  +  dies],  n.,  period 
of  two  days,  two  days. 

bini,  -ae,  -a  [bi-],  pi.  adj.,  two  by 
two,  tiuo  each,  two. 

bipartite  [bipartltus,  in  tii'o  parts'], 
adv.,  in  tivo  parts,  in  two  divisions. 

bis  [bi-],  adv.,  twice. 

Bithynia,  -ae,  f.,  BitJiynia,  a  coun- 
try of  Asia  Minor. 

bonitas,  -atis  [bonus],  f.,  goodness, 
kindness ;  excellence. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  good,  excellent,  de- 
serving, worthy  ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi., 
good  citizens,  good  men  ;  n.  sing., 
good,  advantage ;  n.  pi.,  property, 
goods;  Bona  Dea,  Bona  Dea,  a 
goddess  of  fruitfulness;  bono  ani- 
mo,  'cell-disposed. 

Bosporanus,  -i,  m.,  dweller  on  the 
Bosporus. 

brevis,  -e,  short,  brief,  little. 

brevitas,  -atis  [brevis],  f.,  shortness, 
brevity. 

breviter  [brevis],  adv.,  shortly, 
briefly,  concisely,  summarily. 


Brocchus,  -I,  m.,  Brocchus,  a  family 
name :  T.  Brocchus,  an  uncle  of 
Ligarius;  see  p.  235, 1.  21. 

Brundisinus,  -I  [Brundisium],  m., 
inhabitant  of  Brundisium . 

Brundisium,  -i,  n.,  Brundisium,  a 
town  and  port  of  Calabria,  the 
modern  Brindisi. 

Brutus,  -i,  m.,  Brutus,  a  family 
name  :  (i)  D.funius  Brutus,  see 
note  on  p.  161,  1.  27;  (2)  D.Ju- 
nius  Brutus  Albinus,  see  Introd., 
PP-  38,  39- 

bustum,  -I  [-buro,  burn],  n.,  funeral 
pyre  ;  mound,  tomb. 


C.,the  abbreviation  for  Gaius,  Gaius, 
a  praenomen. 

cadaver,  -eris  [cado],  n.,  dead  body, 
corpse,  carcass. 

cado,  cadere,  cecidi,  casurus,  fall, 
fall  down  ;  be  slain,  perish  ;  hap- 
pen, come  to  be;  fail,  come  to 
naught. 

Caecilius,  -i,  m.,  Caecilius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  L.  Caecilius Rnfus,  see 
note  on  p.  178, 1.  21;  (2)  M.  Cae- 
cilius Metellus,  see  p.  78,  1.  12; 
(3)  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus,  see  p. 
146,  1.  4;  (4)  Q.  Caecilius  Aletel- 
lus  Celer,  praetor  in  63  B.C.,  see 
p.  78,  1.  10;  (5)  Q.  Caecilius  Me- 
tellus Xumidicus,  see  note  on  p. 
153,  1.  20;  (6)  Q.  Caecilius  Me- 
tellus Pius,  see  note  on  p.  153, 

1.21. 

caecus,  -a,  -um,  not  seeing,  blind; 

not  seen,    hidden,    dark;    vague, 

in  di scrim  in  ate. 
Caecus,  -i,  m.,  Caecus,  the  Blind,  a 

surname;  see  Appius. 
caedes,     -is     [caedo],     f.,    cutting 

down,   killing,   murder,  carnage, 

slaughter. 


422 


VOCABULARY 


caedo,  caedere,  cecidi,  caesus,  cut 
down,  hew  down,  cut  to  pieces, 
slay. 

Caelius,  -I,  m.,  Caelius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  M.  Caelius  Rufus,  see 
Introd.,  p.  37;  (2)  Q.  Caelius 
Latiniensis,  see  p.  146,  1.  4. 

caelum,  -I,  n.,  sky,  heaven  ;  air  ;  de 
caelo  tactus,  struck  by  lightning. 

caementum,  -I  [caed5],  n.,  quarry- 
stone,  broken  stone. 

caerimonia,  -ae,  f.,  religious  cere- 
mony, sacred  rite. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  Caesar,  a  family 
name;  see  lulius. 

Caesetius,  -I,  m.,  Caesetius ;  see  p. 
244,  1.  i. 

Caieta,  -ae,  f.,  Cajeta,  a  town  and 
harbor  in  Latium,  the  modern 
Gaeta. 

calamitas,  -atis,  f.,  loss,  harm,  dis- 
aster, misfortune,  defeat,  ruin. 

calamitosus,  -a,  -um  [calamitas], 
causing  loss,  ruinous,  disastrous, 
destructivet;  unfortunate,  misera- 
ble, unhappy. 

calceus,  -i  [calx,  heel~\,  m.,  shoe. 

callidus,  -a,  -um  [called,  be  experi- 
enced], practised,  expert,  skilful ; 
shrewd,  cunning. 

calumnia,  -ae,  f.,  trickery,  pretense, 
evasion;  false  charge,  misrepre- 
sentation. 

calx,  calcis,  f.,  limestone,  lime. 

Camillus, -I,  m.,  Camillas;  see  note 
on  p.  254,  1.  15. 

Campus,  -l,  m.,  plain,  field ;  field  for 
action;  campus  (sc.  Martius), 
the  Field  of  Afars,  see  note  on 
p.  74,  1.  8. 

candidatus,  -i  [candidus,  white],  m., 
candidate  for  office. 

canis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  dog. 

cano,  canere,  cecim,  sing,  play; 
praise  ;  foretell,  prophesy. 


canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
cano],  sing,  play. 

cantus,  -us  [cano],  m.,  song,  music, 
playing. 

capillus,  -i  [caput],  m.,  hair,  the 
hair. 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus,  take 
hold  of,  hold,  take,  catch,  seize,  cap- 
ture, captivate;  receive,  obtain, 
acquire;  reap, enjoy;  bear,  suffer; 
comprehend,  conceive  ;  mente  cap- 
tus,  deprived  of  reason. 

capitalis,  -e  [caput],  involving  life, 
deadly,  fatal,  pernicious. 

Capitolinus,  -a,  -um  [Capitolium], 
of  the  Capitol,  Capitoline ;  clivus 
Capitolinus,  the  Capitoline  Slope, 
a  road  leading  from  the  Forum  to 
the  top  of  the  Capitoline  Hill,  see 
map,  p.  75. 

Capitolium,  -I  [caput],  n.,  the  Capi- 
/W.the  temple  of  Jupiter  at  Rome; 
the  Capitoline  Hill,  the  hill  on 
which  the  temple  stood,  see  map 
of  Rome. 

Cappadocia,  -ae,  f.,  Cappadocia,  a 
country  of  Asia  Minor. 

Capua,  -ae,  f.,  Capua,  the  chief  city 
of  Campania. 

caput,  -itis,  n.,  head;  life;  main 
point;  source, origin  ;  citizenship  ; 
capital  crime,  capital  charge,  capi- 
tal punishment. 

Carbo,  -onis,  m.,  Carbo,  a  family 
name;  see  Papirius. 

career,  -eris,  m.,  prison,  jail. 

cared,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturtis,  be  without, 
not  hare,  want,  be  free  from  ;  be 
deprived  of,  feel  the  want  of;  keep 
away  from,  have  to  do  without. 

caritas,  -atis  [carus],  f.,  dear  ness, 
costliness;  affection,  fondness, 
love. 

carmen,  -inis  [cano],  n.,  song, 
poem,  verse,  poetry. 


VOCABULARY 


423 


cams,  -a,  -um,  dear,  precious,  es- 
teemed;  expensive,  costly. 

Cassianus,  -a,  -um  [Cassius],  of 
Cassius  ;  see  note  on  p.  175,  1.  24. 

Cassius,  -i,  m.,  Cassius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  L.  Cassius  Longinus, 
see  note  on  p.  ioo,l.  17;  (2)  L. Cas- 
sius Longinus,  see  note  on  p.  175, 
1.  24;  (3)  C,  Cassius  Longinus 
Varus,  see  note  on  p.  150, 1.  12. 

caste  [castus,/«n?],  z.fri., purely, vir- 
tuously, piously ;  conscientiously. 

Castor,  -oris,  m.,  Castor,  the  deified 
son  of  Tyndareus  and  Leda. 

castrensis, -e  [castra],  of  the  camp, 
in  tlie  camp. 

castrum,  -I,  n.,  fortified  place ;  pi., 
military  camp,  camp. 

casu  [abl.  of  casus],  adv.,  by  chance, 
accidentally. 

casus,  -us  [cado],  m.,  falling,  fall ; 
occurrence,  event,  chance,  acci- 
dent;  mischance,  mishap,  misfor- 
tune. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.,  Catiline,  a  family 
name;  see  Sergius. 

Catilinarius,  -a,  -um  [Catilina],  of 
Catiline,  Catilinarian. 

Cato,  -onis,  m.,  Cato,  a  family  name : 
(i)  M.  Porcius  Cato,  see  note  on 
p.  153,  1.  23;  (2)  M.  Porcius  Cato 
Censorius,  see  note  on  p.  157, 
1.  14;  (3)  AT.  Porcius  Cato  Uti- 
censis,  see  note  on  p.  160,  1.  10. 

Catulus,  -I,  m.,  Catulus,  a  family 
name:  (i)  Q.  Lutatius  Catulus, 
see  note  on  p.  153,  1.  15;  (2)  Q. 
Lutatius  Catulus,  see  note  on 
p.  143,  1.  12. 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause,  reason,  motive; 
pretext ;  case,  lawsuit,  trial ;  side, 
parly;  condition;  abl.,  following 
a  genitive,  on  account  of,  for  the 
sake  of;  causam  agere  or  dicere, 
plead  a  case. 


Causinius,  -i,  m.,  Causinius,  a  gen- 
tile name:  C.  Causinius  Schola; 
see  p.  181,  1.  7. 

caute  [cautus],  adv.,  cautiously, 
carefully. 

cautio,  -onis  [caveo],  f.,  -wariness, 
caution,  precaution. 

cautus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  caveo], 
cautious,  careful. 

caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cautus,  watch, 
be  on  one's  guard,  take  care,  take 
heed ;  guard  against. 

-ce,  demonstrative  enclitic,  herey 
there. 

cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessus,  go  from, 
leave,  withdraw,  depart ;  give  -way, 
submit;  give  up,  yield,  allow,  con- 
cede. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  frequented, 
thronged, populous,  crowded;  noted, 
celebrated. 

celebritas,  -atis  [celeber],  f.,  throng, 
crowd;  renown,  celebrity ;  solemn 
celebration. 

celebrS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [celeber], 
throng,  frequent,  crowd ;  spread 
abroad,  praise,  celebrate,  solem- 
nize. 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  swift,  speedy. 

celeritas,  -atis  [celer],  f.,  swiftness, 
speed,  promptness. 

celeriter  [celer],  adv.,  swiftly, 
speedily  ;  in  haste,  soon. 

cena,  -ae,  f.,  dinner,  the  principal 
meal  of  the  Romans,  taken  about 
three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon; 
cenae  antelucanae,  banquets  last- 
ing all  night. 

censeo,  censere,  censui,  census,  tax, 
assess,  rate,  value,  estimate  ;  enrol; 
think,  imagine  ;  decide,  judge,  urge, 
vote,  decree. 

censor,  -oris  [censed],  m.,  censor, 
the  title  of  a  Roman  magistrate; 
see  Introd.,  pp.  58,  59. 


424 


VOCABULARY 


census,  -us  [censeo],  m.,  registering 
of  citizens  and  property,  censor's 
lisls,  census. 

centesimus,  -a,  -um  [centum],  the 
hundredth, 

centum,  indecl.  adj.,  one  hundred. 

centuria,  -ae  [centum],  f.,  division 
of  a  hundred ;  division  of  the  peo- 
ple, century,  company. 

centuriatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  cen- 
turio], divided  into  centuries; 
comitia  centuriata,  comitia  cen- 
turiata,  assembly  of  the  centuries, 
see  Introd.,  p.  50. 

centuriatus,  -us  [centurio],  m.,  office 
of  centurion,  captaincy. 

centurio,  -are, -avi,  -atus  [centuria], 
divide  into  centuries  or  companies. 

centurio,  -onis  [centuria],  m.,  com- 
mander of  a  century  or  company, 
centurion,  captain. 

Ceparius,  -i,  m.,  Ceparius ;  see  note 
on  p.  103, 1.  15. 

cerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cretus,  sepa- 
rate, distinguish;  discern,  see 
plainly,  see,  behold ;  understand ; 
decide. 

certamen,  -inis  [certo],  n.,  decisive 
contest,  struggle  ;  rivalry,  contest. 

certe  [certus],adv.,  certainly,  really, 
surely,  unquestionably  ;  yet  surety, 
no  doubt. 

certo  [certus],  adv.,  -with  certainty, 
certainly,  surely,  in  fact. 

certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [certus],  de- 
cide; struggle,  contend;  vie  with, 
strive  against,  compete,  rival. 

certus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  cerno],  de- 
cided, settled ;  fixed,  certain,  sure, 
secure  ;  reliable,  trustworthy,  con- 
clusive ;  certiorem  facere,  in- 
form. 

cervix,  -icis,  f.,  neck,  shoulders, 
throat. 

(cetenis),  -a,  -um,  otfier,  the  other, 


the  rest  of,  the  remaining;  as  subst., 
pi.,  the  rest,  the  others,  all  others, 
everybody  else,  everything  else. 

Cethegus,  -i,  m.,  Cethegus,  a  family 
name;  see  Cornelius. 

CM15,  -onis,  m.,  Chilo;  see  Annius. 

Chius,  -a,  -um,  Chian,  of  Chios,  an 
island  in  the  Aegean  Sea;  as 
subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Chians. 

cibus,  -i,  m.,  food,  nourishment,  sus- 
tenance. 

Cicero,  -onis,  m.,  Cicero,  a  family 
name;  see  Tullius. 

Cilicia,  -ae,  f.,  Cilicia,  a  country  of 
Asia  Minor. 

Cimber,  -bri,  m.,  Cimber ;  see  Gabi- 
nius. 

Cimbri,  -drum,  m.  pi.,  the  Cimbri,  a 
people  of  northern  Germany. 

Cimbricus,  -a,  -um  [Cimbri],  Cim- 
brian,  Cimbric,  of  the  Cimbri. 

cingo,  cingere,  cinxi,  cinctus,  sur- 
round, inclose ;  beset,  besiege. 

cinis,  -eris,  m.,  ashes. 

Cinna,  -ae,  m.,  Cinna,  a  family 
name;  see  Cornelius. 

circiter  [circus],  adv.  and  prep.  w. 
ace.,  about,  near,  nearly,  not  far 
from. 

circum  [circus],  adv.  and  prep.  w. 
a.cc.,around,about,  among,  through. 

circumcludo,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusus 
[circum  +  claud5],  shut  around, 
surround  on  all  sides,  hem  in. 

circumdo,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datus  [cir- 
cum +  -do,  puf\,  put  around,  sur- 
round, encircle. 

circumfundo,  -fundere,  -fudi, 
-fusus  [circum  +  fundo],  pour 
around,  surround,  inclose;  over- 
whelm. 

circumscribe,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptus  [circum  +  scribo],  en- 
circle, bound,  limit ;  hem  in,  im- 
pede, restrain;  cheat,  defraud. 


VOCABULARY 


425 


circumscriptor,  -oris  [circumscribe], 
m.,  defrauder,  deceiver,  cheat. 

circumsedeo,  -sedere,  -sedi,  -sessus 
[circum  +  sedeo],  sit  around ; 
surround,  beset. 

circumspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi, 
-spectus  [circum  +  specie,  look}, 
look  about,  look  out  for,  -watch; 
take  into  account,  consider. 

circumsto,  -stare,  -steti  [circum  + 
sto],  stand  around,  surround; 
besiege,  threaten. 

circus,  -I,  m.,  circular  line,  circle ; 
race-course ;  circus  maximus,  the 
Circus  Ma.\imus,  see  note  on  p. 
187,  1.  10. 

citerior,  -ius  [citer,  on  this  side'}, 
comp.  adj.,  hitiier,  nearer. 

Cito  [citus,  quick'},  adv.,  quickly, 
soon. 

cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of  cieo, 
put  in  motion}, put  in  quick  mo- 
tion ;  summon  ;  mention,  call,  pro- 
claim. 

civilis,  -e  [civis],  of  citizens,  civil; 
internal,  intestine,  partizan. 

Civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  citizen,  fellow- 
citizen. 

Civitas, -atis  [civis],  f.,  citizenship; 
community,  state;  ascribere  in 
civitatem,  enrol  as  a  citizen  ;  ius 
Civitatis,  franchise. 

clades,  -is,  f,,  destruction,  disaster, 
ruin,  devastation  ;  defeat. 

clam,  adv.,  secretly. 

clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call,  cry- 
out,  shout,  exclaim  ;  proclaim,  de- 
clare. 

clamor,  -oris  [clamo],  m.,  loud  call, 
shout;  clamor,  uproar;  acclama- 
tion. 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  clear,  bright;  plain, 
conspicuous;  prominent,  re- 
noicned,  famous,  illustrious. 

classis,  -is,  f.,  fleet,  naval  forces. 


claudS.  claudere.  clausi,  clausus 
[clavis,  key},  shut,  close;  inclose, 
besiege. 

Clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  mild,  lenient, 
merciful,  compassionate. 

clementer  [clemens],  adv.,  gently, 
with  forbearance. 

dementia,  -ae  [clemens],  f.,  mod- 
eration, forbearance,  mercy ;  be- 
nignity, generosity. 

clientela,  -ae  [cliens,  client},  f., 
clientship ;  pi.,  clients,  dependents, 

Clivus,  -i,  m.,  declivity,  slope,  hill ; 
clivus  Capitolinus,  the  Capita- 
line  Slope,  a  road  leading  from  the 
Forum  to  the  top  of  the  Capitoline 
Hill,  see  map,  p.  75. 

Clodianus,  -a,  -um  [Clodius],  of 
Clodius,  Clodian. 

Clodius,  -i,  m.,  Clodius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  C.  Clodius,  see  p.  181, 
1.  12  ;  (2)  P.  Clodius,  see  Introd., 
pp.  34-37  ;  (3)  Sextus  Clodius, 
see  note  on  p.  176,  1.  8;  (4)  Clo- 
dius Philhelaerus,  see  note  on  p. 
248, 1.  3. 

Cn.,  the  abbreviation  for  Gnaeus, 
Gnaeus,  a  praenomen. 

Cnidus,  -i,  f.,  Cnidus,  a  city  of 
Caria  in  Asia  Minor;  see  p.  136, 
1.  12. 

CO-,  see  com-. 

coarguo,  -arguere,  -argui  [co-  + 
arguo],  overwhelm  with  proof, 
convict,  expose. 

coepio,  coepere,  coepi,  coeptus  (rare 
in  present  system)  [co-  +  apio,  at- 
tach}, begin,  undertake. 

coeptus, -us  [coepio],  m.,  beginning, 
undertaking. 

coerceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [co-  +  ar- 
ceo],  confine,  restrain,  hold  in 
check,  check,  control. 

coetus,  -us  [coe5,  come  together"},  m., 
gathering,  meeting,  assembly. 


426 


VOCABULARY 


cogitate  [cogitatus,  premeditated], 
adv.,  premeditatedly,  after  careful 
preparation,  thoughtfully, 

cogitatio,  -onis  [cogito],  f.,  thought ; 
idea,  imagination;  plan,  design. 

cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [co-  + 
agito],  consider  thoroughly,  take 
into  consideration,  think;  medi- 
tate, imagine,  have  in  view,  intend, 
plan,  plot. 

COgnatio,  -onis  [cSgnatus,  related], 
{.,  relationship,  blood-relation- 
ship;  natural  connection,  asso- 
ciation. 

C6gnitid,-5nis  [cognosce],  {^knowl- 
edge, acquaintance;  appreciation, 
recognition. 

COgnitor,  -Sris  [cognosce],  m.,  ad- 
vocate, attorney;  defender,  pro- 
tector. 

cognosce,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi,  -gnitus 
[co-  +  (g)nosco],  become  ac- 
quainted with,  find  out,  learn, 
inquire  into  ;  become  aware,  recog- 
nize, acknowledge  ;  in  perf.  system, 
have  learned,  know. 

cogo,  cogere,  coegi,  coactus  [co-  + 
ag5],  assemble,  summon,  bring  to- 
gether, collect ;  force,  compel. 

cohaereo,  -haerere,  -haesi  [co-  + 
haereo],  cling  together,  be  insepa- 
rable ;  agree,  harmonize. 

cohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [co-  + 
habeo],  hold  together,  restrain, 
check,  keep  from. 

Conors,  -hortis  [co-  +  hortus],  f., 
inclosure  ;  division,  company ;  co- 
hort, the  tenth  part  of  a  Roman 
legion,  about  360  men;  cohors 
praetoria,  body-guard. 

COhortatio,  -onis  [cohortor],  f.,  en- 
couragement, exhortation. 

cohortor,  -arl,  -atus  [co-  +  hortor], 
encourage,  exhort,  incite;  ad- 
dress. 


collinus,  -a,  -um  [collis,  kilt],  of  a 
hill ;  as  subst.,  Collina,  -ae  (sc. 
tribus),  f.,  (he  Colline  tribe,  see 
note  on  p.  173,  1.  2. 

colo,  colere,  colui,  cultus,  till,  culti- 
vate;  inhabit;  care  for,  protect, 
cherish;  revere,  worship,  honor ; 
devote  oneself  to. 

colonia,  -ae  [colonus],  f.,  colony, 
settlement. 

colonus,  -i  [cold],  m., husbandman ; 
colonist,  settler. 

Colophon,  -onis,  m.,  Colophon,  an 
Ionian  city  of  Lydia  in  Asia 
Minor. 

Colophonius,  -a,  -um  [Colophon], 
of  Colophon;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the 
Colophonians. 

color,  -or is,  m.,  color,  tint,  hue,  com- 
plexion ;  outward  show,  appear- 
ance. 

com-,  CO-  [cum],  inseparable  prefix, 
together,  with ;  altogether,  com- 
pletely, very,  up. 

comes,  -itis  [com-  +  eo],  m.  and  f., 
companion,  comrade,  associate; 
attendant,  follower. 

comissatio,  -onis  [comissor,  revel], 
{.,  revelry,  revel,  carousal. 

comitatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  comito, 
attend],  attended,  escorted. 

COmitatus,  -US  [comito,  attend], 
m.,  escort,  train,  retinue,  follcnv- 
ing ;  band,  crowd. 

COmitium,  -I  [com-  +  eo],  n.,  place 
of  assembly,  place  of  meeting  ;  the 
Comitium,  a  place  adjoining  the 
Forum  ;  pi.,  assembly,  election,  see 
Introd.,  pp.  49-51. 

commeatus,  -us  [commeo],  m.,  go- 
ing to  and  fro  ;  provisions,  sup- 
plies. 

commemorabilis,  -e  [commemoro], 
worth  mentioning,  memorable,  re- 
markable. 


VOCABULARY 


427 


commemoratio,  -onis  [comme- 
moro],  f.,  calling  to  mind,  sugges- 
tion, reminder,  remembrance,  men- 
tion. 

commemoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
+  memoro,  mention~\,  recall  to 
memory,  remind,  call  to  mind; 
mention,  relate. 

commendatio,  -onis  [commendo], 
f.,  recommendation,  commenda- 
tion ;  excellence. 

commendo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
+  mando],  intrust,  recommend, 
commend. 

commeo,  -are,  -avi.  -atus  [com-  -f 
me5,  pass},  go  and  come,  pass  to 
and  fro,  visit,  frequent. 

commisceo,  -miscere,  -miscui, 
-mixtus  [com-  +  misceo],  mix, 
intermingle  ;  associate,  join. 

commissum,  -I  [part,  of  committo], 
n.,  undertaking ;  offense,  misdeed, 
crime. 

committS,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[com-  +  mitto],  bring  together, 
join,  unite;  intrust;  permit, 
allow ;  commit,  do,  be  guilty  of; 
proelium  committere,/0/«  battle, 
engage. 

commode  [commodus],  adv.,  duly, 
properly,  conveniently,  nicely. 

commodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
modus], accommodate;  lend,  fur- 
nish. 

commodum,  -i  [commodus],  n., 
favorable  condition,  opportunity  ; 
advantage,  interest,  convenience. 

commodus, -a, -um  [com-+  modus], 
suitable,  fit,  convenient,  appro- 
priate ;  favorable ;  agreeable, 
friendlv,  affable. 

commoror,  -an,  -atus  [com-  + 
moror],  delay,  tarry,  linger,  re- 
main, stay. 

commoveo,  -movere,  -movi,  -motus 


[com-  -f  moveo],  put  in  violent 
motion ;  alarm,  agitate,  excite, 
arouse,  disturb;  affect,  influ- 
ence. 

communico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
miinis],  divide  -with,  share,  com- 
municate;  add,  join. 

communio,  -onis  [communis],  f., 
communion,  participation,  fel- 
lowship, partnership. 

communis,  -e  •  [com-  -f  munus], 
common,  general,  in  common, 
universal. 

COmmuniter  [communis],  adv.,  to- 
gether, in  common,  in  general. 

COmmutabilis,  -e  [commute],  change- 
able, fickle. 

commute,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
miito],  alter  wholly,  change;  ex- 
change, substitute. 

comparatio,  -onis  [comparo],  f., 
preparing,  preparation. 

compare,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
paro],  prepare,  get  ready,  plan, 
provide;  raise,  levy,  enlist;  ac- 
quire. 

compare,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [compar, 
like},  pair,  match,  compare,  place 
on  the  same  footing. 

compello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsus 
[com-  +  pell5],  drive  together, 
drive  ;  force,  compel ;  urge. 

comperio,  -perire,  -peri,  -pertus,y?>/</ 
out,  ascertain,  learn,  detect,  dis- 
cover. 

competitor,  -oris  [compete,  seek  to- 
gether^, m.,  rival,  competitor. 

complector,  -plecti,  -plexus  [com- 
+  plecto,  interweave'],  clasp,  em- 
brace ;  encompass,  inclose  ;  sum  up, 
include  ;  comprehend,  understand ; 
care  for,  honor. 

compleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus 
[com-  +  -p1e5,  fill'},  fill  up,  fill 
full ;  complete,  finish. 


428 


VOCABULARY 


complexus,  -us  [complector],  m., 
encircling,  clasp,  embrace;  affec- 
tion. 

complures,  -a  or  -ia  [com-  +  plus], 
pi.  adj.,  more  than  one,  not  a  few, 
several,  many. 

comprehendo,  -prehendere, 

-prehendi,  -prehensus  [com-  + 
prehendo,  grasp~\,  take  hold  of, 
seize,  arrest,  capture;  discover, 
detect ;  perceive,  comprehend. 

comprim5,  -primere,  -press!, 
-pressus  [com-  -f  premo],  press 
together;  restrain,  subdue,  sup- 
press, check,  overcome. 

comprobo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
probo],  approve  of,  approve,  sanc- 
tion, assent  to ;  prove,  establish, 
justify. 

conatus,  -us  [conor],  m.,  attempt, 
undertaking,  endeavor. 

concedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
[com-  +  cedo],  go  away,  depart, 
remove;  submit  to ;  concede, yield, 
grant;  pardon,  forgive. 

concelebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
-f  celebro],  attend  in  numbers, 
frequent;  celebrate,  honor ;  pub- 
lish, proclaim. 

concerto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com--f 
certo],  contend  warmly;  strive, 
dispute,  quarrel. 

concido,-cidere,-cidi  [com-  +  cado], 
fall,  fall  down,  collapse;  be  de- 
stroyed, fail,  perish. 

concido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [com- 
4-  caedS],  cut  up,  cut  to  pieces, 
kill,  destroy. 

concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
cilium], bring  together,  reconcile ; 
procure,  gain,  win. 

concilium,  -i,  n.,  meeting,  assembly, 
council. 

concipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[com-  +  capio],  take  hold  of, 


take,  receive;  imagine,  conceive; 
plan. 

concitatio,  -onis  [concito],  f.,  quick- 
ening; passion,  agitation;  tu- 
mult. 

concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
cito],/«/  in  quick  motion  ;  arouse, 
excite ;  urge,  instigate. 

concordia,  -ae  [concors],  f.,  union, 
harmony,  concord ;  personified, 
Concordia,  the  goddess  of  har- 
mony. 

concors,  -cordis  [com-  +  cor,  heart], 
adj.,  of  the  same  mind,  united, 
harmonious,  congenial ;  peaceful, 
amicable. 

concupiscd,  -cupiscere,  -cupivi, 
-cupitus  [com-  +  inceptive  form 
of  cupio],  long  for,  covet,  desire, 
strive  after. 

concurro,  -currere,  -cum,  -cursus 
[com-  +  curro] ,  run  together,  rus/i 
up,  hasten  to,  assemble. 

concurso,  -are  [freq.  of  concurro], 
run  to  and  fro,  rush  about ;  fre- 
quent. 

concursus,  -us  [concurro],  m.,  run- 
ning together ;  throng,  assembly, 
gathering  ;  attack. 

condemno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com- 
+  damno],  condemn,  find  guilty, 
convict. 

condicio,  -onis  [candied,  agree  upon'], 
f.,  agreement,  terms,  condition  ; 
situation,  circumstances,  lot,  r<i»k, 
position. 

condo,  condere,  condidi,  conditus 
[com-  -f  -do,  put],  put  together, 
join  togetlier,  establish,  found, 
build ;  lay  up,  store,  treasure  up  ; 
post  urbem  conditam,  since  the 
founding  of  the  city. 

condono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
dono],  give,  give  up;  overlook, 
pardon,  forgive. 


VOCABULARY 


429 


conduce,  -ducere,  ^duxi,  -ductus 
[com-  -f  duco],  draw  together,  as- 
semble ;  hire,  rent. 

confectio,  -onis  [conficio],  {^finish- 
ing, preparation,  completion. 

confers,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [com- 
+  fero],  bring  together,  collect, 
unite  ;  oppose,  compare,  contrast; 
direct,  devote,  apply,  bestow;  as- 
scribe,  attribute,  impute  ;  postpone, 
defer. 

confertus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  con- 
fercid,  stuff  together],  stuffed, 
filled,  full ;  crowded,  dense,  close, 
in  close  array. 

confessid,  -onis  [confiteor],  f.,  con- 
fession, acknowledgment. 

COnfestim,  adv.,  immediately,  at 
once,  without  delay,  in  haste. 

conficio,  -ficere,  -fed,  -fectus  [com- 
+  faci5],  make  completely,  make, 
do ;  bring  to  an  end,  accomplish, 
finish,  end ;  exhaust,  weaken,  wear 
out,  subdue  ;  destroy,  kill ;  prepare, 
raise,  levy. 

confido,  -f idere,  -fisus  [com-  + 
fido] ,  trust  completely,  confide  in, 
believe  in;  be  confident. 

confirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
firmo],  make  firm,  strengthen, 
establish,  reinforce  ;  cheer,  encour- 
age, reassure  ;  state,  declare,  assert, 
claim,  prove  ;  assure  solemnly. 

confiteor,  -fiteri,  -fessus  [com-  + 
fateor J ,  acknowledge,  confess,  plead 
guilty  to,  own ;  concede,  allow, 
admit. 

conflagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
tlagro],  burn,  be  consumed. 

confligo,  -fligere,  -flixi,  -flictus 
[com-  +  fligo,  strike},  come  into 
collision,  be  at  war,  conflict,  con- 
tend, be  at  variance. 

conflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  +  flo, 
blow],  blow  up,  kindle,  arouse, 


excite  ;  fuse  ;  melt  together  ;  bring 
together,  unite,  make  up. 

conformatio,  -onis  [conformo],  f., 
fashioning;  conformatio  doctri- 
nae,  culture,  training. 

conformo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
formo,  shape],  form,  fashion, 
modify;  train,  educate. 

conf  ringo,  -fringere,  -f  regi,  -fractus 
[com-  -f  frango],  break  in  pieces, 
shatter,  destroy. 

confugio,  -fugere,  -fugi  [com-  + 
fugio],  take  refuge,  flee  for  refuge  ; 
appeal. 

congero,  -gerere,  -gessi,  -gestus 
[com-  +  gero],  bring  together, 
gather  together,  collect ;  pile  up, 
accumulate  ;  impute,  ascribe. 

congredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  [com- 
+  gradior,  step],  come  together, 
meet ;  fight,  contend. 

congrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
grex],  collect,  assemble,  gather; 
reflexive  pass.,  assemble,  gather ; 
se  congregare,  assemble,  gather. 

congruo,  -gruere,  -grui,  coincide, 
agree,  be  identical,  correspond, 
harmonize.  , 

conicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [com- 
+  iacio],  thro~M  together,  hurl, 
cast;  aim ;  thrust,  force ;  conjec- 
ture, guess;  se  conicere,  t/irow 
oneself,  rush. 

coniectura,  -ae  [conicio],  f.,  conjec- 
ture, guess,  inference. 

coniunctio,  -onis  [coniungo],  f., 
-uniting,  union,  alliance,  agree- 
ment;  connection,  friendship. 

coniunctus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  con- 
iungo], connected;  allied,  kindred, 
friendly. 

coniungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus 
[com-  +  iungo],  fasten  together, 
join,  unite,  associate;  reflexive 
pass.,  unite,  join. 


43° 


VOCABULARY 


coniunx,  -iugis  [coniungo],  m.  and 
f.,  married  person;  husband, 
-wife. 

coniuratio,  -onis  [coniuro],  f.,  con- 
spiracy ;  band  of  conspirators. 

coniuratus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  con- 
iuro], bound  together  by  an  oath; 
as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  conspirators. 

coniuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
iuro],  swear  together,  conspire,  plot. 

coniveo,  -mvere,  shut  the  eyes ;  pass 
unnoticed,  overlook,  connive  at, 
•wink  at. 

conlectid,  -onis  [conligo],  f.,  collect- 
ing, search. 

conlega,  -ae  [com-  +  lego,  appoint} , 
m.,  colleague,  associate. 

conlegium,  -I  [conlega],  n.,  associa- 
tion in  office,  body,  college. 

conligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectus  [com- 
-|-  lego],  gather  together,  assemble, 
collect;  acquire;  se  conligere, 
collect  oneself,  recover  oneself. 

conloco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
loco],  place  together,  arrange, 
place,  station,  establish ;  invest. 

conloquor,  -loqui,  -locutus    [com- 

.    +  loquor],  talk,  converse,  confer. 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus,  undertake,  attempt, 
try,  endeavor. 

conquiesco,  -quiescere,  -quievi, 
-quietus  [com-  -f  quiesco],  begin 
to  rest,  rest,  cease,  come  to  an  end  ; 
be  at  rest,  be  quiet. 

conquisitor,  -oris  [conquiro,  seek 
for~\,  m.,  recruiting-officer. 

consceleratus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  con- 
scelero,  dishonor},  ivicked,  de- 
praved, criminal. 

c5nscendo,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensus  [com-  +  scando,  climb}, 
mount,  embark. 

conscientia,  -ae  [com-  +  scio],  f., 
consciousness,  kncnvledge,  sense ; 
conscience,  sense  of  guilt. 


conscius,  -a,  -um  [com-  +  scio], 
knowing  in  common,  accessory, 
privy  ;  as  subst.,  m.,  accessory,  ally, 
accomplice. 

conscribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptus  [com-  +  scribo],  -.a-itt 
together ;  enroll,  enlist,  levy. 

consecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
sacro,  consecrate},  dedicate,  conse- 
crate, devote ;  worship,  deify. 

consensio,  -onis  [consentio],  f., 
agreement,  harmony;  combina- 
tion, collusion. 

consensus,  -us  [consentio],  m., 
agreement,  concord,  harmony, 
unanimity. 

c5nsentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  -sensus 
[com-  +  sentio],  agree,  unite  upon, 
be  unanimous,  harmonize;  con- 
spire. 

consequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  [com- 
+  sequor],  follow  up,  reach,  come 
up  to,  overtake;  obtain,  acquire, 
gain,  accomplish,  attain;  result, 
be  the  consequence  of;  understand, 
perceive,  learn. 

conservatio,  -onis  [conservo],  f., 
keeping,  preservation,  saving. 

conservator,  -oris  [conservo],  m., 
keeper,  preserver,  defender,  sav- 
ior. 

conservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  -f 
servo],  keep,  retain,  maintain, 
preserve  ;  save,  observe. 

consessus,  -us  [consldo,  sit  down 
together},  m.,  assembly,  meeting, 
session. 

considers,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  look  at 
closely,  take  into  consideration, 
consider. 

Considius,  -i,  m.,  Considius,  a  gentile 
name  :  C.  Considius  Longus ;  see 
note  on  p.  232,  1.  15. 

consilio  [consilium],  adv.,  intention- 
ally, deliberately,  purposely. 


VOCABULARY 


431 


consilium,  -i  [consulo],  n.,  counsel, 
advice;  plan,  intention,  design, 
purpose,  motive,  policy  ;  judgment, 
wisdom,  prudence,  shrewdness  ; 
council. 

consisto,  -sistere,  -stitl  [com-  + 
sist5],  stand  still,  stop ;  rest;  be, 
exist,  consist  of. 

consobrmus,  -I  [com-  +  sobrinus, 
son  of  a  mother's  sister],  m.,  first 
cousin,  cousin. 

COnsolatio,  -onis  [consSlor],  f.,  con- 
solation, comfort ;  cause  of  comfort, 
alleviation. 

consoler,  -an,  -atus  [com-  +  solor, 
comfort],  comfort,  encourage,  con- 
sole, cheer  ;  alleviate. 

censors,  -sortis  [com-  -\-  SOTS],  adj., 
sharing  a  common  fortune,  having 
a  common  lot ;  as  subst.,  m.  and 
f.,  sharer,  companion,  comrade. 

conspectus,  -us  [conspicio],  m., 
sight,  view  ;  presence. 

conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[com-  +  specie,  •look],  look  at  at- 
tentively, gaze  upon,  behold,  see, 
descry. 

conspirans,  -antis  [part,  of  con- 
splro],  adj.,  harmonious,  identical. 

conspiratio,  -onis  [conspire],  f., 
harmony,  agreement;  plot,  con- 
spiracy. 

conspiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
spiro],  harmonize,  accord. 

constans,  -antis  [part,  of  consto], 
adj.,  firm,  unchangeable,  steadfast, 
fearless. 

constanter  [constans],  adv.,  firmly, 
calmly,  steadily,  unhesitatingly  ; 
consistently. 

constantia,  -ae  [constans],  i.,  firm- 
ness, perseverance,  constancy; 
self-possession,  steadfastness. 

constituo,-stituere,  -stitui,  -stitutus 
[com-  +  statuo],  put,  place,  sta- 


tion;  build,  erect ;  arrange,  settle; 
establish,  found;  decree,  decide, 
ordain,  appoint,  designate,  con- 
stitute, determine,  resolve. 

consto,  -stare,  -stitl,  -staturus 
[com — \-  sto],  agree,  be  consistent; 
be  composed,  be  established;  depend; 
conatat,  it  is  agreed,  it  is  known, 
it  is  conceded. 

constringo,  -stringere,  -strinxi, 
-strictus  [com-  -f  strings,  draw 
tight],  bind,  restrain,  hem  in,  hold 
fast ;  check,  curb,  control. 

consuesco,  -suescere,  -suevi,  -suetus 
[com — (-  suesco, become  accustomed], 
become  accustomed,  accustom  one- 
self, form  a  habit;  usually  in  perf. 
system,  be  accustomed,  be  wont. 

consuetude,  -inis  [consuesco],  f., 
custom,  habit,  manners,  usual 
method,  precedent;  companion- 
ship, intimacy,  friendship. 

consul,  -ulis,  m.,  consul,  the  title  of 
the  two  chief  magistrates  of  the 
Roman  republic,  see  Introd.,  pp. 
56,  57  ;  pro  consule,  as  consul, 
•with  consular  power,  proconsul, 
governor,  see  Introd.,  p.  64. 

consularis,  -e  [cSnsul],  of  a  consul, 
consular,  of  consular  rank;  as 
subst.,  m.,  one  of  consular  rank, 
ex-consul. 

consulatus,  -us  [consul],  m.,  con- 
sulship, consulate. 

consulo,  -sulere,  -sului,  -sultus,  take 
counsel,  consult,  ask  advice;  re- 
solve, decide  ;  take  care  for,  regard. 

consults  [consultum],  adv.,  deliber- 
ately, purposely. 

consultum,  -I  [part  of  consulo],  n., 
resolution,  decree,  decision. 

consumo,  -sumere,  -sumpsi, 
-sumptus  [com- +  sumo],  use  up, 
spend,  waste,  squander,  exhaust, 
destroy. 


432 


VOCABULARY 


contamino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [con- 
tamen,  contact},  bring  into  con- 
tact;  contaminate,  stain,  defile, 
disgrace. 

contego,  -tegere,-texi,-tectus  [com- 
+  tego],  cover. 

contemno,  -temnere,  -tempsi, 
-temptus  [com-  +  temno,  slight], 
•value  little,  despise,  disdain,  disre- 
gard; esteem  lightly,  underesti- 
mate, hold  in  contempt,  make 
light  of. 

contendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus 
[com-  +  tendo],  stretch;  strive, 
strive  to  attain;  hasten;  contend, 
struggle,  fight,  combat ;  contrast, 
compare  ;  maintain,  assert,  affirm. 

contentid,  -onis  [contendo],  f., 
stretching,  strain,  effort ;  conten- 
tion, strife,  combat,  contest,  riv- 
alry;  comparison,  contrast. 

COntentus,  -a,  -urn  [part,  of  con- 
tendo], stretched,  intent,  eager. 

contentus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  con- 
tineo], satisfied,  pleased,  content. 

conticesco,  -ticescere,  -ticui  [com- 
+  inceptive  form  of  taceo],  be- 
come still,  grow  silent,  cease. 

continens,  -entis  [part,  of  contineo], 
adj.,  bordering  upon,  adjacent; 
continuous,  uninterrupted;  tem- 
perate, self-restrained. 

COntinentia,  -ae  [continens],  f.,  self- 
restraint,  temperance,  modera- 
tion. 

contineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus 
[com-  +  teneo],  hold  together, 
connect;  shut  in,  confine;  com- 
prise; hold  back,  check,  restrain, 
control ;  pass.,  consist,  depend. 

contingo,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactus 
[com-  +  tango],  touch;  happen, 
occur,  befall. 

continue  [continuus],  adv.,  imme- 
diately, at  once,  -without  delay. 


continuus,  -a,  -um  [contineS],  yW»- 
ing,  continuous,  successive. 

contio,  -onis  [for  conventio,  from 
convenio],  f.,  meeting,  assembly, 
see  Introd.,  p.  5 1 ;  speech,  harangue. 

cdntionator,  -oris  [contionor,  ha- 
rangue'}, m.,  haranguer,  agitator, 
demagogue. 

contra  [comparative  of  com-],  (i) 
adv.,  opposite,  on  the  contrary,  on 
the  other  hand;  (2)  prep.  w.  ace., 
opposite  to,  contrary  to,  against; 
contra  atque,  different  from,  other- 
wise than. 

contraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus 
[com- +  traho],  draw  together, 
contract,  lessen  ;  incur,  gather  ; 
produce,  cause. 

contrarius,  -a,  -um  [contra],  oppo- 
site ;  contrary,  conflicting. 

controversia,  -ae  [controversus,  dis- 
puted^, f.,  dispute,  contention,  con- 
troversy, question,  quarrel. 

contubernalis,  -is  [com-  +  taberna], 
m.  and  f.,  tent-companion ;  com- 
rade, companion. 

contumelia,  -ae,  f.,  insult,  disgrace, 
reproach,  reproof;  injury,  violence. 

convalesce,  -valescere,  -valui  [com- 
+  valesco,  become  strong},  recover, 
grow  stronger. 

conveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus 
[com-  +  veho],  carry  together ; 
collect,  convey. 

convenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus 
[com-  -f  venio],  come  together, 
gather,  assemble;  come  to  an 
agreement;  convenit,  it  is  becom- 
ing, it  is  proper,  it  is  right. 

conventus,  -us  [conveniS],  m., 
meeting,  assembly;  association, 
corporation. 

converts,  -vertere,  -verti,  -versus 
[com-  +  verto],  tiirn  round,  turn 
about ;  direct ;  change,  alter. 


VOCABULARY 


433 


convicium,  -I  [com-  +  vox],  n.,  loud 
noise,  clamor  ;  wrangling. 

convince,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victus 
[com-  +  vinco],  overcome,  con- 
vict;  prove,  show  clearly. 

convivium,  -i  [com-  -f  vivo],  n.,  so- 
cial feast,  entertainment,  banquet. 

convoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
voco],  call  together,  convene,  as- 
semble, summon. 

COpia,  -ae  [co-  +  ops],  f.,  abundance, 
plenty,  large  supply,  resource; 
power,  facility,  ability,  copious- 
ness, fluency ;  pi.,  means,  money, 
•wealth,  troops,  forces. 

copiosus,  -a,  -urn  [copia],  full  of, 
well  supplied,  rich,  abounding  in. 

cdram  [co-  -f  6s],  adv.  and  prep.  w. 
abl.,  face  to  face  with,  in  the  pres- 
ence of,  before  ;  in  person. 

Corduba,  -ae,  f.,  Corduba,  a  large 
city  in  Spain,  the  modern  Cordova. 

Corfidius,  -I,  m.,  Corfidius,  a  gentile 
name :  Z.  Corfidius ;  see  note  on 
p.  244,  l.i. 

Corinthus,  -I,  f.,  Corinth,  a  famous 
city  in  the  Peloponnesus. 

Cornelius,  -i,  m.,  Cornelius,  a  gen- 
tile name  :  (i)  C.  Cornelius  Cetlie- 
gus,  see  note  on  p.  99, 1.21 ;  (2)  Cn. 
Cornelius  Lentulus,  see  p.  146, 
1.  4;  (3)  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus 
Clodianus,  see  note  on  p.  150, 
1.  10;  (4)  L.  Cornelius  Cinna, 
see  note  on  p.  100,  1.  22;  (5)  Z. 
Cornelius  Lentulus,  see  notes  on 
p.  154,  11.  28,  32;  (6)  Z.  Corne- 
lius Sulla,  see  note  on  p.  100, 
1.  22;  (7)  P.  Cornelius  Dolabella, 
see  note  on  p.  206,  1.  5 ;  (8)  P. 
Cornelius  Lentulus  Sfinther,  see 
note  on  p.  250,  1.  17;  (9)  P.  Cor- 
nelius Lentulus  Sura,  see  note  on 
p.  98,  1.  13;  (10)  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio  Aemilianus  Africanits 

2F 


Minor,  see  note  on  p.  121,  1.  n; 

( 1 1 )  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus 
Major,  see  note  on  p.  121,  1.  10; 

(12)  P.   Cornelius  Scipio  ^\'asica 
Serapio,  see  note  on  p.  69,  1.  18. 

Cornutus,  -i,  m.,  Cornutus,  a  family 
name :  M.  Cornutus,  praetor  in 
43  B.C.;  see  p.  217, 1.  i. 

corona,  -ae  [/copwvi;],  f.,  garland, 
crowm,  wreath ;  ring,  circle ; 
crowd,  audience. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body,  corpse; 
person. 

corrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus  [com- 
+  rego],  make  straight,  correct, 
amend ;  improve,  reform. 

corroboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com-  + 
roboro,  strengthen^,  strengthen, 
make  strong ;  encourage. 

corrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -ruptus 
[com — |-  rumpo],  ruin,  destroy  ; 
bribe,  tamper  with. 

corruo,  -mere,  -rui  [com-  +  ru5], 
fall  down,  fall,  go  down,  sink, 
collapse. 

COrruptela,  -ae  [corrumpo],  f.,  cor- 
ruption, bribery,  temptation,  en- 
ticement. 

corruptor,  -oris  [corrumpS],  m.,  cor- 
rupter,  seducer. 

corruptus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  cor- 
rumpo], tampered  with  ;  bad, prof- 
ligate, ruined ;  as  subst.,  m., 
profligate. 

Cotta,  -ae,  in.,  Cotta,  a  family  name; 
see  Aurelius. 

cottidianus,  -a,  -um  [cottldie], 
daily,  every-day. 

COttidie  [quot  +  dies],  adv.,  daily, 
every  day. 

eras,  adv.,  to-morrow. 

Crassus,  -i,  m.,  Crassus,  a  family 
name;  see  Licinius. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  thick,  close; 
numerous,  repeated,  frequent. 


434 


VOCABULARY 


crebro  [creber},  adv.,  repeatedly, 
often,  frequently, 

credibilis,  -e  [credo],  worthy  of  be- 
lief, credible. 

credo,  credere,  credidi,  creditus, 
lend ;  commit,  intrust ;  give  cre- 
dence to,  believe. 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  burn,  con- 
sume. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bring  forth, 
create;  select,  choose,  elect,  ap- 
point. 

cresco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretus  [in- 
choative of  creo],  grow,  spring 
up,  rise;  grow  strong,  increase; 
be  increased,  be  strengthened. 

Cretensis,  -e,  Cretan,  of  Crete,  a 
large  island  in  the  Mediterranean 
Sea;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Cretans. 

crimen,  -inis  [cerno],  n.,  investi- 
gation, verdict,  judgment ;  charge, 
accusation,  reproach;  fault,  of- 
fense, crime. 

criminor,  -an,  -atus  [crimen],  ac- 
cuse of  a  crime,  complain  of, 
charge,  denounce  ;  calumniate,  at- 
tack. 

criminosus,  -a,  -um  [crimen],  re- 
proachful, slanderous. 

cruciatus,  -us  [crucio,  torture~\,  m., 
tortiire,  torment ;  pain,  anguish. 

crudelis,  -e  [criidus,  raw],  cruel, 
severe,  pitiless,  unmerciful. 

crudelitas,  -atis  [crudelis],  f., 
cruelty,  severity, 

crudeliter  [crudelis],  adv.,  cruelly, 
fiercely,  harshly. 

cruento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cruentus], 
make  bloody,  stain  with  blood, 

cruentus,  -a,  -um  [cruor],  covered 
or  stained  with  blood,  bloody. 

cruor,  -oris,  m.,  blood,  gore. 

crux,  crucis,  f.,  cross,  a  wooden  in- 
strument of  execution;  torture, 
execution,  death  on  the  cross. 


cubile,  -is  [cubo,  lie  down'],  n., 
couch,  bed. 

culpa,  -ae,  f.,  crime,  fault,  guilt, 
blame,  neglect. 

cultura, -ae  [col5],  f.,  care,  cultiva- 
tion, culture. 

Cum  [for  com],  prep.  w.  abl.,  with  ; 
together  with,  in  company  with  ;  at 
the  same  time  with. 

cum,  conj.,  when,  while,  after,  when- 
ever;  since,  because;  although; 
cum  primum,  as  soon  as ;  cum 
.  .  .  turn,  both  .  .  .  and,  not  only 
.  .  .  but  also. 

cumulate  [cumulatus,  part,  of  cu- 
mulo],  adv.,  abundantly,  copi- 
ottsly,  fully,  in  full  measure. 

cumulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cumulus], 
heap,  fill  up,  increase,  complete, 
crown. 

cumulus,  -I,  m.,  heap,  mass ;  acces- 
sion, addition,  summit. 

cunctus,  -a,  -um  [for  coniunctus], 
all  together,  whole,  entire,  all, 

cupide  [cupidus],  adv.,  eagerly,  ear- 
nestly, zealously. 

cupiditas,  -atis  [cupidus],  f.,  long- 
ing, desire,  eagerness ;  greed,  pas- 
sion ;  partizanship  ;  ambition. 

cupido,  -inis  [cupio],  f.,  desire, 
longing. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um  [cupio],  longing, 
eager,  desiroiis,  anxious  ;  covetous, 
greedy,  avaricious. 

cupid,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  long  for,  de- 
sire, wish,  be  eager  for. 

Cur,  adv.,  (i)  interrog.,  why?  where- 
fore ?  (2)  rel.,  why,  on  account 
of  which,  wherefore,  by  reason  of 
which. 

cura,  -ae,  f.,  care,  trouble,  anxiety,  con- 
cern, solicitude;  loved  object,  love. 

curia,  -ae,  f.,  curia,  senate-house; 
commonly  the  Curia  Ilosiilia,  see 
note  on  p.  83,  1.  16, 


VOCABULARY 


435 


Curio,  -onis,  m.,  Curio,  a  family 
name:  C.  Scribonius  Curio;  see 
note  on  p.  150,  1.  8. 

euro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cura],  care 
for,  take  care  of,  see  to,  attend  to, 
be  solicitous  for. 

curriculum,  -I  [curro],  n.,  path, 
course,  career y  routine;  span  (of 
time). 

curro,  currere,  cucurri,  cursus,  run, 
hasten. 

currus,  -us  [curro],  m.,  chariot. 

cursus,  -us  [curr5],  m.,  running, 
speed;  course,  -way,  journey,  voy- 
age. 

curulis,  -e  [currus],  of  a  chariot, 
curule ;  sella  curulis,  curule 
chair,  see  Introd.,  p.  54. 

custodia,  -ae  [custos],  f.,  guard,  cus- 
tody, protection  ;  sentinel ;  guard- 
house, prison,  confinement. 

custodio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [custos], 
guard,  protect,  defend. 

custos,  -odis,  m.  and  f.,  guard, 
guardian,  protector,  keeper. 

Cyrus,  -i,  m.,  Cyrus,  an  architect; 
see  p.  1 8 1,  1.  10. 

Cyzicenus,  -a,  -um  [Cyzicum],  of 
or  pertaining  to  Cyzicus ;  as 
subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  inhabitants  of 
Cyzicus. 

Cyzicum,  -I,  n.,  Cyzicus,  a  city  in 
Mysia  on  the  south  shore  of  the 
Propontis. 


d.,  the  abbreviation  for  diem. 

D.,  the   abbreviation  for   Decimus, 

Decimus,  a  praenomen. 
damnatio,  -onis    [damno],  f.,  con- 

deui  n  a  tio  n.  con  victio  n . 
damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [damnum, 

penalty},  condemn,  convict. 
de,  prep.  w.  abl.,  from,  down  from  ; 

from    among,  out  of;  on  account  \ 


of,  because  of;  in  accordance  with  ; 
concerning,  about. 

dea,  -ae  [deus],  f.,  goddess;  Bona 
Dea,  Bona  Dea,  a  goddess  of 
fruitfulness. 

debeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [de  +  habeo], 
withhold,  owe  ;  ought,  must,  should; 
pass.,  be  due,  be  owing. 

debilis,  -e  [de  +  habilis,  easily  han- 
dled'}, disabled,  feeble,  frail,  weak, 
helpless. 

debilito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [debilis], 
disable  ;  weaken,  discourage. 

debitum,  -I  [part,  of  debeo],  n.,  debt, 
obligation. 

debitus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  debeo], 
due,  appropriate,  just. 

decedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus  [de 
+  ced5],  go  away,  depart,  leave, 
withdraw. 

decem,  indecl.  adj.,  ten. 

December,  -bris,  -bre  [decem],  of 
December. 

decempeda,  -ae  [decem  +  pes],  f., 
ten-foot  pole,  measuring-rod, 

decerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cretus 
[de  +  cerno],  decide,  determine, 
resolve,  decree,  vote,  propose,  order. 

decerpo,  -cerpere,  -cerpsi,  -cerptus 
[de  +  carpo,  pluck},  pluck  off; 
take  away,  detract. 

decerto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
certo],  fight  it  out,  go  through  a 
contest,  contend. 

decet,  decere,  decuit,  it  becomes,  it 
is  proper,  it  behooves,  it  is  suitable. 

decimus,  -a,  -um  [decem],  tenth. 

Decimus,  -i,  m.,  Decimus,  a  prae- 
nomen. 

declaro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
claro,  illuminate},  disclose,  prove, 
shcnv,  indicate,  demonstrate ;  give 
notice,  announce,  proclaim. 

declinatio.  -onis  [decline],  f.,  bend- 
ing aside,  inclination. 


436 


VOCABULARY 


decline,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  +  clino, 
bend],  bend  aside ;  shun,  avoid, 
escape  from. 

decoctor,  -oris  [decoquo,  boil  down], 
m.,  spendthrift,  bankrupt. 

decoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [decus], 
adorn,  embellish  ;  honor,  extol. 

decretum,  -I  [part,  of  decerno],  n., 
decree,  decision,  resolution. 

decuma,  -ae  [decimus],  f.,  tenth 
part ;  tithe,  land-tax. 

decus,  -oris  [decet],  n.,  ornament, 
honor. 

dedecus,  -oris  [de  +  decus],  n.,  dis- 
grace, dishonor,  shame,  infamy; 
vice. 

dedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  +  dico, 
dedicate~\,  dedicate,  consecrate,  de- 
vote. 

dedisco,  -discere,  -didici  [de  + 
disco],  unlearn,  forget. 

deditio,  -onis  [dedo],  f.,  giving  up, 
surrender,  capitulation. 

dedo,  -dere,  -didl,  -ditus  [de  +  do], 
give  up,  surrender,  dedicate,  de- 
vote, yield;  auris  dedere,  give 
attention  to. 

deduce,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [de 
-|-  duco],  lead  away,  lead  from, 
lead,  bring ;  induce,  influence. 

defatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
fatigS,  tire~\,  tire  out,  fatigue; 
wear  out,  weary. 

defendo,  -fendere,  -fendi,  -fensus 
[de  +  -fendo,  strike"],  ward  off, 
repel;  defend,  protect,  support; 
excuse,  uphold. 

defensio,-6nis  [defendo],  f.,  defense. 

defensor,  -oris  [defendo],  m.,  de- 
fender, protector. 

defero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [de  + 
ferd],  carry  away,  bring;  confer, 
offer,  bestow,  intrust,  grant ;  re- 
port, state,  announce. 

defessus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  defeti- 


scor],  worn  out,  weary,  tired,  ;x~ 
/i  cms  ted. 

defetiscor,  -fetisci,  -fessus  [de  + 
fatiscS,  become  tired],  become 
tired,  grow  weary. 

deficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  [de  + 
faciS],  withdraw,  desert,  revolt 
from,  forsake  ;  fail,  be  exhausted, 
cease. 

defigo,  -figere,  -fixi,  -fixus  [de  + 
figo],  fasten  down;  thrust;  turn, 
concentrate,  direct. 

definio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [de  +  finio, 
limit],  limit ;  determine, fix. 

deflagrd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
flagro],  burn  down,  destroy;  be 
destroyed,  perish. 

deicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [de  + 
iacio],  throiu  down,  cast  down; 
push  aside,  deprive ;  ward  off,  re- 
pel;  dislodge. 

dein,  see  deinde. 

deinde  or  dein  [de  +  inde],  adv., 
then,  later  on,  next,  afterward ' ; 
then  further,  furthermore. 

delabor,  -labi,  -lapsus  [de  +  labor], 
fall  down,  glide  down  ;  descend. 

delectatio,  -onis  [delecto],  f.,  de- 
light, pleasure,  enjoyment. 

delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
lacto,  allure"],  allure ;  delight,  give 
pleasure,  please. 

delenio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [de  + 
lenio],  soothe ;  captivate,  win. 

deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  erase,  blot 
out ;  destroy,  ruin,  annihilate. 

deliberatid,  -onis  [dellbero],  f.,  de- 
liberation, consultation,  consider- 
ation. 

delibero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
lihro,  weigh"],  weigh  well,  consider, 
deliberate,  consult. 

delicatus,  -a,  -um,  alluring,  charm- 
ing;  addicted  to  pleasure,  effemi- 
nate, wanton. 


VOCABULARY 


437 


delictum,  -I  [part,  of  delinquo,  do 
wrong],  n.,  fault,  offense,  error ; 
wrong,  crime,  sin. 

deligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -lectus  [de  + 
lego],  choose,  select,  appoint. 

Delos,  -i,  f.,  Delos,  a  small  island  in 
the  Aegean  Sea ;  see  note  on  p. 
145,  1.  II. 

delubrum,  -i  [de  +  luo],  n.,  temple, 
shrine,  sanctuary. 

demens,  -entis  [de  +  mens],  adj., 
insane,  mad,  demented ;  foolish, 
reckless. 

dementer  [demens],  adv.,  madly, 
foolishly,  rashly. 

dementia,  -ae  [demens],  f.,  insan- 
ity, madness,  folly. 

demigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
migro,  depart],  emigrate,  wander 
away,  go  away,  move  over. 

deminuo,  -minuere,  -minui, 
-minutus  [de  +  minuS],  make 
smaller,  diminish,  take  from, 
impair. 

deminutio,  -onis  [deminuo],  f.,  de- 
crease, diminution,  loss,  sacrifice. 

demissus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  demitto], 
drooping ;  downcast,  dispirited, 
discouraged ;  humble. 

demitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[de  -f  mitto],  send  down,  lead 
down;  throw,  thrust;  reflexive 
pass.,  descend ;  se  demittere, 
descend. 

demonstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
monstro,  shoiu],  point  out,  show ; 
demonstrate,  prove;  mention. 

demum  [sup.  from  de],  adv.,  at 
length,  at  last,  finally ;  precisely, 
just,  only;  turn  demum,  then 
only,  not  till  then. 

denego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  -f 
nego],  reject,  deny,  refuse,  say  no. 

denique,  adv.,  at  last,  at  length  ;  in 
short,  in  a  word,  finally. 


denote,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
noto],  mark  out,  point  out,  desig- 
nate, indicate. 

denuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
nuntio],  announce,  declare,  mean  ; 
warn,  threaten,  command. 

depello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus  [de 
+  pello],  drive  out,  remove,  dis- 
place; avert,  ward  off;  cast  do^on. 

depends,  -pendere,  -pendi,  -pensus 
[de  +  pendo],  weigh  out,  pay, 
render. 

deploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
ploro,  wail],  lament,  bewail,  de- 
plore, mourn  for. 

depon5,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[de  +  pono],  lay  down, put  aside; 
dismiss,  give  up,  resign,  abandon. 

depopulor,  -ari,  -atus  [de  +  popu- 
lor] ,  lay  waste,  ravage,  plunder. 

deporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
porto],  carry  off,  take  away ;  bring 
back,  bring  home. 

deposco,  -poscere,  -poposci  [de  + 
poscS] ,  demand,  request  earnestly. 

depravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  +  pra- 
vus],  pervert,  seduce,  corrupt. 

deprecator,  -oris  [deprecor],  m., 
intercessor,  advocate,  mediator. 

deprecor,  -ari,  -atus  [de  +  precor], 
avert  by  prayer,  deprecate ;  plead 
for,  beg  for  forgiveness. 

deprehendo,  -prehendere, 

-prehendi,  -prehensus  [de  + 
prehendo,  grasp~\,  take  away,  seize, 
capture,  grasp  ;  understand,  per- 
ceive, discover,  detect. 

deprimo,  -primere,  -pressi,  -pressus 
[de  -f  premo],/rm  down,  sink. 

depromo,  -promere,  -prompsi, 
-promptus  [de  +  promo],  draw 
out,  dra-i.\ 

derelinquo,  -relinquere,  -reliqui, 
-relictus  [de  +  rel'mquo], /orsake 
wholly,  abandon,  desert. 


438 


VOCABULARY 


derive,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  -f  rlvus, 
brook},  divert,  turn  aside,  transfer, 
shift. 

descends,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensus  [de  +  scando,  climb'}, 
climb  down,  come  down,  descend; 
resort  to. 

describe,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptus  [de  +  scribo],  describe, 
represent;  fix,  map  out. 

desero,  -sere re,  -semi,  -sertus  [de 
+  sero,  interweave],  leave,  forsake, 
desert,  give  up,  abandon;  vadi- 
monium  deserere,  forfeit  one's 
bail. 

desertus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  desero], 
deserted,  desert,  solitary,  aban- 
doned, forgotten. 

desiderium,  -I  [desidero],  n.,  long- 
ing, desire ;  grief,  regret. 

desidero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  long  for, 
desire;  require,  ask,  demand; 
miss,  feel  the  want  of. 

designatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  de- 
slgno],  chosen,  elect. 

designo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
signo,  mark},  mark  out,  indicate ; 
elect,  appoint. 

desilio,  -silire,  -silui,  -sultus  [de  + 
salio,  leap},  leap  down. 

desino,  -sinere,  -sii,  -situs  [de  + 
sino],  leave  off,  desist,  cease,  stop. 

desisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitus  [de 
+  sisto],  desist  from,  leave  off, 
cease. 

desperatio,  -onis  [despero],  f., 
hopelessness,  despair. 

desperatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  de- 
spero], despaired  of,  desperate, 
abandoned. 

despero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [de  + 
spero],  despair  of,  give  up. 

despicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[de  -f  specie,  look\,  look  down 
upon,  despise,  disdain. 


despolio,    -are,  -avi,  -atus   [de  + 

spolio],     rob,    plunder,    deprive, 

despoil. 
destringo,      -stringere,      -strinxi, 

-strictus      [de  -f-  stringo,     draw 

tighf\,  strip  off,  unsheathe,  draw. 
desum,    deesse,    defui,    defuturus 

[de  +  sum],  be  away,  be  wanting, 

be  lacking,  fail,  desert. 
deterreo,  -terrere,  -terrui,  -territus 

[de  +  terreo],  frighten  off,  deter, 

hinder. 
detestor,  -ari,  -atus  [de  +  testor], 

curse,  execrate  ;  entreat,  ward  off 

by  entreaty. 
detraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus 

[de  +  traho],  draw  off,  take  away, 

drag,  bring  ;  withhold,  deprive,  rod. 
detrimentum,  -I  [detero,  rub  off}, 

n.,  loss,  detriment,  harm,  disaster, 

defeat. 
detrudo,  -trudere,  -trusi,  -trusus  [de 

+  trudo,   thrust},     thrust   away, 

force  away. 
deus,  -i,  m.,  god,  deity. 
deveho,  -vehere,  -vexi,  -vectus  [de 

-f  veho],  carry  down,  take  away, 

transport. 
deverto,     -vertere,    -verti    [de  + 

verto],   turn    away,    turn   aside, 

betake  oneself. 
devincio,  -vincire,  -vinxi,  -vinctus 

[de  +  vincio],  bind  fast ;  lay  un- 
der obligation,  unite  closely,  attach. 
devinco,  -vincere,  -vici,  -victus  [de 

+  vinco],  conquer  completely,  over- 
come. 
devoco,    -are,    -avi,    -atus    [de  + 

voco],  call  off,  call  away  ;  allure, 

attract. 
devoveo,  -vovere,  -v5vi,  -v5tus  [de 

+  voveo,  vow},  vow,  devote,  con-  ' 

secrate. 
Dexippus,   -I,   m.,    Dexippus ;    see 

note  on, p.  252,  L  20. 


VOCABULARY 


439 


dexter,  -tera  (-tra),  -terum  (-trum), 
right;  as  subst.,  f.  (sc.  manus), 
the  right  hand. 

di-,  see  dis-. 

dico,  dicere,  dixi,  dictus,  say,  speak, 
tell ;  mention,  declare,  state,  re- 
port; appoint,  settle;  causam 
dicere,  plead  a  cause. 

dictator,  -oris  [dicto,  dictate],  m., 
dictator,  an  extraordinary  magis- 
trate with  unlimited  power  ;  see 
Introd.,  p.  56. 

dictatura,  -ae  [dictator],  f.,  office  of 
dictator,  dictatorship. 

dictito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
dicto,  say  often],  say  often,  say 
again  and  again,  repeat,  claim 
repeatedly. 

dictum,-!  [part,  of  dico],n.,  saying. 

dies,  -ei,  m.  and  f.,  day;  time, 
period;  hodiernus  dies,  this  day, 
to-day;  hodierno  die  mane,  early 
this  morning:  in  dies  or  in  dies 
singulos,  from  day  to  day. 

differo,  differre,  distuli,  dilatus 
[dis-  +  fero],  carry  apart,  put  off, 
defer;  differ. 

difficilis, -e  [dis-  -f  facilis],  difficult, 
hard ;  troublesome,  perilous. 

difficultas,  -atis  [difficilis],  f.,  diffi- 
culty, trouble,  distress,  embarrass- 
ment. 

diffido,  -fidere,  -flsus  [dis-  +  fldo], 
distrust,  despair  of. 

diffluo,  -fluere,  -fluxi  [dis-  +  fluo], 
flow  apart ;  become  lax,  be  aban- 
doned. 

dignitas,  -atis  [dlgnus],  f.,  -worth, 
merit;  dignity,  honor,  position, 
rank,  prestige. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  'worthy,  deserving ; 
suitable,  fit. 

diiudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dT-  -f 
iudico],  distinguish,  decide,  deter- 
mine, settle. 


dilabor,  -labi,  -lapsus  [di-  +  labor], 
fall  asunder,  scatter  ;  tumble  down, 
go  to  ruin. 

dilacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [di-  + 
lacerS],  tear  to  pieces,  mangle, 
wound. 

dilanio,  -are, -avi, -atus  [dT-+lanio, 
tear],  tear  to  pieces,  mutilate. 

dilatio,  -onis  [differo],  putting  off, 
postponement,  adjournment. 

dilectus,  -us  [diligo],  m.,  choosing, 
selection,  choice;  levy,  conscrip- 
tion. 

diligens,  -entis  [part,  of  diligo], 
adj.,  industrious,  watchful,  atten- 
tive, careful. 

diligenter  [diligens],  adv.,  indus- 
triously, attentively,  carefully,  with 
exactness,  faithfully. 

diligentia,  -ae  [diligens],  f.,  care- 
fulness, care,  watchfulness,  pains, 
painstaking,  diligence. 

diligo,  -ligere,  -lexi,  -lectus  [di-  + 
lego],  single  out,  choose;  value, 
esteem,  love. 

diliicesco,  -lucescere,  -luxi  [di-  + 
lucesco,  begin  to  be  light},  grow 
light,  become  morning,  dawn. 

diluo,  -lucre,  -lui,  -lutus  [di-  + 
luo,  wash},  wash  away,  dissolve; 
weaken,  remove. 

dimicatio,  -onis  [dlmico],  f.,  fight, 
struggle,  contention,  combat,  dissen- 
sion. 

dlmico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [di-  + 
mic5,  move  quickly'},  fight,  struggle, 
contend. 

dimitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[di- -f  mitto],  send  out,  dismiss; 
break  up,  adjourn ;  abandon, 
desert,  lose  sight  of. 

direptio,  -onis  [dlripio],  f.,  plunder- 
ing, pillaging,  sack. 

direptor,  -oris  [dlripio],  m.,  plun- 
derer, robber. 


440 


VOCABULARY 


diripi5,  -ripere,  -ripul,  -reptus  [dl- 
+  rapio],  tear  asunder  ;  lay  waste, 
ravage,  plunder. 

dis-  or  di-,  inseparable  prefix,  apart, 
in  different  directions  ;  not. 

discedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
[dis-  +  ced5],  go  apart,  separate, 
scatter ;  depart,  withdraw. 

disceptatio, -onis  [discepto],  f.,  dis- 
pute, discussion,  debate  ;  discepta- 
tio iuris,  discussion  of  the  points 
of  law. 

discepto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis-  + 
capto,  seize],  decide,  determine, 
judge  ;  dispute,  discuss. 

discerns,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cretus 
[dis-  -f-  cerno] ,  separate,  mark  off, 
divide ;  distinguish,  discern. 

discessio,  -onis  [discedo],  f.,  sepa- 
ration, division,  formal  vote. 

discessus,  -us  [discedo],  m.,  depart- 
ure, withdrawal,  removal. 

discidium,  -I  [discindo,  tear  apart}, 
n.,  separation,  parting,  dissension, 
discord. 

disciplina,  -ae  [disc5],  f.,  instruc- 
tion, training,  discipline,  study, 
education  ;  learning,  culture. 

disco,  discere,  didici,  learn,  become 
acquainted  with. 

discordia,  -ae  [discors,  disagreeing], 
f.,  disagreement,  dissension,  dis- 
cord, variance. 

discribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptus  [di-  +  scribo],  mark 
out,  map  out,  distribute,  assign. 

discrimen,  -inis  [discerno],  n.,  di- 
vision, separation;  turning-point, 
crisis,  peril,  risk. 

disiunctus,  -a,  -urn  [part,  of  dis- 
iungo],  widely  separated,  distant, 
remote. 

disiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus 
[dis-  -|-  iungo],  disunite,  se*>er, 
separate,  remove. 


dispergo,  -spergere,  -spersi, 
-spersus  [di-  +  spargo],  scatter, 
disperse. 

dispertio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -ftus  [dis-  + 
partio],  distribute,  divide. 

disputo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis-  + 
put5],  investigate,  weigh,  discuss ; 
dispute,  argue. 

dissemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis-  + 
semino,  sow~\,  spread  abroad,  scat- 
ter, disseminate. 

dissensio,  -onis  [dissentio],  f.,  dis- 
agreement, strife,  contention,  con- 
flict, estrangement. 

dissentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  -sensus 
[dis-  +  sentio],  differ,  disagree, 
quarrel. 

dissideo,  -sidere,  -sedi  [dis-  +  se- 
deo],  sit  apart;  be  at  variance, 
disagree,  differ. 

dissimilis,  -e  [dis-  +  similis],  un- 
like, different. 

dissimilitude,  -inis  [dissimilis],  f., 
unlikeness,  difference,  dissimi- 
larity. 

dissimulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis-  + 
simulo],  dissemble,  disguise,  con- 
ceal; pretend,  feign  not  to  under- 
stand, misinterpret. 

dissipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis- 
+  supo,  throw'],  spread  abroad, 
scatter  ;  squander. 

dissolutus,  -a,  -urn  [part,  of  dis- 
solve 1,  lax,  careless,  negligent, 
remiss. 

dissolve,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutus 
[dis-  +  solvo],  disunite,  part,  sep- 
arate; set  free,  set  free  from  debt ; 
destroy,  abolish. 

distraho,  -trahere,  -traxi,  -tractus 
[dis-  +  tra.\io~\,  pull  asunder,  sepa- 
rate, estrange  ;  distract. 

distribuo,  -tribuere,  -tribui, 
-tributus  [dis-  +  tribuo],  divide, 
distribute,  apportion,  assign. 


VOCABULARY 


441 


districtus,  -a,    -um    [part,   of  dl- 

stringo],      distracted,       harassed, 

busy. 
distringo,      -stringere,      -strinxi, 

-strictus    [di-  +   stringo,    draw 

tighf\,    distract   the   attention    of, 

distract,  occupy. 
disturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dis-  + 

turbo,    agitate],    drive    asunder, 

throw  into  disorder,  disturb,  break 

up. 
diu,  adv.,  a  long  time,  long ;   iam 

diu,   long  since;    quam   diu,   as 

long  as;  how   long?    quam  diu 

etiam,  how  much  longer? 
diurnus,  -a,  -um  [dies],  of  the  day, 

by  day,  in  daytime. 
dius,  -a,  -um  [dlvus,  divine~\,  divine; 

me  dius  fidius,  so  help  me  the  god 

of  triith,  by  the  god  of  truth. 
diuturnitas,  -atis    [diuturnus],  f., 

length    of  time,   long   duration ; 

durability. 
diuturnus,  -a,  -um  [diu],  of  long 

duration,  long-continued,  lasting, 

protracted. 
divello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsus  [dl- 

+  vello,  pull  ] ,  rend  asunder,  tear 

away,  separate. 
diversus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  diverto, 

turn     away},    turned     different 

•ways;  opposite,  contrary, different ; 

remote,  widely  separated ;  unlike, 

dissimilar. 
divide,  -videre,  -visi,  -visus,  divide, 

separate  ;  apportion,  distribute. 
divinitus      [dlvlnus],     adv.,    from 

heaven,    by   divine    influence,    by 

inspiration,  providentially. 
divino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dlvlnus], 

foresee,  foretell,  conjecture. 
dlvlnus,    -a,   -um   [dlvus,   divine}, 

di-'ine,  superhuman,  godlike. 
divitiae,  -arum  [dives,  rich},  f.  pi., 

riches,  wealth. 


do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give,  deliver, 
grant;  offer,  afford;  allot,  assign  ; 
surrender,  abandon,  devote ;  auris 
dare,  give  attention  to;  litteras 
dare  ad,  write  or  send  a  letter  to; 
operam  dare,  take  care,  exert 
oneself,  try. 

doceo,  docere,  docui,  doctus,  cause 
to  know,  teach  ;  show,  prove,  de- 
monstrate;  inform,  state. 

doctrina,  -ae  [doceo],  f.,  teaching, 
instruction ;  learning,  eruditionf 
education;  conf  ormatio  doctrinae, 
culture,  training. 

doctus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  doceo], 
learned,  wise,  cultivated. 

documentum,  -I  [doceo],  n.,  lesson, 
example  ;  evidence,  proof. 

Dolabella,  -ae,  m.,  Dolabella,  a 
family  name;  see  Cornelius. 

doled,  dolere,  dolui,  doliturus,  suf- 
fer, feel  pain ;  be  sorry,  grieve, 
deplore. 

dolor,  -oris  [doleo],  m.,  pain,  suffer- 
ing ;  grief,  sorrow,  -anguish;  re- 
sentment, indignation,  chagrin. 

domesticus,  -a,  -um  [domus],  do- 
mestic, familiar,  of  the  family,  of 
the  household,  private,  at  home; 
internal,  civil. 

domicilium,  -I  [domus],  n.,  habita- 
tion, abode,  home,  residence. 

domina,  -ae  [dominus],  f.,  mistress. 

dominatio,  -onis  [dominor],  f.,  rule, 
dominion,  control,  mastery,  su- 
premacy. 

dominor, -an, -atus  [dominus],  rule, 
be  master,  dominate,  reign. 

dominus,  -I  [domus],  m.,  master, 
ruler,  owner. 

Domitius,  -I,  m.,  Domitius,  a  gen- 
tile name :  Z.  Domitius  Aheno- 
barbus  ;  see  note  on  p.  172,  1.  2. 

domitor,  -oris  [domo],  m.,  tamer, 
subduer,  vanquisher,  conqueror. 


442 


VOCABULARY 


domo,    domare,    domul,    domitus, 

domesticate,  tame;  subdue,  van- 
quish, conquer. 

domus,  -us,  f.,  house,  home ;  house- 
hold, family. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [d5num], 
present,  give. 

donum,  -I  [do],  n.,  gift, present. 

dormio,  -ire,  -m,  -Itus,  sleep. 

Drusus,  -i,  m.,  Drusus,  a  family 
name  :  M.  Livius  Drusus ;  see 
note  on  p.  153,  1.  23. 

dubitatio,  -orris  [dubito],  f.,  uncer- 
tainty, doubt;  hesitation. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dubius], 
doubt,  be  uncertain  ;  hesitate. 

dubius,  -a,  -urn,  doubtful,  dubious, 
uncertain;  as  subst.,  n.,  doubt. 

duco,  ducere,  duxi,  ductus  [dux], 
lead,  conduct,  guide,  draw,  fetch, 
escort,  lead  away,  carry  off ;  derive  ; 
induce,  allure ;  make,  erect ;  pro- 
long, extend ;  consider,  regard. 

ductus,  -us  [duco],  m.,  lead,  con- 
duct, command,  leadership. 

dudum  [diu  +  dum],  adv.,  a  short 
time  ago;  before,  formerly ;  iam 
dudum,  long  since,  a  long  time  ago. 

duint,  old  subj.  of  do,  =  dent. 

dulcedo,  -inis  [dulcis],  f.,  siueetness; 
fascination,  charm. 

dulcis,  -e,  sweet ;  agreeable,  pleasant, 
charming ;  precious,  dear. 

dum,  conj.,  while ;  as  long  as  ;  to  the 
time  when,  until ;  if  only,  pro- 
vided that ;  dum  modo,  if  only, 
provided  that. 

dumtaxat  [dum  +  taxo,  touch~\,  adv., 
to  this  extent ;  simply,  merely. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  adj.,  two. 

duodecim  [duo  +  decem],  indecl. 
adj.,  twelve;  duodecim  tabulae, 
the  laivs  of  the  7\velve  Tables. 

dure  [durus],  adv.,  hardly,  harshly, 
sternly. 


durus,  -a,  -um,  hard ;  harsh,  stern, 
severe,  unapprec iative  ;  unendur- 
able ;  uncultured,  rough,  unsus- 
ceptible. 

dux,  ducis,  m.,  leader,  guide ;  com- 
mander, chief,  general. 

Dyrrachium,  -I,  n.,  Dyrrhachium, 
a  coast  town  of  lllyria,  the  modern 
Durazzo. 

E 

e,  see  ex. 

ea  [is],  adv.,  on  that  side,  that  way, 
there. 

ebriosus,  -a,  -um  [ebrius],^^  to 
drink,  besotted,  drunk. 

ebrius,  -a,  -MTU,  full  of  drink,  drunk, 
intoxicated. 

ecquid  [ecquis],  adv.,  anything  at 
all?  at  all? 

ecquis  or  ecqui,  ecqua  or  ecquae, 
ecquid  or  ecquod  [quis  (qui)], 
interrog.  pron.,  any  one  ?  any- 
thing ?  any  ? 

eculeus,  -I  [dim.  of  equus],  m., 
young  horse,  colt;  torture-horse, 
rack. 

edico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus  [e  + 
dlco],  declare,  proclaim,  an- 
nounce; order,  ordain. 

edictum,  -i  [part,  of  edico],  n., 
proclamation,  ordinance,  edict, 
manifesto. 

editus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  edo],  ele- 
vated, high,  lofty. 

edo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [e  +  -do, 
put],  put  out,  bring  forth  ;  an- 
nounce, disclose,  relate,  tell ;  bring 
aboiit,  cause,  inflict. 

edoceo,  -docere,  -docui,  -doctus  [e 
+  doceo],  instruct,  explain,  show 
forth,  apprise. 

educd,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [e  + 
duco],  lead  out,  lead  forth, 
draw. 


VOCABULARY 


443 


effeminatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of 
effemin5],  womanish,  effeminate, 
degenerate,  unmanly. 

effemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
femina],  make  womanish,  make 
effeminate,  weaken. 

effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatus  [ex  + 
fer5],  carry  out,  take  out,  bring 
from,  remove ;  lift  up,  raise,  ex- 
alt, extol,  laud ;  publish,  pro- 
claim. 

efficio,  -ficere,  -feel,  -fectus  [ex  + 
facio],  make  out,  bring  to  pass, 
accomplish,  cause,  produce. 

effigies,  (-el)  [effingo,  represent], 
f.,  copy,  likeness,  image,  portrait; 
ideal,  symbol. 

efflagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
flagito],  request  earnestly,  demand 
urgently,  clamor  for,  solicit. 

efflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  +  flo, 
blow~\,  blow  out,  exhale;  efflare 
animam,  breathe  one's  last. 

effrenate  [effrenatus],  adv.,  vio- 
lently, recklessly,  without  re- 
straint. 

effrenatus,  -a,  -um  [ex  +  freno, 
bridle~\,  unbridled,  unrestrained. 

effugid,  -fugere,  -fugi  [ex  + 
fugiS],  flee  away,  escape;  avoid, 
shun. 

effundo,  -fundere,  -fudl,  -fusus  [ex 
4-  fundo],  pour  out,  shed ;  lavish, 
squander  ;  breathe  out. 

egens,  -entis  [part,  of  ege5],  adj., 
needy,  very  poor,  destitute. 

egeo,  -ere,  -Ul,  be  needy,  be  in  want; 
be  without,  lack,  not  have. 

egestas,  -atis  [egens],  f.,  need, 
necessity,  want,  poverty,  penury. 

ego,  mel,  pers.  pron.,  /. 

egomet,  see  -met. 

egredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  [e  + 
gradior,  step],  go  out,  set  out,  go 
forth,  depart  from,  leave. 


egregie  [egregius],  adv.,  excellently, 
splendidly. 

egregius,  -a,  -um  [e  +  grex],  select, 
distinguished,  excellent,  extraordi- 
nary, eminent. 

eicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [e  + 
iacio],  cast  out,  thrust  out,  drive 
out,  eject,  banish,  expel,  free  one- 
self from  ;  se  eicere,  sally  forth, 
rush  out. 

elabor,  -labi,  -lapsus  [e  +  labor], 
slip  from,  fall  from,  slip  away, 
escape, 

elaboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [e  +  la- 
boro],  labor,  strive,  take  pains; 
work  out,  elaborate,  finish. 

eligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  -Iectus  [e  + 
Ieg5],  pick  out,  select,  choose,  elect, 
single  out. 

eludo,  -ludere,  -lusi,  -lusus  [e  + 
ludo, play],  escape,  avoid;  delude, 
baffle,  deceive  ;  mock,  jeer,  insult. 

emerge,  -mergere,  -mersi,  -mersus 
[e  +  mergo,  dip"],  come  forth, 
come  out  of,  sally  forth;  rise, 
emerge,  appear  ;  escape  from. 

emitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus  [e 
+  mitto],  send  out,  drive  out, 
expel,  banish ;  let  slip,  suffer  to 
escape ;  se  emittere,  sally  forth, 
rush  out. 

emo,  emere,  em!,  emptus,  buy,  pur- 
chase, obtain  for  money,  acquire ; 
bribe. 

emolumentum,  -i,  n.,  gain,  profit, 
advantage. 

emorior,  -mori,  -mortuus  [e  + 
rnorior],  die,  pass  away,  end  one's 
life. 

enarro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [e  +  narro], 
relate  fully,  recount,  describe. 

enim,  conj.,  for  ;  in  fact;  of  course, 
certainly,  assuredly,  indeed ;  at 
enim,  but  indeed,  but  you  say ; 
enim  vero,  yes  indeed,  assuredly. 


444 


VOCABULARY 


enitor,  -niti,  -nixus  or  msus  [e  + 

nitor],  force  a  way  out,  struggle, 

strive,  exert  oneself. 
Ennuis,  -i,  m.,  Ennius;  see  note  on 

p.  158,  1.  14. 
60,  Ire,  ii,  iturus,  go,  march,advance, 

betake  oneself;  come;  ad  saga  ire, 

assume  the  garb  of  war. 
6O  [is],  adv.,  to  that  place,  thither; 

therefore,  on  that  account,  for  that 

reason;  to  that  degree,  to  such  an 

extent. 
eodem  [idem] ,  adv.,  to  the  someplace, 

to  the  same  point,  thither  ;  besides. 
epigramma,  -atis  [tirlypo./*^],  n., 

inscription  ;  epigram. 
Epirus,  -i,  f.,  Epirus,  a  country  north 

of  Greece, 
epistula,  -ae   [&rt<rro\ij],  f.,  letter, 

epistle,  written  message. 
eques,  -itis  [equus],  m.,  horseman, 

rider;     one    of    the    equestrian 

order,  knight. 
equester,  -tris,  -tre  [eques],  of  a 

horseman,  of  cavalry  ;  equestrian, 

of  the  knights. 
equidem    [quidem],    adv.,    verily, 

truly,  indeed;  for  my  part,  as  far 

as  I  am  concerned;  at  least,   by 

all  means. 
equitatus,  -us   [equito,  ride],  m., 

cavalry. 
equus,    -I,    m.,    horse;    in    equo, 

mounted. 
erectus,   -a,  -um  [part,  of  erigo], 

high;  noble;  eager. 
erga,  prep.  w.  ace.,  towards,  in  regard 

to  (usually  in  a  friendly  sense), 
ergo,  adv.,  consequently,  accordingly, 

therefore. 
erigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus  [e  + 

rego],  raise  up,  rouse,  put  on  one's 

feet,  animate,  cheer,  encourage. 
eripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus  [e  + 

rapid],   tear    out,    snatch     away, 


carry  away,  remove  ;  snatch  from, 
rescue,  save  ;  deprive  of,  rob,  wrest 
from ;  se  eripere,  break  away, 
escape. 

erratum,  -i  [erro],  n.,  mistake,  er- 
ror, fault. 

err5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  wander  about, 
stray  ;  bhmder,  be  mistaken,  err  ; 
vehementer  errare,  make  a  great 
mistake. 

error,  -oris  [erro],  m.,  wandering, 
error,  mistake,  fault ;  doubt,  un- 
certainty. 

eructo,  -are  [e  +  ructS,  belch~\,  belch 
forth,  vomit;  sermonibus  eructare, 
make  drunken  threats. 

erudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [e  +  ruclis], 
educate,  train,  teach,  instruct. 

eruditus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  erudio], 
educated,  trained,  instructed,  pol- 
ished, accomplished. 

erumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -ruptus 
[e  +  rumpo],  break  out,  burst 
fortii,  sally  forth;  be  disclosed, 
become  known. 

escendd,  -scendere,  -scendi, 
-scensus  [e  +  scando,  climb}, 
climb  up,  mount,  ascend,  go  up. 

et,  (i)  adv.,  also,  too,  moreover ;  (2) 
conj.,  and ;  et . . .  et,  both  .  .  .  and, 
not  only  .  .  .  but  also. 

etenim  [et  +  enim],  conj.,  and  in- 
deed, for  truly. 

etiam  [et  +  iam],  adv.,  now  too, 
even  yet,  as  yet,  still,  yet ;  fur- 
thermore, also,  besides ;  and  even, 
nay  even;  etiam  atque  etiam, 
again  and  again,  urgently  ;  etiam 
nunc,  still;  etiam  si,  even  if; 
etiam  turn,  even  at  that  time ; 
quam  diu  etiam,  hcnv  much 
longer?  quin  etiam,  nay  even; 
turn  etiam,  then  too ;  non  solum 
.  .  .  sed  etiam,  not  only  .  .  .  but 
also. 


VOCABULARY 


445 


Etruria,  -ae,  f.,  Etruria,  a  district 
of  Italy. 

Etruscus,  -a,  -um  [Etruria],  of 
Etruria,  Etruscan;  as  subst., 
m.  pi.,  the  Etruscans. 

etsi  [et  +  si],  conj.,  even  if,  tJiough, 
although;  and  yet. 

evado,  -vadere,  -vasi,  -vasus  [e  + 
vado,  £»],£•£>  out; get  away,  escape; 
turn  out,  become,  result. 

evello,  -vellere,  -velli,  -vulsus  [e  + 
velln,  pull~\,  tear  out;  remove,  de- 
stroy. 

eventum,  -i  [part,  of  evenio,  come 
out],  n.,  chance,  occurrence ;  out- 
come, restilt. 

eventus,  -us  [part,  of  evenio,  come 
out],  m.,  occurrence,  accident, 
event;  outcome,  result,  conse- 
quence ;  fortune,  fate,  lot. 

everto,  -vertere, -verti,  -versus  [e  + 
vertS],  overthrow,  overturn; 
drive  out,  expel;  defeat,  destroy, 
ruin. 

evocator,  -oris  [evoco,  call  forth"], 
m.,  one  who  calls  to  arms,  re- 
cruiter, instigator,  inciter. 

evomo,  -vomere,  -vomui,  -vomitus 
[e  +  vomo,  vomit],  -vomit  fortfi, 
eject,  expel,  disgorge. 

ex  or  e  (e  before  consonants 
only),  prep.  w.  abl.,  out  of,  from 
among,  from  ;  at,  in,  upon  ;  im- 
mediately after,  directly  after; 
since,  beginning  at,  all  the  time 
from ;  born  of,  springing  from, 
made  of;  in  consequence  of,  by 
reason  of,  in  accordance  with,  by, 
with,  on ;  aliqua  ex  parte,  in 
some  measure ;  e  re  publica,  for 
the  advantage  of  the  state. 

exaggero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
aggero,  pile  up\,heap  up  ;  enlarge, 
magnify,  exaggerate. 

exanimatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  ex- 


animo],  exhausted,  half-dead ;  agi- 
tated, worried,  terrified. 

exanimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
anima],  put  out  of  breath,  wear 
out,  fatigue,  kill ;  agitate,  worry, 
terrify. 

exardesco,  -ardescere,  -arsi,  -arsus 
[ex  -f  ardesco,  take  fire~\,  be  kin- 
dled, blaze  out,  break  out ;  become 
exasperated,  become  enraged,  be 
provoked. 

exaudio,  -ire,  -m,  -Itus  [ex  +  au- 
dio], hear  clearly,  hear  plainly, 
hear. 

exced5,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus  [ex 
+  cedo],  go  out,  go  forth,  depart, 
retreat ;  go  beyond,  pass. 

excellens,  -entis  [part,  of  excello], 
ad}., prominent,  surpassing,  distin- 
guished, excellent. 

excello,  -cellere,  -celsus  [ex  -f  cello, 
raise],  be  eminent,  excel,  be  distin- 
guished, surpass. 

excelsus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  excello], 
high,  lofty ;  distinguished,  excel- 
lent, noble ;  in  excelso,  on  high. 

excido,  -cidere,  -cidi  [ex  +  cado], 
fall  out. 

excipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [ex 
+  capio],  take  out,  withdraw,  ex- 
cept ;  receive,  take,  capture ;  incur, 
meet,  undertake;  come  after,  fol- 
low, succeed. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
excio,  rouse~\,  call  out,  arouse, 
excite,  stimulate,  inspire. 

exclude,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusus 
[ex  +  claudo],  shut  out,  keep  out; 
exclude,  prevent. 

excogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
cogito],  think  out,  contrive,  in- 
vent. 

excolo,  -colere,  -colui,  -cultus  [ex 
+  colo],  cultivate,  improve,  en- 
noble, refine. 


446 


VOCABULARY 


excrucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
crucio,  torture},  torture,  torment, 
distress. 

excubiae,  -arum  [excubo,  lie  out  on 
guard ~\,  f.  pi.,  keeping  watch, 
watching ;  guards,  sentinels. 

excursio,  -onis  [excurro,  run  out], 
f.,  running  out;  sally,  attack, 
raid,  invasion. 

excuse,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  -f 
causa],  excuse,  give  as  an  excuse. 

exemplum,  -I  [eximo,  take  out], 
n.,  pattern,  example,  precedent; 
warning,  punishment. 

exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus  [ex  +  eo],go  out, 
go  forth,  leave,  depart,  -withdraw. 

exerceo,  -ercere,  -ercul,  -ercitus 
[ex  +  arceo],  drive ;  keep  busy, 
occupy  ;  train,  discipline  ;  disturb, 
vex,  plague;  iudicium  exercere, 
hold  court;  vectigalia  exercere, 
farm  the  revenues. 

exercitatid,  -onis  [exercito,  exer- 
cise], f.,  exercise,  practice,  train- 
ing experience,  skill. 

exercitatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  exer- 
cito, exercise"],  trained,  well- 
versed,  experienced,  skilled. 

exercitus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  exerceo], 
vexatious,  severe,  annoying. 

exercitus,  -us  [exerceo],  m.,  disci- 
plined body  of  men,  army. 

exhaurio,  -haurire,  -hausi,  -haustus 
[ex  +  hauriS],  draw  out,  drain, 
exhaust ;  get  rid  of. 

exhibeo,  -hibere,  -hibui,  -hibitus 
[ex  -f  habeo],  hold  forth,  display, 
show. 

exigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus  [ex  + 
ago],  drive  out ;  enforce,  demand ; 
collect ;  finish,  complete. 

exiguus,  -a,  -um  [exigo],  scanty, 
small,  little,  slight,  narrow,  limited. 

eximie  [eximius],  adv.,  exceedingly, 
very  much,  especially. 


eximius,  -a,  -um  [eximo,  take  out], 
exempt,  exceptional ;  select,  choice, 
distinguished,  eminent,  excellent, 
unsurpassed. 

existimatio,  -onis  [exlstimo],  f., 
estimate,  judgment,  opinion,  ver- 
dict;  public  opinion;  reputation, 
repute. 

existimator,  -oris  [exlstimo],  m., 
critic,  judge. 

exlstimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
aestimo,  value"],  value,  estimate  ; 
consider,  judge;  think,  suppose, 
imagine. 

exitiosus,  -a,  -um  [exitium],  de- 
structive, pernicious,  deadly. 

exitium,  -i  [exe5],  n.,  destruction, 
ruin,  extinction ;  pi.,  ways  or 
methods  of  destruction. 

exitus,  -us  [exeo],  m.,  going  out, 
end,  close,  conclusion;  result,  is- 
sue, outcome. 

exoletus,  -i  [part,  of  exolesco, 
grow  up"],  m.,  youth  of  ripe  age ; 
boy-favorite,  abandoned yontJi. 

exopto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  +  opto], 
wish  earnestly,  desire  greatly,  long 
for. 

exorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  +  orno], 
Jit  out,  furnish;  adorn,  embellish, 
decorate;  laud,  extol. 

exorsus,  -us  [exordior,  begin"],  m., 
beg  in  n  ing,  com  mencem  ent. 

expedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [ex  +  pes], 
disengage,  set  free,  extricate;  set- 
tle, adjust,  make  ready,  arrange ; 
be  advantageous,  be  serviceable. 

expeditus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  ex- 
pedio], unimpeded,  unencum- 
bered. 

expello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus  [ex 
+  pello],  drive  out,  drive  azvay, 
eject,  expel,  remove. 

experior,  -periri,  -pertus,  try,  test ; 
learn,  know  by  experience. 


VOCABULARY 


447 


expers,  -pertis  [ex  +  pars],  adj., 
having  no  part  in,  not  having  a 
share  in,  deprived  of,  without. 

expeto,  -petere,  -petivi,  -petitus 
[ex  +  peto],  seek  after,  strive  for, 
seek,  desire,  covet ;  ask,  demand. 

expilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
pilo,  plunder},  plunder,  pillage, 
rob. 

expio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  +  pio, 
propitiate},  make  amends  for, 
atone  for,  expiate. 

expleo,  -plere,  -plevi,  -pletus  [ex 
-f  pleo,  ///],  fill  up,  fill;  sat- 
isfy, sate,  appease ;  perform,  ac- 
complish. 

explico,  -are,  -avi  or  -ui,  -atus  or 
-itus  [ex  4  plico,  fold'},  unfold ; 
extricate, free,  release,  disentangle  ; 
explain. 

explore,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
ploro,  cry  aloud},  search  out,  ex- 
amine, reconnoiter,  explore. 

expond,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[ex  4-  pono],  put  out,  set  forth, 
expose;  explain,  relate. 

exporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
porto],  carry  away,  send  awav, 
export. 

exposco,  -poscere,  -poposci  [ex  + 
pSsco],  ask  earnestly,  beg  for,  en- 
treat. 

exprimd,  -primere,  -press!, 
-pressus  [ex  +  premo],  wring  out, 
extort,  elicit;  imitate,  portray, 
describe,  represent. 

expromS,  -promere,  -prompsi, 
-promptus  [ex  +  promo],  show 
forth,  exhibit,  display,  practise; 
disclose,  betray. 

expugnatio,  -onis  [expugno],  f., 
taking  by  storm,  storming,  capture. 

expugnS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
pugno],  storm,  capture. 

exquiro,  -quirere.-quisivi,  -quisitus 


[ex  -f-  quaero],  search  out,  in- 
quire into,  ask  for,  ascertain. 

exscindo,  -scindere,  -scidi,  -scissus 
[ex  +  scindo,  tear},  extirpate,  de- 
stroy. 

exsequiae,  -arum  [exsequor,  follow 
after},  f.  pi.,  funeral  procession, 
funeral  obsequies. 

exsilium,  -i  [exsul],  n.,  banishment, 
exile. 

exsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti  [ex  4-  sisto], 
step  out,  come  forth,  stand  forth,  ap- 
pear ;  be  manifest,  exist,  be,  become. 

exsolvo,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutus 
[ex  +  solvo],  loose,  release,  free, 
liberate,  deliver  ;  pay,  discharge. 

exspectatio,  -onis  [exspecto],  f., 
awaiting,  expecting,  expectation, 
anticipation;  longing,  desire. 

exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
specto],  look  out  for,  await,  wait ; 
expect,  anticipate,  hope  for ;  ex- 
pect, dread. 

exstinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctus  [ex  +  stinguo,  put  out}, 
put  out,  extinguish ;  kill,  destroy, 
abolish,  annihilate. 

exsto,  -stare  [ex  +  sto],  stand  forth, 
be  prominent ;  appear,  exist,  be. 

exstructio,  -onis  [exstruo],  f.,  build- 
ing, structure. 

exstruo,  -struere,  -striixi,  -structus 
[ex  +  struS,  pile  up},  build  up, 
erect,  construct. 

exsul,  -ulis,  m.,  banished  person, 
exile. 

exsulo,  -are,  -avi  [exsul],  be  ban- 
ished, live  in  exile,  be  an  exile. 

exsulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
exsilio,  spring  out},  leap  up;  re- 
joice, exult,  boast,  revel. 

extenuS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 
tenuo,  make  thin},  make  small, 
diminish,  weaken,  detract  from, 
disparage. 


448 


VOCABULARY 


exter  or  exterus,  -a,  -um  [ex],  on 

tJie  outside,  outer  ;  foreign,  strange. 
extermino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ex  + 

terminus],  drive  out,  expel,  exile, 

banish,  remove. 
externus,  -a,  -um  [exter],  external, 

foreign,  strange. 
extimesco,  -timescere,  -timui   [ex 

+  inceptive   form   of  time5],   be 

very  much  afraid  of,  dread;  show 

great  fear,  fear  greatly. 
extollo,  -tollere   [ex  +  tolls],   lift 

up,  raise;  exalt,  extol. 
extorqueo,  -torquere,  -torsi,  -tortus 

[ex  +  torqueo,   turn},   twist  out, 

wrest  away,  tear  away. 
extra  [exter],  adv.  and  prep.  w.  ace., 

outside,  outside  of,  without;  beyond, 

besides. 
extremus,  -a,  -um  [superlative  of 

exter],   outermost,    extreme,  far- 
thest;  earliest;   utmost,   last;     as 

subst.,  n.,  final outcome  ;  ad  extre- 

mum,  at  last,  finally. 
extrude,    -trudere,   -trusl,   -trusus 

[ex  +  trudo,  thrust],  thrust  out, 

drive  out. 
exuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  take  off,  lay 

aside,  cast  off. 
exuro,  -urere,  -ussi,  -ustus  [ex  -f 

uro,  burn~\,  burn  up,  consume. 
exuviae,  -arum  [exu5],  f.  pi.,  spoils. 


Fabricius,  -I,  m.,  Fabricius,  a  gen- 
tile name  :  Q.  Fabricius;  see  note 
on  p.  178, 1.  19. 

fabula,  -ae  [for,  speak],  f.,  story, 
tale,  fiction  ;  drama,  play. 

facile  [facilis],  adv.,  easily,  with- 
out difficulty  ;  willingly,  gladly. 

facilis,  -e  [facio],  easy,  not  difficult ; 
approachable,  courteous. 

facilitas,  -atis  [facilis],  f.,  easiness, 
ease,  facility  ;  affability,  courtesy. 


facinorosus,  -a,  -um  [facinus],  crim- 
inal, villainous,  vicious  ;  as  subst., 
m.,  criminal,  scoundrel. 

facinus,  -oris  [facio],  n.,  deed,  act, 
action ;  bad  deed,  outrage,  vil- 
lainy, crime. 

facio,  face  re,  feel,  factus,  make;  do, 
act;  accomplish,  bring  about;  cre- 
ate, appoint,  elect ;  pass.,  fio,  fieri, 
factus,  be  made,  become,  happen  ; 
certiorem  facere,  inform;  gratum 
facere,  do  a  favor ;  potestatem 
facere,  give  a  chance;  votum 
facere,  offer  a  prayer. 

factum,  -I  [faciS],  n.,  deed,  achieve- 
ment, act. 

facultas,  -atis  [facilis],  f.,  capabil- 
ity, power,  ability  ;  chance,  means, 
opportunity. 

Faesulae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  Faesulae,  a 
town  of  Etruria,  the  modern  Fie- 
sole;  see  note  on  p.  70,!.  19. 

Faesulanus,  -a,  -um  [Faesulae],  of 
Faesulae. 

falcarius,  -i  [falx],  m.,  sickle-maker, 
scythe-maker. 

Falcidius,  -i,  m.,  Falcidius,  a  gen- 
tile name  :  C.  Falcidius,  a  tribune 
of  the  people;  see  p.  146,  1.  4. 

fallax,  -acis  [fallo],  adj.,  deceptive, 
deceitful,  treacherous. 

fallo,  f allere,  fef elli,  falsus,  deceive, 
disappoint;  escape  one's  notice,' 
pass.,  be  mistaken. 

falso  [falsus],  adv.,  falsely,  errone- 
ously. 

falsus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  fallo],  de- 
ceptive, false,  pretended,  ground- 
le'ss,  wrong. 

falx,  falcis,  f.,  sickle,  scythe;  hook, 
see  note  on  p.  198,  1.  6. 

fama,  -ae  [for,  speak},  f.,  report,  ru- 
mor, story ;  fame,  refutation,  re- 
nown, good  name. 

fames,  -is,  f.,  hunger,  famine. 


VOCABULARY 


449 


familia,  -ae  [famulus,  servant],  f., 
household,  establishment,  slaves  of 
a  household,  retinue  of  slaves, 
gang  of  slaves ;  mater  familias 
(archaic  form  for  gen.  sing, 
familiae),  mistress  of  a  household, 
matron,  mother ;  pater  familias, 
father  of  a  family,  head  of  a  house- 
hold. 

familiaris,  -e  [familia],  of  a  house- 
hold, domestic ;  familiar,  intimate, 
friendly;  as  subst.,  m.,  intimate 
friend ;  res  familiaris,  estate, 
property. 

familiaritas,  -atis  [familiaris],  f., 
familiarity,  intimacy,  close  friend- 
ship. 

familiariter  [familiaris],  adv.,  inti- 
mately, familiarly. 

familias,  see  familia. 

fanum,  -l  [for,  speak'},  n.,  shrine, 
sanctuary. 

fas  [for,  speak],  n.,  divine  law, 
right;  fas  est,  it  is  lawful,  it  is 
permitted,  it  is  right,  it  is  proper. 

fascis,  -is,  m.,  bundle  ;  pi.,  the  fasces, 
see  note  on  p.  89,  1.  30. 

fastidio,  -ire,  -m,  -itus,  loathe,  de- 
spise, dislike,  find  fault  with. 

fatalis,  -e  [fatum],  ordained  by  des- 
tiny, decreed,  fated,  fatal;  dan- 
gerous, destructive,  deadly. 

fateor,  fateri,  fassus  [for,  speak~\, 
confess,  acknowledge,  avow. 

fatum,  -i  [for,  speak~],  n.,  utterance, 
prediction,  oracle;  fate,  destiny; 
ill  fate,  ruin  ;  fata  Sibyllina,  the 
Sibylline  books,  see  note  on  p.  100, 
1.  19. 

fauces,  -ium,  f.  pi.,  throat,  jaws; 
narrow  passage,  defile,  pass. 

faveo,  favere,    favi,   fauturus,   be 
favorable  to,  favor,  approve  of,  be 
kindly  disposed  toward. 
Favonius,  -l,  m.,  Favonius,  a  gentile 
2G 


name :  M.  Favonius ;  see  note  on 
p.  173,  1.  14. 

fax,  f acis,  f.,  torch,  firebrand;  me- 
teor, comet. 

faxim,  =  fecerim. 

febris,  -is,  L,  fever. 

Februarius,  -a,  -um,  of  February. 

felicitas,  -atis  [felix],  f.,  happiness, 
luck,  good  fortune,  prosperity. 

feliciter  [felix],  adv.,  happily,  suc- 
cessfully, fortunately. 

felix,  -icis,  adj.,  favorable,  happy, 
successful. 

femina,  -ae,  f.,  female,  woman. 

fere,  adv.,  quite;  nearly,  almost, 
well-nigh,  about ;  generally,  usu- 
ally ;  with  negatives,  hardly, 
scarcely. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  bear,  carry, 
bring;  tolerate,  suffer,  endure, 
permit,  allow  ;  lead,  conduct,  man- 
age ;  say,  report,  celebrate;  with 
se  or  in  reflexive  pass.,  rush,  pro- 
ceed;  graviter  ferre,  be  grieved 
at :  legem  ferre,  propose  a  law; 
moleste  ferre,  be  annoyed ;  prae 
se  ferre,  display,  parade,  confess 
openly ;  quaestionem  ferre,  pro- 
pose an  investigation  ;  responsum 
ferre,  receive  a  reply  ;  sententiam 
ferre,  vote. 

ferocitas,  -atis  [ferox,  farce],  f., 
fierceness,  ferocity,  wildness,  fury. 

ferramentum,  -i  [ferrum],  n.;  im- 
plement of  iron  ;  sword,  weapon. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um  [ferrum],  made  of 
iron,  iron;  hard-hearted,  unfeel- 
ing. 

ferrum,  -l,  n.,  iron;  iron  imple- 
ment, sword. 

fertilis,  -e  [fero],  fertile,  fruitful, 
productive. 

ferus,  -a,  -um,  wild,  fierce,  untamed, 
uncultivated,  cruel ;  as  subst.,  f., 
wild  beast. 


450 


VOCABULARY 


festinatio,  -onis  [festino,  hasten],  f., 
haste,  hurry,  despatch,  speed. 

festus,  -a,  -\am.,  festive,  festal,  joyful, 
merry. 

fictus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  fingo], 
feigned,  fictitious,  false. 

fidelis,  -e  [fides],  trusty,  trustworthy, 
faithful,  sincere,  true. 

fides,  -el  [fid5],  f.,  trust, faith,  confi- 
dence, belief,  credit;  fidelity, 
honesty,  uprightness ;  pledge,  pro- 
tection. 

Fidius,  -I  [fides],  m.,  Fidius,  a  name 
of  Jupiter  as  the  god  of  faith ;  me 
dius  fidius,  so  help  me  the  god  of 
truth,  by  the  god  of  truth. 

fido,  fidere,  fisus,  trust,  confide  in, 
rely  upon. 

fidus,  -a,  -um  [fido],  trusty,  trust- 
worthy, true,  faithful,  loyal. 

figo,  figere,  fixi,  fixus,y?jr,  fasten; 
plunge. 

filia,  -ae  [filius],  f.,  daughter. 

filiola,  -ae  [dim.  of  filia],  f.,  little 
daughter. 

filius,  -I,  m.,  son. 

fingo,  fingere,  finxi,  fictus,  form, 
shape;  devise,  invent,  fabricate; 
imagine,  conceive. 

finis,  -is,  m.,  boundary,  limit,  end, 
conclusion  ;  pi.,  borders,  territory, 
country. 

finitimus,  -a,  -um  [finis],  neighbor- 
ing, bordering  upon,  near,  adja- 
cent; as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  neighbors. 

fio,  fieri,  factus,  see  facio. 

firmamentum,  -i  [fTrmo],  n., 
strengthening,  support,  prop,  stay. 

firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [firmus], 
make  firm,  secure,  strengthen. 

firmus,  -a, -Mm,  firm,  steady,  strong ; 
reliable. 

Flaccus,  -i,  m.,  Flaccus,  a  family 
name;  see  Fulvius,  Laenius,  and 
Valerius. 


flagitiose  [flagitiosus],  adv.,  shame- 
fully, disgracefully,  basely. 

flagitiosus,  -a,  -um  [flagitium], 
shameful,  disgraceful,  infamous, 
dissolute,  base. 

flagitium,  -I  [flagit5],  n.,  outrage, 
disgraceful  deed ;  shame,  disgrace. 

flagito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  demand 
urgently,  insist  upon,  cry  for  ;  im- 
portune. 

flagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  burn,  be  in- 
flamed, glow. 

flamen,  -inis,  m.,  priest. 

flamma,  -ae  [flagrS],  f.,  blaze,  flame. 

flecto,  flectere,  flexi,  flexus,  bend; 
turn,  manage,  control,  influence, 
overcome. 

fleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  -weep,  shed 
tears,  lament. 

fletus,  -us  [fleo],  m.,  weeping,  tears, 
lamentation. 

flexibilis,  -e  [flecto],  pliant,  flexi- 
ble ;  wavering,  fickle,  inconstant. 

florens,  -entis  [part,  of  floreo], 
adj.,  blooming,  flourishing,  pros- 
perous;  eminent,  distinguished. 

floreo,  -ere,  -ui  [flos],  bloom  ;  flour- 
ish, prosper,  be  prosperous;  be 
distingu  ished. 

floresco,  -ere  [inchoative  of  floreo], 
blossom,  flourish,  grow  into  repute. 

flos,  floris,  m.,  blossom,  flower. 

fluctus,  -us  [fluo],  m.,  flood,  wave, 
billoiu  ;  turbulence. 

flumen,  -inis  [fluo],  n.,  flowing; 
stream,  river. 

fluo,  fluere,  fluxi,  fluxus,  flow,  run  ; 
disappear,  pass  away. 

focus, -1,  w\.,  fireplace,  hearth;  home. 

foederatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  foedero, 
league  together'],  leagued,  confeder- 
ated, allied. 

f  oedus,  -a,  -um,  foul,  filthy  ;  repul- 
sive, horrible,  dreadful,  disgrace- 
ful, detestable,  infamous. 


VOCABULARY 


45 ! 


foedus,  -eris,  n.,  league,  alliance, 
compact,  agreement. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  spring,  fountain, 
'veil ;  source,  origin,  cause. 

foras  [foris,  door\,  adv.,  out  of 
doors,  forth,  out. 

fore,  =  futurus  esse. 

lorensis,  -e  [forum],  of  the  market, 
of  the  forum,  public,  forensic. 

foris  [foris,  door\,  adv.,  out  of  doors, 
'i'ithout ;  in  public  life,  abroad. 

forma,  -ae,  f.,  form,  figure ;  image, 
effigy  ;  beauty. 

Formiae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  Formiae,  an 
ancient  city  of  Latium;  see  note 
on  p.  255, 1.  16. 

formido,  -inis,  f.,  fear,  terror,  awe, 
apprehension,  dread. 

formidol5sus,  -a,  -um  [formido], 
causing  fear,  terrible,  terrific, 
alarming. 

fors,  (fortis),  f.,  chance,  accident. 

forsitan  [fors  sit  an],  adv.,  perhaps, 
perchance. 

fortasse,  adv.,  perhaps,  perchance. 

forte  [fors],  adv.,  by  chance,  acci- 
dentally ;  perhaps  ;  nisi  forte,  un- 
less perhaps. 

fortis,  -e,  strong,  active,  energetic ; 
brave, gallant,  courageous,  fearless. 

fortiter  [fortis],  adv.,  strongly, 
brarely,  courageously. 

fortitude,  -inis  [fortis],  f.,  strength, 
firmness,  valor,  courage,  intre- 
pidity, steadfastness,  endurance. 

fortuna,  -ae  [fors],  f.,  chance,  for- 
tune; condition,  position,  rank, 
lot ;  good  fortune,  misfortune;  pi., 
property,  possessions  ;  personified, 
Fortune,  the  goddess  of  fate  or  for- 
tune. 

fortunatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  for- 
tune, make  prosperous~\,  prosper- 
ous, fortunate,  happy,  blessed ; 
•wealthy,  rich. 


forum,  -i,  n.,  public  place,  market- 
place; the  Forum,  see  note  on  p.  84, 
1.  10 ;  Forum  Aurelium,  Forum 
Aurelium,  see  note  on  p.  80, 1.  17. 

fragilis,  -e  [frang5],  easily  broken, 
fragile,  frail,  perishable. 

fragilitas,  -atis  [fragilis],  f.,  fra- 
gility, weakness,  frailty. 

frango,  frangere,  fregi,  fractus, 
break  ;  shake,  soften  ;  check,  bring 
to  naught;  subdue,  overcome. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother. 

fraterne  [fraternus],  adv.,  in  a 
brotherly  manner,  brotherly,  affec- 
tionately. 

fraternus,  -a,  -um  [frater],  of  a 
brother,  brotherly,  affectionate. 

fraudatio,  -onis  [frauds,  cheat],  f., 
deceit,  fraud. 

fraus,  fraudis,  f.,  cheating,  decep- 
tion, fraud. 

fren5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [frenum], 
bridle,  restrain,  control,  subdue. 

frenum,  -I,  n.,  bridle. 

frequens,  -entis,  adj.,  repeated,  of- 
ten, frequent;  in  great  numbers, 
crowded,  numerous ;  filled,  popu- 
lous, much-frequented. 

frequentia,  -ae  [frequens],  f.,  large 
assembly,  numerous  attendance, 
multitude,  crowd,  throng. 

frequents,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fre- 
quens], frequent,  visit  frequently  ; 
assemble  in  throngs,  crowd  to- 
gether;  fill  with  a  multitude, 
throng. 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  leaning  on,  trusting 
in,  depending  upon. 

frigus,  -oris,  n.,  cold,  coldness. 
I  f rons,   frontis,    f.,  forehead,  brow; 
front,  face. 

fructus,  -us  [fruor],  m.,  enjoyment; 
product,  crops ;  source  of  income, 
income,  interest;  result,  return, 
reward ;  benefit,  advantage. 


452 


VOCABULARY 


frumentarius,  -a,  -um  [friimentum, 
grain},  of  grain,  of  provisions  ; 
res  frumentaria,  grain-supply. 

fruor,  frui,  fructus,  enjoy,  delight 
in.  \ 

frustra,  adv.,  uselessly,  in  vain,  to  no 
purpose. 

fuga,  -ae,  f.,  flight. 

f  ugio,  f  ugere,  fugi,  fugiturus[fuga], 
flee  ;  escape  ;  avoid,  shun. 

fugitivus,  -a,  -um  [fagio],  fugitive  ; 
as  subst.,  m.,  runaway,  fugitive 
slave. 

fulgeo,  fulgere,  fulsi,  flash,  glitter, 
glisten,  shine, gleam,  be  resplettdent. 

fulmen,  -inis  [fulgeo],  n.,  lightning- 
flash,  stroke  of  lightning,  thunder- 
bolt. 

Fulvius,  -i,  m.,  Fulvius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus, 
see  note  on  p.  70, 1.  7;  (2)  M.  Ful- 
vius Nobilior,  see  note  on  p.  160, 

1.   12. 

fundamentum,  -I  [fundo],  n.,  foun- 
dation; agere  or  iacere  funda- 
menta,  lay  the  foundations. 

fundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fusus,  pour, 
pour  out,  shed ;  overcome,  rout, 
vanquish. 

fundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fundus], 
make  a  foundation,  found,  estab- 
lish. 

fundus,  -I,  m.,  bottom,  piece  of  land, 
farm,  estate. 

funest5, -are,  -avi,  -atus  [funestus], 
pollute  with  death,  desecrate,  defile. 

funestus,  -a,  -um  [funus],  dea dly, de- 
structive, fatal ;  mournful,  dismal. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus,  perform,  do, 
discharge,  execute,  administer. 

funus,  -eris,  n.,  funeral  procession, 
funeral  rites,  burial. 

fur,  furis,  m.,  thief. 

furens,  -entis  [part,  of  furo],  adj., 
mad,  raging,  furious. 


Furfanius,  -I,  m.,  Furfanius,  a  gen- 
tile name  :  7'.  Furfanius,  one  of 
the  victims  of  Clodius;  see  p.  190, 

LSI- 

furia,  -ae  [furo],  f.,  rage,  fury, pas- 
sion, madness,  insanity. 

furiosus,  -a,  -um  [furia],  raging, 
furious,  mad,  frenzied. 

Furius,  -l,  m.,  Furius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  L.  Furius  Philus,  see 
note  on  p.  157,  1.  10;  (2)  P.  Fu- 
rius, one  of  Catiline's  associates, 
see  p.  103, 1.  18. 

furo, -ere,  rage,  act  madly,  be  furious. 

furor,  -oris  [furo],  m.,  rage,  fury, 
passion,  frenzy,  madness. 

furtim  [fur],  adv.,  by  stealth, 
stealthily,  furtively. 

furtum,  -i  [fur],  n.,  theft,  robbery. 


Gabmius,  -l,  m.,  Gabinius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  A.  Gabinius,  see  In- 
trod.,  p.  31,  and  note  on  p.  212, 
1.  6  ;  (2)  P.  Gabinius  Capita,  see 
note  on  p.  154,  1.  29;  (3)  P.  Ga- 
binius Cimber,  see  note  on  p.  99, 
1.  19;  as  adj.,  Gabinius,  -a,  -um, 
Gabinian,  of  Gabinius. 

Gaius,  -i,  m.,  Gaius,  a  praenomen. 

Gallia,  -ae  [Callus],  f.,  Gaul. 

Gallicanus,'-a,  -um  [Gallia],  Gallic, 
of  Gaul. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um  [Gallia],  Gallic, 
of  Gaul ;  ager  Gallicus,  see  note 
on  p.  86, 1.  5. 

Gallus,  -a,  -um,  Gallic,  of  Gaul;  as 
subst.,  m.,  a  Gaul,  an  inhabitant 
of  Gaul. 

Gallus,  -I,  m.,  Gal/us,  a  family  name ; 
see  Sergius. 

ganeo,  -5nis  [ganea,  eating-house'], 
m.,  glutton,  debauchee,  profligate. 

gaude5,  gaudere,  gavisus,  rejoice, 
be  glad,  take  pleasure. 


VOCABULARY 


453 


gaudium,  -I  [gaudeo],  n.,  joy,  re- 
joicing, delight. 

gaza,  -ae,  f.,  treasure,  wealth. 

gelidus,  -a,  -um  [gelu,  frost],  icy, 
cold. 

gemo,  -ere,  -ui,  sigh,  moan  ;  grieve, 
mourn. 

gener,  -eri,  m.,  son-in-law. 

gens,  gentis,  f.,  race,  clan,  house; 
tribe,  people,  nation;  ubinam 
gentium,  where  in  the  world? 

genus,  -eris,  n.,  origin,  birth,  race, 
family,  descent;  kind,  class,  char- 
acter, nature,  manner. 

germanitas,  -atis  [germanus],  f., 
brotherhood. 

germanus,  -a,  -um,  full  (of  one's 
own  brother  or  sister),  one's 
own. 

gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestus,  bear, 
carry;  carry  on,  manage,  con- 
duct; do,  accomplish,  achieve  ;  bel- 
lum  gerere,  wage  war ;  praeturam 
gerere,  Jill  the  praetorship ;  res 
gestae,  exploits. 

gestio,  -ire,  -ivi  [gestus,  movement}, 
gesticulate  ;  exult,  be  delighted. 

gigno,  gignere,  genui,  genitus,  pro- 
duce, give  birth  to,  bring  forth, 
bear. 

Glabrio,  -onis,  m.,  Glabrio,  a  family 
name :  J/'.  Acilius  Glabrio ;  see 
Introd.,  p.  30. 

gladiator,  -oris  [gladius],  m., 
swordsman,  gladiator,  fighter  ; 
cutthroat,  ruffian. 

gladiatSrius,  -a,  -um  [gladiator],  of 
gladiators,  gladiatorial. 

gladius,  -i,  m.,  sword. 

Glaucia,  -ae,  m.,  Glauda,  a  family 
name;  see  Servilius. 

gloria,  -ae,  f.,  glory,  fame,  renown  ; 
ambition. 

glorior,  -ari,  -atus  [gloria],  boast, 
brag,  glory  in. 


gloriose  [gloriosus],  adv., gloriously, 
magnificently ;  boastfully,  vaunt- 
ingly,  exultingly. 

gloriosus,  -a,  -um  [gloria],  glorious, 
famous,  renowned;  bragging,  boast- 
ful, vainglorious. 

Gnaeus,  -I,  m.,  Gnaeus,  a  praeno- 
men. 

gnavus,  -a,  -um,  busy,  diligent,  ac- 
tive, energetic. 

Gracchus,  -l,  m.,  Gracchus,  a  family 
name;  see  Sempronius. 

gradus,  -us,  m.,  step;  rank,  degree. 

Graecia,  -ae  [Graecus],  f.,  Greece; 
also  for  Magna  Graecia,  Magna 
Graecia,  i.e.  Lower  Italy. 

Graeculus,  -i  [dim.  of  Graecus],  m., 
Greekling,  paltry  Greek. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  Greek,  Grecian; 
assubst.,  m.,  Greek. 

gratia,  -ae  [gratus],  f.,  favor,  popu- 
larity, good  will ;  gratitude, 
thanks;  influence ;  in  abl. following 
a  gen.,  gratia,  for  the  sake  of,  on 
account  of;  gratias  agere,  render 
thanks,  thank;  gratias  habere,^/ 
grateful ;  gratias  referre,  return 
thanks,  requite. 

gratiosus,  -a,  -um  [gratia],  enjoying 
favor,  in  favor,  influential, 
pleasing,  acceptable,  welcome. 

Grattius,  -i,  m.,  Grattius,  the  op- 
ponent of  Archias  ;  see  Introd., 

P-  33- 

gratuito  [gratuitus,  voluntary^ , 
adv.,  without  pay,  for  naught; 
for  no  particular  reason,  freely. 

gratulatio,  -onis  [gratulor],  f.,  con- 
gratulation, rejoicing,  thanks- 
giving. 

gratulor,  -ari,  -atus  [gratus],  con- 
gratulate, rejoice. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  beloved,  dear,  pleas- 
ing, acceptable,  desirable,  agree- 
able ;  gratum  f acere,  do  a  favor. 


454 


VOCABULARY 


gravis,  -e,  heavy,  -weighty ;  serious, 
severe,  disastrous  ;  grave,  influen- 
tial, important ;  strong;  eminent, 
prominent,  -venerable,  dignified. 

gravitas,  -atis  [gravis],  f.,  weight, 
importance,  power  ;  firmness,  dig- 
nity, force  of  character. 

graviter  [gravis],  adv.,  heavily, 
weightily,  strongly ;  severely,  seri- 
ously ;  graviter  ferre,  be  grieved  at. 

gravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [gravis], 
make  heavy,  burden,  load ;  pass., 
be  indignant,  be  reluctant. 

grex,  gregis,  m.,  flock,  herd ;  crowd, 
throng,  troop,  band. 

gubernati5,  -onis  [guberno],  f., 
steering;  government,  manage- 
ment, direction. 

guberno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  \_Kvfiep- 
vdw] ,  steer,  navigate  ;  direct,  man- 
age, conduct,  control. 

gusto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [gustus, 
tasting~\,  taste;  partake  of,  enjoy. 


habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  have,  hold, 
possess ;  -wear,  carry ;  keep,  re- 
strain, detain  ;  speak,  utter  ;  re- 
gard, think,  reckon,  believe  ;  make, 
render,  bestow;  se  habere,  be, 
stand;  gratias  habere,  feel  grate- 
•ful. 

habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
habeo],  dwell,  reside,  live  ;  stay. 

habitus,  -us  [habeo],  m.,  condition, 
quality,  character. 

haere5,  haerere,  haesi,  haesurus, 
hang,  stick,  cling,  cleave,  inhere; 
be  entrapped,  be  caught. 

haesito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
haere5],  stick  fast,  hesitate,  be 
irresolute. 

Hannibal,  -alis,  m.,  Hannibal,  the 
great  Carthaginian  general. 

haruspex,  -icis,  m.,  soothsayer. 


baud,  adv.,  not,  not  at  all,  by  no 
means  ;  baud  scio  an,  /  know  not 
whether,  I  am  inclined  to  think, 
perhaps,  probably. 

haurio,  haurire,  hausi,  haustus,  draw 
up,draw  out,  drain, empty;  borrow, 
take,  derive  ;  drink  in,  inhale. 

hebesco,  -ere  [inchoative  of  hebeo, 
be  blunt'},  grow  blunt,  become  dull. 

hem,  interj.,  alas  ! 

Heraclia,  ae,  f.,  Heraclea,  a  Greek 
city  in  southern  Italy. 

Heracliensis,  -e  [Heraclia] ,  of  Her- 
aclea ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  inhab- 
itants of  Heraclea. 

Hercules,  -is,  m.,  Hercules,  the  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena;  me  her- 
cule,  by  Hercules  !  assuredly  ! 

hereditas,  -atis  [heres],  f.,  inherit- 
ance. 

heres,  -edis,  m.  and  f.,  heir,  heiress. 

hesternus,  -a,  -um  [her!,  yesterday], 
of  yesterday,  yesterday's. 

heus,  interj.,  ho  !  ho  there  !  hark  !  lo  ! 

hiberno, -are,  -avi, -atus  [hlbernus], 
pass  the  winter,  winter. 

hlbernus,  -a,  -um  [hiems],  of  winter, 
wintry;  as  subst.  (sc.  castra), 
n.  pi.,  winter  quarters. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  pron.,  this,  this 
one;  he,  she,  it;  the  following,  as 
follows;  ille  .  .  .  hlC,  the  former 
.  .  .  the  latter. 

Me  [hie],  adv.,  here,  in  this  place ; 
hereupon,  now  ;  on  this  point,  un- 
der these  circumstances. 

hicine,  haecine,  hocine  [hie  +  -ne], 
this?  such? 

hiems,  hiemis,  f.,  winter,  winter- 
time;  storm,  tempest. 

hinc  [hie],  adv.,  from  this  place, 
hence  ;  from  this  time  ;  from  this 
cause,  on  this  account;  hinc  .  .  . 
hinc  or  hinc  .  .  .  illinc,  on  this 
side  .  .  .  on  that. 


VOCABULARY 


455 


Hirtius,  -I,  m.,  Hirtius,  a  gentile 
name:  'A.  Hirtius;  see  Introd., 

P-  39- 

Hispania,  -ae  [Hispanus],  f.,  Spain. 

Hispaniensis,  -e  [Hispania],  Span- 
ish, of  Spain,  in  Spain. 

Hispanus,  -a,  -um,  of  Spain,  Span- 
ish ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Span- 
iards. 

hoc  [hie],  adv.,  for  this  reason,  on 
this  account, 

hodie  [hie  +  dies],  adv.,  to-day,  at 
this  time,  to  this  day,  now. 

hodiernus,  -a,  -um  [hodie],  of  this 
day,  to-day's;  hodiernus  dies, 
this  day,  to-day;  hodierno  die 
mane,  early  this  morning. 

Homerus,  -I,  m.,  Homer,  the  famous 
Greek  poet. 

homo,  hominis.  m.  and  f.,  human 
being,  man  ;  fellow,  creature  ;  post 
hominum  memoriam,  within  the 
memory  of  man. 

honestas,  -atis  [honos],  f.,  honor, 
honesty ;  repute,  credit. 

honeste  [honestus],  adv.,  honorably, 
decently,  becomingly,  properly, 
creditably. 

honestS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [hone- 
stus], honor,  adorn,  grace. 

honestus,  -a,  -um  [honos],  honored, 
respected;  honorable ;  worthy,  dis- 
tinguished, noble. 

honor  or  honos,  -oris,  m.,  honor, 
esteem,  distinction,  renown :  dig- 
nity, office,  preferment. 

honorif  icus,  -a,  -um  [honor +  facio], 
honorable,  commendatory. 

hora,  -ae  [o>pa],  f.,  hour,  time. 

Horatius,  -i,  m.,  Horatius,  a  gentile 
name:  M.  Horatius;  see  note  on 
p.  166,  1.  14. 

horribilis,  -e  [horreo,  shudder},  ter- 
rible, dreadful,  frightful. 

hortatus,  -US  [hortor],  m.,  encour- 


agement, exhortation,  incitement, 
advice. 

Hortensius,  -I,  m.,  Hortensius,  a 
gentile  name  :  Q.  Hortensius  Hor- 
talus  ;  see  Introd.,  p.  1 8,  and  note 
on  p.  143,  1.  13. 

hortor,  -an,  -atus,  urge,  encourage, 
exhort. 

hortus,  -l,  m.,  garden. 

hospes,  -itis,  m.,  entertainer,  host; 
visitor,  sojourner  ;  guest,  friend. 

hospitium,  -I  [hospes],  n.,  hospita- 
ble reception,  entertainment,  hos- 
pitality, friendship. 

hostilis,  -e  [hostis],  hostile,  un- 
friendly. 

hostis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  enemy,  foe, 
public  enemy. 

hue  [hie],  adv.,  to  this  place,  hither; 
to  this  point,  so  far. 

humanitas,  -atis  [humanus],  f.,  hu- 
manity, good  nature,  sympathy, 
compassion,  kindness,  gentleness; 
refinement,  culture,  cultivation. 

humanus,  -a,  -um  [homo],  human; 
kind,  courteous;  civilized,  cul- 
tured. 

humilis,  -e  [humus],  low;  of  low 
station,  humble,  poor,  abject. 

humus,  -I,  f.,  earth,  ground,  soil; 
humi,  on  the  ground. 


iaceo,  -ere,  -ui,  lie,  lie  prostrate,  lie 
dead;  be  overthrown,  be  refuted. 

iacio,  iacere,  ieci,  iactus,  throw, 
cast,  hurl ;  scatter,  spread ;  con- 
struct;  utter,  mention;  iacere 
fundamenta,  lay  the  founda- 
tions. 

iactS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
iacio],  throw,  cast,  hurl;  shake, 
toss  about,  scatter ;  speak,  say ; 
se  iactare,  swagger,  display  one- 
self, show  off. 


456 


VOCABULARY 


iactura,  -ae  [iacio],  f.,  throwing 
away,  loss;  squandering,  sacri- 
fice, cost. 

iactus,  -us  [iacio],  m.,  throwing, 
hurling. 

iam,  adv.,  now,  at  the  present  time, 
at  present ;  immediately  ;  already  ; 
moreover,  besides ;  iam  diu,  long 
since ;  iam  dudum,  long  since,  a 
long  time  ago  ;  iam  nemo,  at  last 
no  one,  now  finally  no  one ;  iam 
pridem,  long  ago,  a  longtime  ago ; 
iam  turn,  at  that  very  time,  even 
then;  iam  vero,  now  further- 
more, then  again  ;  nunc  iam,  now 
at  last,  now. 

laniculum,  -i,  n.,  the  Janiculum, 
one  of  the  hills  of  Rome;  see  map 
of  Rome. 

ianua,  -ae,  f.,  entrance,  door. 

lanuarius,  -a,  -um,  of  January. 

ibi  [is] ,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place ; 
then,  thereupon. 

ictus,  -us  [Ico,  strike'},  m.,  blow, 
stroke,  thrust. 

Id.,  an  abbreviation  for  Idus. 

idcirco  [is  +  circus],  adv.,  on  that  ac- 
count, for  this  reason,  therefore. 

Idem,  eadem,  idem  [is],  dem.  pron., 
the  same;  often  to  be  rendered 
also,  likewise,  as  well. 

ideo  [id  +  eo],  adv.,  this  for  this 
reason,  for  that  reason,  on  that  ac- 
cortnt,  therefore. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,//,  suitable, proper, 
becoming,  deserving. 

Idus,  -uum,  f.  pi.,  the  Ides,  middle 
of  the  month;  it  was  the  fifteenth 
day  of  March,  May,  July,  and  Oc- 
tober, the  thirteenth  day  of  the 
other  months. 

ieiunus,  -a,  -um,  fasting,  hungry; 
poor,  poT.uerless,  insignificant. 

igitur,  conj.,  then,  therefore,  accord- 
ingly ,'  as  I  was  saying,  in  short. 


Ignarus,  -a,  -um  [in-+gnarus,  know- 
ing}, ignorant,  unacquainted  with, 

unaware. 
ignavia, -ae   [Ignavus,  inactir<:~\,  f., 

inactivity,    idleness ;    cowardice ; 

worthlessness. 
ignis,  -is,  n\.,fire. 
Ignominia,  -ae  [in-  +  (g)nomen], 

f.,  disgrace,  dishonor. 
ignoratio,  -onis  [Ignore],  f.,  want 

of  knowledge,  ignorance;  misun- 
derstanding, mistake. 
ignore,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [Ignarus], 

not  know,  be  ignorant  of;  misun- 
derstand. 
ignosco,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi,  -gnotus 

[in  +  (g)  nosco],  have  insight  into, 

pardon,  forgive,  excuse. 
ignotus,    -a,   -um    [in-  +  part,    of 

(g)nosco],  unknown,  strange. 
Ilias,  Iliados,  f.,  the  Iliad,  Homer's 

renowned  poem, 
ille,   ilia,  illud,  dem.   pron.,   that; 

he,    she,    it ;    the   well-known,  the 

famous ;  ille  .  .  .   hie,  the  former 

.  .  .  the  latter. 
illinc  [ille],  adv.,  thence,  from  that 

place;    on  that  side;    nine  .  .  . 

illinc,  on  this  side  .  .  .  on  that. 
Illyricus,  -a,  -um,  of  the  Illyrians, 

Illyrian. 
imago,    -inis,   f.,   imitation,    copy; 

image,    likeness,     representation  ; 

statue, picture;  conception,  thought, 

idea. 
imbecillitas,      -atis       [imbecillus, 

weak},   f.,  weakness,    helplessness, 

feebleness. 
imberbis,  -e   [in-  +  barba,  beard~}, 

without  a  beard,  beardless. 
imbuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus,  wet,  moisten  ; 

stain,  steep,  imbue. 
imitatio,  -onis  [imitor],  f.,  copying, 

imitation. 
imitator,  -oris  [imitor],  m.,  imitator. 


VOCABULARY 


457 


imitor,  -ari,  -atus,  imitate,  copy; 
portray. 

immanis,  -e,  enormous,  huge,  vast, 
monstrous;  frightful,  inhuman, 
savage. 

immanitas,  -atis  [immanis],  f., 
monsirousness,  enormity,  heinous- 
ness,  cruelty,  ferocity. 

immaturus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  matu- 
rus],  untimely,  immature,  pre- 
mature. 

immineo,  -ere,  overhang;  menace, 
threaten;  be  imminent,  be  at  hand. 

imminuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus  [in  + 
minuo],  lessen,  diminish;  weaken, 
reduce  ;  infringe  upon. 

immitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[in  -f-  TKA\.Q],  send  in,  admit ;  send 
against;  insert;  let  go,  let  loose. 

immo,  adv.,  on  the  contrary,  by  no 
means;  immo  verd,  indeed  on  the 
contrary,  nay  rather,  nay  even; 
yes  indeed. 

immortalis,  -e  [in-  +  mortalis],  im- 
mortal, eternal,  imperishable,  end- 
less. 

immortalitas,  -atis  [immortalis],  f., 
immortality,  undying  renown. 

imparatus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  paratus], 
unprepared,  not  ready. 

impedimentum,  -I  [impedio],  n., 
hindrance  ;  pi.,  baggage. 

impedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [in  -f 
pes],  entangle,  hinder,  hamper ; 
obstruct,  delay,  prevent,  be  in  the 

Ti'(7J'  Of. 

impeditus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  impe- 
dio], hampered;  cumbersome,  in 
one's  way;  difficult. 

impello,  -pellere,  -puli,  -pulsus 
[in  +  yQ\\o~],  strike  against ;  impel, 
urge  on,  incite,  persuade. 

impendeo,  -pendere  [in  +  pendeo], 
overhang;  be  near,  threaten,  im- 
pend. 


impensa,  -ae  [part,  of  impendo,  ex- 
pend], f.,  cost,  expense,  outlay. 

imperator,  -oris  [impero],  m.,  coin- 
mander-in-chief,  commander. 

imperatorius,  -a,  -um  [imperator], 
of  or  belonging  to  a  general. 

imperitus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  peritus], 
inexperienced,  unacquainted  -with, 
unskilled,  ignorant. 

imperium,  -i  [impero],  n.,  com- 
mand, military  command,  author- 
ity, power,  supreme  power; 
dominion,  rule,  empire. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  + 
paro],  command,  order,  enjoin; 
rule  over,  govern. 

impertio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [in  + 
partior],  share  with,  bestow,  grant. 

impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  + 
patro,  bring  to  pass\,  achieve,  ob- 
tain a  request,  procure,  obtain, 
accomplish. 

impetus,  -us  [in  +  pet5],  m.,  attack, 
assault ;  fury,  violence. 

impietas,  -atis  [impius],  i.,unduti- 
fulness,  irreverence,  impiety ;  dis- 
loyalty, treason. 

impius,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  pius], 
undutiful,  irreverent,  impious; 
wicked,  disloyal. 

impleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus  [in  +  -pleo, 
fill],  fill  up,  Jill. 

implico,  -are,  -avi  or  -ui,  -atus  or 
-itus  [in  +  plico,  fold],  envelop, 
encircle  ;  entangle,  implicate,  con- 
nect closely. 

imploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  + 
pl5ro,  wail],  invoke  with  tears, 
appeal  to,  beseech,  implore. 

impono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[in  +  pono],  place  upon,  impose, 
inflict. 

importunus, -a,  -um,  unfit;  trouble- 
some, dangerous;  unfeeling,  sav- 
age, cruel. 


458 


VOCABULARY 


imprimo,  -primere,  -press!,  -pressus 

[in  +  premo],  press  upon ;  im- 
print, impress,  engrave. 

improbitas,  -atis  [improbus],  f., 
depravity,  badness,  dishonesty, 
shamelessness,  immorality. 

improbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in-  + 
prob5],  disapprove,  censure,  blame. 

improbus,  -a,  -um  [in-  -f  probus], 
•wicked,  bad,  base,  worthless,  shame- 
less, infamous. 

improvidus,-a,-um  [in-  +  providus, 
foreseeing],  not  foreseeing,  heedless, 
careless,  unaware. 

imprudens,  -entis  [in-  +  prudens], 
adj.,  not  foreseeing,  unaware,  un- 
suspecting, heedless,  without  know- 
ing. 

impubes,  -eris  [in-  +  pubes],  adj., 
under  age,  youthful. 

impudens,  -entis  [in-  +  pudens, 
modest~\,  adj.,  shameless,  impu- 
dent, presumptuous. 

impudenter  [impudens],  adv., 
sh  a  melessly,  imp  tide  n  fly. 

impudentia,  -ae  [impudens],  f., 
shamelessness,  impudence,  effront- 
ery. 

impudicus,  -a,  -um  [in-  -f  pudlcus, 
modest},  immodest,  shameless,  in- 
famous. 

impune  [impunis,  unpunished}, 
adv.,  without  punishment,  with 
impunity,  safely. 

impunitas,  -atis  [impunis,  unpun- 
ished], f.,  freedom  from  punish- 
ment, impunity. 

impunitus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  part,  of 
piinio],  unpunished;  free  from 
danger,  safe,  secure,  unrestrained. 

impurus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  piirus],  un- 
clean; abandoned,  infamous,  rile. 

in,  prep.,  (l)  w.  ace.,  into,  to, 
toward,  upon,  against ;  for,  into, 
till ;  in  relation  to,  in  reference 


to,  about,  concerning;  according 
to,  after  ;  (2)  w.  abl.,  in,  within, 
on,  upon,  among,  over ;  in  the 
case  of;  in  the  power  of. 

in-,  inseparable  preHx,  not,  un-,  in-, 
-less. 

inanis,  -e,  empty,  unoccupied,  raid ; 
baseless,  vain,  useless. 

inauditus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  part,  of 
audio],  unheard-of,  unusual, 
strange,  incredible. 

inauratus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  inauro, 
gild~\,  gilded,  golden. 

incendium,  -i  [incendo],  n.,  burn- 
ing, conflagration,  fire;  heat, 
vehemence,  impetuosity. 

incendo,  -cendere,  -cendi,  -census, 
set  fire  to,  burn ;  arouse,  anger, 
inflame. 

incensio,  -onis  [incendS],  f.,  setting 
on  fire,  burning. 

inceptum,  -i  [part,  of  incipio],  n., 
beginning,  attempt,  undertaking. 

incertus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  certus], 
undetermined,  uncertain;  doubt- 
ful, untrustivorthy. 

incestus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  castus, 
pure},  impure,  unclean;  crimi- 
nal; unchaste,  immoral. 

incestus,  -us  [incestusj,  m.,  un- 
chastity,  immorality. 

incido,  -cidere,  -cidi  [in  +  cadoj, 
fall  upon,  fall ;  happen  upon  ; 
happen,  occur. 

incido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [in  + 
caedo],  cut  into,  cut,  carve,  en- 
grave, inscribe. 

incipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [in  + 
capid],  take  hold  of,  begin,  com- 
mence. 

incitamentum,  -i  [incite],  n.,  in- 
citement, incentive,  inducement. 

incite,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  +  cito], 
put  in  motion ;  stiimdate,  spur 
on,  rouse. 


VOCABULARY 


459 


incline,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  +  cllno, 
bend],  bend,  turn;  incline,  be  in- 
dined. 

include,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusus 
[in  +  claudo],  shut  in,  shut  up, 
inclose  ;  hide,  conceal. 

incoho,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  begin,  com- 
mence. 

incolumis,  -e,  unimpaired,  unin- 
jured, unharmed,  safe. 

incommode  [incummodus],  adv.,  in- 
ioii-'enimtly,  with  difficulty,  un- 
comfortably. 

incommodus,  -a,  -urn  [in-  +  corn- 
modus],  inconvenient,  unsuitable, 
troublesome;  as  subst.,  n.,  incon- 
venience, disadvantage  ;  loss,  mis- 
fortune, disaster. 

inconsideratus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  con- 
sideratus,  deliberate'},  thoughtless, 
heedless,  inconsiderate. 

incorrupte  [incorruptus],  adv., 
justly,  dispassionately,  fairly. 

incorruptus,  -a,  -um  [in-  -f  corrup- 
tus],  unspoiled;  upright,  just, 
blameless,  unbribed. 

increbresco,  -crebrescere,  -crebrui 
[in  +  crebresco,  become  frequent}, 
increase,  rise,  spread. 

incredibilis,  -e  [in-  +  credibilis], 
incredible,  unheard-of,  unparal- 
leled, extraordinary. 

increpo,  -crepare,  -crepui,  -crepitus 
[in  +  crepo,  rattle~],  sound,  re- 
sound, rustle. 

incumbo,  -cumbere,  -cubui,  -cubitus 
[in  -f-  -cumbo,  lie],  lean  on,  lie 
upon,  lean  toward '  exert  oneself, 
apply  oneself. 

indago,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  trace  out, 
seek  out,  investigate,  explore,  hunt 

_  for. 

inde  [is],  adv.,  thence,  from  that 
place;  from  that  time,  thence- 
forward, thereafter,  thereupon. 


indemnatus,  -a,  -um  [in- +  part,  of 
damno],  uncondemned. 

index,  -icis  [in  +  dico],  m.  and  f., 
informer,  witness. 

indicium,  -l  [indico],  n.,  notice,  in- 
formation ;  proof,  sign,  evidence, 
testimony. 

indico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [index], 
point  out,  show,  make  known,  re- 
veal;  betray,  accuse. 

indic5,  -dicere,  -dtxi,  -dictus  [in  + 
dico] ,  proclaim,  declare,  announce. 

indigne  [indignus],  adv.,  unworth- 
ily, undeservedly,  shamefully. 

indignus, -a, -um  [in-  +  dignus],  un- 
worthy, undeserving;  outrageous. 

induce,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus  [in 
+  duco],  lead  in,  bring  in,  in- 
troduce;  influence,  induce,  per- 
suade. 

industria,  -ae  [industrius],  f.,  dili- 
gence, care,  zeal,  enterprise,  en~ 
ergy,  industry;  de  industria, 
purposely. 

industrius,  -a,  -um,  diligent,  active, 
enterprising,  industrious. 

ineo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [in -f  eo],  go 
into,  enter,  enter  upon ;  begin. 

iners,  -ertis  [in-  +  ars],  adj.,  un- 
skilful;  lazy,  inactive;  cowardly. 

inertia,  -ae  [iners],  f.,  unskilful- 
ness  ;  inactivity,  idleness. 

inexpiabilis,  -e  f  in-  4-  expio] ,  im- 
placable, relentless,  obstinate. 

infamis,  -e  [in-  +  fama],  disreputa- 
ble, infamous,  notorious. 

mfelix,  -icis  [in-  +  felTx],  adj.,  un- 
fortunate, unlucky,  ill-fated,  ill- 
omened,  cursed. 

infero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [in  + 
fer5],  bring  in,  carry  into;  bring 
upon,  injlict,  offer,  cause,  commit, 
threaten ;  bellum  mferre,  wage 
war :  vim  et  manus  mferre,  lay 
violent  hands  upon. 


460 


VOCABULARY 


Inferus,  -a,  -um,  below,  lower;  as 
subst.,  m.  pi.,  inhabitants  of  the 
lower  world,  the  dead. 

Infestus,  -a,  -um,  unsafe;  hostile, 
inimical,  dangerous. 

Infidelitas,  -atis  [Infidelis,  unfaith- 
ful}, f.,  unfaithfulness,  faithless- 
ness, perfidy. 

infimus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  Inferus], 
lowest;  weakest,  most  humble. 

Infimtus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  part,  of 
finio,  limit},  unlimited,  endless, 
boundless,  infinite. 

inf irmitas, -atis  [infirm us],  f., weak- 
ness, feebleness,  infirmity. 

infirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [Tnfirmus], 
weaken,  enfeeble;  disprove,  re- 
fute. 

infirmus,  -a,  -um  [in-  -f  flrmus], 
weak,  feeble,  delicate. 

infitiator, -dris  [Infitior],  m.,  denier, 
repudiator;  lentus  infitiator,  a 
man  slow  in  paying,  bad  debtor. 

infitior,  -an,  -atus  [in-  +  fateor], 
contradict,  deny. 

inflammo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  + 
flammo],  kindle,  set  on  fire,  burn  ; 
inflame,  arouse,  excite. 

Infl5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  +  fl5, 
blow~\,  blow  into,  inflate ;  inspire, 
encourage  ;  puff  up. 

infdrmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  -f 
formo,  shape}-,  shape,  mold,  fash- 
ion, form;  inform,  instruct. 

infringe,  -fringere,  -fregi,  -fractus 
[in  +  frango],  break  down,  de- 
stroy, weaken,  mutilate,  diminish, 
impair. 

ingenium,  -i  [in  +  gTgno],  n., 
natural  disposition,  character  ; 
natural  ability,  talent,  genius, 
intellect. 

ingens,  -entis,  adj.,  huge,  great,  im- 
mense, enormous. 

ingenuus,    -a,    -um    [in  -f  gTgno], 


native,  free-born;  as  subst.,  m., 
freeman. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  gratus], 
unpleasant,  disagreeable  ;  ungrate- 
ful. 

ingravesco,  -ere  [in  -f  gravesco, 
grow  heavy],  grow  heavy;  grow 
burdensome,  become  worse. 

ingredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  [in  + 
gradior,  step},  go  in,  enter  ;  go  on, 
advance  ;  enter  upon,  commence. 

ingressus,  -iis  [ingredior],  m.,  en- 
trance. 

inhaered,  -haerere,  -haesi,  -haesus 
[in  +  haereo],  stick  to,  cling,  ad- 
here, become  fastened. 

inhio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  +  hid, 
gape},  gape,  stand  open  ;  gape  at, 
open  the  mouth  for. 

inhumanus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  hu- 
manus],  inhuman,  rude,  savage, 
brutal. 

inhumatus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  part,  of 
hum5,  bury},  unburied. 

inibi  [in  +  ibi],  adv.,  therein,  there ; 
at  hand. 

inicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [in  + 
iacio],  throw  in  ;  bring  upon,  put 
on,  place  in;  inspire,  instil,  sug- 
gest. 

inimicitia,  -ae  [inimicus],  f.,  en- 
mity, hostility,  quarrel. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  amicus], 
unfriendly,  hostile;  hurtful;  as 
subst.,  m.,  personal  enemy,  foe, 
adversary. 

inlquitas,  -atis  [inlquus],  f.,  in- 
equality, irregularity  ;  unfavora- 
bleness,  difficulty ;  unfairness, 
injustice. 

iniquus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  aequus], 
uneven  ;  unfavorable  ;  unjust,  un- 
fair, tindeserved. 

initio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [initium], 
initiate,  consecrate. 


VOCABULARY 


461 


initium,  -i  [ineo],  n.,  entrance ;  be- 
gijining. 

iniuria,  -ae  [in-  -f  ius],  f.,  injustice, 
wrong,  insult. 

iniuriose  [iniuriosus,  unjust],  adv., 
unjustly,  unlawfully,  rudely. 

(iniussus,  -us)  [in-  -f  iiissus],  m., 
without  orders,  without  com- 
mand. 

iniustus,  -a,  -um  [in-  -f  Justus], 
unjust,  unfair,  imreasonable, 
•wrongful. 

inlecebra,  -ae  [inlicio,  lure  on~\,  f., 
enticement,  allurement,  attraction, 
charm,  lure. 

inlucesco,  -lucescere,  -luxl  [inchoa- 
tive of  inluceo,  light  up],  grow 
light,  dawn. 

inlustris,  -e  [in  +  Iustr5],  bright, 
brilliant;  distinguished,  illus- 
trious, remarkable. 

inlustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  + 
lustroj,  light  up,  illuminate ;  dis- 
close ;  glorify,  add  luster  to. 

innocens,  -entis  [in-  +  nocens], 
adj.,  harmless;  blameless,  inno- 
cent, honest,  upright;  .as  subst., 
m.,  innocent  man. 

innocentia, -ae  [innocens], i.,blame- 
lessness,  honesty,  integrity. 

innumerabilis,  -e  [in-  -f  numera- 
bilis,  countable],  countless,  innu- 
merable. 

inopia,  -ae  [inops,  needy],  f.,  need, 
'•.'ant,  destitution,  dearth. 

inquam,  defective  verb,  say. 

inrepo.  -repere,  -repsi  [in  +  repo, 
creep"],  creep  in,  slip  in. 

inretio,  -ire,  -m,  -Itus  [in  +  rete, 
net],  insnare,  entrap,  entangle, 
catch. 

inrito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  incite,  pro- 
voke, arouse,  vex,  irritate. 

inrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  -f  rogo], 
propose  against ;  impose,  iitflict. 


inrumpo,  -rumpere,  -rupi,  -ruptus 
[in  +  rumpS],  break  in,  rush  into; 
break  in  upon,  intrude  upon,  in- 
terrupt. 

inruo,  -mere,  -nil  [in  +  ruo],  rusk 
in  ;  intrude  upon,  attack. 

inruptio,  -onis  [inrumpo],  f.,  in- 
vasion, incursion,  sally,  raid. 

Insania,  -ae  [Insanus],  f.,  madness, 
frenzy,  folly. 

Insanus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  sanus] ,  mad, 
insane;  violent,  foolish,  frantic ; 
extravagant,  excessive,  senseless. 

inscitia,  -ae  [Inscltus,  ignorant],  f., 
ignorance,  stupidity,  heedlessness. 

inscribe,  -scribere,  -scripsi, 
-scriptus  [in  -f-  scrlbo],  write 
upon,  inscribe  ;  assign. 

insepultus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  part,  of 
sepelio],  unburied. 

insequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  [in  + 
sequor],  follow  after,  press  iipon, 
pursue  ;  attack  ;  follow,  ensue. 

inservio,  -ire,  -Itus  [in  +  servio], 
be  serviceable,  be  subservient,  be 
submissive  to,  serve  ;  take  care  of. 

Insideo,  -sidere,  -sedi  [in+  sedeS] 
sit  upon ;  be  inherent,  dwell. 

Insidiae,  -arum  [Insideo],  f.  pi., 
ambush,  ambuscade,  snare,  plot, 
treachery. 

msidiator,  -oris  [insidior],  m.,  one 
who  lies  in  wait,  one  who  lies  in 
ambush,  waylayer,  conspirator. 

insidior,  -arl,  -atus  [Insidiae],  lie 
in  wait  for,  lie  in  ambush  for, 
plot  against. 

Insidiose  [Insidiosus],  adv.,  cun- 
ningly, deceitfully. 

Insidiosus,  -a,  -um  [Insidiae],  cun- 
ning, deceitful,  treacherous,  ma- 
licious. 

Insldo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [in  + 
sldo,  sit  down],  sit  in,  occupy,  be- 
come settled  in. 


462 


VOCABULARY 


insigne,  -is  [Inslgnis],  n.,  mark, 
sign,  symbol. 

msignis,  -e  [in  +  sTgnum],  re- 
markable, extraordinary,  eminent, 
noted,  prominent. 

Insimulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  + 
simulo],  charge,  accuse,  blame. 

insolens,  -entis  [in-  -f  part,  of 
soleo],  adj.,  unusual ;  excessive; 
haughty,  insolent,  arrogant. 

insolenter  [Insolens],  adv.,  in  an 
unusual  manner ;  haughtily,  in- 
solently. 

insolentia,  -ae  [insolens],  f.,  unusu- 
alness  ;  haughtiness,  insolence,  ar- 
rogance. 

insolitus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  solitus, 
wonted~\,  unwonted,  unaccustomed. 

inspects,  -are  [freq.  of  Tnspicio,  look 
into~\,  look  at,  look  upon,  view,  see. 

insperans,  -antis  [in-  +  part,  of 
spero],  adj.,  not  hoping;  contrary 
to  one's  expectation. 

insperatus,  -a,  -um  [in-  -f  part,  of 
spero],  unhoped  for,  unexpected. 

instituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitutus 
[in  +  statuo],  put  in  place,  fix, 
set;  found,  establish,  arrange ; 
furnish,  provide ;  appoint,  desig- 
nate ;  undertake,  begin ;  decide 
upon,  determine ;  teach,  train,  in- 
struct. 

institutum,  -I  [instituo],  n.,  pur- 
pose, design ;  practice,  custom, 
habit ;  institution. 

Insto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -staturus  [in  + 
sto],  approach,  be  at  hand;  insist; 
menace,  threaten. 

instrumentum,  -I  [Tnstruo],  n.,  im- 
plement, utensil,  tool ;  help,  means. 

instruo,  -struere,  -struxi,  -structus 
[in  +  struo,  pile  up],  build ;  set 
in  order,  draw  up;  furnish,  fit 
out,  equip. 

insula,  -ae,  f.,  isle,  island. 


Insulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
Insilio,  leap  upon~\,  leap  upon, 
jump  upon,  trample  upon  ;  be  in- 
solent, insult,  revile,  abuse,  taunt. 

insum,  inesse,  infui,  mfuturus 
[in  +  sum],  be  in,  be  present ;  be 
inherent,  exist. 

integer,  -gra,  -grum  [in-  +  tango], 
untouched,  uninjured,  unbroken, 
unimpaired;  entire,  whole;  un- 
decided, undetermined;  fresh, 
new;  upright,  blameless,  irre- 
proachable, guiltless;  impartial. 

integre  [integer],  adv.,  honestly, 
honorably,  nobly;  purely,  disin- 
terestedly. 

integritas,  -atis  [integer],  f.,  blame- 
lessness,  innocence,  integrity,  up- 
rightness. 

intellego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectus 
[inter  +  leg°]>  come  to  know,  see, 
perceive,  observe,  recognize,  under- 
stand, know. 

intendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus 
[in  +  tendo],  stretch  tmvard, 
direct,  aim  ;  intend. 

intento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
intendo],  aim  at,  aim,  direct; 
menace,  threaten. 

inter  [in],  prep.  w.    ace.,    / 

among,  in  the  midst  of;    during, 
within,  in. 

Interamna,  -ae,  f.,  Inleramna,  a 
town  in  Umbria. 

Interamnas,  -atis  [Interamna],  adj., 
of  Interamna. 

intercede,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
[inter  +  cedo],  come  between,  inter- 
vene ;  oppose,  veto;  exist  between. 

intercessio,  -onis  [intercede],  f.,  in- 
tercession, inter^iention,  veto;  see 
Introd.,  p.  58. 

intercludS,  -cludere,  -clusi,  -clusus 
[inter  +  claudo],  shut  out,  cut  off, 
interrupt,  surround. 


VOCABULARY 


463 


interdum    [inter  -f  dura],   adv.,   at\ 
times,  sometimes,  occasionally. 

interea  [inter],  adv.,  meanwhile,  in 
the  meantime. 

intereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus  [inter  -4- 
eo],  go  to  ruin,  perish,  be  mined. 

interfector,  -oris  [interficio],  m., 
murderer,  slayer,  assassin. 

interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus 
[inter  +  facio],  put  out  of  the 
way,  destroy ;  kill,  slay. 

interim  [inter],  ads-.,  meanwhile, 
in  the  meantime. 

interims,  -imere,  -em!,  -emptus 
[inter  +  emo],  take  awav ;  kill, 
slay,  put  to  death ;  distress, 
afflict. 

interior,  -ius  [comp.  from  inter], 
adj.,  inner,  interior ;  inland. 

interitus,  -us  [intereS],  m.,  over- 
throw, ruin,  destruction,  death. 

intermortuus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of 
intermorior,  die  off],  dead,  life- 
less, faint ;  ineffectual. 

internecio,  -onis  [inter +  nex],  f., 
massacre,  slaughter,  extermination. 

internecivus,  -a,  -um  [internecio], 
murderous,  sanguinary,  savage, 
destructive. 

interpono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[inter  -\-fono],  put  between,  insert, 
interpose  ;  put  foncard,  mention, 
allege;  pass.,  elapse,  inter-'ene  ; 
se  interponere,  act  as  go-between. 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [inter  + 
rogo],  ask,  question. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus  [inter 
+  sum],  be  between,  be  among, 
intervene ;  differ;  be  present,  be 
engaged  in,  assist;  interest,  it 
makes  a  difference,  it  interests,  it 
concerns. 

intervallum,  -i  [inter  +  vallus, 
stake],  n.,  interval,  distance  ;  space 
of  time. 


interventus,  -us  [intervenio,  come 
between"],  m.,  intervention,  appear- 
ance. 

intestinus,  -a,  -um  [intus],  inter- 
nal, intestine. 

intimus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  from  inter], 
inmost,  innermost ;  as  subst.,  m., 
intimate  friend. 

intra  [inter],  (i)  adv.,  within,  in- 
side;  (2)  prep.  w.  ace.,  within, 
inside  of,  during. 

introduce,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[intro,  within  +  duc5],  lead  in, 
bring  in,  introduce. 

intueor,  -tueri,  -tuitus  [in  +  tueor], 
look  upon  ;  regard,  consider ;  ad- 
mire. 

intus  [in],  adv.,  on  the  inside, 
within. 

inultus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  part,  of  ulcl- 
scor],  unavenged,  unpunished. 

inuro,  -urere,  -ussT,  -ustus  [in  + 
uro,  burn],  burn  in,  brand  upon, 
imprint  indelibly. 

inusitatus,  -a,  -um  [in-  -|-  usita- 
tus],  unusual,  extraordinary,  very 
rare. 

inutilis,  -e  [in-  +  utilis],  useless  ;  dis- 
advantageous, unfavorable. 

invenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus  [in 
+  venio],  come  ttpon  ;  meet  with, 
find,  discover ;  devise;  learn,  as- 
certain. 

investigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [in  + 
vestTgo,  trace],  trace  out,  find  out, 
discover. 

inveterasco,  -veterascere,  -veteravl 
[inchoative  of  invetero,  give  age 
to],  grow  old ;  become  established 
or  fixed,  continue,  remain  long. 

invictus,  -a,  -um  [in-  +  part,  of 
vinco],  unconquered,  invincible. 

invideS,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visus  [in  + 
video],  look  askance  at;  envy,  be 
jealous  of. 


464 


VOCABULARY 


invidia,  -ae  [invidus],  f.,  envy,  jeal- 
ousy, ill-will ;  odium,  hatred,  un- 
popularity. 

invidiose  [invidiosus],  adv.,  en- 
viously, maliciously,  malignantly. 

invidiosus,  -a,  -um  [invidia],  full 
of  envy ;  causing  unpopularity, 
hateful,  distasteful. 

invidus,  -a,  -um  [invideo],  envi- 
ous, jealous  ;  ill-disposed,  hostile. 

invigilo,  -are,  -avi,  --atus  [in  +  vi- 
gilo],  watch  over,  guard  the  inter- 
ests of,  take  care  of. 

invisus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  invideo], 
hated,  hateful,  offensive,  detested. 

invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  invite,  ask; 
urge,  incite,  tempt. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  against  the  will, 
unwilling,  reluctant. 

ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  intensive  pron., 
self,  in  person;  himself,  herself, 
itself;  very,  just,  precisely. 

ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger,  rage,  wrath,  fury. 

iracundia,  -ae  [tracundus],  f.,  hasty 
temper,  irascibility;  wrath,  pas- 
sion. 

iracundus,  -a,  -um  [ira],  irritable; 
revengeful,  resentful. 

irascor,  irasci,  iratus  [Ira],  be  angry, 
be  angry  at. 

is,  ea,  id,  dem.  pron.,  that,  this,  the  ; 
he,  she,  it ;  such. 

iste,  ista,  istud  [is],  dem.  pron., 
that  (of  yours)  ;  that  fellow ;  isto 
pacto,  in  such  a  manner,  to  such 
a  degree. 

istic  [iste],  adv.,  there,  in  that  place. 

ita  [is],  adv.,  in  this  manner,  thus, 
so  ;  as  follows  ;  to  such  an  extent. 

Italia,  -ae,  f.,  Italy.  _ 

Italicus,  -a,  -um  [Italia],  Italian, 
of  Italy. 

itaque  [ita  +  -que],  conj.,  amf  so, 
consequently,  therefore,  accord- 
ingly. 


item  [is],  adv.,  likewise,  also,  more- 
over;  in  the  same  way. 

iter,  itineris  [eo],  n.,  a  going ;  jour- 
ney, march,  voyage  ;  course,  way, 
route  ;  road,  passage. 

iterum,  adv.,  again,  once  more,  a 
second  time ;  iterum  et  saepius, 
again  and  again. 

iubeo,  iubere,  iussi,  iussus,  order, 
bid,  command,  direct. 

iucunditas,-atis  [iucundus],  L, pleas- 
antness, charm  ;  pleasure,  delight. 

iucundus,  -a,  -um,  pleasant,  agree- 
able, delightful,  acceptable. 

iudex, -dicis  [ius  -f-  d\co~\,m.,  judge, 
juror. 

iudicialis,  -e  [indicium],  belonging 
to  the  courts,  judicial. 

iudicium,  -i  [iiidico],  n.,  judgment, 
trial,  sentence,  conviction  ;  court. 

iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [iudex], 
judge,  consider,  decide ;  form  an 
estimate  of;  declare. 

iugulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [iugulum], 
cut  the  throat,  assassinate. 

iugulum,  -i  [iugum, yoke'],  n.,  collar- 
bone ;  throat,  neck. 

lugurtha,  -ae,  m.,  Jugurtha,  a  king 
of  Numidia ;  see  p.  147,  1.  9. 

lulius,  -i,  m.,  Julius,  a  gentile  name : 
(i)  C.  Julius  Caesar,  the  great 
dictator;  (2)  C.  Julius  Caesar 
Octavianus,  grand  nephew  and 
heir  of  Julius  Caesar,  and  after- 
wards the  emperor  Augustus;  (3) 
Z.  Julius  Caesar,  see  note  on  p. 
155,1.  17;  (4)  L.Julius  Caesar 
Strabo,  see  note  on  p.  1 1 7,  1.  4. 

lun.,  the  abbreviation  of  lunius. 

iungo,  iungere,  iunxi,  iunctus,  y'0/« 
together,  connect ;  ally,  unite. 

lunius,  -a,  -um,  of  June. 

luppiter,  lovis,  m.,  Jupiter,  Jove, 
god  of  the  sky,  son  of  Saturn,  king 
and  father  of  gods  and  meq. 


VOCABULARY 


465 


iuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ius],  swear, 
take  oath. 

ius,  iuris,  n.,  rig/it,  justice ;  law  ; 
court  of  law ;  disceptatio  iuris, 
discussion  of  the  points  of  law; 
ius  civitatis,  franchise  ;  ius  iu- 
randum,  iuris  iurandi  [ius  +  ge- 
rundive of  iuro] ,  n.,  oath;  ius  lega- 
tionis,  rights  of  ambassadors. 

(iussus,  -us),  only  found  in  theabl. 
sing.  [iube5],  m.,  order,  command. 

iuste  [iustus],  adv.,  rightly,  justly. 

iustitia,  -ae  [iustus],  f.,  justice, 
fairness,  uprightness. 

iustus,  -a,  -um  [ius],  right,  just, 
lawful ;  upright ;  proper,  reason- 
able, fair  ;  perfect,  complete. 

iuventus,  -utis  [iuvenis,  young],  f., 
age  of  yotith,  youth  ;  young  people. 

iuvo,  iuvare,  iuvi,  iutus,  help,  aid, 
assist ;  please,  delight. 


Kal.,  the  abbreviation  for  Kalendae. 
Kalendae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  the  Calends, 

the  first  day  of  the  month. 
Karthaginiensis,    -e     [KarthagS], 

Carthaginian,   of    Carthage;     as 

subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Carthaginians. 
Karthago,  -inis,  f.,  Carthage,  a  city 

on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa. 


L.,  the  abbreviation  for  Lucius, 
Lucius,  a  praenomen. 

labefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 
[labo  +  facio],  cause  to  totter, 
shake,  undermine,  overthrow. 

labefacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
labefaciS],  cause  to  totter,  under- 
mine, endanger,  weaken;  over- 
thrmi',  destroy. 

labes,  -is    [labor],   f.,  fall;    ruin, 
destruction  ;  shame,  blot,  stain. 
2H 


Labienus,  -I,  m.,  Labienus,  a  family 
name  :  7'.  Labienus ;  see  note  on 
p.  256,  1.  10. 

lat>5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  totter,  give 
way,  go  to  ruin. 

labor,  labi,  lapsus,  glide,  slip ;  sink, 
fall ;  go  to  ruin,  perish  ;  err,  make 
a  mistake. 

labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor,  toil,  exertion, 
activity;  hardship,  trouble,  dis- 
tress. 

laboriosus,  -a,-um  [labor],  toilsome, 
laborious,  troublesome,  difficult. 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [labor], 
labor,  take  pains,  exert  oneself, 
work;  endeavor,  strive;  be  in 
trouble,  be  anxious,  suffer  ;  be  con- 
cerned. 

labrum,  -i  [for  lavabrum,  from  lavo, 
wash],  n.,  tub,  bath-tub. 

lacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [lacer,  torn], 
fear  to  pieces,  lacerate,  mangle. 

lacesso,  -ere,  -Ivi,  -itus  [lacio, 
entice'],  excite,  provoke,  irritate; 
attack,  challenge,  harass ;  arouse. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear. 

lactens,  -entis  [part,  of  lacteo, 
suck],  adj.,  taking  milk,  suckling. 

lacus,  -us,  m.,  lake. 

Laeca,  -ae,  m.,  Laeca,  a  family  name : 
M.  Laeca  ;  see  note  on  p.  72, 1.  19. 

laedo,  laedere,  laesi,  laesus,  hurt, 
do  harm,  injure  ;  annoy,  vex. 

Laelius,  -i,  m.,  Laelius,  a  gentile 
name  :  C.  Laelius  Sapiens ;  see 
note  on  p.  157, 1.  10. 

Laenius,  -i,  m.,  Laenius,  a  gentile 
name :  M.  Laenius  Place  us,  one 
of  Cicero's  friends ;  see  p.  246, 
1.  n. 

laetitia,  -ae  [laetus,  joyful],  f.,joy, 
delight,  gladness,  pleasure;  lae- 
titia adficere,  gladden. 

laetor,  -ari,  -atus  [laetus,  joyful], 
rejoice,  be  glad. 


466 


VOCABULARY 


lamenta,   -orum,    n.    pi.,    wailing, 

lamentation. 
lamentatio,    -onis    [lamentor],    f., 

•wailing,  weeping,  lamentation. 
lamentor,    -an,    -atus     [lamenta], 

wail,  bemoan,  mourn  for. 
languidus,    -a,    -um    [langueo,   be 

faint],    faint,     weak,    languid  ; 

spiritless,  inactive. 
Lanuvmus,  -a,  -um  [Lanuvium],  of 

Lanuvium. 
Lanuvium,  -I,  n.,  Lanuvium,  a  town 

of  Latium. 

lapis,  -idis,  m.,  stone. 
laqueus,  -I  [lacio,  entice"],  m.,  snare. 
Lar,  Laris,  m.,  Lar  (a   household 

divinity),  see  note  on  p.  119, 1.  25; 

hearth,  home. 
largior, -in, -itus  [largus, abundant'], 

lavish,  grant,  bestow. 
largitio,  -onis  [largior],  f.,  bribery. 
largitor,  -oris  [largior],  m.,  liberal 

giver  ;  spendthrift,  prodigal. 
late  [latus],  adv.,  broadly,  widely. 
latebrae,  -arum  [lateo],  f.  pi.,  kid- 
ing-place,    lurking-place,    retreat, 

recess. 
lateo,  -ere,   -ui,    lurk,   lie  hidden; 

pass  unnoticed,  escape  notice. 
Latiaris,  -e  [Latium],   of  Latium, 

Latin ;  Juppiter  Latiaris,  Jupiter 

Latiaris,    the    protector    of    the 

Latin   confederacy,   see    note   on 

page  195,  1.  3. 
Latiniensis,  -is,  m.,  Latiniensis,  a 

surname;  see  Caelius. 
Latinus,  -a,  -um  [Latium],  Latin, 

of  Latium. 
Latium,  -I,  n.,  La(i^tm,  a  district  of 

central  Italy. 

lator,  -oris  [fero],  m.,   mover,  pro- 
poser, advocate. 
latro,  -onis,  m.,  highwayman,  robber, 

bandit. 
latrocinium,  -I  [latrocinor],  n., high- 


way robbery,  freebooting,  maraud- 
ing; band  of  marauders. 

latrocinor,  -ari  [latrS],  rob  on  the 
highway,  be  a  robber. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  broad,  wide,  extensive. 

latus,  -eris,  n.,  side,  flank. 

laudatio,  -onis  [laudo],  f.,  praise; 
eiflogy,  panegyric  ;  funeral  oration. 

laudator,  -oris  [laudo],  m.,  praiser, 
eulogizer. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [lavs'],  praise, 
commend,  extol,  eulogize. 

laureatus,  -a,  -um  [laurea,  laurel- 
tree'],  crowned  with  laurel,  lau- 
reled. 

laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise,  commenda- 
tion; credit,  renown,  fame,  glory, 
distinction  ;  merit. 

lectulus,-!  [dim. of  lectus],  m.,  small 
couch,  bed. 

lectus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  lego], 
chosen,  selected ;  choice,  excellent. 

lectus,  -l,  m.,  couch,  bed. 

legatio,  -5nis  [lego],  f.,  office  of  a 
legate ;  embassy,  legation  ;  ius  le- 
gationis,  rights  of  ambassadors. 

legatus,  -l  [lego],  m.,  ambassador ; 
legate,  lieutenant. 

Iegi5,  -onis  [lego],  f.,  legion. 

legit imus,  -a,  -um  [lex],  fixed  by 
law,  lawful,  legitimate,  just. 

lego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [lex],  ap- 
point legally,  send  as  ambassador  ; 
appoint  as  lieutenant. 

lego,  legere,  legi,  lectus,  gather,  col- 
lect;  select,  choose,  elect,  appoint; 
read,  read  of. 

lenio,  -ire,  -m,  -Itus  [lenis],  soften, 
soothe,  alleviate,  mitigate. 

lenis,  -e,  smooth,  soft ;  kind,  gentle, 
lenient. 

lenitas,  -atis  [lenis],  f.,  smoothness, 
softness  ;  gentleness,  mildness. 

lend,  -onis,  m.,  seducer,  allurer  ;  go- 
between,  tool. 


VOCABULARY 


467 


Lentulus,  -i,  m.,  Lentulus,  a  famil) 

name;  see  Cornelius, 
lentus,  -a,  -um  [lenis], /#*«/,•  slow 
sluggish,  lazy;   lentus  infitiator 
a  man  slow  in  paying,  bad  debtor 
lepidus,  -a,   -um    [lepos,    charm} 
charming,  pleasing,  fine ;  effemi- 
nate. 
Lepidus,   -I,   m.,  Lepidus,  a  family 

name;   see  Aemilius. 
Lepta,  -ae,  m.,  Lepta,  a  surname: 
Q.  Lepta  ;  see  note  on  p.  259, 1.  3. 
levis,  -e,  light ;  unimportant,  triv- 
ial,   trifling,    irrelevant;    incon- 
stant, fickle  ;  mild,  gentle. 
levitas,  -atis   [levis],  f.,  lightness; 
levity,     inconstancy,     shallowness, 
•want  of  principle. 
leviter  [levis],  adv.,  lightly,  slightly; 

•with  moderation. 
levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [levis],  lighten, 

relieve,  alleviate,  lessen. 
lex,  legis  [lego],  f.,  motion,  bill,  law, 
statute  ;  principle,  rule  ;  condition, 
terms ;    legem  ferre,  propose  a 
law ;  lex  agraria,  a  law  concern- 
ing t/ie  division  of  public  land. 
libellus,  -i  [dim.  of  liber],  m.,  little 

book,  pamphlet. 

libens,  -entis  [part,  of  libet],  adj., 

willing,  glad;  -u>ithpleasure,gladly. 

libenter    [libens],    adv.,    willingly, 

gladly,  cheerfully,  freely. 
liber,  -era,  -erum,/ree,  unrestrained, 
independent;    as    subst.,    m.    pi., 
children. 

iiber,  -bri,  m.,  book. 
liberalis,  -e  [liber],  befitting  a  free- 
man ;     noble,    generous,     liberal 
kind. 

liberalitas,  -atis  [liberalis],  f.,  noble- 
ness, generosity,  kindness. 
liberaliter    [liberalis],   adv.,   nobly, 

generously,  kindly. 
libe ratio,  -onis  [llbero],  f.,  freeing, 


releasing,  liberation,  release;   ac- 
quittal. 

liberator,  -oris  [llbero],  m.,  freer, 
deliverer,  liberator,  savior. 

libere  [liber],  adv.,  freely,  un- 
restrictedly, without  restraint; 
openly,  frankly,  boldly. 

llbero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [liber],  set 
free,  free,  deliver,  release  ;  acquit. 

libertas,  -atis  [liber],  f.,  freedom, 
liberty,  independence;  personified, 
Liberty,  the  goddess  of  liberty. 

libertinus,  -a,  -um  [llbertus],  of  a 
freedman,  of  the  condition  of  a 
freedman  r  as  subst.,  m.,  freed- 
man. 

libertus,  -i  [liber],  m.,  one  made 
free,  a  freedman. 

libet,  libere,  libuit  or  libitum  est, 
it  pleases,  it  is  agreeable. 

libido,  -inis  [libet],  f.,  pleasure, 
desire  ;  licentiousness,  license,  wan- 
tonness, lust. 

librarium,  -i  [liber],  n.,  bookcase, 
book-chest. 

licentia,  -ae  [licet],  f.,  freedom,  li- 
cense ;  presumption,  boldness,  law- 
lessness. 

licet,  licere,  licuit  or  licitum  est, 
it  is  lawful,  it  is  permissible,  it  is 
allowed,  one  may;  often  to  be 
treated  as  a  conj.,  although. 

Licinius,  -i,  m.,  Licinius,  a  gentile 
name :  (i)  A.  Licini us  Archias, the 
poet,  see  Introd.,  pp.  32,33;  (2)  L. 
Licinius  Crassus,  see  note  on  p. 
153, 1.  22;  (3)  Licinius,  a  priest's 
attendant,  see  note  on  p.  187,1.9; 

(4)  L.  Licinius  Lucnllus,  consul 
in   74  B.C.,   see    Introd.,   p.    30; 

(5)  L.    Licinius    Murena,    see 
Introd.,  pp.  29,  30;    (6)  M.  Licin- 
ius Crassus,  see  note  on  p.  248,  1. 
22;    (7)  P.  Licinius  Crassus,  see 
note  on  p.  155,  1.  17. 


468 


VOCABULARY 


Ligarius,  -i,  m.,  Ligarius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  Q.  Ligarius,  see  In- 
trod.,  pp.  42,  43;  (2)  T.  Ligarius, 
the  brother  of  Q.  Ligarius,  see  p. 
244, 11.  19,  24. 

lignum,  -I,  n.,  -wood, 

Hmen,  -inis,  n.,  threshold;  entrance. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tongue ;  language. 

linter,  -tris,  f.,  boat,  skiff. 

linum,  -I,  i\.,flax;  thread. 

liquefacid,  -facere,  -factus  [liqueo, 
be  liquid  +  facio],  make  liquid, 
melt. 

Us,  lltis,  f.,  strife,  quarrel,  dispute  ; 
lawsuit. 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter  (of  the  alpha- 
bet) ;  pi.,  letter  (epistle) ;  litera- 
ture ;  learning,  liberal  education. 

litteratus,  -a,  -um  [littera],  lettered, 
learned,  well-educated,  cultured. 

litura,  -ae  [lino,  smear\,  f.,  blotting 
out,  erasure,  correction. 

Ioc5,  -are,  -avi, -atus  [locus],  place; 
make  a  contract  for,  contract  for. 

Locrensis,  -e,  of  Locri,  a  Greek  city 
of  southern  Italy  ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi., 
the  Locrians. 

locuples,  -etis  [locus  -f  plenus], 
adj.,  rich  in  lands;  rich,  wealthy. 

locupleto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [locu- 
ples], enrich,  make  rich. 

locus,  -l,  m.,  pi.  loci,  m.,  or  loca,  n., 
place,  spot,  point ;  locality,  region; 
chance,  opportunity,  occasion; 
position,  rank. 

longe  [longus],  a.dv.,/ar. 

longinquitas,  -atis  [longinquus],  f., 
distance,  remoteness. 

longinquus,  -a,  -um  [longus],  far 
removed,  remote,  distant;  long- 
continued,  lasting. 

longiusculus,  -a,  -um  [dim.  of 
longior,  -ius],  rather  long. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  long  ;  lasting;  tedi- 
ous. 


loquor,  loqui,  locutus,  speak,  talk ; 
say ;  mention;  plead. 

luceo,  lucere,  luxi  [lux],  be  light, 
shine  ;  be  clear,  be  evident. 

luctuosus,  -a,  -um  [luctus],  sorrow- 
ful, mournful,  lamentable,  distress- 
ing. 

luctus,  -us  [lugeo],  m.,  sorrow,  grief, 
mourning,  distress. 

Lucullus,  -i,  m.,  Lucullus,  a  family 
name ;  see  Licinius. 

lucus,  -I  [luceo],  m.,  open  grove; 
sacred  grove  ;  wood,  grove, 

ludus,  -i,  m.,  play,  game,,  diversion  ; 
school,  training-school ;  pi.,  public 
games,  games. 

lugeo,  lugere,  luxi,  luctus,  mourn, 
deplore,  bewail. 

lumen,  -inis  [luceo],  n.,  light,  splen- 
dor, brightness;  eye. 

Iu5,  luere,  lui,  free  ;  pay  off;  suffer, 
undergo  ;  atone  for,  expiate. 

lupa,  -ae  [lupus,  wolf],  f.,  she-wolf; 
prostitiite. 

lupmus,  -a,  -um  [lupus,  wo!f~\,  of  a 
wolf. 

lustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [lustrum, 
expiatory  offering],  purify ;  wan- 
der over,  traverse. 

lutum,  -i  \\\\o,was/i],  n.,  mud,  mire. 

lux,  liicis,  f.,  light;  daylight,  day; 
help,  succor. 

luxuria,  -ae  [luxus,  excess~\,  f.,  lux- 
uriance ;  luxury,  extravagance, 
riotous  living. 

M 

M.,  the   abbreviation    for    Marcus, 

Marcus,  a  praenomen. 
M'.,  the   abbreviation   for   Manius, 

Manius,  a  praenomen. 
Macedonia,  -ae,   f.,  Alacedonia,   a 

country  north  of  Greece. 
machinator,-6ris[machinor],ni.,z«- 

ventor;  contriver, plotter, planner. 


VOCABULARY 


469 


machinor,  -ari,  -atus  [machina, 
machine],  invent;  contrive,  flat, 
plan,  scheme. 

macto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [mactus, 
honored],  honor;  sacrifice,  kill, 
slaughter  ;  punish. 

macula,  -ae,  f.,  mark,  stain;  dis- 
honor, disgrace. 

maculo.  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [macula], 
spot,  stain  ;  dishonor,  disgrace. 

madefacio,  -facere,  -fed,  -factus 
[madeo,  be  wet  +  facio],  make  tuet, 
moisten,  drench. 

Maelius,  -l,  m.,  Maelius,  a  gentile 
name :  Spurius  Maelius  ;  see  note 
on  p.  69, 1.  22. 

maereo,  -ere,  be  sad,  grieve,  lament; 
mourn  for. 

maeror, -dris  [maereo],  m.,  sadness, 
mourning,  grief,  sorrow. 

maestitia,  -ae  [maestus,  satf],  f., 
sadness,  grief,  sorrow. 

mag  is  [magnus],  adv.,  more, 
rather. 

magistratus,  -us  [magister,  mas- 
ter'], m.,  civil  office,  magistracy  ; 
magistrate. 

magnifice  [magnificus],  adv.,  mag- 
nificently, gloriously. 

magnificus,  -a,  -um  [magnus  + 
facio],  magnificent,  glorious, 
grand. 

magnitude,  -inis  [magnus],  f., great- 
ness, magnitude,  great  amount ; 
extent,  importance. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  large,  great,  am- 
ple;  important,  serious,  deep; 
lofty,  eminent,  powerful ;  magno 
opere,  with  all  one's  might,  greatly, 
heartily  ;  maior  (sc.  natu),  older, 
elder  ;  as  subst.,  maiores,  -um,  m. 
pi.,  ancestors,  forefathers. 

Magnus,  -I  [magnus],  m.,  Magnus, 
the  Great,  a  surname ;  see  Pom- 
peius. 


Hal.,  an  abbreviation  for  Mains. 

maior,  comp.  of  magnus. 

Maius,  -a,  -um,  of  May. 

male  [malus],  adv.,  badly,  ill, 
poorly  ;  hardly ;  unfortunately. 

maledictum,  -I  [part,  of  maledlco, 
abuse],  n.,  abusive  word,  abuse, 
insult. 

maleficium,  -i  [maleficus,  evil- 
doing],  n.,  evil  deed,  offense,  crime  ; 
injury,  wrong. 

malleolus,  -l  [dim.  of  malleus,  ham- 
mer], m.,  fire-dart ;  see  note  on 
p.  83, 1.  1 6. 

malo,  malle,  malui  [magis  -f  volo], 
choose  rather,  prefer,  wish  rather, 
wish  more. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  bad,  evil,  wicked ; 
injurious,  harmful ;  as  subst.,  n., 
evil,  misfortune,  calamity ;  harm, 
injury. 

mancus,  -a,  -um,  maimed,  crippled; 
infirm,  weak. 

mandatum,  -I  [part,  of  mando],  n., 
charge,  message,  commission;  or- 
der, injunction. 

mando,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [manus  + 
-do,  put],  put  into  one's  hands, 
intrust,  commit ;  order,  enjoin. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning,  :arly 
in  the  morning;  hodierno  die 
mane,  early  this  morning. 

maneo.  manere.  mansi.  mansus, 
stav,  remain,  abide  ;  last,  endure  ; 
a~i'aif,  expect. 

manicatus,  -a,  -um  [manicae,  long 
sleeves],  with  long  sleeves. 

manifesto  [manifestus],adv.,  openly, 
plainly,  clearly,  manifestly. 

manifestus,  -a,  -um,  caught  in 
the  act,  clear,  plain,  apparent, 
evident. 

Manilius,  -I,  m.,  Manilius,  a  gentile 
name:  C.  Manilius;  see  Introd., 
P-3I- 


VOCABULARY 


Manius.  -I,  m.,  Maniits,  a  prae- 
nomen. 

Manlianus,  -a,  -um  [Manlius], 
Manlian,  of  Manlius. 

Manlius,  -I,  m.,  Manlius,  a  gentile 
name:  (i)  C.  Manlius,  see  note 
on  p.  70,  1.  19  ;  (2)  L.  Manlius 
Torqualus,  see  note  on  p.  105, 
1.I9. 

mano,  -are,  -avi,  flow,  trickle;  be 
diffused,  spread. 

mansuete  [mansuetus],  adv.,  gently, 
mildly,  kindly. 

mansuetudo,  -inis  [mansuetus],  f., 
gentleness,  clemency,  mercy,  kind- 
ness, mildness. 

mansuetus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  man- 
suesco,  make  tame],  gentle,  kind, 
merciful. 

manubiae,  -arum  [manus],  f.  pi., 
booty,  spoils. 

manus,  -us,  f .,  hand ;  handwriting; 
band,  company,  force  ;  mania  mit- 
tere,  set  free,  emancipate  ;  vim  et 
manus  inferre,  lay  violent  hands 
upon. 

Marcellus,  -I,  m.,  Marcellus,  a  family 
name:  (i)  C.Claudius  Marcellus, 
see  note  on  p.  222,  1.  21 ;  (2)  M. 
Claudius  Marcellus,  see  note  on 
p.  142,  1.  2  ;  (3)  M.  Claudius 
Marcellus,  see  Inlrod.,  pp.  40,  41. 

Marcius,  -i,  m.,  Marcius,  a  gentile 
name  :  L.  Marcius,  a  knight ;  see 
p.  243, 1.  26. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.,  Marcus,  a  prae- 
nomen. 

mare,  -is,  n.,  sea;  terra  marique, 
on  land  and  sea. 

maritimus,  -a,  -um  [mare],  of  the 
sea,  maritime;  maritimae  res, 
naval  affairs. 

maritus,  -l  [mas,  male'],  m.,  mar- 
ried man,  husband. 

Marius,  -I,   m.,    Marius,  a   gentile 


name  :  C.  Marius  ;  see  notes  on  p. 
70,  1.  7,  and  p.  121,  1.  15. 

marmor,  -oris,  n.,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  Mars,  the  god  of 
war  ;  war. 

Martius,  -a,  -um  [Mars],  of  Mars, 
Martial ;  campus  (sc.  Martius), 
the  Field  of  Mars,  see  note  on 
P-  74,  1-  8. 

Massilia,  -ae,  f.,  Massilia,  a  seaport 
of  southern  Gaul,  the  modern 
Marseilles. 

Massiliensis,  -e  [Massilia],  of  Mas- 
silia ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  in- 
habitants of  Massilia. 

mater,  -tris,  f.,  mother;  mater 
familias,  mistress  of  a  household, 
matron,  mother. 

materia,  -ae  [mater], f., matter,  mate- 
rial, timber  ;  cause,  source,  origin. 

matrimonium,  -i  [mater],  n.,  wed- 
lock, matrimony,  marriage. 

mature  [maturus],  adv.,  oppor- 
tunely, seasonably  ;  early,  speedily, 
quickly. 

maturitas,  -atis  [maturus],  f.,  ripe- 
ness, maturity,  full  development. 

mature,  -are,  -avi, -atus  [maturus], 
ripen;  hasten,  quicken,  hurry. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  ripe,  mature  ;  sea- 
sonable, fit,  proper  ;  early,  speedy. 

maxime  [maximus],  adv.,  very 
greatly  ;  especially,  particularly. 

maximus,  sup.  of  magnus. 

Maximus,  -I,  m.,  Maximus,  a  family 
name  :  Q.  fain  us  Maximus  Ciinc- 
tator  ;  see  notes  on  p.  142, 1.  2,  and 
p.  1 60,  1.  12. 

Medea,  -ae,  f.,  Medea,  daughter  of 
Aeetes,  king  of  Colchis;  see  note 
on  p.  132,  1.  7. 

medeor,  -eri,  heal,  remedy,  alleviate. 

medicma,  -ae  [medicus,  healing'],  f., 
m e did ne,  remedy  ;  relief ;  medi- 
cinam  adferre,  apply  a  remedy. 


VOCABULARY 


47 i 


mediocris,  -e  [medius],  medium, 
moderate,  ordinary  ;  mediocre,  in- 
considerable, insignificant. 

mediocriter  [mediocris],  adv.,  mod- 
erately, slightly,  somewhat. 

meditatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  medi- 
tor],  practised. 

meditor,  -an,  -atus,  reflect  upon, 
meditate,  think  of. 

medius,  -a.  -um,  middle,  in  the  mid- 
dle, in  the  midst  of  ;  between,  among. 

melior,  comp.  of  bonus. 

membrum,  -i,  n.,  limb,  member  ; 
part. 

memim,  meminisse  (only  perf.  sys- 
tem) [mens],  remember,  keep  in 
mind;  make  mention  of. 

Memmius,  -i,  m.,  Memmius,  a  gen- 
tile name:  C.  Memmius ;  see  note 
on  p.  112,  1.  23. 

memor,  -oris,  adj.,  mindful,  remem- 
bering. 

memoria,  -ae  [memor],  f.,  memory, 
recollection,  remembrance;  tradi- 
tion ;  memoriae  proditum, 
handed  down  by  tradition;  me- 
moria tenere,  remember;  post 
hominum  memoriam,  within  the 
memory  of  man. 

mendacium,  -i  [mendax,  lying],  n., 
lie,  falsehood. 

mendlcitas,  -atis  [mendlcus,  needy], 
f.,  beggary,  indigence,  poverty. 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind,  intellect; 
disposition  ;  purpose,  plan,  design, 
scheme ;  mente  captus,  deprived 
of  reason. 

mensis,  -is  [metior,  measure],  m., 
month. 

mentio,  -onis  [mens],  f.,  mentioning, 
mention,  record. 

mentior,  -m,  -Itus  [mens],  invent, 

assert  falsely,  lie. 

mercator,  -oris  [mercor,  trade], 
trader,  merchant. 


mercennarius,  -a,  -um  [merces], 
hired,  paid,  mercenary. 

merces,  -edis  [merx],  f.,  hire,  pay, 
wages;  reward. 

mereor,  -eri,  -itus,  deserve,  merit, 
be  worthy  of;  gain,  earn,  obtain. 

merito  [meritum],  adv.,  deservedly, 
justly. 

meritum,  -i  [part,  of  mereo,  de- 
serve], n.,  service,  favor,  kind- 
ness; merit,  desert. 

meritus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  mereo, 
deserve],  deserved,  due,  just. 

merx,  mercis  [mereS,  deserve],  f., 
goods,  wares,  merchandise. 

-met,  an  emphatic  suffix  attached  to 
personal  pronouns,  self. 

metator,  -oris  [metor,  measure  off], 
m.,  one  who  measures  off,  sur- 
veyor. 

Metellus,  -i,  m.,  Metellus,  a  family 
name;  see  Caecilius. 

metuo,  -ere,  -ui  [metus],  fear,  be 
afraid  of,  dread ;  be  apprehen- 
sive. 

metus,  -us,  m.,  fear,  dread,  appre- 
hension. 

meus,  -a,  -um  [mel],  of  me,  my, 
mine,  of  mine,  my  own. 

miles,  militis  [mllle],  m.,  soldier; 
soldiery ;  tribunus  militum, 
military  tribune. 

miliens  [mllle],  adv.,  a  thousand 
times. 

militaris,  -e  [miles],  of  a  soldier, 
military;  res  militaris,  art  of 
war. 

militia,  -ae  [miles],  f.,  military  ser- 
vice, war. 

mille,  sing,  indecl.  adj.,  a  thousand; 
as  subst.,  milia,  -ium,  n.  pi., 
thousands. 

Milo,  -onis,  m.,  Milo,  a  surname; 
see  Annius. 

minae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  tfireats,  menaces. 


472 


VOCABULARY 


minime  [minimus],  adv.,  least,  least 
of  all,  very  little  ;  not  at  all,  by  no 
means. 

minimus,  sup.  of  parvus. 

minitor,  -ari,  -atus  [freq.  of  minor], 
make  threats,  threaten,  menace, 

minor,  -ari,  -atus  [minae],  threaten, 
menace. 

minor,  comp.  of  parvus. 

Minturnae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  Minturnae, 
a  town  of  Latium. 

Minucius,  -I,  m.,  Minuchis,  one  of 
Catiline's  associates ;  see  p.  85, 1. 1 5. 

minuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus  [minor],  les- 
sen, diminish,  reduce  ;  weaken. 

minus  [minor],  adv.,  less,  too  little, 
not  very  ;  by  no  means,  not  at  all ; 
nihilS  minus,  none  the  less,  never- 
theless, notwithstanding. 

mirifice  [mlrificus],  adv.,  wonder- 
fully, extraordinarily,  exceedingly, 
to  a  remarkable  degree. 

mlrificus,  -a,  -um  [mlrus  +  facio], 
wonderful,  marvelous,  extraordi- 
nary. 

miror,  -ari,  -atus  [mlrus],  -wonder, 
be  astonished,  be  surprised ;  won- 
der at,  admire. 

minis,  -a,  -um,  wonderful,  marvel- 
ous, remarkable,  strange. 

misceo,  miscere,  miscui,  mixtus, 
mix,  mingle;  throiu  into  confu- 
sion, disturb,  excite  ;  concoct. 

misellus,  -a,  -um  [dim.  of  miser], 
poor,  wretched,  miserable. 

MIsenum,  -i,  n.,  Afiseniim,  a  town 
and  promontory  in  Campania. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  wretched,  unfor- 
tunate, miserable,  unhappy  ;  poor, 
worthless. 

miserabilis,  -e  [miseror],  pitiable, 
wretched,  deplorable. 

miserandus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  mi- 
seror], lamentable,  pitiable,  deplor- 
able. 


miseret,  miserere,  raise  ruit  [miser], 
it  excites  pity,  it  distresses. 

miseria,  -ae  [miser],  f.,  wretched- 
ness, misfortune,  misery,  suffer- 
ing. 

misericordia,  -ae  [misericors],  f., 
pity,  compassion,  mercy,  clemency. 

misericors  [misereor,.  pity  +  cor, 
heart},  adj.,  tender-hearted',  com- 
passionate, pitiful,  merciful,  sym- 
pathetic. 

miseror,  -ari,  -atus  [miser],  lament, 
bewail,  deplore  ;  pity. 

Mithridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithridates ; 
see  Introd.,  pp.  28—32. 

Mithridaticus,  -a,  -um  [Mithrida- 
tes], Mithridatic,  of  Mithridates. 

mitis,  -e,  tnildt  gentle,  kind,  kind- 
hearted. 

mitto,  mittere,  misi,  missus,  send, 
despatch;  let  go,  release,  dismiss; 
discharge,  shoot;  manu  mittere, 
set  free,  emancipate. 

mixtus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  misceo], 
mixed,  confused,  heterogeneous. 

moderate  [moderatus],  adv.,  mod- 
erately, with  moderation. 

moderatio,  -onis  [moderor],  f.,  con- 
trol, regulation  ;  moderation,  self- 
control. 

moderatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  mode- 
ror], self-controled,  moderate. 

moderor,  -ari,  -atus  [modus],  re- 
strain, govern,  regulate. 

modeste  [modest  us],  adv.,  with 
moderation,  moderately,  quietly. 

modestia,  -ae  [modestus],  f.,  mod- 
eration, modesty  :  self-control. 

modestus,  -a,  -um  [modus],  moder- 
ate, modest;  law-abiding,  honest. 

modo  [modus],  adv.,  only,  merely: 
but  lately,  just  now  :  if  only,  pro- 
vided;  dum  modo,  if  only; 
provided ;  tantum  modo,  only, 
merely. 


VOCABULARY 


473 


modus,  -I,  m.,  measure,  extent,  limit; 
moderation;  kind,  character, style  ; 
eius  modi  or  huius  modi,  of  this 
kind,  of  such  a  kind ;  nullo  modo, 
in  no  way,  by  no  means;  quern 
ad  modum,  how  ?  as. 
moenia,  -ium,  n.  pi.,  ramparts,  city 

-.•alls,  walls. 
moles,  -is,  f.,  mass  ;  weight,  burden, 

load ;  structure. 

moleste     [molestus],     adv.,     -with 
trouble,  with   difficulty;    moleste 
ferre,  be  annoyed. 
molestia,  -ae  [molestus],  f.,  trouble, 

difficulty,  annoyance. 
molestus,  -a,  -um  [mSles],  trouble- 
some, difficult,  annoying,  disagree- 
able. 

molior,  -iri,  -itus  [moles],  endeavor, 
exert  oneself,  labor,  attempt ;  plot, 
plan,  contrive. 
mollis,  -e,  pliant,  tender,  soft ;  weak, 

ch  a  ngea  ble,  fickle. 

moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  remind,  ad- 
monish, advise,  caution,  -warn. 
monitum,  -I  [part,  of  moneo],  n., 
admonition,  counsel,  advice,  warn- 
ing. 

mons.  mentis,  m.,  mountain. 
monstrum,  -I  [moneo],  n.,  warning, 
omen,  portent ;  monster,  prodigy. 
monumentum,  -I  [moneo],  n.,  re- 
minder, record ;  memorial,  monu- 
ment:  tomb,  sepulcher. 
mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay,  hesitation  ;  hin- 
drance, obstacle. 
moratus,  -a,  -um  [mos],  mannered : 

regulated,  governed. 
morbus,  -I    [morior],   m.,   sickness, 

disease. 
morior,   mori,   mortuus,   fut.   part. 

moriturus,  die,  pass  away. 
mors,    mortis   [morior],    f.,    death  ; 
dead  body,  corpse  ;  mortem  oblre 
or  oppetere,  meet  death,  die. 


mortalis,    -e    [mors],    mortal;    as 

subst.,   m.   and   f.,   man,   human 

being. 
mortuus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  morior], 

dead;    as    subst.,   m.,  dead  body, 

corpse. 
mos,    m5ris,   m.,   manner,  custom, 

habit,   practice,   way;    pi.,    often 

character,  morals. 
motus,  -us    [moveo],  m.,  motion; 

movement,   activity,    disturbance ; 

commotion,  rebellion. 
moveo,  movere,  movi,  motus,  move; 

drive  away  ;  affect,  influence  ;  dis- 
turb, excite. 
mucro,  -onis,  m.,  sharp  point,  edge; 

sword. 
muled,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  beat;  hurt, 

injure. 
muliebris,  -e  [mulier],  of  a  woman, 

of  women;  womanish,  effeminate. 
mulier,  -eris,  f.,  woman. 
muliercula,  -ae  [dim.  of  mulier],  f., 

little   woman,  poor  or  defenseless 

woman. 

multa,  -ae,  f.,  money  penalty,  fine. 
multitude,  -inis  [multus],  f.,  mul- 
titude,     crowd,      throng,      great 

number. 
multo  [multus],  adv.,   by  much,  by 

far,  greatly;  multo  ante,  long  ago. 
multo,   -are;   -avi,  -atus    [multa], 

punish  by  fine  ;  punish. 
multum  [multus],  adv.,  much,  very 

much;  often, frequently. 
multus.  -a,  -um,  much,  great ;  pi., 

many. 
Mulvius,  -a,  -um,  Mulvian ;  pons 

Mulvius,  the  Muk'ian  Bridge,  see 

note  on  p.,99, 1.  5. 
municeps,  -cipis  [munia,  duties  + 

capi5],  m.,  inhabitant  of  a  fret 

town,  burgher,  citizen. 
municipium,  -i  [municeps],  n.,  free 

town,  municipality. 


474 


VOCABULARY 


munio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itus  [moenia], 
wall,  fortify  ;  defend,  protect. 

munus,  -eris,  n.,  service,  duty,  office  ; 
privilege ;  gift,  boon,  meed,  re- 
ward; public  building;  public 
show  (of  gladiators). 

Murena.  -ae,  m.,  Murena,  a  family 
name;  see  Licinius. 

murus,  -i,  m.,  wall,  city  wall. 

Musa,  -ae  [MoD<ra],  f.,  Muse,  one 
of  the  nine  Muses,  goddesses  of 
poetry,  music,  and  all  liberal  arts. 

mutatio,  -onis  [muto],  f.,  change, 
exchange. 

Mutina,  -ae,  f.,  Mutina,  a  city  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  modern  Mo- 
dena. 

muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
moveo],  alter,  change,  exchange. 

mutus,  -a,  -um,  dumb,  mute,  speech- 
less ;  silent,  still. 

Mytilenaeus,  -a,  -um,  Mytilenaean, 
of  Mytilene,  a  city  on  the  island 
of  Lesbos. 

N 

nam,  conj.,  for. 

nanciscor,  nanciscT,  nactus  or 
nanctus,  get,  obtain;  meet  with, 
find. 

nascor,  nasci,  natus,  be  born;  spring 
forth,  arise,  be  produced. 

Nasica,  -ae,  m.,  Nasica,  a  family 
name;  see  Cornelius. 

natio,  -onis  [nascor],  f.,  race,  tribe, 
nation,  people. 

natura,  -ae  [nascor],  f.,  birth;  na- 
ture, disposition,  character. 

natus,  -us  [nascor],  m.,  birth; 
maior  natu,  older,  elder. 

natus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  nascor], 
born ;  destined,  naturally  adapted. 

naufragium,  -i  [naufragus],  n., 
shipwreck,  wreck;  ruin,  destruc- 
tion. 

naufragus,  -a,  -um  [navis  +  frango], 


shipwrecked,  wrecked ;  ruined; 
as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  shipwrecked  men, 
ruined  men,  outcasts. 

nauta,  -ae  [for  navita  from  navis], 
m.,  sailor. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um  [nauta],  of  sail- 
ors, of  ships,  nautical,  naval. 

navalis,  -e  [navis],  of  ships,  nau- 
tical, naval. 

navicularius  [navicula,  small  boat], 
m.,  boat-owner,  shipmaster. 

navigatio,  -onis  [navigo],  f.,  sail- 
ing, navigation,  voyage. 

navigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [navis  -f- 
ago],  sail,  cruise  ;  proceed. 

navis,  -is,  f.,  ship,  boat. 

ne,  adv.,  verily,  indeed,  truly, 

ne,  (i)  adv.,  not;  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
not  even;  (2)  conj., .that  not,  in 
order  that  not,  lest,  for  fear  that. 

-ne,  enclitic,  (i)  adv.,  added  in  a 
direct  question  to  the  first  or  prin- 
cipal word  in  the  clause,  and  un- 
translatable; (2)  conj.,  in  an 
indirect  question,  whef}ier, 

ne-,  inseparable  prefix,  not,  un-,  in-. 

Neapolitanus,  -a,  -um,  Neapolitan, 
of  Neapolis,  the  principal  city  of 
Campania;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the 
Neapolitans. 

nec,  see  neque. 

necessario  [necessarius],  adv.,  nec- 
essarily, inevitably,  unavoidably. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um  [necessc],  nec- 
essary, unavoidable ;  as  subst.,  m. 
and  f.,  dose  or  intimate  friend ; 
connection. 

necesse,  indecl.  adj.,  necessary,  una- 
voidable, inevitable. 

necessitas,  -atis  [necesse].  f.,  neces- 
sity, unavoidableness,  inmitable- 
ness ;  compulsion,  exigency. 

necessitudo,  -inis  [necesse],  f.,  ne- 
cessity ;  close  connection,  close  rela- 
tionship, intimacy. 


VOCABULARY 


475 


necne  [nee  +  -ne],  conj.,  or  not  (in 
indirect  double  questions). 

neco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nex],  kill, 
slay,  put  to  death. 

nsfandus,  -a,  -urn  [ne-  +  for,  say'], 
unspeakable,  heinous,  execrable. 

nefarie  [nefarius],  adv.,  abomina- 
bly, nefariously,  execrably. 

nefarius,  -a,  -um  [nefasj,  abomina- 
ble, nefarious,  heinous,  -wicked. 

nefas  [ne-  -f  fas],  indecl.,  n.,  impiety, 
sacrilege,  sin,  crime. 

neglegenter  [neglegens,  careless"], 
adv.,  carelessly,  negligently. 

neglegentia,  -ae  [neglegens,  care- 
less] ,  f.,  carelessness,  negligence. 

neglego,  -legere,  -lexi,  -lectus  [nee 
+  lego],  neglect,  disregard,  over- 
look ;  l>e  indifferent  to. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  deny,  say  no, 
refuse;  say  .  .  .  not. 

negotior,  -an,  -atus  [negStium], 
carrv  on  business,  be  engaged  in 
business. 

negotium,  -I  [nee  +  otium],  n., 
business,  occupation,  undertaking  ; 
difficulty,  trouble;  matter,  thing, 
affair. 

nemo,  -inis  [ne-  +  homo],  m.  and 
f.,  no  man,  no  one,  nobody :  iam 
nemo,  at  last  no  one,  now  finally 
no  one ;  non  nemo,  many  a  one, 
some. 

nempe  [nam],  adv.,  indeed,  cer- 
tainly, forsooth,  to  be  sure,  doubt- 
less. 

nemus,     -oris,     n.,     sacred   grme, 

Sr 
nepos,  -otis,  m.,  grandson  ;  prodigal, 

spendthrift. 
nequam,  indecl.  adj.,  -worthless,  vile, 

bad. 
nequaquam  [ne  +  quisquam],  adv., 

in  ;/:'  wise,   by   no  means,  in   no 

manner,  not  at  all. 


neque  or  nee  [ne-  +  -que],  conj., 
and  not,  neither,  nor  ;  neque  .  .  . 
neque,  neither  .  .  .  nor;  neque 
.  .  .  non,  and  assuredly,  and 
besides. 

nequior,  comp.  of  nequam. 

nequissimus,  sup.  of  nequam. 

nequitia,  -ae  [nequam],  f.,  worth- 
lessness,  shifllessness,  badness. 

nervus,  -l,  m.,  sinew;  strength. 

nescio,  -ire,  -fvi  [ne-  +  sci5],  not 
know,  be  ignorant  of,  be  una- 
ware of;  nescio  an,  /  know  not 
wheffter,  I  am  inclined  to  think, 
perhaps,  probably. 

neve  or  neu  [ne  +  -ve],  conj.,  and 
that  not,  and  lest,  and  not,  nor. 

nex,  necis,  f.,  -violent  death,  death, 
murder. 

nihil  [nihilum],  indecl.,  n.,  nothing, 
naught ;  not  at  all,  in  no  respect ; 
nihil  aliud,  nothing  else. 

nihildum  [nihil  +  dum],  indecl.,  n., 
nolhing  as  yet. 

nihilo  [nihilum],  adv.,  not  at  all,  no; 
nihilo  minus,  none  the  less,  never- 
theless, not-withstanding. 

nihilum,  -i,  n.,  nothing,  none. 

Nflus,  -I,  m.,  the  Xile,  a  large  river 
in  Egypt. 

nimirum  [ni,  not  +  mirus],  adv., 
without  doubt,  doubtless,  unques- 
tionably, certainly. 

nimis,  adv.,  too  much,  too,  excessively. 

nimium  [nimius],  adv.,  too  much, 
too. 

nimius,  -a,  -um  [nimis],  too  much, 
excessive,  too  great,  beyond  measure. 

nisi  [ne-  +  si],  conj.,  if  not,  unless, 
except;  nisi  forte  or  nisi  vero, 
unless  indeed,  unless  perhaps; 
nisi  si,  unless. 

niteo,  -ere,  -ui,  shine,  glitter,  glisten. 

nitidus,  -a,  -um  [niteS],  shining, 
glistening,  sleek. 


VOCABULARY 


nitor,  niti,  nixus  or  nisus,  strive, 
struggle ;  rely,  depend, 

nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow, 

nobilis,  -e  [nosco],  well-known,  fa- 
mous, celebrated,  renowned;  of 
noble  birth,  high-born,  noble. 

nobilitas,  -atis  [nobilis],  f.,  fame, 
renown,  celebrity;  noble  origin, 
nobility,  aristocracy. 

nocens,  -entis  [part,  of  noceo],adj., 
harmful ;  guilty,  culpable. 

noceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  harm,  in- 
flict injury,  hurt. 

noctu  [nox],  adv.,  at  night,  during 
the  night. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -um  [nox],  noctur- 
nal, by  night,  at  night. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui  [ne-  -f  \o\o~],  wish 
not,  be  unwilling. 

nomen,  -inis  [nosco],  n.,  name, 
term,  title;  fame,  renown;  pre- 
text, pretense. 

nominatim  [nomen],  adv.,  byname, 
definitely,  especially. 

nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nomen], 
name,  call ;  mention  by  name. 

non,  adv.,  not,  not  at  all,  by  no 
means,  no ;  neque  .  .  .  non,  and 
assuredly,  and  besides  ;  non  nemo, 
many  a  one,  some ;  non  nullus, 
some  ;  non  numquam,  sometimes. 

Non.,  the  abbreviation  for  Nonae. 

Nonae,  -arum  [n5nus],  f.  pi.,  the 
Nones,  the  ninth  day  before  the 
Ides  ;  the  seventh  of  March,  May, 
July,  and  October,  and  the  fifth 
of  the  other  months. 

nondum  [non  +  dum],  adv.,  not 
yet. 

nonne  [non  +  -ne],  interrog.  adv., 
not?  in  an  indirect  question,  if 
not,  whether  not. 

n5nus,  -a,  -um  [for  novenus  from 
novem],  ninth. 

nos,  pi.  of  ego. 


nosco,  nSscere,  novi,  notus,  learn, 
find  out,  ascertain,  become  ac- 
quainted -with  ;  in  perfect  system, 
know,  be  acquainted  with. 

nosmet,  see  -met. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum'[nos],  our,  ours, 
of  us,  our  own. 

nota,  -ae,  f.,  mark,  sign;  mark  of 
ignominy,  disgrace. 

noto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nota],  mark, 
designate,  point  out ;  brand,  cen- 
sure, disapprove  of. 

notus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  nosco], 
known,  well-known,  familiar. 

novem,  indecl.  adj.,  nine. 

November,  -bris,  -bre  [novem],  of 
November. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  new,  recent ;  novel, 
unheard-of,  strange,  unprece- 
dented; res  novae,  revolution; 
tabulae  novae,  new  accounts,  can- 
cellation or  reduction  of  debts. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 

nudius  [for  nunc  dies],  used  only 
with  an  ordinal  numeral ;  nudius 
tertius,  now  the  third  day,  i.e. 
day  before  yesterday. 

nudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nfulus],  bare, 
strip  ;  rob,  despoil. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  naked,  bare,  stripped; 
despoiled,  destitute. 

nugae,  -arum,  f.  pi.,  trifles,  jests; 
jesters. 

nullus,  -a,  -um  [ne-  -1-  ullus],  not 
any,  none,  no  ;  nullo  modo,  ///  no 
way,  by  no  means ;  nullo  pacto, 
under  no  condition,  in  no  way; 
non  nullus,  some. 

num,  interrog.  adv.,  (l)  in  direct 
questions,  used  to  suggest  a  nega- 
tive answer  ;  (2)  in  indirect  ques- 
tions, whether,  if. 

Numantia,  -ae,  f.,  Numanlia,  a  city 
in  Spain;  see  p.  121,  1.  13. 

numen,  -inis  [-nuo,  nod},  n.,  nod, 


VOCABULARY 


477 


will ;   divine  will,  divine  power  ; 

divinity,  god, 
numerus,   -I,    m.,    number ;    rank, 

position,  class. 
Numidicus,  -a,  -um,  Xumidian,  of 

Xumidia,  a  country  of  northern 

Africa  ;     as    subst.,     Nttmulicus, 

a  surname,  see  Caecilius. 
numquam    [ne-  +  umquam],    adv., 

never,  at  no  time  ;  non  numquam, 

sometimes. 
nunc,  adv.,  now,  at  present,  as  it  is, 

under  these  circumstances  ;  etiam 

nunc,  eren  now,  still;  nunc  iam, 

iic-w  at  last,  now. 
nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nuntius], 

announce,  report,  make  known. 
nuntius,  -I  [novus],  m.,  messenger  ; 

message,  news. 
nuper  [novus],  adv.,  newly,  lately, 

recently,  but  the  other  day. 
nuptiae,    -arum     [nubo,    marry~], 

f.  pi.,  marriage,  nuptials. 
nutus,    -us    [-nuo,  nod],   m.,  nod ; 

command,  will,  pleasure. 
nympha,  -ae  [prf/x^],  f.,  nymph; 

aedes  Nympharum,  see  note  on 

p.  190,  1.  16. 


0,  interj.,  O  !  oh  ! 

ob,  prep.  w.  ace.,  to,  toward,  against; 

on  account  of,  by  reason  of,  for ; 

quam  ob  rem,  therefore?  why? 

therefore. 
obduresco,  -durescere.  -durui  [ob  + 

duresc5,  grow  hard],  become  har- 
dened, grow  insensible. 
obeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [ob  +  eo],  go 

to  meet,  reach,  approach  ;  attend  to, 

engage    in:     execute,    accomplish; 

mortem   obire,  meet   death,  die; 

res  obire,  transact  business. 
obicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [ob  + 

iacio],  throw  before,  throw  in  the 


way,  offer,  expose;  reproach  with, 
taunt  with. 

obiecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob  + 
lacto,  allure],  delight,  divert,  en- 
tertain, amuse. 

oblige,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob  +  ligo, 
l>imf\,  bind  up  ;  put  under  obliga- 
tions ;  pledge,  mortgage. 

oblino,  -linere,  -levi,  -litus  [ob  + 
lino,  smear],  smear  over,  besmear, 
cover. 

oblitus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  obllvlscor], 
forgetful,  unmindful. 

Oblivio,  -onis  [obllvlscor],  i.,  forget- 
ful'ness,  oblivion. 

obliviscor,  -livisci,  -litus,  forget, 
cease  to  think  of. 

obmutesco,  -mutescere,  -mutui  [ob 
-\-  mutesco,  grow  dumb],  become 
dumb,  be  mute,  be  silent. 

oboedio,  -ire,  -m,  -itus  [ob  +  au- 
dio], listen  to,  obey,  be  obedient  to. 

Oborior,  -orirl,  -ortus  [ob  -f  orior], 
arise,  appear,  dawn,  spring  up. 

obruo,  -mere,  -rui,  -rutus  [ob  + 
ruo],  overwhelm,  overtftrow,  bury, 
ruin,  destroy. 

obscure  [obscurus],  adv.,  darkly, 
obscurely  ;  secretly,  stealthily. 

obscuritas,  -aitis  [obscurus], f., dark- 
ness, obscurity  ;  uncertainty. 

obscure,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [obscurus], 
darken  ;  hide,  cover,  conceal. . 

Obscurus, -a,  -um,  dark,  obscure;  se- 
cret, disguised ;  Jntmble,  unknown. 

obsecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob  + 
sacro,  consecrate],  beseech,  entreat, 
beg,  supplicate. 

obsecundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob  + 
secundo,  favor],  comply  with, 
yield  to,  give  way  to,  fall  in 
with. 

observS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob  + 
servo],  watch,  guard,  keep,  main- 
tain. 


478 


VOCABULARY 


obses,  -idis  [ob  -f-  sedeo],m.  and  f., 

hostage  ;  pledge,  security, guaranty. 
obsideo,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [ob 

+  sedeo],  besiege,  beset ;  look  out 
for,  watch  for. 
obsidio,   -onis    [obsideo],   f.,  siege, 

blockade,   investment;    imminent 

danger,  extreme  peril. 
obsigno,  -are,  -avi,    -atus    [ob  + 

slgno,  mark~\ ,  seal,  seal  up;  sign  as 

witness,  witness. 
obsisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitus  [ob 

-(-  sisto],    stand   in    the  way   of, 

withstand,  resist,  oppose. 
obsolesc5,       -solescere,       -solevi, 

-soletus  [ob  +  soleS],  wear  out, 

grow     old,    become    old ;    become 

obsolete,  lose  force. 
Obsto,     -stare,    -stiti     [ob  +  sto], 

stand  against,   withstand,   resist; 

frustrate. 
obstrepo,    -strepere,   -strepui    [ob 

-f  strepS,   make   noise'},    make   a 

noise  against ;  drown. 
obstupefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 

[ob  +  stupefacio,  stun~\,   astonish, 

amaze,  stupefy. 
obstupesco,  -stupescere,  -stupui  [ob 

+  stupesco,   become   amazed~\,   be 

amazed,  be  astonished,  be  stupefied. 
obsum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus  [ob  + 

sum],  be  against,  hurt,   injure,  be 

in  the  way,  be  disadvantageous. 
obtempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob  + 

tempero],  comply  with,  obey,  sub- 
mit, yield. 
Obtestor,  -an,  -atus  [ob  -f  test  or], 

call  as  witness,  beseech,  implore. 
Obtineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus  [ob 

+  teneo],  hold,  possess,  keep;  ob- 
tain :  maintain,  assert,  prove. 
obtingo,  -tingere,  -tigi  [ob  +  tan- 

gb~\,fall  to  the  lot  of,  occur,  befall, 

happen. 
obtrecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus    [ob  + 


tracto],  disparage,  belittle,  decry; 

oppose. 
Obviam    [ob  +  via],    adv.,    in    the 

way  of,  to  meet;    obviam  fieri, 

meet. 
obvius,  -a,   -um   [obviam],  in   the 

way,  to  meet ;  obvius  esse,  meet 
occasio,  -onis  [occido],  f.,  oppC'i-in 

nity,    chance,  favorable    women:, 

occasion. 
occasus,  -us   [occido],  ni.,  fa  I/ ing, 

setting   (of    the    sun) ;     downfall, 

ruin,  destruction,  end. 
occidens,  -entis   [part,  of  occido], 

m.,  setting  sun,  icest. 
OCCidio,  -6nis  [occido],  f.,  utter  de- 
struction, massacre. 
occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -casus  [ob  + 

cado],  fall  down,  fall ;    die,    be 

slain,  perish. 
occido,  -cidere,  -cidi,  -cisus  [ob  + 

caedS],    cut   down,   strike    down, 

kill,  slay. 
occludo,    -cludere,    -clusi,    -clusus 

[ob  +  claudo],  shut  up,  close. 
occultator, -oris  [occulto],  \\\.,hider, 

concealer,  harborer. . 
occulte     [occultus],    adv.,    secretly, 

privately. 
occulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 

occulo,    cover},   hide,  conceal,   se- 
crete. 
OCCultus,  -a,  -um   [part,  of  occulo, 

cover],  hidden,  concealed,  secret. 
occupatio,  -onis  [occupo],  f.,  seizure, 

occupying  ;  business,  occupation. 
occupatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  occupo]. 

occupied,  employed. 
occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob  +  ca- 

pio],  seize,  occupy,  take  possession 

of;  invest. 
occurrS,  -currere,  -curri,  -cursus  [ob 

+  curro],    run     to    meet,     meet; 

attack;    withstand,  resist;    occur, 

suggest  itself. 


VOCABULARY 


479 


occursatio,  -onis  [occurso,  run  to 
meef\,  f.,  attention,  greeting. 

Oceanus,  -I  ['S^Keaws],  m.,  great 
sea,  ocean ;  the  Atlantic ;  Ocean! 
ostium,  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Ocriculanus,  -a,  -um,  Ocriculan,  of 
Ocricitlunt,  a  town  in  I'mbria. 

Octavianus,  -a,  -um  [Octavius],  Oc- 
tavian,  oj  Oclai 'ins. 

Octavius,  -I,  m.,  Octavius,  a  gentile 
name:  Cn.  Octavius  ;  see  note  on 
p.  108,  1.  23. 

OCtO,  imlecl.  adj.,  eight. 

OctSber,  -bris,  -bre  [octo],  of  Octo- 
ber. 

oculus,  -I,  m.,  eye;  glance,  look. 

6di,  odisse,  osurus  (only  perf.  sys- 
tem), hate,  dislike,  detest. 

Odiosus,  -a,  -um  [odium],  hateful, 
disagreeable. 

Odium,  -1  [odi],  n.,  hatred,  enmity, 
dislike,  aversion,  detestation;  ob- 
ject of  haired. 

off  endo,  -f  endere,  -f  endi,  -fensus  [ob 
+  -fendd,  strike],  strike  against ; 
offend,  displease ;  take  offense  at. 

offensio,  -onis  [off endo],  f.,  displeas- 
ure, dislike,  offense;  accident, 
misfortune,  disaster,  defeat. 

offers,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatus  [ob 
+  fero],  offer,  present,  give;  ex- 
pose. 

officiosus,  -a,  -um  [officium],  ser- 
viceable ;  dutiful,  conscientious, 
faithful. 

officium,  -I  [for  opificium  from 
ops  +  facio],  n.,  service,  kind- 
ness, favor :  obligation,  duty  ; 
office,  function. 

offundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus  [ob 
+  fundo],  pour  out,  pour  over ; 
cover,  fill. 

Slim,  adv.,  once  upon  a  time,  once, 
formerly,  of  old,  long  ago  ;  here- 
after. 


omen,  ominis,  n.,  foreboding,  sign, 
omen,  token. 

omitto.  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus  [ob 
+  mitto],  let  go ;  lay  aside,  pass 
over,  not  mention,  say  nothing  of; 
disregard,  neglect. 

omnind  [omnis],  adv.,  altogether, 
'wholly,  entirely ;  on  the  whole, 
only,  at  ail,  anyway. 

omnis,  -e,  all,  every,  every  kind  of, 
entire. 

onus>-eris,  n.,load,  burden  ;  freight, 
cargo  ;  trouble,  difficulty. 

opera,  -ae  [opus],  f.,  work,  service, 
aid,  toil ;  care,  pains ;  operae 
pretium  est,  it  is  worth  while; 
operam  dare,  take  care,  exert  one- 
self, try. 

Opimius,  -I,  m.,  Ofimius,  a  gentile 
name:  Z.  Opimius;  see  note  on 
p.  70, 1.  3. 

opimus,  -a,  -um,  fat ;  rich,  fertile, 
productive. 

Opmi5,  -onis  [oplnor],  f.,  opinion, 
idea,  thought,  belief,  expectation, 
apprehension  ;  esteem,  reputation. 

opinor,  -ari,  -atus,  be  of  an  opinion, 
suppose,  think,  believe,  imagine. 

opitulor,  -ari,  -atus  [ops  +  fero], 
bring  help,  aid,  assist. 

oportet,  oportere,  oportuit,  it  is 
necessary,  it  is  proper,  it  behooves ; 
ought,  should. 

oppeto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus  [ob  + 
peto],  go  to  meet,  meet,  encoun- 
ter ;  mortem  oppetere,  meet  death, 
die. 

oppido,  adv.,  very. 

oppidum,  -I,  n.,  town,  city. 

oppono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[ob  +  pono],  place  against ;  op- 
pose, contrast. 

opportunitas,  -atis  [opportunus],f., 
fitness,  suitableness ;  opportunity, 
occasion  ;  advantage. 


480 


VOCABULARY 


opportunus,  -a,  -um,  //,  suitable; 
timely,  opportune;  advantageous. 

oppositus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  op- 
pono],  opposed,  hostile. 

oppositus,  -us  [oppono],  m.,  plac- 
ing against,  opposition,  protection, 
intervention. 

opprimS,  -primere,  -pressi, 
-pressus  [ob  +  prem5],  press 
against,  check;  weigh  doivn;  over- 
throw, overwhelm,  subdue  ;  sink. 

oppugnatio,  -onis  [oppugno],  f., 
storming,  assault,  siege,  attack. 

oppugno,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [ob  + 
pugno],  fight  against,  storm,  be- 
siege, attack. 

(ops),  opis,  f.,  aid,  help,  assistance, 
succor;  pi.,  -wealth,  resources; 
power,  means. 

optabilis,   -e    [opto],   to  be  wished 

•     for,  desirable. 

optatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  opto], 
desired,  longed  for,  welcome. 

optimas,  -atis  [optimus],  adj.,  of  the 
best,  of  the  noblest ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi., 
the  opti mates,  adherents  of  the  aris- 
tocratic party,  see  Introd.,  p.  62. 

optime,  sup.  of  bene. 

optimus,  sup.  of  bonus. 

opto,  -are,  -avl,  -atus,  wish,  desire, 
pray  for,  long  for. 

Opus,  -eris,  n.,  work,  labor ;  struc- 
ture, fortification ;  need,  neces- 
sity ;  magn5  opere,  with  all  one's 
might,  greatly,  heartily;  quanto 
Opere,  how  much,  how  greatly; 
tanto  opere,  so  much,  so  greatly. 

ora,  -ae,  f.,  border,  boundary,  limit ; 
coast,  shore. 

oratio,  -onis  [oro],  f.,  speech,  dis- 
course, words,  language  ;  address, 
oration,  argument,  pleading;  sub- 
ject, theme;  eloquence. 

orator,  -oris  [oro],  m.,  speaker,  ora- 
tor. 


orbis,  -is,  m.,  ring,  circle;  orbis 
terrae  or  terrarum,  earth, 
world. 

ordior,  ordiri,  orsus,  begin,  com- 
mence, start. 

ordo,  -inis,  m.,  rcnv ,  series,  order  ; 
rank,  class  ;  array,  arrangement. 

oriens,  -entis  [part,  of  orior],  m., 
rising  sun,  east. 

orior,  oriri,  ortus,  rise,  spring  up  ; 
be  born,  be  descended. 

ornamentum,  -i  [f>rnf>],  n.,  equip- 
ment, supply ;  embellishment,  or- 
nament, distinction,  honor,  pride. 

ornate  [Srnatus],  adv.,  elegantly, 
ornately. 

ornatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  Orno], 
fitted,  fitted  out,  provided,  supplied, 
abundantly  furnished ;  honorable  ; 
illustrious,  esteemed,  eminent. 

orno,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,   fit    out, 

furnish,  provide,  equip ;  adorn, 
decorate;  honor,  extol,  glorify. 

oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [6s],  argue, 
plead ;  pray,  beseech,  entreat,  im- 
plore. 

Orpheus,  -i,  m.,  Orpheus ;  see  note 
on  p.  247,  1.  14. 

Ortus,  -US  [orior],  m.,  rising,  begin- 
ning. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth;  face,  counte- 
nance; expression. 

oscitans,  -antis  [part,  of  oscito, 
ya~sn~\,  adj.,  drowsy. 

ostendo,  -tendere,  -tendi,  -tentus 
[obs-  =  ob  +  tendo],  stretch  out ; 
show,  manifest,  declare,  make 
known,  indicate,  exhibit,  display ; 
pass.,  show  itself,  appear. 

ostento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [frcq.  of 

_  ostendo],  show,  exhibit,  dhplav. 

Ostiensis,  -e,  of  Ostia,  at  Ostia,  the 
port  of  Rome,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Tiber. 

ostium,  -I    [5s],  n.,  mouth;    door; 


VOCABULARY 


481 


entrance;  Ocean!  Sstium,  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

otiosus,  -a,  -um  [otium],  at  leisure, 
leisure,  unoccupied;  quiet,  >ieulral, 
indifferent,  peaceful. 

otium,  -I,  n.,  leisure,  inactivity, 
idleness  ;  rest,  quiet,  peace. 

0/5,  -are,  rejoice;  receive  an  ova- 
tion, triumph. 


P.,  the  abbreviation  for  Publius, 
Publius,  a  praenomen. 

pacatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  paco], 
subdued ;  peaceful,  tranquil. 

paciscor,  paclsci,  pactus  [pango, 
Jix~\ ,  agree  upon,  bargain,  arrange. 

paco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [p§ai\,  pacify, 
subdue,  overcome. 

Paconius,  -I,  in,,  Paconius,  a  gentile 
name :  J/.  Paconius,  a  Roman 
knight ;  see  p.  190,  1.  27. 

pactum,  -I  [part,  of  paciscor],  n., 
agreement,  bargain;  isto  pacto, 
in  that  fashion,  in  such  a  man- 
ner, to  such  a  degree ;  nescio  quo 
pacto,  /  know  not  how,  somehow 
or  other  ;  nullo  pacto,  under  no 
condition,  in  no  way. 

pactus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  paciscor], 
agreed,  fixed,  settled,  determined. 

paene,  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 

paenitet,  paenitere,  paenituit, 
it  makes  sorry,  it  causes  to  repent, 
one  regrets,  it  displeases,  it  vexes. 

paenula,  -ae,  f.,  traveling-cloak, 
mantle. 

paenulatus,  -a,  -um  [paenula], 
u'earing  a  traveling-cloak,  in 
tra  -  'eling-dress. 

palam,  adv.,  openly, publicly,  plainly. 

Palatium,  -i,  n.,  the  Palatine,  one  of 
the  seven  hills  of  Rome  ;  see  note 
on  p.  69,  1.  3. 
2  I 


Palladium,  -I  [IlaXXdSiov],  n.,  the 

Palladium,   an    image   of    Pallas 

Athene;     see    note    on    p.    176, 

1.  10. 
Pamphylia,  -ae,   f.,  Pamphylia,  a 

country  on  the  south  coast  of  Asia 

Minor. 
Pansa,   -ae,    m.,   Pansa,    a   family 

name :     C.    Vibius    Pansa ;    see 

Introd.,  pp.  39,  40. 
Papirius,  -I,  m.,  Papirius,  a  gentile 

name:     (l)    C.   Papirius    Carbo, 

see  note  on  p.  166,  1.  20  ;    (2)  C. 

Papirius  Carbo  Arvina,  see  note 

on  p.  154,  1.  2  ;    (3)  J/.  Papirius, 

see  note  on  p.   170,  1.  15. 
Papius,  -a,  -um,  Papian,  of  Papius; 

lex  Papia,  see  Introd.,  p.  33. 
par,  paris,    adj.,   equal,  same,  like, 

similar  ;  a  match  for,  as  good  as, 

adequate. 
paratus,   -a,   -um   [part,  of  paro], 

prepared,  ready,  equipped ;  skilled, 

experienced. 
parco,    parcere,    peperci,  parsus, 

spare,  treat  with  consideration. 
parens,  -entis  [part,  of  pariS],  m. 

and  L,  father,  mother,  parent. 
pareo,  -ere,  -ui,  appear,  be  plain,  be 

apparent;  obey,  submit. 
paries,  -etis,  m.,  -wall  (of  a  house). 
Parilia,  -ium,  n.  pi.,  the  Par  ilia;  see 

note  on  p.  208, 1.  26. 
pario,  parere,  peperi,  partus,  bring 

forth,     bear;     acquire,    proctire, 

gain,  -win. 
Parma,   -ae,   f.,   Parma,  a   city  in 

Cisalpine    Gaul ;     see    p.    206,   1. 

22. 
Parmensis,   -e    [Parma],  Par  man, 

of  Parma  ;   as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the 

inhabitants  of  Parma. 
par5,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,  prepare, 

make    ready,    provide,     arrange, 

plan. 


482 


VOCABULARY 


parricida,  -ae,  m.  and  f.,  one  who 
slays  his  father,  parricide  ;  mur- 
derer, assassin;  traitor. 

parricidium,  -i  [parricida],  n.,  mur- 
der of  one's  father,  parricide; 
murder ;  treason. 

pars,  partis,  f.,  part,  piece,  share ; 
faction,  party ;  direction,  region; 
duty,  office;  pi.,  faction,  party; 
aliqua  ex  parte,  in  some  measure  ; 
in  bonam  partem,  in  good  part, 
kindly ;  in  earn  partem,  in  (hat 
direction,  to  the  determination. 

particeps, -cipis  [pars  +  capiS],  adj., 
partaking  in,  sharing  in,  privy  to  ; 
as  subst.,  m.,  participant,  sharer, 
associate. 

partim  [pars],  adv.,  partly,  in  part; 
partim  .  .  .  partim,  partly  .  .  . 
partly,  some  .  .  .  others. 

partior,  -Iri,  -itus  [pars],  share,  dis- 
tribute, divide,  apportion. 

parum  [parvus],  adv.,  too  little,  not 
enough,  not  sufficiently,  not  much, 
not  very. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um  [dim.  of  parvus], 
very  small,  very  little. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  little,  small,  insig- 
nificant, trifling ;  parvi  refer t,  it 
makes  little  difference. 

pasco,  pascere,  pavi,  pastus,  _/£«// 
foster,  cause  to  thrive. 

passus,  -us  [pando,  stretch"],  m., 
step,  pace. 

pastio,  -onis  [pasco],  f.,  pasturing, 
pasture,  pasturage. 

pastor,  -oris  [pasco],  m.,  herdsman, 
shepherd. 

patefacio,  -facere,  -feel,  -factus 
[pateo  -f-  facio],  lay  open,  open 
up;  disclose,  bring  to  light. 

pateo,  -ere,  -Ul,  stand  open,  lie  open, 
be  open ;  extend,  reach  ;  be  evi- 
dent, be  known. 

pater,   -tris,  m.,  fattier ;  pi.,  often 


ancestors;  pater  familias,  father 
of  a  family,  head  of  a  house- 
hold;  patres  conscript!,  conscript 
fathers,  senators,  see  Introd.,  p.  52. 

paternus,  -a,  -um  [pater],  of  a 
father,  fatherly,  paternal. 

patiens,  -entis  [part,  of  patior], 
adj.,  patient,  long-suffering. 

patientia, -ae  [patiens],  L,  patient  t, 
endurance,  forbearance. 

Patina,  -ae,  m.,  Patina,  a  family 
name :  T.  Patina,  a  friend  of 
Clodius;  see  p.  181,  1.  I. 

patior,  pati,  passus,  bear,  suffer, 
endure,  put  up  with,  allow,  per- 
mit, tolerate. 

patria,  -ae  [patrius],  f.,  fatherland, 
native  country;  amans  patriae, 
patriotic. 

patricius, -a,  -um  [pater],  of  sena- 
torial rank,  noble,  patrician  ;  as 
subst.,  m.  pi.,  nobility,  patricians. 

patrimonium,  -i  [pater],  n.,  pater- 
nal estate,  inheritance',  patrimony. 

patrius,  -a,  -um  [pater],  of  a  father, 
fatherly,  paternal ;  ancestral. 

patronus,  -i  [pater],  m.,  protector, 
patron,  advocate. 

pauci,  -ae,  -a,  pi.  &d).,few,  a  few,  some 
few. 

paulisper  [paulus],  adv.,  for  a  little 
while,  for  a  short  time. 

paulo  [paulus,  little],  adv.,  by  a  little, 
a  little,  somewhat ;  paulo  ante,  a 
little  -while  ago. 

paulum  [paulus,  little},  adv.,  a  little, 
somewhat. 

Paulus,  -i,  m.,  Paulus,  a  family 
name;  see  Aemilius. 

pax,  pacis  [pango,  fix},  f.,  agree- 
ment, treaty;  peace;  permission. 

peccatum,  -i  [part,  of  pecco],  n., 
fault,  error,  mistake ;  sin,  offense. 

pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  err,  miss, 
mistake  ;  do  wrong,  sin. 


VOCABULARY 


483 


pecto,  pectere,  pexi,  pexus,  comb. 

pectus,  -oris,  n.,  breast ' ;  heart;  mind, 
UH  dersta  n  ding. 

pecuarius,  -a,  -um  [pecu,  cattle}, 
of  cattle;  as  subst.,  f.,  cattle- 
breeding,  stock-raising. 

pecunia.  -ae  [pecu,  cattle'},  {.,  wealth 
in  cattle  :  wealth,  riches  ;  money. 

pecus,  -udis,  f.,  domestic  animal, 
head  of  cattle,  beast,  brute. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre  [pes],  on  foot, 
pedestrian;  pedestres  copiae,  in- 
fantry. 

peior,  comp.  of  malus. 

peius,  comp.  of  male. 

pello,  pellere,  pepull,  pulsus,  strike, 
beat,  drive  ;  drive  out,  exile  ;  put 
to  flight,  rout,  conquer. 

Penates,  -ium,  m.  pi.,  the  Penates 
(household  gods),  see  note  on 
p.  119,  1.  25  •  hearth,  home. 

pendeo,  pendere,  pependi  [pendo], 
hang,  hang  down,  be  suspended; 
depend  ;  hesitate,  be  irresolute. 

pendo,  pendere,  pependi,  pensus, 
wei^h,  weigh  out,  pay;  suffer; 
decide. 

penes,   prep.  w.  ace.,  with,   in   the 

power  of,  in  the  control  of. 
•   penetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [penitus], 
enter,  penetrate. 

penitus  [penes],  adv.,  inwardly, 
deeply,  far  within,  deep  within ; 
thoroughly,  utterly. 

pensito,  -are,  -avi  [freq.  of  penso, 
weigh},  weigh  out,  pay. 

per,  prep.  w.  ace.,  through,  Oc-er, 
across ;  during,  throughout,  in  the 
course  of;  by,  by  means  of, 
through  the  agency  of;  in  the 
name  of;  in  compounds,  often 
thoroughly,  completely,  perfectly; 
exceedingly,  verv. 

peradulescens,  -entis  [per  +  adu- 
lescens],  adj.,  very  young. 


peragro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per  + 
ager],  wander  over,  traverse, 
travel  over,  spread  over. 

perbenevolus,  -a,  -um  [per  +  be- 
nevolus],  very  friendly,  very  kind. 

perbrevis,  -e  [per  +  brevis],  very 
short,  very  brief. 

percallesco,  -callescere,  -callm  [per 
+  inchoative  of  calleo,  be  callous], 
grow  callous,  become  hardened. 

percello,  -cellere,  -cull,  -culsus,  beat 
down,  stride  down,  overthrow, 
dask  to  the  ground ;  crush. 

percipi5,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[per  +  capio],  take  wholly,  seize, 
occupy;  get,  obtain,  reap;  per- 
ceive, observe,  hear,  learn. 

percitus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  percieo, 
thoroughly  arouse},  thoroughly 
aroused,  greatly  moved,  excited, 
incensed. 

percutio,  -cutere,  -cussi,  -cussus 
[per  +  quatio,  shake},  thrust 
tlirough,  pierce,  strike,  stab. 

perditus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  perdo], 
lost,  ruined,  hopeless,  desperate; 
as  subst.,  m.,  abandoned  wretch, 
profligate. 

perdo,  perdere,  perdidi,  perditus 
[per  -f  -do,  put},  destroy,  ruin,  de- 
feat;  lose. 

perduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[per  +  duco],  lead  through,  bring, 
guide;  bring  Oc'er,  induce. 

perduellio,  -onis  [perduellis,  public 
enemy},  f.,  open  hostility,  treason. 

peregrinor,  -ari,  -atus  [peregrinus], 
go  abroad,  travel  abroad,  wander 
about. 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um  [peregre, 
abroad},  foreign,  strange,  alien,' 
outlandish. 

perennis,  -e  [per  -f-  annus],  ever- 
lasting, eternal,  perpetual,  inex- 
haustible. 


484 


VOCABULARY 


pereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -iturus  [per  +  eo], 
pass  away,  perish,  be  destroyed, 
be  ruined,  die. 

perfectio,  -onis  [perficio],  f.,  com- 
pletion, finishing,  accomplishment. 

perf  ectus, -a,  -um  [part,  of  perficio], 
finished ;  perfect,  excellent,  ideal. 

perfer5,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [per  + 
fer5],  carry  through,  convey, 
bring,  deliver;  suffer,  endure; 
announce. 

perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectus  [per  + 
facio],  complete,  finish;  achieve, 
accomplish,  make,  effect,  bring 
about. 

perfringo,  -f  ringere,  -fregi,  -fractus 
[per  +  frangS],  break  through, 
break  down;  violate,  transgress, 
infringe  upon. 

perf ruor,  -frui,  -fructus  [per  + 
fruor],  enjoy  fully,  be  delighted. 

perfugium,  -I  [perfugio,  flee~\,  n., 
place  of  refuge,  shelter,  asylum, 
refuge. 

perfungor,  -fungi,  -functus  [per  4- 
fungor],  fulfil,  perform  ;  undergo, 
get  through  with,  finish. 

perg5,  pergere,  perrexi,  perrectus 
[per  +  reg5],£»  on,  continue,  ad- 
vance ;  proceed. 

perhorresco,  -horrescere,  -horrui 
[per  +  horresc5,  bristle  up~\ ,  trem- 
ble greatly ;  shudder  at,  shrink 
from. 

periclitor,  -an,  -atus  [periculum], 
try,  test ;  risk,  endanger,  imperil. 

periculose  [periculosus],  adv.,  dan- 
gerously, at  one's  risk,  with  peril. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um  [periculum], 
dangerous,  perilous,  hazardous. 

periculum,  -1,  n.,  trial,  attempt; 
risk,  danger ;  suit,  lawsuit. 

perinde  [per  +  inde],  adv.,  in  like 
minuter,  exactly;  perinde  atque 
or  ac,  just  as. 


perimquus,  -a,  -um  [per  +  inlquus], 
very  unfair,  most  unjust. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  experienced,  skilled, 
skilful,  expert,  versed,  of  wide  ex- 
perience. 

permagnus,  -a,  -um  [per  -f  ma- 
gnus],  very  great,  vast,  immense. 

permaneo,  -manere,  -mansi, 
-mansurus  [per  -f  maneo],  stay, 
continue,  remain,  persist,  hold 
out. 

permitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[per  +  mitto],  intrust;  allow, 
permit. 

permodestus,  -a,  -um  [per  + 
modestus],  very  modest,  extremely 
shy,  most  bashful. 

permoveo, -movere,  -movi,  -motus 
[per  +  moveo],  move  deeply ;  af- 
fect, influence,  lead,  prevail  on. 

permultum  [permultus],  adv.,  very 
much. 

permultus,  -a,  -um  [per  +  multus], 
very  much ;  pi.,  very  many,  a 
great  many. 

pernicies,  -ei  [perneco,  kill  out- 
right], f.,  destruction,  death,  ruin, 
overthrow ;  pest,  bane,  curse. 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um  [pernicies],  de- 
structive, ruinous,  pernicious. 

pernocto,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus  [per- 
nox,  through  the  night],  pass  the 
night,  stay  nil  night. 

perpetior,  -peti,  -pessus  [per  +  pa- 
tior],  bear  steadfastly,  suffer,  en- 
dure. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um  [per  +  peto], 
continuous,  perpetual,  for  all  lime, 
permanent;  in  perpetuum,  for 
all  time,  forever. 

persaepe  [per  +  saepe],  adv.,  very 
often,  qttite  frequently. 

persapienter  [per  +  sapienter],  adv., 
very  wisely. 

perscribo,       -scribere,       -scrips!, 


VOCABULARY 


485 


-scriptus  [per  +  scribo],  write  in 
full,  describe  in  full,  write  in  de- 
tail. 

persequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  [per  + 
sequor],  follow  after,  follow  up, 
pursue;  avenge,  punish. 

Parses,  -ae,  m.,  Perseus,  the  last  king 
of  Macedonia  ;  see  note  on  p.  121, 
I.i4. 

perseverantia,  -ae  [perseverS,  per- 
severe^, L,  perseverance,  constancy, 
steadfastness,  persistence. 

persolvo,  -solvere,  -solvi,  -solutus 
[per  -f  solvo],  pay  in  full,  pay  ; 
render  ;  suffer. 

persona,  -ae,  f.,  mask  ;  part,  charac- 
ter, role  ;  person. 

perspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[per  +  specie,  look~\,  look  through, 
see  clearly;  view,  examine,  in- 
spect; understand,  learn,  discover. 

persuadeo,  -suadere,  -suasi, 
-suasus  [per  +  suadeo],  persuade, 
convince ;  induce. 

pertenuis,  -e  [per  +  tenuis],  very 
thin  ;  very  slight,  very  weak. 

perterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [per  + 
terre5],  frighten  thoroughly,  ter- 
rify. 

pertimesco,  -timescere,  -timui  [per 
+  inchoative  of  timeo],  become 
thoroughly  frightened;  fear  greatly, 
be  thoroughly  frightened,  be 
alarmed. 

pertinacia,  -ae  [pertinax],  f.,  per- 
sistence, obstinacy,  stubbornness. 

pertinax,  -acis  [per  +  tenax,  hold- 
ing fa st~\,  adj.,  obstinate,  stubborn, 
unyielding. 

pertineo,  -tinere,  -tinui  [per  +  te- 
neo],  extend,  reach;  pertain  to, 
have  reference  to,  belong  to,  con- 
cern ;  tend,  lead. 

perturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per  + 
turbo,  agitate~\,  greatly  agitate, 


confuse,  disturb,  throw  into  dis- 
order;  agitate,  alarm,  terrify; 
embarrass,  worry,  trouble. 

pervado,  -vadere,  -vasi  [per  +  vad5, 
£°~\'  S°  through,  penetrate;  per- 
vade, fill;  reach. 

pervagatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  perva- 
gor,  wander  over~\,  wide-spread, 
well-known. 

pervenio,  -venire,  -veni,  -ventus 
[per  +  venio],  come  through, 
arrive  ;  reach,  attain. 

pervulgatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of 
pervulgo],  widely  known,  very 
common. 

pervulgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [per 
+  vulgo,  make  common],  make 
known,  pttblish. 

pes,  pedis,  m.,foot. 

Pescennius,  -I,  m.,  Pescennius;  see 
note  on  p.  248,  1.  3. 

pessime,  sup.  of  male. 

pessimus,  sup.  of  malus. 

pestifer,  -era,  -erum  [pestis  +  fero], 
pestilent,  destructive,  fatal,  baleful. 

pestilentia,  -ae  [pestilens,  pestilen- 
tial], f.,  pestilence,  disease,  plague. 

pestis,  -is,  f.,  plague,  pestilence; 
pest,  curse;  destruction,  ruin, 
death. 

Petilius,  -I,  m.,  Petilius,  a  gentile 
name :  Q.  Petilius,  a  juror  at  the 
trial  of  Milo  ;  see  p.  180,  1.  14. 

petitiS,  -onis  [peto],  f.,  bloiv,  thrust, 
attack;  candidacy,  political  cam- 
paign. 

peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itus,  strive  for, 
seek,  aim  at;  fall  upon,  assail, 
attack  ;  demand,  ask  for,  beseech, 
solicit ;  be  a  candidate  for  ;  claim. 

petulantia,  -ae  [petulans,  impu- 
denf\,  f.,  impudence,  wantonness. 

Pharnaces,  -is,  m.,  Phamaces,  a 
king  of  Pontus ;  see  note  on  p. 
211, 1.  30. 


486 


VOCABULARY 


Pharsalicus,  -a,  -um  [rharsalius], 
Pharsalian,  of  Pkarsalus. 

Pharsalius,  -a,  -um,  Pharsalian, 
of  Pharsalus,  a  city  in  Thessaly; 
see  note  on  p.  211, 1.  28. 

Philhetaerus,  -I,  m.,  PJrilhetaerus,  a 
freedman ;  see  Clddius. 

Philippus,  -I,  m.,  Philip,  a  Greek 
and  Roman  name:  (i)  Z.  Philip- 
pus,  consul  in  91  B.C.,  see  note 
on  p.  147,  1.  31 ;  (2)  Philip  V, 
king  of  Macedon,  see  note  on 
p.  129, 1.  2. 

philosophus,  -I  [0t\6<ro0oj],  m., 
philosopher. 

Philotimus,  -I,  m.,  Philotimus;  see 
note  on  p.  255,!.  13. 

Picenus,  -a,  -um,  Picene,  of  Pice- 
11  um,  a  district  of  central  Italy  ; 
ager  Picenus,  see  note  on  p.  8£, 
1.5. 

pie  [pius],  adv.,  dutifully,  affection- 
ately ;  conscientiously. 

pietas,  -atis  [pius],  f.,  dutiful  con- 
duct, piety,  filial  affection,  devo- 
tion ;  loyalty,  patriotism. 

pigneror,  -ari,  -atus  [pignus, 
fledge],  take  as  a  pledge,  claim, 
claim  as  one's  own. 

pila,  -ae,  f.,  ball,  game  of  ball. 

pllum,  -1,  n.,jarelin,  piluni. 

pingo,  pingere,  pinxl,  pictus,  paint. 

pinguis,  -Q,fat;  rich,  fertile;  clumsy, 
dull. 

Piso,  -onis,  m.,  Piso,  a  family  name  : 
(i)  C.  Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi, 
see  note  on  p.  251,  1.  6;  (2)  L. 
Calpurnius  Piso  Caesoninus,  see 
notes  on  p.  251,  1.  I,  and  p.  256, 
1.  II. 

pius,  -a,  -um,  dutiful,  pious ;  loyal, 
patriotic. 

Pius,  -i,  m.,  Pius,  a  surname;  see 
Caecilius. 

placed,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  please,  be 


pleasing,  seem  best,  suit,  satisfy ; 
placet  w.  dat.,  one  determines,  one 
resolves,  one  decides. 

placd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [placeo], 
quiet,  soothe,  appease;  reconcile, 
conciliate. 

Plancius,  -I,  m.,  Plancius,  a  gentile 
name  :  Cn.  Plancius  ;  see  note  on 
p.  250,  1.  21. 

plane  [planus,  flat],  adv.,  plainly, 
clearly,  distinctly ;  entirely,  wholly, 
utterly. 

plebs,  plebis,  or  plebes,  plebei,  f., 
common  people,  plebeians,  plebs; 
multitude,  popiilace ;  tribunus 
plebis,  tribune  of  the  people,  see 
Introd.,  p.  58. 

plenus,  -a,  -um  [-pleo,  fill'},  filled, 
full,  abounding  in,  crowded;  inhale, 
entire. 

plerique,  -aeque,  -aque  [plerus, 
most  +  -que],  pi.  adj.,  most,  Ttry 
many,  the  majority  of. 

plerumque  [plerique],  adv.,  gen- 
erally, for  the  most  part,  very  often, 
very  frequently. 

Plotius,  -i,  m.,  Plotiiis,  a  gentile 
name :  L.  Plotius  Callus,  see  note 
on  p.  159,  1.  3;  as  adj.,  Plotius, 
-a,  -um,  Plotian,  of  Plotius. 

plurimum  [plurimus],  adv.,  most, 
especially,  i>ery  much  ;  generally. 

plurimus,  sup.  of  multus. 

plus,  comp.  of  multus. 

poena,  -ae,  f.,  retribution,  punish- 
ment, penalty ;  mortis  poena,  capi- 
tal pun  i  shine  nt. 

Poenus,  -I,  m.,  Phoenician,  Car- 
thaginian. 

poeta,  -ae  [TTOITJTTJS],  m.,  poet. 

polio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -Itus,  smooth,  polish  ; 
adorn,  embellish. 

pollex,  -licis,  m.,  thumb. 

polliceor,  -eri,  -itus  [por-  =  pro  -f 
liceor,  bid~\,  offer, promise, pledge. 


VOCABULARY 


487 


polluo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus  [por-  =  pr<  > 
-f-  luo,  u>as/i~\,  soil;  desecrate,  defile. 

pompa,  -ae  [Tro/xiri}],  f.,  procession, 
parade  :  funeral  procession. 

Pompeius,  -i,  m.,  Pompeius,  a  gen- 
tile name  :  ("//.  Pompeius  Magnus  ; 
see  Introd.,  pp.  30-32. 

Pomponius,  -I,  m.,  Pomponius,  a 
gentile  name  :  T.  Pomponius  Adi- 
eus; see  note  on  p.  254, 1.  14. 

Pomptinus,  -i,  m.,  Pomptinus,  a 
family  name  :  C.  Pomptinus;  see 
note  on  p.  98,  1.  21. 

pondus,  -eris  [pendo],  n.,  weight. 

pond,  ponere,  posui,  positus,  put 
down,  place,  put,  set;  rest ;  con- 
sider, regard. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

pontifex,  -ficis  [pons  +  facio],  m., 
bridge-builder;  high-priest,  pon- 
tifex;  pontifex  maximus,  pon- 
tifex maximus,  see  Introd.,  p. 
61. 

Pontus,  -i,  m.,  Pontus,  the  region 
around  the  Black  Sea;  the  king- 
dom of  Mithridates. 

popa,  -ae,  m.,  priest's  assistant, 
priest' 's  attendant;  see  note  on  p. 
187,  1.  9. 

popina,  -ae,  f.,  cook-shop,  eating- 
house. 

popularis,  -e  [populus],  popular,  of 
the  people,  democratic ;  as  subs^., 
m.  pi.,  populates,  fo/>u/(tres,  mem- 
bers of  the  popular  party,  see 
Introd.,  p.  62. 

populor,  -an,  -atus  [populus],  lay 
-i<aste,  ravage. 

populus,  -i,  in.,  people,  nation,  tribe  : 
the  people,  as  distinguished  from 
the  senate;  the  masses. 

porrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectus  [por- 
=  pr5  +  rego],  stretch  out,  liold 
out.  extend ;  offer,  present. 

porro  [por-  =  pro],  adv.,  forward; 


further,   furthermore,    moreover, 

besides. 

porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate. 
portentum,   -I    [part,  of  portendo, 

point  out~\,  n.,  sign,  omen, portent ; 

monster,  prodigy. 
porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  carry,  bear, 

convey,  bring. 
portus,  -us,  m.,  harbor. 
posco,  poscere,  poposci,  ask  urgently, 

demand,  request. 
positus,  -a,  -um    [part,  of  pono], 

placed;   situated,    lying;    positus 

esse  in,  rest  on,  depend  upon. 
possessio,  -onis  [possideo],  f.,  pos- 
session,     occupation ;      property, 

estate. 
possideS,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [por- 

=  pr5  +  sedeo],  have,  hold,  own, 

possess  ;  control. 
possum,  posse,  potui  [potis,  able  + 

sum],  be  able,   can;  have  power, 

have  influence,  be  strong. 
post,  (i)  adv.,  behind,  in  the  rear; 

after,  aftenvard,  later ;  post  .  .  . 

quam,  after ;    (2)   prep.  w.  ace., 

after,  since. 
postea  [post  +  is],  adv.,  after    this, 

afterward,    hereafter,    later    on; 

postea  quam,  after. 
posteritas,  -atis    [posterus],  f.,  fu- 
ture, future  generations,  after  ages, 

posterity. 
(posterus),  -a,  -um  [post],  coming 

after,  future,  following,  next ;  as 

subst.,  m.  pi.,  descendants,  posterity; 

in  posterum,  for  the  future. 
posthac     [post  +  hie],  adv.,     after 

this,  hereafter,  in  future,  in    time 

to  come,   later  on. 
postquam     [post   +   quam],    conj., 

after;   often  separated  post  .  .  . 

quam. 
postremo  [postremus],  *&?., finally, 

last  of  all. 


VOCABULARY 


postremus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  po- 
sterus],  hindmost,  last:  lowest, 
basest,  meanest. 

postridie  [posterus  +  dies],  adv.,  on 
the  day  after,  the  next  day. 

postulatio,  -onis  [postulS],  f.,  de- 
mand, request. 

postulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ask,  de- 
mand, require,  request,  clamor 
for. 

Taotens,  -entis  [part,  of  possum], 
adj.,  powerful,  potent,  influential. 

potentia,  -ae  [potens],  f.,  power, 
might ;  influence,  authority,  sway. 

potestas,  -atis  [potis,  able],  f., 
power,  ability;  office,  authority; 
opportunity,  chance,  permission; 
potestatem  facere,  give  a  chance, 
give  permission. 

potior,  -Iri,  -itus  [potis,  able],  be- 
come master  of,  take  possession  of, 
gain  control  of  ;  rerum  potiri,  gain 
absolute  control. 

potior,  -ius  [comp.  of  potis,  able], 
adj.,  better,  preferable. 

potissimum  [sup.  of  potis,  able], 
adv.,  chiefly,  especially,  above  all, 
in  preference  to  all  others. 

potius  [potior],  adv.,  rather. 

potus,  -a,  -um  [poto,  drink],  drunk, 
intoxicated. 

pr.,  an  abbreviation  for  pridie. 

prae  [pro],  prep.  w.  abl.,  before,  in 
front  of;  in  comparison  with ; 
because  of,  in  view  of;  prae  se 
ferre,  display,  parade,  confess 
openly. 

praebeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [prae  + 
habeo],  hold  forth,  present,  offer  ; 
furnish,  supply;  show;  auris  prae- 
bere,  give  attention. 

praeceps,  -cipitis  [prae  +  caput], 
adj.,  head  foremost,  headlong; 
hasty,  rash,  inconsiderate. 

praeceptum,  -I  [part,  of  praecipio], 


n.,  direction,  instruction,  advice; 
order,  command. 

praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[prae  +  capiS],  take  beforehand, 
anticipate;  point  out,  direct,  ad- 
vise;  order,  enjoin. 

praecipue  [praecipuus],  adv.,  chiefly, 
especially,  principally,  eminently. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um  [praecipio], 
particular,  peculiar,  especial,  ex- 
traordinary ;  as  subst.,  n.,  special 
distinction,  superiority,  advantage. 

praeclare  [praeclarus],  adv.,  very 
clearly;  excellently,  admirably, 
creditably,  gloriously,  nobly. 

praeclarus,  -a,  -um  [prae  +  clarus], 
very  brilliant ;  magnificent,  glori- 
ous, brilliant,  famous,  illustrious. 

praeco,  -onis  [for  praevico,  from 
prae  +  voco],  m.,  crier,  herald; 
proclaimer,  eulogist. 

praec5nium,  -i  [praeconius,  of  a 
herald],  n.,  proclaiming,  herald- 
ing;  lauding,  praise,  eulogy,  com- 
mendation. 

praecurro,  -currere.-cucurri  [prae  + 
curro],  run  before,  outrun;  out- 
strip, excel,  outdo. 

praeda,  -ae  [prae  -f  -hendo,  seize"], 
f.,  booty,  plunder. 

praedator,  -oris  \yt9xAm, plunder^ 
m.,  plunderer,  pillager,  robber. 

praedicatio,  -onis  [praedico],  f., 
proclamation  ;  praise,  commenda- 
tion, approval. 

praedicS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [prae  + 
dico,  proclaim'],  state  first;  an- 
nounce, proclaim ;  assert,  boast, 
mention  boastfully. 

praedico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictus  [prae 
+  <\\co~\,foretell, predict,  prophesy. 

praeditus,  -a,  -um  [prae  +  do], 
gifted,  possessed,  endowed,  possess- 
ing, enjoying. 

praedium,  -I,  n.,farm,  estate. 


VOCABULARY 


489 


praedo,  -onis  [praeda],  m.,  robber, 
plunderer  ;  pirate. 

praee5,  -Ire,  -ii  [prae  +  eo],  go  be- 
fore, precede  ;  prescribe,  dictate. 

praefectura,  -ae  [praefectus],  f., 
prefecture  ;  see  note  on  p.  99,  L  8. 

praefectus.  -I  [part,  of  praeficio],  m., 
commander,  commander  of  cav- 
alry :  prefect,  governor. 

praefero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus 
[prae  +  fero],  carry  in  front ; 
hold  forth,  offer ;  place  before, 
prefer •}  esteem  above. 

praeficio,  -ficere,  -feel,  -fectus 
[prae  +  facio],  set  over,  place  in 
charge  of,  place  in  command  of. 

praemitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[prae  +  mitto],  send  forward,  send 
in  advance,  send  ahead. 

praemium,  -I  [prae  +  emo],  n.,  re- 
ward, recompense,  prize. 

Praeneste,  -is,  n.,  Praeneste,  a  town 
of  Latium;  see  note  on  p.  72, 1. 10. 

praepono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 
[prae  +  ^>OT\O~\,  place  before,  place 
in  command,  intrust  li'ith  ;  prefer. 

praeripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus 
[prae  -f  rapio],  snatch  au<ay  before 
the  time,  take  prematurely,  antici- 
pate, forestall. 

praescribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scrlptus  [prae  -f  scrlbo],  pre- 
scribe, direct,  give  directions. 

praesens,  -entis  [part,  of  praesum], 
adj.,  present,  at  hand ;  in  person, 
direct;  instant,  threatening,  im- 
pending. 

praesentia,  -ae  [praesens],  f.,  pres- 
ence ;  present  time,  present  mo- 
ment, present. 

praesentio,  -sentire,  -sensi,  -sensus 
[prae  +  sentio],  perceive  in  ad- 
vance, have  a  presentiment,  look 
far-card  to. 

praesertim     [prae  -f  sero,     inter- 


weave], adv.,  especially,  chiefly, 
particularly. 

praesideo,  -sidere,  -sedi  [prae  + 
sedeo],  sit  before  ;  guard,  watch, 
protect ;  have  the  care  of,  preside 
over,  conduct,  direct,  rule  over. 

praesidium,  -I  [praeses,  guard],  n., 
protection,  defense,  aid,  assistance ; 
guard,  garrison,  armed  force. 

praestabilis,  -e  [praesto],  superior, 
excellent,  surpassing,  preeminent. 

praestans,  -antis  [part,  of  praesto], 
adj.,  eminent,  distinguished,  supe- 
rior, extraordinary,  remarkable. 

praesto,  adv.,  at  hand,  ready, present. 

praesto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitus 
[prae  -f  sto],  stand  forth,  excel, 
be  superior,  be  at  the  head ;  guar- 
antee, vouch  for;  show,  evince; 
perform,  fulfil;  render,  keep; 
praestat,  it  is  better. 

praestolor,  -an,  -atus  [praestS], 
•wait  for,  expect. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui  [prae  +  sum], 
be  at  tlie  head  of;  have  charge  of, 
command,  preside  over. 

praeter  [prae],  prep.  w.  ace.,  past, 
beyond ;  above,  before,  more  than  ; 
contrary  to  ;  with  the  exception  of, 
besides. 

praeterea  [praeter  +  is],  adv.,  fur- 
ther, besides,  moreover. 

praetereo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  [praeter  + 
eo],  pass  by,  pass  over,  omit,  dis- 
regard, overlook. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  prae- 
tereo], gone  by,  past;  as  subst., 
n.  pi.,  past,  bygones. 

praetermitto,  -mittere,  -misi, 
-missus  [praeter  -f  mitto],  let  pass, 
neglect,  overlook,  disregard,  omit, 
leave  undone. 

praeterquam  [praeter  +  quam], 
&&v.,beyond,  besides,  except,  further 
than. 


490 


VOCABULARY 


praetextatus,  -a,  -um  [praetextus], 
•wearing  the  toga  praetexta,  in  one's 
boyhood ;  see  note  on  p.  85, 1.  15. 

praetextus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  prae- 
texo,  border],  bordered,  bordered 
-with  purple;  in  praetexta  (sc. 
toga),  in  boyhood;  see  note  on 
p.  85,  1.  15. 

praetor,  -oris  [for  praeitor,  from 
praeeo],  m.,  leader,  commander, 
chief,  chief  magistrate;  praetor, 
see  Introd.,  p.  57 ;  pro  praetore,  as 
praetor,  -with  praetorian  power, 
propraetor. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um  [praetor],  of  the 
praetor,  praetorian  ;  cohors  prae- 
toria,  body-guard. 

praetura,  -ae  [praetor],  f.,  office  of 
praetor,  praetorship  ;  praeturam 
gerere,  fill  the  praetorship. 

pransus.  -a,  -um  [part,  of  prandeo, 
breakfast\,  after  breakfast,  having 
eaten;  stuffed. 

pra  vitas,  -atis  [pravus],  f.,  -vicious- 
ness,  depravity,  -wickedness,  base- 
ness. 

pravus,  -a,  -um,  perverse,  vicious, 
bad,  depraved. 

Precianus,  -a,  -um,  of  Precianus  ; 
see  note  on  p.  254,  1.  12. 

precor,  -ari,  -atus  [prex],  ask,  beg, 
entreat ;  pray,  supplicate,  invoke. 

premo,  premere,  pressl,  pressus, 
press  ;  drive,  pursue  ;  weigh  down, 
burden,  oppress,  overwhelm. 

pretium,  -i,  n.,  price,  value  ;  reward; 
pretio  adficere,  reward ;  operae 
pretium  est,  it  is  worth  while. 

(prex,  precis),  f.,  prayer,  request, 
entreaty. 

pri.  or  prid.,  abbreviations  for 
pridie. 

pridem,  adv.,  long  ago,  long  since  ; 
for  a  long  time  ;  iam  pridem,  long 
ago,  a  long  time  ago. 


pridie  [prae  -f-  dies],  adv.,  on  the 
day  before,  the  previous  dav. 

Prilius,  -a,  -um,  Prilian ;  lacus 
Prilius,  Lake  Prilius,  a  small  lake 
in  Etruria,  see  p.  190,  1.  28. 

primo  [primus],  adv.,  at  firsf,  at 
the  beginning. 

primum  [primus],  adv.,  in  the  first 
place,  first,  in  the  beginning  ;  cum 
primum  or  ut  primum,  as  soon 
as;  quam  primum,  as  scon  as 
possible;  turn  primum,  then  for 
the  first  time. 

primus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  from  pro], 
first,  foremost;  chief;  in  primis, 
especially. 

princeps,  -cipis  [primus  +  capin], 
adj.,  first,  foremost,  leading;  as 
subst.,  m.,  leading  man,  leader, 
chief. 

principatus,  -us  [princeps],  m., 
leadership,  preeminence. 

principium,  -i  [princeps],  n.,  be- 
ginning; principiS,  in  the  first 
place. 

prior,  prius  [comp.  from  pro], 
former,  previous,  preceding. 

pristinus, -a,  -um  [prius],  former, 
pristine,  old,  of  old. 

prius  [prior],  adv.,  before,  first; 
sooner,  rather ;  prius  .  .  .  quam, 
sooner  than,  before. 

privatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  prlvo], 
private,  personal,  individual; 
as  subst.,  private  citizen. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [prlvus,  be- 
reff\ ,  deprive,  rob,  cut  off. 

pr5,  prep.  w.  abl.,  before,  in  front  of ; 
in  behalf  of,  for,  for  the  sake  of; 
on  account  of,  in  view  of  ;  according 
to,  by  virtue  of;  instead  of;  pro 
consule,  see  consul ;  pro  prae- 
tore, see  praetor. 

proavus,  -i  [pro  +  avus],  m.,  great- 
grandfather ;  forefather,  ancestor. 


VOCABULARY 


49 * 


probatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  probo], 
tested,  tried,  esteemed. 

probitas,  -atis  [probus],  f.,  honesty, 
uprightness,  integrity. 

probo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [probus], 
approve,  esteem,  commend ;  s/iow, 
prove,  make  clear,  demonstrate; 
make  acceptable.  • 

probus,  -a,  -um  [pro],  excellent,  es- 
timable, honest,  honorable,  upright, 
virtuous. 

procedo,  -cedere,  -cessi  [pro  + 
cedo],  go  forward,  go,  advance; 
pass. 

procella,  -ae,  f.,  violent  wind,  storm, 
tempest;  agitation,  tumult,  com- 
motion. 

processio,  -dnis  [procedS],  f., 
marching  on,  advance. 

procreo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [pro  -f 
cre5],  bring  forth,  produce. 

procul,  adv.,  at  a  distance,  away, 
far,  from  afar. 

procuratio,  -onis  [procure,  take  care 
of],  f.,  management. 

prodeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [prod-  =  pro 
+  eo],  go  forth,  advance;  ap- 
pear. 

prodigium,  -i  [prod-  =  pr5  -f  ago], 
n.,  omen,  portent;  marvel,  won- 
der, miracle  ;  prodigy,  monster. 

prddigus,  -a,  -um  [pr5digo,  waste], 
•wasteful,  extravagant,  lavish;  as 
subst.,  m.,  spendthrift. 

proditor,  -oris  [prodo],  m.,  betrayer, 
traitor. 

prodo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [pro  + 
do] ,  give  forth,  report,  'hand  down  ; 
disclose,  betray ;  appoint ;  memo- 
riae proditum,  handed  down  by 
tradition. 

produc5,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[pro  +  duc5],  lead 'forth,  produce. 

proelium,  -I,  n.,  battle,  combat; 
proelium  committere,  join  battle, 


engage  ;  proeliis  secundis  uti,  win 
battles,  fight  successfully. 

profectio,  -onis  [proficiscor],  f.,  de- 
parture, setting  out. 

profecto  [pro  +  part,  of  facio],  adv., 
indeed,  really,  actually,  surely, 
doubtless. 

profero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus  [pr5  + 
fero],  bring  forth,  bring  forward, 
produce;  extend;  reveal,  men- 
tion. 

professio,  -onis  [profiteer],  f.,  pub- 
lic acknowledgment,  declaration, 
avowal;  registration. 

proficio,  -ficere,  -fed,  -fectus  [pro 
+  facio],  advance,  succeed,  effect, 
accomplish,  do. 

proficiscor,  -ficisci,  -fectus  [pro- 
ficio], set  out,  start,  depart ;  begin, 
originate,  come,  be  derived. 

profiteer,  -fiteri,  -fessus  [pr5  + 
fateor],  confess  openly,  make  decla- 
ration, avow,  declare;  assure, 
promise. 

profligatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  pro- 
fligo],  wretched,  abandoned,  prof- 
ligate, corrupt. 

profligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro  + 
fllg5,  strike],  strike  down,  over- 
throw, overcome,  crush. 

profugi5,  -fugere,  -fiigi  [pro  + 
fugi5],  flee,  escape  ;  take  refuge. 

profundo,  -fundere,  -fudi,  -fusus 
[pro  -f  funds],  pour  out,  shed; 
squander,  waste. 

progredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  [pro  + 
gradior,  step],  go  forward,  advance, 
progress,  proceed. 

prohibeo,  -hibere,  -hibui,  -hibitus 
[pro  +  habeo],  hold  back,  pre- 
vent, hinder,  frustrate;  defend, 
protect. 

proicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [pro  + 
iacio],  throw  away  ;  cast  out,  exile, 
banish  ;  expose. 


492 


VOCABULARY 


proinde    [pro  +  inde],  adv.,  hence, 

therefore;  just   so,    in    the  same 

manner;    proinde     quasi,   just 

as  if. 
prolate,  -are    [prSfero],    put    off, 

delay,  postpone. 
promissum,  -I  [part,  of  promitto], 

n.,  promise. 
promitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 

[pro  +  mitto],  send  forth;  pledge, 

offer,  promise. 
promo,  pr5mere,  prompsi,  promp- 

tus  [pro  +  emo],  take  out,  bring 

forth,  produce. 
promptus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  prom5], 

prepared,  quick,  alert,  prompt. 
promulgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bring 

forward  publicly,  give   notice  of, 

publish. 
propago,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro  + 

pango,    fix~\,     extend,     enlarge; 

prolong;  propagate. 
prope  [pro],  (i)  adv.,  near ;  nearly, 

almost;  (2)  prep.  w.  ace.,  near. 
propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [properus, 

quick],  hasten,  hurry. 
propinquus,  -a,  -um  [prope],  near, 

neighboring ;    related;    as   subst., 

m.,  kinsman,  relative. 
propono,  -ponere,  -posui,  -positus 

[pro  +  pond],    place    before,    set 

forth;  imagine ;  propose,  resolve ; 

mention,  declare  ;  threaten. 
propraetor,  -oris  [pro  +  praetor],  m., 

magistrate  with  praetorian  power, 

propraetor. 
proprius,  -a,  -um,  one's  own,  proper, 

peculiarj  particular  ;  characteris- 
tic, appropriate;  enduring,   last- 
ing. 
propter  [prope],  (i)  adv.,  near,  at 

hand,  near  by  ;  (2)  prep.  w.  ace., 

near ;  on  account  of,  through  ;  for 

the  sake  of. 
propterea.  [propter  +  is],  adv.,   on 


this    account;    propterea    quod, 

because. 
propudium,    -i    [pro  +  pudet],   n., 

shameful  act ;  wretch,  villain. 
propugnaculum,      -i      [prSpugno, 

fight  before],  n.,  bulwark,  defense. 
prdpugnator,  -oris  [propugno,^/// 

before],  m.,  defender,  champion. 
propulsd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 

prSpello,     drive     forth  J ,     drive 

back;  ward  off,  avert. 
proscriptid,   -onis   [proscribe,  pub- 
'  lish],    f.,   public    notice    of  sale, 

forced  sale;  proscription,   confis- 
cation. 
prosequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  [pr5  + 

sequor] ,  follow,  accompany,  escort; 

pay  respect  to,  honor. 
prospere     [pr5sperus,     favorable], 

adv.,  favorably,    luckily,   success- 

fully. 
prospicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,   -spec- 

tus      [pro  -f  specie,     look],    look 

forward;   foresee ;    look  out  for, 

provide  for. 
prosterno,       -sternere,       -stravi, 

-stratus     [pr5  +  sterno],    throw 

down  ;  overthrow,  prostrate,  over- 
come ;  destroy. 
prosum,  prodesse,  profui   [pro  + 

sum],  be  useful,   be  of  assistance, 

help,  benefit. 
pr5videntia,   -ae    [providens,   part. 

of  provideo],  f.,  foresight,  careful- 
ness, precaution. 
provideo,  -videre,  -vidi,  -visus  [pro 

+   video],  foresee;  look  out  for, 

look    after,    care    for,    provide; 

guard  against,  be  careful. 
provincia,  -ae,  f.,  province ;  see  In- 

trod.,  p.  63. 
provincialis,   -e    [provincia],   of  a 

province,  provincial. 
provoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pro  + 

voco],  call' forth;  arouse, provoke, 


VOCABULARY 


493 


proxime  [proximus],  adv.  and  prep, 
w.  ace.,  nearest,  next. 

proximus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  prope], 
nearest,  next;  last ;  as  sub'st.,  m. 
pi.,  nearest  relatives,  next  of  kin, 
relatives. 

prudens,  -entis  [for  providens,  part, 
of  provideo],  z.^.}.,  foreseeing,  prii- 
dent,  wise,  discreet. 

prudentia,  -ae  [prudens],  f.,  fore- 
sight, prudence,  wisdom,  good  sense, 
sagacity. 

pruina,  -ae,  f.,  hoar-frost,  frost. 

pubes,  -is  [pubes,  grown-up],  f., 
adults,  able-bodied  men. 

publicanus,  -a,  -um  [publicus],  of 
the  ptiblic  revenue ;  as  subst., 
farmer  of  the  revenues,  revenue- 
farmer ;  see  Introd.,  pp.  63,  64. 

publicatio,  -onis  [publico],  f.,  con- 
fiscation. 

publice  [publicus],  adv.,  publicly, 
in  the  name  of  the  state,  offi- 
cially. 

Publicius,  -l,  m.,  Publicius,  a  fol- 
lower of  Catiline;  see  p.  85, 

publico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [publicus], 
make  public,  confiscate. 

publicus,  -a,  -um  [populus],  of  the 
people,  of  the  state,  public,  official : 
as  subst.,  n.,  public  place;  res 
publica,  public  interest,  public 
welfare,  commonwealth,  state; 
summa  res  publica,  the  highest 
interests  of  the  state,  the  supreme 
public  welfare. 

Publius,  -I,  m.,  Publius,  a  praeno- 
men. 

pudet,  pudere,  puduit  or  puditum 
est,  it  makes  ashamed,  it  puts  to 
shame,  it  shames. 

pudicitia,  -ae  [pudlcus,  modest],  f., 
modesty,  chastity,  virtue. 

pudor,    -oris    [pudet],    m.,    shame, 


modesty,  decency,  sense  of  honor, 
self-respect. 

puer,  pueri,  m.,  boy ;  pi.,  children. 

puerilis,  -e  [puer],  boyish,  youth- 
ful. 

pueritia,  -ae  [puer],  f.,  boyhood, 
childhood,  youth. 

pugna,  -ae  [piignus,  fist],  f.,  fight, 
battle,  combat,  engagement. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pugna], 
fight,  contend,  struggle. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  beautiful; 
noble,  honorable,  glorious,  illus- 
trious. 

pulchre  [pulcher],  adv.,  beautifully, 
excellently,  honorably,  success- 

'  fully. 

pulvinar,  -aris  [pulvinus,  cushion], 
n.,  couch  of  the  gods ;  shrine, 
temple  ;  see  note  on  p.  108, 1.  12. 

punctum,  -l  [part,  of  pungS],  n., 
point;  punctum  temporis,  in- 
stant, moment. 

pungo,  pungere,  pupugi,  punctus, 
prick,  puncture,  stab. 

Punicus,  -a,  -um  [Poenus],  Punic, 
Carthaginian. 

punio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  and  punior, 
-Iri,  -itus  [poena],  punish,  avenge. 

punitor,  -oris  [punio],  m.,  pun- 
isher,  avenger. 

purgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [purus  + 
ago],  make  clean,  cleanse,  purify ; 
free,  exculpate,  free  from  blame. 

purpura,  -ae  [Trop<j>vpa.],  f.,  dark 
red,  purple ;  purple  cloth,  purple 
garment. 

purpuratus,  -a,  -um  [purpura],  clad 
in  purple ;  as  subst,  m.,  royal 
minister,  grand  vizir. 

purus,  -a,  -um,  clean,  pure,  unsul- 
lied. 

put5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  reckon,  deem, 
consider,  judge  ;  imagine,  suppose, 
believe,  think. 


494 


VOCABULARY 


Q.,  the  abbreviation  for  Qumctus, 
Quintus,  a  praenoinen. 

qua  [qui],  adv.,  by  which  way, 
•where. 

quadriduum,  -I  [quattuor  +  dies], 
n.,  period  of  four  days,  four  days. 

quaer5,  quaerere,  quaesrvi,  quaesi- 
tus,  seek,  look  for ;  inquire  into, 
investigate,  examine,  ascertain; 
ask,  inquire;  demand,  require; 
conduct  an  investigation;  find, 
get,  obtain. 

quaesitor,  -oris  [quaere],  m.,  ex- 
aminer, investigator  ;  president  of 
a  court ;  prosecutor ;  see  note  on 
p.  115,  1.  10. 

quaeso  [quaero],  defective  verb,  / 
beg,  I  pray  ;  please. 

quaestio,  -onis  [quaero],  f.,  inves- 
tigation, question,  inquiry,  trial ; 
quaestionem  ferre,  propose  an 
investigation. 

quaestor,  -oris  [quaero],  m.,  quaes- 
tor ;  see  Introd.,  p.  58. 

quaestorius,  -a,  -um  [quaestor],  of 
a  quaestor,  quaestorian. 

quaestus,  -us  [quaero],  m.,  gain, 
earnings,  profit;  occupation,  busi- 
ness ;  in  quaestu,  on  interest. 

qualis,  -e  [quis  and  qui],  of  what 
sort  ?  of  -what  nature  ?  what  kind 
of?  after  tails,  as;  without  tails, 
such  .  .  .  as. 

quam  [quis  and  qui],  adv.,  in  what 
manner?  how?  how  much?  after 
comparatives,  than ;  with  super- 
latives, as  ...  as  possible ;  ante 
.  .  .  quam  or  prius  .  .  .  quam, 
sooner  than,  before;  post  .  .  . 
quam  or  postea  .  .  .  quam, 
after;  quam  .  .  .  diu,  how 
long?  as  long  as;  tam  .  .  . 
quam,  so  .  .  .  as. 


quamquam  [quam  +  quam],  conj., 
though,  although ;  and  vet,  yet, 
however. 

quamvis  [quam  +  vis,  from  \uir>], 
(i)   adv.,  as  you   will,  hi>: 
however  much  ;  (2)  conj.,  though, 
although. 

quando  [quis],  adv.,  when?  at 
what  time  ?  at  any  time,  ever ; 
quando  quidem,  since  indeed, 
since,  seeing  that,  inasmuch  as. 

quanto  [quantus],  adv.,  by  how 
much  ?  how  much  ?  by  as  much  as, 
as;  quanto  .  .  .  tanto,  the  more 
.  .  .  the  more,  the  .  .  .  the. 

quantum  [quantus],  adv.,  to  what 
extent?  how  far  ?  as  much  as. 

quantus,  -a,  -um  [quis  and  qui],  of 
what  size?  how  much?  how  great? 
as  mttch  as,  as  great  as;  after 
tantus,  as;  quanto  opere,  how 
much,  how  greatly. 

quantuscumque,  quantacumque, 
quantumcumque  [quantus],  of 
whatever  size,  however  great;  how- 
ever small,  however  trifling. 

quapropter  [qui  +  propter],  adv., 
w&erefore,  on  this  account. 

quartus,  -a,  -um  [quattuor], 
fourth. 

quasi  [qui  +  si],  adv.,  just  as  if,  as 
if,  as  it  were  ;  proinde  quasi,  just 
as  if. 

quasso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
quatio,  shake~\ ,  shake  violently  ; 
shake,  shatter,  impair,  weaken. 

quatenus  [qua  +  tenus,  as  far  as], 
adv.,  to  what  point?  how  far? 
how  long? 

quattuor,  indecl.  adj.,  fotir. 

-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and,  andin  fine ; 
but;  -que  .  .  .  -que,  both  .  .  . 
and,  as  well  .  .  .  as. 

queo,  quire,  qum,  quitus,  be  able, 


VOCABULARY 


495 


querella,  -ae  [queror],  f.,  complaint, 
accusation. 

querimonia,  -ae  [queror],  f.,  com- 
plaint. 

queror,  queri,  questus,  complain ; 
lament,  bewail. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  pron.,  -who, 
which,  that ;  what;  whoever,  what- 
ever ;  quam  Ob  rem,  wherefore, 
therefore  ;  qua  !Q,for  tfiat  reason, 
therefore. 

qui,     quae,    quod,    interrog.    adj., 
which?    what.'    quam    ob    rem, 
wherefore?  why?  qua  re,  for  what  \ 
reason  ?  why  ? 

qui,  quae  or  qua,  quod,  indef.  adj., 
used  after  si,  nisi,  ne,  num,  any. 

qui  [quis],  interrog.,  adv.,  in  -what 
manner?  how? 

quia  [qui],  conj.,  because, since,  inas- 
much as. 

quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
cumque  [qui],  indef.  rel.  pron., 
whoever,  whatever,  whosoever, 
whatsoever ;  every  one  who,  every- 
thing that,  every  possible. 

quid  [quis],  interrog.  adv.,  what? 
wherefore?  why?  how?  quid 
vero,  again. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam  and 
(adj.)  quoddam  [quis],  indef. 
pron.,  a  certain  one,  certain; 
somebody,  something,  some ;  a  kind 
of,  so  to  speak. 

quidem  [qui],  adv.,  assuredly,  cer- 
tainly, indeed,  it  is  true  ;  yet;  at 
any  rate,  at  least;  ne  .  .  . 
quidem,  not  even :  quando  quidem, 
since  indeed,  since,  seeing  that,  in- 
asmuch as. 

quies,  -etis,  f.,  rest,  state  of  rest ; 
sleep,  repose. 

quiescd.  quiescere,  quievi,  quietus 
[quies],  rest,  be  qtiiet,  be  at  peace ; 
be  silent. 


quietus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  quiesco], 
quiet,  calm,  peaceful,  at  peace. 

quin  [qui  +  -ne],  (i)  adv.,  Sunv  not, 
why  not,  wherefore  not;  indeed, 
verily,  nay,  rather;  quin  etiam, 
nay  even  ;  (2)  conj.,  but  that,  but 
what,  but,  that,  without. 

Quinctilis, -e  [qulntus],  of  the  fifth 
month,  of  July. 

Quinctus,  -i,  m.,  Quint  us,  a  prae- 
nomen. 

quinquaginta  [qulnque],  indecl. 
9^.,  fifty. 

qulnque,  indecl.  adj.,  five. 

quintus,  -a,  -um  [qulnque],  fifth. 

quippe,  adv.,  surely,  of  course,  in- 
deed; forsooth. 

Quirites,  -ium,  m.  pi.,  Quirt tes, 
Roman  citizens,  see  note  on  p.  84, 
1.  i. 

quis,  quid,  interrog.  pron.,  who  ? 
which  ?  what? 

quis,  qua,  quid,  indef.  pron.,  used 
after  si,  nisi,  ne,  num,  any  one, 
anvthing,  any ;  some  one,  some- 
thing, some. 

quisnam  and  (adj.)  quinam,  quae- 
nam,  quidnam  and  (adj.)  quod- 
nam  [quis  +  nam],  interrog. 
pron.,  who,  pray  ?  what,  pray  ? 
who?  which?  what?  who  in  the 
world? 

quispiam,  quaepiam,  quidpiam  and 
(adj.)  quodpiam  [quis],  indef. 
pron.,  any  one,  anything,  any ; 
some  one,  something,  some. 

quisquam,  quicquam  [quis  + 
quam],  indef.  pron.,  any  one, 
anything. 

quisque,  quaeque,  quidque  and 
(adj.)  quodque  [quis  +  -que],  in- 
def. pron.,  each,  each  one,  every  ; 
with  adj.  in  sup.  sing.,  all  the; 
quotus  quisque,  how  many  ? 
how  few  ? 


496 


VOCABULARY 


quisquis,  quicquid  [quis  +  quis], 
indef.  rel.  pron.,  whoever,  what- 
ever, whosoever,  whatsoever,  all 
who,  every  one  who,  all  which, 
everything  which. 

quivis,  quaevis,  quidvis  and  (adj.) 
quod  vis  [qui  +  vis,  from  volo], 
indef.  pron.,  whom  you  please, 
what  you  please,  whoever  it  be, 
whatever  it  be,  any  .  .  .  whatever, 
any  possible,  any. 

quo  [quis  and  qui],  rel.  and 
interrog.  adv.,  to  what  place, 
whither ;  on  which  account, 
wherefore;  before  comparatives, 
by  as  mtich  as,  the;  that  tfiereby, 
that,  in  order  that ;  quo  minus, 
by  which  the  less,  that  .  .  .  not, 
in  order  that  .  .  .  not,  from ; 
quo  usque,  how  far  ?  how  long  ? 

quoad  [quo  +  ad],  conj.,  as  far  as; 
till,  until ;  as  long  as,  while. 

quocumque  [quicumque],  adv.,  to 
whatever  place,  wheresoever,  in 
whatsoever  direction. 

quod  [qui],  (l)  adv.,  in  respect  to 
which,  as  to  what,  in  what,  inhere- 
in ;  quod  SI,  but  if,  if  however  ; 
(2)  conj.,  in  that,  that,  as  to  the 
fact  that,  as  for ;  inasmuch  as, 
since ;  propterea  quod,  because. 

quondam  [quom  =  cum],  adv.,  once, 
once  upon  a  time,  formerly,  here- 
tofore. 

quoniam  [quom  =  cum  +  iam], 
conj.,  since  now,  since  then,  see- 
ing that,  inasmuch  as,  because, 
whereas. 

quoque  [qui  +  -que],  conj.,  also,  too, 
as  well. 

quot  [quis  and  qui],  indecl.  adj., 
how  many  ?  as  many  as,  as. 

quotannis  [quot  +  annus],  adv., 
yearly,  every  year,  year  after 
year. 


quotiens  [quot],  adv.,  how  often? 
how  many  times?  as  often  as,  as 
many  times  as,  whenever;  quotiens 
.  .  .  totiens,  as  often  .  .  .  as. 

quotienscumque  [quotiens],  adv., 
as  often  as,  every  time  tliat,  when- 
soever. 

quotus,  -a,  -urn  [quot],  of  what  >nt  •//- 
ber  ?  quotus  quisque,  how  many  ? 
how  few? 

quovis  [quivis],  adv.,  to  any  place 
you  wish,  to  any  place  whatrcer, 
anywhere. 


radix,  -icis,  f.,  root. 

raeda,  -ae,  f.,  traveling-carriage,  car- 
riage. 

raedarius,  -l  [raeda],  m.,  coachman, 
driver. 

rapma,  -ae  [rapio],  f.,  robbery. 

rapio,  rapere,  rapui,  raptus,  carry 
off,  seize,  drag  away  ;  /in /TV  on, 
urge  on  ;  rob,  plunder;  reflexive 
pass.,  hurry. 

ratio,  -onis  [reor,  reckon~\,  f.,  reckon- 
ing, account,  calculation,  estimate  ; 
transaction,  business,  matter, 
affair;  idea,  thought,  motive; 
m  a  nner,  method,  way,  pla  n,  co  nrse  ; 
system,  science,  ttieory,  principle, 
art;  judgment,  understanding; 
reason  ;  consideration  ;  knmuledge, 
theoretical  knowledge;  omni  ra- 
tione,  in  every  way  ;  qua  ratione, 
in  what  way  ? 

ratiocinor,-ari,-atus  [ratio],  reckon, 
reason. 

re--,  red-,  inseparable  prefix,  again, 
back  ;  against. 

Reatinus,  -a,  -um,  Reatine,  of  Reate, 
an  ancient  Sabine  town;  see  note 
on  p.  99,  1.  8. 

recens,  -entis,  adj.,  fresh,  recent. 


VOCABULARY 


497 


recensio,  -onis  [recenseo,  enumer- 
ate^, f.,  enumeration  ;  census. 

receptor,  -oris  [recipio],  m.,  con- 
cealer, harborer  ;  haunt. 

recessus,  -us  [recede,  -withdraw], 
m.,  withdrawal;  remote  place, 
hiding-place,  recess,  retreat. 

recipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[re-  -f  capio],  take  back,  recover ; 
receive,  admit ;  undertake,  prom- 
ise; se  recipere,  withdraw,  retreat. 

recite,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  +  cito], 
read  out,  read  aloud. 

reclame,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
clamo],  cry  out  against,  protest, 
object. 

recognosco,  -gnoscere,  -gn5vi, 
-gnitus  [re-  +  cognosce],  recall 
to  mind,  review,  go  over. 

recolo,  -colere,  -colui,  -cultus 
[re-  -f  colo],  cultivate  anew ;  re- 
new, review. 

reconciliatio,  -onis  [reconcilio],  f., 
restoration,  renewal,  re'establish- 
ment. 

reconcilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
concilio],  bring  together  again; 
restore,  renew;  reconcile. 

recondo,  -condere,  -condidi, 
-conditus  [re-  +  condo],  put 
away  again;  hide,  conceal ;  cover  ; 
sheathe. 

recordatio,  -onis  [recorder],  f.,  recol- 
lection, remembrance. 

recorder,  -an,  -atus  [re-  -f  cor, 
heart],  recall,  remember. 

recreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  -f  creo], 
create  aneiv  ;  restore,  revive,  en- 
courage, give  strength  to;  serecre- 
are,  recover. 

recta  [rectus,  straight,  sc.  via],  adv., 
straightivay,  right  on,  straight. 

recte  [rectus,  straight'},  adv.,  in  a 
straight  line ;  rightly,  justly,  cor- 
rectly. 

2K 


recuperd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  get  back, 
recover,  regain. 

recurro,  -currere,  -cum  [re-  + 
curro],  run  back,  return. 

reciisatio,  -onis  [recuso],  f.,  declin- 
ing, refusal,  objection. 

recuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
causa],  make  objection  against, 
decline,  reject,  refuse  ;  object,  pro- 
test. 

redargue,  -ere,  -ui  [red-  +  arguo], 
disprove,  refute,  contradict. 

reddo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [red-  + 
do],  give  back,  bring  back,  re- 
turn, restore,  repay  ;  render,  sur- 
render, deliver. 

redeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus  [red-  +  eo],£» 
back,  return. 

redigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus  [red-  + 
ago],  drive  back  ;  reduce. 

redimio,  -ire,  -itus,  bind  around, 
encircle,  deck,  cronni. 

redimo,  -imere,  -emi,  -emptus 
[red-  +  emo],  buy  back,  redeem, 
ransom,  buy  off ;  gain;  contract 
for,  enter  into  contract. 

reditus,  -us  [redeo],  m.,  return. 

reduce,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductus 
[re-  +  duco],  lead  back,  bring 
back,  draw  back;  restore. 

redundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [red-  + 
undo,  surge],  run  over,  overflow ; 
be  filled,  reek,  abound ;  redound 
to,  come  to,  fall  upon. 

redux,  -ducis  [reduce],  adj.,  led  back, 
brought  back,  returned,  restored. 

refello,  -fellere,  -fell!  [re-  -f  fallo], 
show  to  be  false,  refiite,  disprove. 

refer5,  referre,  rettuli,  relatus 
[re- +  fero],  bear  back,  bring  back, 
lead  back  ;  return,  render,  restore, 
repay  ;  recite,  tell,  say,  announce  ; 
answer  ;  refer,  lay  before ;  gratias 
referre,  return  thanks,  requite; 
responsum  ferre,  receive  a  reply. 


498 


VOCABULARY 


refert,  -ferre,  -tulit  [res  +  fero],  it 
is  of  advantage,  it  matters,  it  con- 
cerns ;  parvi  refert,  it  makes  little 
difference,  it  is  of  little  conse- 
quence. 

refertus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  refercio, 
fill  up],  filled,  replete,  abounding 
in,  rich  in. 

reficio,  -ficere,  -feel,  -fectus  [re-  + 
facio],  make  again,  repair;  re- 
fresh, renew,  relieve  ;  encourage. 

reformido,  -are,  -atus  [re-  + 
formldo,y£ar],  dread,  shudder  at, 
recoil  from. 

refugio,  -fugere,  -fugi  [re-  -f  fugio], 
flee  back,  run  away,  escape  ;  shrink, 
recoil. 

refuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  check,  repel; 
disprove,  refute,  prove  false. 

regalis,  -e  [rex],  of  a  king,  royal, 
regal. 

regia,  -ae  [regius],  f.,  the  Kegia  ;  see 
note  on  p.  178,  1.  12. 

regie  [regius],  adv.,  royally,  like  a 
king ;  despotically,  tyrannically. 

Reginus,  -a,  -um,  of  Regium,  a  city 
of  southern  Italy,  the  modern 
Reggio  ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  people 
of  Regium. 

regie,  -orris  [rego],  f.,  direction; 
boundary,  limit;  tract,  territory, 
region,  quarter,  country. 

regius,  -a,  -um  [rex],  of  a  king, 
royal,  regal. 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [rcgnum], 
be  king,  rule,  reign. 

regnum,  -i  [rex],  n.,  rule,  dominion, 
power,  sovereignty  ;  kingdom. 

rego,  regere,  rexi,  rectus,  guide, 
direct,  rule,  govern,  control. 

reicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [re-  -f 
iacio],  throw  back,  throiv  aside ; 
cast  out,  reject. 

relaxo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  +  laxo, 
slacken^,  slacken  again;  relieve, 


ease,  cheer,  relax,  lighten,  unbur- 
den. 

relevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  +  levo], 
lift  up;  ease,  soothe,  relieve,  alle- 
viate. 

religio,  -orris,  f.,  conscientiousness; 
scruple  ;  religious  observance,  reli- 
gious rite  ;  sacred  place,  sanctuary. 

religidsus,  -a,  -um  [religiS],  con- 
scientious ;  sacred,  holy. 

relinquo,  -linquere,  -liqui,  -lictus 
[re-  +  linquo,  leave~\,  leave  behind, 
leave,  abandon,  desert;  neglect, 
overlook,  disregard,  omit;  leave 
undisturbed. 

reliquiae,  -arum  [reliquus],  f.  pi., 
remains,  remainder,  remnant,  rest. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um  [relinquo],  left, 
remaining,  rest  of;  the  other,  all 
other;  future,  subsequent;  reli- 
quum  est,  it  remains. 

remaneo,  -manere,  -mansi  [re-  + 
maned],  remain  behind,  remain  ; 
continue,  endure. 

remansio,  -orris  [remaneo],  f.,  re- 
maining, staying  behind,  stay. 

remex,  -igis  [remus,  oar  +  ago], 
m.,  rower,  oarsman. 

reminiscor,  -i  [re-  +  meminl],  re- 
member, recollect,  call  to  mind. 

remissio,  -orris  [remitto],  f.,  slack- 
ening, lowering;  leniency,  mild- 
ness; relaxation,  recreation. 

remissus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  remitto], 
gentle  ;  lax,  careless,  negligent. 

remitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[re-  +  mitto],  send  back,  give  back, 
restore ;  grant ;  remit. 

remoror,  -ari,  -atus  [re-  +  moror, 
delay~\,  delay,  detain,  hinder,  be  a 
hindrance  to. 

removed,  -movere,  -movi,  -motus 
[re-  +  moveo],  remove,  drive 
away,  put  out  of  the  way,  with- 
draw. 


VOCABULARY 


499 


renovo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
nov5,  renew],  renew,  refresh. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
nuntio],  announce,  declare,  report, 
proclaim. 

repello,  repellere,  reppuli,  repulsus 
[re-  +  pello],  drive  back,  thrust 
back,  repel ;  ward  off. 

repente  [repens,  sudden],  adv.,  sud- 
denly, unexpectedly. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um  [repens,  sud- 
den], sudden,  unexpected. 

reperiS,  reperire,  repperi,  repertus, 
find,  discover  ;  learn. 

repeto,-ere,  -m,  -itus  [re-  +  pet5], 
seek  again,  demand  back,  ask, 
claim;  recall,  recollect ;  inflict. 

reports,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
porto],  bring  back,  take  back; 
carry  off,  gain,  obtain. 

reprehends, -prehendere,  -prehendi, 
-prehensus  [re-  +  prehendo, 
grasp],  take  hold  of;  blame, 
censure. 

reprimo,  -primere,  -press!,  -pressus 
[re-  +  premo],  press  back,  keep 
back,  drive  back,  check,  frustrate. 

repudiS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  +  pu- 
det],  reject,  scorn,  spurn,  disdain. 

repugnS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
piigno],  fight  against,  resist,  oppose. 

requies,  -etis,  ace.,  requiem  [re-  + 
quies],  f.,  rest,  repose,  relaxation, 
recreation. 


require,  -quirere,  -quisivi,  -quisitus 
[re-  +  quaero],  seek  again,  search 
for ;  ask  for,  call  for,  demand  ; 
inquire  for,  look  in  vain  for,  miss. 

res,  rei,  f.,  thing,  object ;  matter,  fact, 
affair,  business,  event,  deed,  action; 
interest; property, possession;  cause, 
reason ;  in  omnibus  rebus,  in 
every  respect ;  maritimae  res, 
naial  a/airs;  quam  ob  rem, 
whtrefore  ?  why  ?  therefore  ;  qua 


re,  for  what  reason?  why?  for 
that  reason,  therefore ;  re,  by  ac- 
tions, in  reality,  in  fact ;  rem 
agere,  try  a  case;  rerum  potiri, 
gain  absolute  control;  res  ad- 
versae,  adversity,  misfortune; 
res  familiaris,  estate,  property; 
res  f rumentaria,  grain-supply  ; 
res  gestae,  achievements,  exploits  ; 
res  militaris,  art  of  war,  warfare; 
res  novae,  revolution;  res  obire, 
transact  business;  res  publica, 
public  interest,  public  welfare, 
commonwealth,  state;  res  secun- 
dae,  prosperity;  re  vera,z'«  reality, 
in  fact ;  summa  res  publica,  the 
highest  interests  of  the  state,  the 
supreme  public  welfare. 

rescinds,  -scindere,  -scidi,  -scissus 
[re-  +  scindo,  tear],  tear  down, 
cut  down  ;  annul,  abolish,  rescind. 

rescribo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptus  [re-  +  scribo],  write 
back,  write  in  return,  answer, 
reply. 

reseco,  -secare,  -secui,  -sectus  [re- 
+  seco,  cut],  cut  loose,  cut  off, 
amputate. 

reservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
servo],  reserve ;  save, preserve. 

resideo,  -sidere,  -sedi  [re-  +  sedeo], 
sit  back ;  remain  behind,  stay ;  be 
left. 

resigno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
signo,  mark],  unseal,  open; 
annul,  destroy,  remove. 

resists,  -sistere,  -stiti  [re-  +  sistS], 
stand  back,  stay  behind,  remain; 
resist,  oppose,  withstand. 

respicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[re-.+  specie,  look],  look  back,  look 
behind,  review,  regard,  observe. 

respirS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  -f 
spiro],  breathe  again,  recover 
breath,  be  relieved. 


500 


VOCABULARY 


respondeo,  -spondere,  -spondi, 
-sponsus  [re-  +  spondee],  a nswer, 
give  an  answer,  reply  ;  be  a  match 
for,  correspond. 

responsum,  -I  [part,  of  respondeo], 
n.,  answer,  reply ;  response,  ad- 
vice; responsum  ferre,  receive  a 
reply. 

restinguo,  -stinguere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctus  [re-  -f  stinguS,  put  ouf\, 
put  out,  extinguish,  quench ;  ex- 
terminate, destroy. 

restituo,  -stituere,  -stitui,  -stitutus 
[re-  -(-  stafuo],  set  up  again,  re- 
store, replace. 

restitutor,  -oris  [restituo],  m.,  re- 
storer. 

resto,  -stare,  -stiti  [re-  +  sto], 
stand  back,  remain,  survive. 

retardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  + 
tardS],  hinder,  retard,  delay, 
check. 

reticentia,  -ae  [reticeo],  f.,  si- 
lence. 

reticeo,  -ticere, -ticui  [re-  +  taceo], 
be  silent,  keep  silent,  say  nothing. 

retineo,  -tinere,  -tinui,  -tentus  [re- 
+  teneS],  hold  back,  keep,  retain; 
restrain;  hold,  uphold,  preserve, 
maintain, 

retorqued,  -torquere,  -torsi,  -tortus 
[re-  -(-  torqueS,  turn'},  turn  back. 

retractatio,  -onis  [retract 5,  refuse], 
L,  refusal,  objection,  hesitation. 

retundo,  retundere,  rettudi,  retusus 
[re-  +  tundo,  beat],  beat  back, 
dull. 

reus,  -a,  -um,  accused,  defendant; 
as  subst.,  m.  antl  f.,  accused,  de- 
fendant, prisoner. 

revertor,  -verti,  -versus,  perf.  usu- 
ally revertl  [re-  -f  vertd],  turn 
back,  come  back,  return. 

revinco,  -vincere,  -vlci,  -victus  [re- 
-f  vinco],  conquer ;  convict. 


reviviscS,  -viviscere,  -vixi  [re-  + 
vivo],  come  to  life  again. 

revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [re-  +  voco], 
call  back,  recall ;  restore. 

rex,  regis  [regd],  m.,  king. 

Rhenus,  -I,  m.,  the  Rhine,  a  river  be- 
tween Gaul  and  Germany. 

Rhodius,  -a,  -um,  Rhodian,  of  Rhodes, 
an  island  near  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Rho- 
dians. 

ridiculus,  -a,  -um  [rideo,  laugh'], 
ridiculous,  silly,  laughable,  absurd. 

ripa,  -ae,  f.,  bank  (of  a  river). 

robur,  -oris,  n.,  oak  ;  strength,  vigor. 

rSbustus,  -a,  -um  [r5bur],  strong, 
hardy,  robust. 

rogatio,  -onis  [rogo],  f.,  question  ; 
bill,  law. 

(rogatus,  -us),  only  found  in  the 
abl.  sing,  [rogo],  m.,  request,  en- 
treaty, suit. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ask,  inquire  ; 
request ;  propose,  introduce. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome. 

Romanus, -a,  -um  [Roma],  Roman, 
of  Rome. 

Romulus,  -i,  m.,  Romulus,  the  mythi- 
cal founder  of  Rome. 

Roscius,  -i,  m.,  Roscius ;  see  note 
on  p.  157,  1.  28. 

rostra,  -orum  [rostrum,  beak~\,  n.  pi., 
the  Rostra ;  see  note  on  p.  123, 
I.i4. 

Rudinus,  -a,  -um,  of  R tidiac,  a  town 
in  Calabria. 

rudis,  -e,  rough,  rude,  uncultured, 
ignorant,  inexperienced. 

Rufio,  -onis  [riifus,  red~\,  m.,  Red- 
head, Rufio,  a  slave  name;  see 
note  on  p.  185,  1.  16. 

Ruf us,  -i,  m.,  Ritfus,  a  surname ;  see 
Sulpicius. 

ruina,  -ae  [ruo],  f.,  tumbling  down, 
fall;  downfall,  ruin,  destruction. 


VOCABULARY 


5OI 


rumor,  -oris,  m.,  common  talk,  re- 
port, rumor,  hearsay. 

rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  ruptus, 
break,  burst. 

ruo,  ruere,  nil,  ruiturus,  tumble 
down,  fall  in  ruins ;  fall,  go  to 
ruin,  go  to  destruction ;  rush, 
hasten. 

rursus  [for  reversus,  part,  of  re- 
vertorj,  adv.,  turned  back,  back- 
ward; back  again,  again,  anew  ; 
on  the  other  hand,  in  turn. 

rusticor,  -an,  -atus  [rusticus],  go 
into  the  country. 

rusticus,  -a,  -um  [riis,  country],  of 
the  country,  rustic  ;  plain,  simple  ; 
as  subst.,  m.,  countryman,  peas- 
ant. 

S 

Sabinus,  -a,  -um,  Sabine,  of  the  Sa- 
biiics,  a  people  of  central  Italy;  as 
subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Sa bines. 

sacer,  -era,  -crum,  sacred,  conse- 
crated, holy ;  as  subst.,  n.  pi.,  sa- 
cred things,  sacred  rites. 

sacerdos,  -otis  [sacer  +  do],  m.  and 
f.,  priest,  priestess. 

sacramentum,-!  [sacr5,  consecrate], 
n.,  lawsuit ;  see  note  on  p.  190, 
1.  20. 

sacrarium,  -I  [sacer],  n.,  shrine, 
chapel,  sanctuary. 

sacrificium,  -i  [sacrificus,  sacrifi- 
cial], n.,  sacrifice. 

sacrosanctus,  -a,  -um  [sacrum  + 
sancio],  consecrated  with  religious 
rites;  sacred,  inviolable. 

sacrum,  -I  [sacer],  n.,  sacred  rite, 
sacrifice. 

saeculum,  -I  [sero,  sow],  n.,  gener- 
ation, age,  lifetime ;  century. 

saepe,  adv.,  often,  many  times,  fre- 
quently;  saepius,  iterum  et  sae- 
pius,  or  semel  et  saepius,  again 
and  again. 


saepio,    saepire,    saepsi,    saeptus 

[saepes,  hedge] ,  inclose,  surround  ; 
guard,  protect. 

saepta,  -drum  [part,  of  saepio],  n. 
pi.,  inclosure ;  inclosure  for  vot- 
ing, polls,  booths,  see  note  on  p. 
179,  1.  1 8. 

sagatus,  -a,  -um  [sagum],  wearing 
the  sagum,  clad  in  the  garb  of  war. 

sagax,  -acis  [sagio,  perceive],  adj., 
keen,  shreivd,  sagacious. 

sagum,  -i,  n.,  military  cloak ;  ad 
saga  Ire  or  saga  sumere,  assume 
the  garb  of  war. 

Salaminius,  -a,  -um,  of  Salamis, 
a  town  of  Cyprus;  as  subst.,  m. 
pi.,  the  Salaminians. 

Sallustius,  -i,  m.,  Sallustius ;  see 
note  on  p.  248, 1.  4. 

saltern,  adv.,  at  least,  at  all  events, 
at  any  rate. 

salto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
salio,  leap],  dance. 

saltus,  -us,  m.,  woodland  pasture, 
pasture. 

salus,  -utis  [salvus],  f.,  soundness, 
health;  safety,  prosperity;  greet- 
ing. 

salutaris,  -e  [salus],  salutary,  bene- 
ficial, healthful;  useful, valuable ; 
favorable,  prosperous. 

salut5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [salus], 
wish  health,  greet,  salute,  hail  ; 
visit,  pay  one's  respects  to. 

salvus,  -a,  -um,  in  good  health,  well, 
sound,  safe,  unharmed,  uninjured. 

Samos,  -i,  f.,  Samos,  an  island  in  the 
Aegean  Sea  near  Ephesus. 

sancio,  sanclre,  sanxi,  sanctus 
[sacer],  make  sacred ;  ordain. 

sancte  [sanctus],  a.dv.,piousfy,  con- 
scientiously. 

sanctitas,  -atis  [sanctus],  f.,  sacred- 
ness,  sanctity ;  purity,  piety,  con- 
scientiousness. 


502 


VOCABULARY 


sanctus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  sancio], 

sacred ' ;  pure,  just,  conscientious. 
sane  [sanus],  adv.,  soundly ;  indeed, 

certainly,  to  be  sure;  by  all  means, 

•very  ;  for  all  I  care. 
sanguis,  -guinis,   m.,   blood;  blood- 
shed, slaughter,  murder. 
sanitas,   -atis    [sanus],   f.,   health; 

sound  mind,  sound  reason. 
sano,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [sanus],  make 

sound,  cure ;  heal,  restore. 
sanus,  -a,  -um,  sound,  well ;  sensible, 

sane. 
sapiens, -entis  [part,  of  sapio],  adj., 

•wise;   as    subst.,    m.,    wise   man, 

philosopher. 

sapienter  [sapiens],  adv.,  wisely. 
sapientia,  -ae  [sapiens] ,  f.,  wisdom  ; 

philosophy. 
sapio,   -ere,   -IvI,  be  wise,  discern; 

understand,  know. 
Sardinia,  -ae,  f.,  Sardinia,  a  large 

island  west  of  Italy, 
satelles,  -itis,  m.  and  f.,  attendant; 

accomplice,  tool. 
satietas,  -atis  [satis],  f.,  sufficiency, 

fulness;  satiety,  loathing. 
satio,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [satis],  sat- 
isfy, fill,  glut,  satiate. 
satis,  (i)  indecl.  adj.,  only  nom.  and 

ace.    n.,    enough,   sufficient;    (2) 

adv.,  sufficiently. 
satisfacio,    -facere,  -feel,    -factus 

[satis  +  facio],    do    enough   for, 

satisfy. 

Saturnalia,  -orum,  n.  pi.,  the  Satur- 
nalia ;  see  note  on  p.  101,  1.  3. 
Saturninus,  -i,   m.,   Saturninus,  a 

family  name  ;  see  Apuleius. 
saucius,  -a,  -um,  wounded. 
Saxa,  -ae,  m.,  Saxa,  a  family  name  : 

L.  Decidius  Saxa  ;  see  note  on  p. 

206,  1.  27. 

saxum,  -I,  n.,  large  stone,  stone,  rock. 
scaena,  -ae  [cr^ci}],  f.,  stage. 


scaenicus,  -a,  -um  [scaena],  of  the 

stage,  on  the  stage ;  scaenicus  ar- 

tifex,  actor. 
scalae,  -arum  [scando,  climb~\,  f.  pi., 

'stairs,  staircase. 
Scantia,  -ae,  f.,  Scantia,  a  woman 

injured    by   Clodius;   see    p.    190, 

1-32. 

scelerate  [sceleratus],  adv.,  wick- 
edly, nefariously,  wrongfully. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  scelero, 
pollute] ,  wicked,  vicious,  cri»i  inal, 
infamous  ;  as  subst.,  m.,  scoundrel. 

scelus,  -eris,  n.,  cri»ie,   wickedness. 

Schola,  -ae,  m.,  Schola,  a  family 
name  ;  see  Causinius. 

sciens,  -entis  [part,  of  scio],  adj., 
knowing,  skilled,  expert,  experi- 
enced;  knowingly,  intentionally. 

scientia,  -ae  [sciens],  f.,  knowledge, 
science,  art,  skill. 

scilicet  [for  scire  licet],  adv.,  one 
may  know,  no  doubt,  certainly,  of 
course  ;  forsooth. 

scio,  -ire,  -m,  -itus,  know,  be  aware, 
understand,  perceive;  baud  scio 
an,  /  kno~M  not  whether,  I  am  in- 
clined to  think,  perhaps,  probably. 

Scipio,  -onis,  m.,  Scipio,  a  family 
name  ;  see  Cornelius. 

sciscitor,  -arl,  -atus  [freq.  of  sclsco, 
inquire],  ask,  inquire. 

scortum,  -i,  n.,  infamous  woman, 
prostitute. 

scriba,  -ae  [scribo],  m.,  clerk,  secre- 
tary. 

scribo,  scribere,  scrips!,  scriptus, 
write;  write  an  account  of,  com- 
pose. 

scriptor,  -oris  [scribo],  m.,  writer, 
narrator,  author. 

scriptura,  -ae  [scribo],  f.,  writing; 
pasture-lax,  see  note  on  p.  129, 
1.  20. 

scutum,  -i,  n.,  shield. 


VOCABULARY 


5°3 


se-,  sed-,  inseparable  prefix  denoting 
separation. 

secedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus  [se- 
+  cedo],  go  away,  withdraw,  de- 
part. 

secerno,  -cernere,  -crevi,  -cretus 
[se-  +  cerno],  separate ;  exclude, 
reject. 

secessio,  -onis  [secedo],  f.,  with- 
drawal, secession  ;  disagreement. 

secundus,  -a,  -um  [sequor],  follow- 
ing, next,  second ;  favorable,  pros- 
perous, successful;  res  secundae, 
prosperity. 

securis, -is  [seco,  cut],  L,ax, hatchet; 
see  note  on  p.  89,  1.  30. 

secus,  adv.,  otherwise,  differently. 

sed  [se-],  conj.,  but, yet,  however. 

sedeo,  sedere,  sedi,  sessus,  sit,  be 
seated. 

sedes,  -is  [sedeo],  f.,  seat;  abode, 
domicile,  residence,  home. 

seditio,  -onis  [sed-  -f  eo],  f.,  separa- 
tion ;  insurrection,  rebellion. 

seditiose  [seditiosus,  WzVzowj],  adv., 
seditiously. 

sedo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sedeS],  set- 
tle, end,  bring  to  an  end,  stop, 
allay. 

sedulitas,  -atis  [sedulus,  diligent], 
f.,  diligence,  assiduity,  zeal,  earnest- 
ness. 

seges,  -etis,  f.,  grain-field ;  soil, 
ground,  source. 

segniter  [segnis,  slow"],  adv.,  slowly, 
sluggishly;  nihilo  segnius,  no 
less  zealously. 

segrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [se-  +  grex, 
herd~],  separate,  exclude,  remove, 
put  aside. 

seiungo,  -iungere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus 
[se-  +  iungo],  disjoin,  separate, 
sever,  disunite. 

sella,  -ae  [for  sedla,  from  sedeo],  f., 
seat,  chair,  stool ;  work-bench  ; 


sella   curulis,    curule  chair,  see 
Introd.,  p.  54. 

semel,  adv.,  once ;  but  once  ;  semel 
et  saepius,  more  than  once,  again 
and  again. 

semen,  -inis  [sero,  sow~\,  n.,  seed; 
source,  origin,  cause. 

seminarium,  -i  [semen],  n.,  nurs- 
ery ;  hotbed. 

semiustilatus,  -a,  -um  [semi-,  half 
+  ustilo,  bunt],  half-burned. 

semper,  adv.,  ever,  always,  at  all 
times,  every  time,  invariably. 

sempiternus,  -a,  -um  [semper], 
everlasting,  eternal,  perpetual, 
imperishable. 

Sempronius,  -i,  m.,  Sempronius,  a 
gentile  name  :  (i)  C.  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  see  note  on  p.  70,  1.  3; 
(2)  Ti.  Sempronius  Gracchus,  see 
note  on  p.  69, 1.  18;  as  adj.,  Sem- 
pronius, -a,  -um,  Sempronian,  of 
Sempronius. 

senator,  -oris  [senex],  m.,  senator. 

senatorius,  -a,  -um  [senator],  of  a 
senator,  senatorial. 

senatus,  -us  [senex],  m.,  senate. 

senectus,  -utis  [senex],  f.,  old 
age. 

senex,  -is,  adj.,  old,  aged ;  as  subst., 
m.,  old  man. 

senium,  -i  [senex],  n.,  senility,  de- 
cline;  affliction,  grief. 

sensus,  -us  [sentio],  m., perception, 
feeling,  consciousness ;  opinion, 
judgment,  thought. 

sententia,  -ae  [sentio],  f.,  opinion, 
judgment,  feeling,  thought,  senti- 
ment; purpose;  motion,  resolu- 
tion; vote;  significance,  meaning ; 
in  eandem  sententiam,  to  the 
same,  purport ;  sententiam  ferre, 
vote. 

sentina,  -ae,  f.,  bilge-water ;  dregs, 
refuse. 


5°4 


VOCABULARY 


sentio,  sentire,  sensi,  sensus,  dis- 
cern, see, perceive,  notice  ;  be  aware 
of,  know  ;  have  an  opinion,  believe, 
think,  judge,  feel. 

separo,-are,-avi,-atus  [se-  +  paro], 
separate,  disjoin,  sever. 

sepelio,  -pelire,  -pelivi,  -pultus, 
bury  ;  ruin,  destroy  ;  suppress. 

septem,  indecl.  adj.,  seven. 

September,  -bris,  -bre  [septem], 
of  September. 

Septimus,  -a,  -urn  [septem] ,  seventh. 

sepulcrum,  -i  [sepeh'5],  n.,  grave, 
tomb,  sepulcher. 

sepultura,  -ae  [sepelio],  f.,  burial, 
funefal. 

sequor,  sequi,  secutus,  follow,  follow 
after,  come  after,  attend,  accom- 
pany;  come  next,  ensue,  result; 
adopt ;  aim  at. 

Sergius,  -I,  m.,  Sergius,  a  gentile 
name :  ( I )  L.  Sergius  Catilina, 
see  Introd.,  pp.  21-28;  (2)  T.  Ser- 
gius Callus,  see  p.  195,  1.  13. 

serius,  comp.  of  sero. 

sermo,  -onis  [sero,  interweave"],  m., 
connected  speech,  talk,  conversation  ; 
common  talk,  report,  hearsay  ;  ser- 
monibus  eructare,  make  drunken 
threats. 

sero  [serus],  adv.,  late,  too  late. 

serpo,  serpere,  serpsi,  serptus, 
creep,  glide. 

serta,  -orum  [part,  of  sero,  inter- 
•weave],  n.  pi.,  wreaths,  garlands. 

Sertorianus,  -a,  -um,  Sertorian,  of 
Sertorius;  see  note  on  p.  126, 1.  30. 

serus,  -a,  -um,  late,  long  delayed. 

servilis,  -e  [servus],  of  a  slave,  ser- 
vile. 

Servilius,  -I,  m.,  Servilius,  a  gentile 
name  :  ( I )  C.  Servilius  Aha  la, 
see  note  on  p.  69,  1.  22  ;  (2)  C. 
Servilius  Glaucia,  see  note  on  p. 
70,  1.  7;  (3)  P.  Servilius  I'atia 


fsauricus,  see  Introd.,  p.  39 ; 
(4)  P.  Servilius  Vatia  I sa  uric  us, 
see  note  on  p.  150,  1.  6. 

servio,  -Ire,  -m,  -Itus  [servus],  be  a 
slave,  serve,  be  subject;  serve  ///. 
interests  of,  assist,  do  a  service.  /<<  . 
gratify. 

servitium,  -I  [servus],  n.,  slavery, 
subjection,  servitude  ;  body  of  ser- 
vants, slaves. 

servitus,  -utis  [servus],  f.,  slavery, 
subjection,  servitttde. 

servd,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  save,  pre- 
serve, make  safe,  keep,  maintain, 
watch,  guard. 

servus,  -I,  m.,  slave,  servant. 

sese,  ace.  and  abl.  of  sui. 

Sestius,  -i,  m.,  Sestius,  a  gentile 
name:  P.  Sestius;  see  notes  on 
p.  79,  1.  1 6,  and  p.  178, 1.  18. 

severe  [severus],  adv.,  sez'erely, 
gravely,  seriously. 

severitas,  -atis  [severus],  f.,  severity, 
seriousness,  strictness,  sternness. 

severus,  -a,  -um,  severe,  serious, 
strict,  stern. 

sexaginta  [sex,  six~\,  indecl.  adj., 
sixty. 

Sext,  an  abbreviation  for  Sextilis. 

Sextilis,  -e  [sextus],  of  the  sixth 
month,  of  August. 

sextus,  -a,  -um  [sex,  six],  sixth. 

Sextus,  -I,  m.,  Sextus,  a  prae- 
nomen. 

si,  conj.,  if,  in  case  that;  etiam  si. 
even  if;  nisi  si,  unless;  quod 
si,  but  if,  if  however. 

Sibyllinus,  -a,  -um,  of  the  Sibyl, 
Sibylline;  fata  Sibyllma,  the 
Sibylline  books,  see  note  on  p.  100, 
1.  19. 

sic  [si],  adv.,  so,  thus,  in  this  way, 
in  this  manner,  in  sitch  a  man- 
ner;  as  follows  ;  to  such  a  degree, 
so. 


VOCABULARY 


505 


slca,  -ae,  f.,  dagger,  poniard. 

sicarius,  -l  [slca],  m.,  assassin,  mur- 
derer. 

Sicca,  -ae,  m.,  Sicca,  one  of  Cicero's 
friends  ;  see  p.  248,  1.  6. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f.,  Sicily. 

sicut  or  sicutl  [sic  -f  ut],  adv.,  so  as, 
just  as. 

sicuti,  see  sicut. 

Sigeum,  -I,  n.,  Sigeum,  a  promon- 
tory of  the  Troad. 

signifer,  -feri  [sTgnum  +  fero],  m., 
sta  >i  da  rd-bearer. 

significatio,  -onis  [signifies],  f., 
indication,  intimation,  sign,  sig- 
nal;  expression  of  approval. 

signified, -are, -avi,-atus  [slgnum  + 
facio],  indicate,  express,  show,  in- 
timate. 

signum,  -I,  n.,  mark,  token,  sign; 
standard,  flag ;  signal,  call;  image, 
statue  ;  seal,  signet. 

Silanus,  -l,  m.,  Silanus,  a  family 
name:  D.  fitnius  Silanus;  see 
notes  on  p.  74,  1.  9,  and  p.  113, 
1.27. 

silentium,  -T  [silens,  silent],  n.,  si- 
lence. 

sileo,  -ere,  -Ul,  be  silent,  say  nothing  ; 
pass  over  in  silence. 

silva,  -ae,  f.,  -wood,  forest. 

Silvanus,  -I,  m.,  Silvanns,  a  family 
name  :  M.  Plantius  Sih'anus ;  see 
note  on  p.  154,  1.  2. 

Silvester,  -tris,  -tre  [silva],  wooded, 
woody. 

similis,  -e,  like,  resembling,  similar. 

similiter  [similis],  adv.,  in  like  man- 
ner, likewise,  similarly,  in  the 
same  way. 

similitudS,  -inis  [similis],  f.,  like- 
ness, resemblance,  similarity. 

simpliciter  [simplex,  simple~\,  adv., 
simply,  plainly,  directly,  in  a 
straightforward  manner. 


simul  [similis],  adv.,  at  the  same 
time,  together  ;  simul  atque  or  ac, 
as  soon  as. 

simulacrum,  -i  [simulo],  n.,  likeness, 
representation;  image,  effigy,  statue. 

simulatio,  -onis  [simulo],  f.,  pre- 
tense, pretext. 

simulo,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [similis], 
represent;  feign,  pretend. 

simultas,  -atis  [similis],  f.,  rivalry  ; 
enmity. 

sin  [sT+-ne],  conj.,  but  if,  if  however. 

sine,  prep.  \v.  abl.,  without. 

singularis,  -e  [singuli],  alone,  single, 
solitary;  unique, peculiar, remark- 
able, unparalleled. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  pi.  adj.,  one  at  a 
time,  single,  individual,  separate  ; 
in  dies  singulos,  from  day  to  day. 

sino,  sinere,  sivi,  situs,  set,  leave  ; 
let,  allow,  permit. 

Sinope,  -es,  f.,  Sinope,  a  city  of 
Paphlagonia  in  Asia  Minor;  see 
p.  131,  1.  28. 

sinus,  -us,  m.,  curve,  fold ;  bosom, 
lap  ;  bay,  gulf. 

sis,  a  contraction  of  si  vis,  if  you 
please. 

sisto,  sistere,  stiti,  status  [sto], 
cause  to  stand,  place,  set. 

sitis,  -is,  f.,  thirst. 

situs,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  smo},  placed, 
situated. 

situs,  -us  [sin5],  m.,  situation. 

sive  [si  +  -ve],  conj.,  or  if,  whether, 
or ;  sive  .  .  .  sive,  if ...  or  if, 
if  on  the  one  hand  .  .  .  if  on  the 
other,  if .  .  .  but  if. 

Smyrnaeus,  -a,  -um,  of  Smyrna,  a 
city  of  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor ;  as 
subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  people  of  Smyrna. 

sobrius,  -a,  -um  [se-  4-  ebrius], 
sober. 

societas,  -atis  [socius],  f.,  partner- 
ship, fellowship,  companionship. 


506 


VOCABULARY 


SOCius,  -a,  -um  [sequor],  sharing; 
as  subst.,  m.  and  f.,  sharer,  part- 
ner, associate,  companion;  ally. 

sodalis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  companion, 
comrade,  friend,  crony. 

sol,  soils,  m.,  sun. 

solacium,  -i  [solor,  comfort],  n.,  com- 
fort, relief,  solace. 

soled,  -ere,  -itus,  be  wont,  be  accus- 
tomed, be  in  the  habit  of. 

solitude,  -inis  [solus],  f.,  loneliness, 
solitude  ;  desert,  wilderness. 

sollemnis,  -e  [sollus,  whole  +  annus], 
annual,  stated,  regular;  solemn, 
sacred. 

sollicitatio,  -onis  [sollicito],  f.,  in- 
stigation, solicitation. 

sollicito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sollicitus], 
instigate,  tempt,  arouse,  incite,  ap- 
proach, make  overtures  to. 

sollicitudo,  -inis  [sollicitus],  f.,  ap- 
prehension, anxiety,  care,  disquiet, 
solicitude. 

sollicitus,  -a,  -um  [sollus,  whole  + 
cieo,  move'],  agitated,  troubled, 
anxious. 

solum,  -i,  n.,  soil. 

solum  [solus],  adv.,  alone,  only, 
merely. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  alone,  only,  single,  sole. 

SOlutid,  -onis  [solvS],  f.,  payment. 

solutus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  solvo], 
free,  unbridled,  unrestrained ; 
negligent,  remiss. 

solvo,  solvere,  solvi,  solutus  [se-  + 
luo],  loosen,  set  free,  release;  ac- 
quit, absolve,  relieve;  fulfil,  dis- 
charge, pay,  pay  off ;  bestow. 

somnus,  -i  [sopio,  put  to  s/eep~],  m., 
sleep,  slumber. 

sono,  -are,  -ui,  -itus  [sonus],  make 
a  noise,  sound ;  utter,  sing. 

sonus,  -i,  m.,  noise,  sound. 

sordes,  -ium  [sordeo,  be  dirty],  f. 
pi.,  dirt,  filth,  squalor  ;  mourning. 


soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  f.,  lot,  casting  of  lots, 
allotment. 

sortitus,  -us  [sortior,  cast  lots],  m., 
casting  of  lots,  allotment,  assign- 
ment. 

Sp.,  the  abbreviation  for  Spurius, 
Spurius,  a  praenomen. 

spargo,  spargere,  sparsi,  sparsus, 
strew,  scatter,  distribute;  spread 
abroad,  disseminate. 

spatium,  -I,  n.,  space,  interval,  dis- 
tance ;  space  of  time,  period. 

species,  (-el)  [specie,  look],  f.,  sight, 
look,  appearance ;  show,  pretext. 

spectaculum,  -i  [specto],  n.,  sight, 
spectacle,  show. 

spectatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  specto], 
tried,  tested,  proved;  respected,  ad- 
mired. 

specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
specie,  look],  look  on,  regard,  ob- 
serve;  look  toward,  aim  at. 

speculator,  -oris  [speculor],  m.,  spy, 
scout. 

speculor,  -ari,  -atus  [specula,  look- 
out], watch,  observe,  explore. 

spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spes],  hope, 
hope  for,  expect. 

spes,  spei,  f.,  hope,  expectation,  an- 
ticipation. 

spiritus,  -us  [spiro],  m.,  breath, 
breathing;  air ;  inspiration  ;  pi., 
arrogance,  pride. 

spiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  breathe; 
be  alive. 

splendidus,  -a,  -um  [splendeo, 
sAine],  shining,  bright,  brilliant; 
illustrious,  distinguished. 

splendor,  -oris  [splendeo,  shine'}, 
m.,  brightness,  brilliancy,  luster ; 
splendor,  magnificence  ;  excellence, 
merit. 

spolia,  -drum,  n.  pi.,  booty,  prey, 
spoil. 


VOCABULARY 


507 


spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spolia], 
deprive,  rob,  despoil. 

spondeo,  spondere,  spopondi, 
spdnsus,  promise,  pledge,  bind 
oneself, 

(spons,  spontis)  [spondeo],  {.,  free- 
will, accord ;  sponte,  with  pass, 
pron.,  of  one's  own  accord,  volun- 
tarily. 

Spurius,  -I,  m.,  Spurius,  a  praeno- 
men. 

squaleo,  -ere,  -ui,  be  filthy ;  be  in 
mourning. 

squalor,  -oris  [squale5],  m.,  filth- 
iness ;  mourning;  desolation,  sor- 
row. 

stabilio,  -ire,  -m,  -itus  [stabilis], 
make  firm,  establish,  secure. 

stabilis,  -e  [sto],  firm,  steadfast, 
fixed,  secure  ;  consistent,  intrepid. 

stabilitas,  -atis  [stabilis],  f.,  firm- 
ness, steadfastness,  stability. 

Statilius,  -i,  m.,  Statilius,  a  gentile 
name :  L.  Statilius ;  see  note  on 
p.  99,  1.  21. 

statim  [sto],  z.&\.,  forthwith,  at  once, 
immediately. 

Stator,  -oris  [sist5],  m.,  the  Protec- 
tor, a  name  applied  to  Jupiter ; 
see  note  on  p.  74,  1.  I. 

statua,  -ae  [status],  f.,  image,  statue. 

statuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus  [status],  set 
up,  erect,  construct;  set;  settle, 
determine,  decide  ;  make  up  one's 
mind,  conclude,  resolve. 

status,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  %v->\.o],  fixed, 
appointed. 

status,  -us  [sto],  m.,  station,  posi- 
tion :  situation,  condition. 

sterno,  sternere,  stravi,  stratus, 
spread  out,  scatter,  strew;  over- 
throw, prostrate. 

stimulus,  -i,  m.,  prick,  goad,  spur ; 
incentive,  stimulus. 

stipendium,  -i    [slips,  contribution 


+  pendo],  n.,  tax,  impost ;  pay; 
military  service,  campaign. 

stipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  crowd,  en- 
viron, surround,  attend. 

stirps,  stirpis  [stipes,  trunk],  f., 
trunk,  stem,  root ;  foundation. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  status,  stand;  stand 
firm,  remain  standing,  endure. 

strenue  [strenuus,  quick],  adv., 
quickly,  promptly. 

strepitus,  -us  [strepo,  make  noise], 
m.,  noise,  uproar,  din. 

studeo,  -ere,  -ui,  be  eager  for,  desire  ; 
be  favorable  to ;  pay  attention  to, 
apply  oneself  to,  pursue. 

studiose  [studiosus],  adv.,  eagerly, 
zealously,  anxiously. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um  [studium],  eager, 
zealous,  devoted  to,  fond  of ;  faith- 
ful to,  loyal  to. 

studium,  -i  [studeo],  n.,  eagerness, 
zeal,  enthusiasm  ;  pursuit,  occupa- 
tion, application,  study  ;  devotion, 
attachment,  loyalty  to  party. 

stulte  [stultus],  adv.,  foolishly. 

stultitia,  -ae  [stultus],  i.,  folly,  fool- 
ishness, stupidity. 

stultus,  -a,  -urn,  foolish,  stupid. 

stuprum,  -i,  n.,  vice,  debauchery. 

suadeo,  suadere,  suasi,  suasus,  ad- 
vise, urge  ;  convince,  persuade  ; 
advocate,  support. 

suavis,  -e  [suadeo],  sweet,  agreeable, 
pleasant. 

sub,  prep.,  (i)  w.  ace.,  under,  below, 
beneath  ;  (2)  w.  abl.,  under,  below, 
beneath ;  during,  within,  at  the 
time  of. 

subeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [sub  +  eo],  go 
under ;  undergo,  endure,  suffer, 
submit  to. 

subicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [sub  + 
iacio],  throw  under,  place  under  ; 
hand  up  :  apply,  set,  kindle,  light ; 
substitute,  forge. 


508 


VOCABULARY 


subiector,  -oris  [subiciS],  m.,  one 
who  substitutes,  forger. 

subigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus  [sub  + 
ag5],  subject,  subdue,  -vanquish. 

subito  [subitus],  adv.,  suddenly,  ail 
at  once,  of  a  sudden. 

subitus,  -a,  -urn  [part,  of  subeo], 
sudden,  unexpected. 

sublevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sub  + 
levo],  lift  up  ;  lighten,  lessen,  re- 
lieve, alleviate. 

suboles,  -is  [sub  +  -oleo,  grmv], 
f.,  sprout ;  offspring,  progeny. 

subsellium,  -I  [sub  +  sella],  n., 
bench,  seat. 

subsidium,  -i  [sub  +  sedeo],  n.,  re- 
serve, reinforcement;  relief,  aid, 
assistance,  support ;  source  of  sup- 
plies, resources. 

subside,  -sldere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [sub 
+  sldo,  sit  down\,  sit  down;  lie 
in  wait,  lie  in  ambush. 

substructio,  -onis  [substruo,  build 
beneath~\,  i.,  foundation. 

subsum,  -esse  [sub  +  sum],  be  un- 
der;  be  near, be  at  hand,  approach; 
be  concealed. 

succedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessus 
[sub  +  cedo],  go  under ;  follow, 
take  the  place  of,  succeed;  be  suc- 
cessful. 

succurro,  -currere,  -cum,  -cursus 
[sub  +  curro],  run  to  help,  aid, 
assist,  relieve,  succor. 

suffero,  sufferre,  sustuli,  sublatus 
[sub  -|-  fero],  submit  to,  endure, 
suffer,  bear. 

suffragatio,  -onis  [suffragor,  vote 
for~],  f.,  support,  recommendation. 

suffragator,  -oris  [suffragor,  vote 
for~\,  m.,  supporter,  partizan. 

suffragium,  -I  [suffragor,  vote  /or], 
n.,  ballot,  vote. 

sui,  reflex,  pron.,  himself,  herself, 
itself,  themselves  ;  him,  her,  it,  them. 


Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  Sulla,  a  family  name ; 
see  Cornelius. 

Sulpicius,  -i,  m.,  Sulpicius,  a  gen- 
tile name  :  (i)  C.  Sulpicius  Galba, 
praetor  in  63  B.C.,  see  p.  100,  1.  2 ; 
(2)  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  see  note 
on  p.  108, 1.  21. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  futures,  be,  exist; 
stay,  live ;  with  gen.,  belong  to, 
pertain  to,  be  characteristic  of,  be 
the  duty  of;  with  dat.,  belong  to, 
pertain  to  ;  serve  for,  be  regarded 
as. 

summa,  -ae  [summus],  f.,  summit, 
chief  place,  leadership,  supremacy  ; 
sum,  total,  aggregate  ;  main  point. 

summum  [summus],  adv.,  at  the 
most,  at  the  utmost. 

summus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  superus], 
highest ;  most  important,  supreme  : 
best,  most  excellent,  most  eminent : 
summa  hieme,  in  the  depth  of 
winter ;  summa  res  publica,  the 
highest  interests  of  the  state,  the 
supreme  public  ivelfare. 

sumo,  sumere,  sumpsi,  sumptus 
[sub  +  emo],  take,  assume ;  claim  : 
enter  upon,  begin ;  supplicium 
sumere  de,  iiiflict  punishment 
on. 

sumptuose  [sumptuosus],  adv.,  ex- 
pensively ;  extravagantly,  waste- 
fully. 

sumptuosus, -a, -um  [sfimptu- 

expensive;  extravagant,  wasteful. 

sumptus,  -us  [sumo],  m.,  expense, 
outlay,  cost;  extravagance. 

superbe  [superbus],  adv.,  haughtily, 
arrogantly,  insolently. 

superbus,  -a,  -um  [super,  over}, 
haughty,  arrogant,  insolent, 
proud. 

superior,  -ius  [comp.  of  superus], 
higher,  upper  ;  former,  previous  : 
better,  superior. 


VOCABULARY 


509 


supero,  -are,  avi,  -atus  [superus], 
overcome,  surpass,  outdo;  van- 
quish, subdue,  defeat. 

supersum,  -esse,  -fui  [super,  over  -f 
sum],  be  over  and  above,  survive, 
remain. 

superus,  -a,  -um  [super,  over], 
higher,  upper,  above. 

suppedito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sub  + 
pes],  supply  abundantly,  provide, 
furnish. 

suppeto,  -petere,  -petivl,  -petitus 
[sub  +  peto],  be  at  hand. 

supplex,  -icis  [sub  +  plico,  fold], 
adj.,  kneeling,  begging,  sup- 
pliant;  as  subst,  suppliant,  sup- 
plicant. 

supplicatid,  -onis  [supplico,  sup- 
plicate], f.,  supplication;  public 
th  a  nksgi~  'ing. 

supplicium,  -I  [supplex],  n.,  kneel- 
ing ;  punishment,  capital  pun- 
ishment, death-penalty ;  torture, 
torment ;  supplicium  sumere  de, 
inflict  punishment  on. 

supra  [superus],  adv.,  above, 

supremus,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  superus], 
highest :  final,  last. 

surgo,  surgere,  surrexi  [sub  +  rego], 
rise,  arise,  get  up. 

surripio,  -ripere,  -ripui,  -reptus 
[sub  +  rapio],  take  stealthily,  gain 
bv  treachery. 

suscenseS,  -censere,  -censui  [suc- 
cendo,  kindle],  be  incensed,  be 
angry. 

suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[subs-  =  sub  +  capio],  take  up, 
undertake,  begin;  assume,  incur; 
undergo,  suffer. 

suspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[sub  +  specie,  look],  look  askance 
at,  mistrust,  suspect. 

suspicio,  -onis  [suspicio],  f.,  mis- 
trust, suspicion. 


suspicor,  -ari,  -atus  [suspicio],  mis- 
trust, suspect. 

sustento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
sustine5],  hold  up,  support,  sus- 
tain; endure,  bear;  delay. 

sustineo,  -tinere,  -tinul,  -tentus 
[subs-  =  sub  +  teneo],  hold  up, 
sustain  ;  endure,  bear  ;  withstand, 
resist. 

suus,  -a,  -um  [sul],  of  oneself,  his 
own,  her  own,  its  own,  their  own  ; 
his,  her,  its,  their ;  as  subst.,  m. 
pi.,  one 's  friends  ;  one1  s  dear  ones, 
one's  people;  one's  men;  n.  pL, 
one's  property. 

symphoniacus,  -a,  -um  [<™/u0owa- 
«6s],  of  a  concert ;  pueri  sym- 
phoniaci,  singing-boys,  musi- 
cians. 

Syria,  -ae,  f.,  Syria,  a  country  of 
Asia  Minor,  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean. 


T.,  the  abbreviation  for  Titus, 
Titus,  a  praenomen. 

tabella,  -ae  [dim.  of  tabula],  f., 
tablet ;  pi.,  often  letter,  see  Introd., 
p.  45  ;  documents,  records. 

tabellarius,  -I  [tabella],  m.,  letter- 
carrier,  courier,  messenger. 

taberna,  -ae  [tabula],  f.,  shop. 

tabesco,  tabescere,  tabui  [inchoa- 
tive of  tabeS,  waste  away],  waste 
away,  languish. 

tabula, -ae,  f.,  board;  tablet,  writing- 
tablet ;  painting,  picture;  pi., 
record,  register,  memorandum,  ac- 
count, document ;  duodecim  tabu- 
lae, the  la-i>s  of  the  Twelve  Tables  ; 
tabulae  novae,  nnv  accounts,  can- 
cellation or  reduction  of  debts. 

tabularium,  -I  [tabula],  n.,  public 
I  registry,  record-office. 


5io 


VOCABULARY 


taceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  be  silent,  keep 
silent,  say  nothing. 

tacite  [tacitusj,  adv.,  silently,  in 
silence ;  tacitly. 

taciturnitas,  -atis  [taciturnus,  si- 
lent], f.,  silence. 

tacitus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  taceo], 
silent,  still,  quiet ;  tacit,  implied. 

taeter,  -tra,  -trum  [taedet,  it  dis- 
gusts'], offensive,  foul,  loathsome  ; 
shameful,  abominable. 

talaris,  -e  [talus,  ankle],  of  the  an- 
kles ;  reaching  to  the  ankles. 

tails,  -e,  such,  of  such  a  kind ;  tails 
.  .  .  quails,  such  .  .  .  as. 

tam,  adv.,  so,  so  much,  to  such  a  de- 
gree ;  tarn  .  .  .  quam,  so  much  .  .  . 
as,  so  ...  as ;  as  well  .  .  .  as. 

tamen  [tam],  adv.,  nei'ertheless,  how- 
ever, yet,  notwithstanding,  still. 

tametsi  [tam  +  etsl],conj.,  although, 
though  ;  and  yet. 

tamquam  [tam  +  quam],  adv.,  as 
much  as,  as,  just  as  ;  just  as  if. 

tandem  [tam],  adv.,  at  length,  at 
last,  in  the  end,  finally  ;  pray,  tell 
me;  tandem  aliquando,  now  at 
last. 

tango,  tangere,  tetigi,  tactus,  touch  ; 
border  on,  adjoin  ;  reach,  come  to, 
arrive  at ;  strike  ;  de  caelo  tactus, 
struck  by  lightning. 

tanto  [tantus],  adv.,  by  so  much,  so 
much;  quanto  .  .  .  tanto,  the 
more  .  .  .  the  more,  the  .  .  . 
the  ;  tanto  ante,  so  far  ahead. 

tantum  [tantus],  adv.,  so  much,  so 
greatly,  to  such  a  degree,  so  far  ; 
only,  merely,  Inn  ;  tantum  modo, 
only,  merely ;  tantum  .  .  .  quan- 
tum, as  much  .  .  .  as. 

tantus,  -a,  -um  [tam],  of  such  size, 
so  great,  so  much,  such  ;  so  impor- 
tant;  tanto  opere,  so  much,  so 
greatly. 


tarde  [tardus],  adv.,  slowly,  leis- 
urely;  late. 

tarditas,  -atis  [tardus],  f.,  slowness, 
delay. 

tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tardus], 
make  slow,  delay,  retard,  check, 
impede. 

tardus,  -a,  -um,  slow. 

Tarentinus,  -a,  -um,  Tarentine,  <>/' 
Tarentum,  a  Greek  city  in  south- 
ern Italy  ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the 
Tarentines. 

tectum,  -I  [part,  of  tego],  n.,  cov- 
ered structure,  shelter,  house, 
dwelling;  roof. 

tego,  tegere,  texi,  tectus,  cover; 
hide;  protect,  shelter,  secure, 
shield. 

telum, -1,  n.,  missile,  javelin,  spear; 
weapon. 

temere,  adv.,  by  chance,  blindly; 
rashly,  foolishly. 

temeritas,  -atis  [temere],  f.,  chance, 
accident;  rashness,  fool/tardiness, 
recklessness,  heedlessness. 

temperantia,  -ae  [temperans,  mod- 
erate], f.,  moderation,  self-restraint, 
self-control. 

tempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tempus], 
observe  proper  measure,  restrain 
oneself,  be  temperate;  control, 
moderate,  temper,  qualify.  • 

tempestas,  -atis  [tempus],  f.,  time, 
season,  period ;  bad  or  fair 
weather;  storm,  tempest;  mis- 
fortune, calamity. 

tempestivus,  -a,  -um  [tempestas], 
timely,  suitable,  opportune,  season- 
able ;  early. 

templum,  -i,  n.,  sanctuary,  temple, 
shrine. 

tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
tendo],  attempt,  try;  assail; 
tamper  with ;  agitate,  trouble, 
annoy. 


VOCABULARY 


511 


tempus,  -Oris,  n.,  time,  period,  sea- 
son ;  hour  of  need,  emergency, 
necessity,  need,  exigency  ;  circum- 
stances ;  ex  tempore,  extempo- 
raneously; id  temporis,  at  that 
time  :  punctum  temporis,  instant, 
moment. 

tendo,  tendere,  tetendi,  tentus 
[teneo],  hold  out,  stretch  out, 


tenebrae,   -arum,   f.   pi.,    darkness, 

gloom  ;  obscurity* 
Tenedos,  -i,   f.,    Tenedos,  a    small 

island  in  the  Aegean  Sea. 
teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  hold,  keep,  retain; 

hem     in  ;    hold,    possess,    occupy  ; 

understand,    comprehend,    know; 

memoria  tenere,  remember. 
tener,    -era,    -erum,  soft,    delicate, 

frail,  sensitive. 
tenuis,  -e,  thin  ;  weak,  insignificant, 

poor,  humble. 

ter  [tres],  adv.,  three  times,  thrice. 
Terentia,  -ae,  f.,  Terentia,  Cicero's 

first  wife;  see  note  on  p.  1  12,  1.  12. 
tergiversatio,     -onis      [tergiversor, 

turn  the  back\,  f.,  refusal  ;  subter- 

fuge, excuse,  blind. 
tergum,  -i,  n.,  back. 
tennino,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [terminus], 

limit,  set  bounds  to;  end,  bring  to  a 

close. 

terminus,  -i,  m.,  limit,  boundary. 
terra,  -ae,  f.,  earth,  ground,  land  ; 

country;    orbis    terrae    or   ter- 

rarum,  earth,  world  ;  terra  ma- 

rique,  on  land  and  sea. 
terreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  frighten,  ter- 

rify, alarm. 
terror,   -oris    [terreo],    m.,    fright, 

alarm,  great  fear. 
tertius,  -a,  -um  [ter],  third;  nudius 

tertius,  now  the  third  day,  i.e.  day 
before  yesterday. 
testamentum,  -i  [testor],  n.,  will. 


testimonium,  -i  [testis],  n.,  testi- 
mony, evidence,  proof. 

testis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  witness. 

testor,  -ari,  -atus  [testis],  call  as  a 
witness,  appeal  to,  invoke. 

tetrarches,  -ae  [Terpapx7?*],  m-» 
ruler  of  the  fourth  part  of  the  land, 
tetrarch  ;  prince. 

Teutoni,  -orum,  m.  pi.,  the  Teutones, 
a  people  of  northern  Germany. 

Themistocles,  -is,  m.,  Themistocles, 
an  Athenian  statesman  and  gen- 
eral ;  see  p.  158,  1.  33. 

Theophan.es,  -is,  m.,  Theophanes,  a 
Greek  historian  ;  see  note  on  p. 
161,  1.  i. 

Thessalomca,  -ae,  f.,  Thessalonica, 
a  city  of  Macedonia,  the  modern 
Saloniki. 

Thrax,  Thracis,  adj.,  Thradan,  of 
Thrace,  a  country  north  of  Greece; 
as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  the  Thracians. 

Ti.,  the  abbreviation  for  Tiberius, 
Tiberius,  a  praenomen. 

Tiberinus,  -a,  -um  [Tiberis],  of  the 
Tiber. 

Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  the  Tiber,  the  river 
on  which  Rome  is  situated. 

Tiberius,  -I,  m.,  Tiberius,  a  prae- 
nomen. 

Tigranes,  -is.  m.,  Tigranes,  a  king 
of  Armenia  ;  see  Introd.,  p.  30. 

timeo,  -ere,  -UI,  fear,  be  afraid  of, 
dread,  apprehend. 

timide  [timidus],  adv.,  fearfully, 
timidly ;  modestly. 

timiditas,  -atis  [timidus],  f.,  cow- 
ardice, apprehension,  alarm,  tim- 
idity. 

timidus,  -a,  -um  [timeo],  m.,  fear- 
ful, timid,  cautious,  cowardly. 

timor,  -oris  [timeo],  m.,fear,  dread, 
alarm,  apprehension. 

tiro,  -onis,  m.,  recruit. 

Titus,  -i,  m.,  Titus,  a  praenomen. 


5I2 


VOCABULARY 


toga,  -ae,  f.,  toga,  the  outer  garment 

of  Roman  men  in  civil  life, 
togatus,  -a,  -um  [toga],  wearing  the 

toga,  clad  in  the  toga  ;  in  civil  life, 

as  a  civilian. 

tolerabilis,  -e  [tolero],  bearable,  en- 
durable, tolerable. 
tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tollo],  bear, 

endure,  suffer. 
tollo,  tollere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  lift 

up,  raise ;  extol,  exalt ;  remove,  take 

away,  abolish,  put  aside ;  put  out 

of  the  ^vay,  destroy,  kill. 
Tongilius,  -I,  m.,  Tongiliiis,  one  of 

Catiline's  friends  ;   see  p.  85,  1.  14. 
tormentum,  -I  [torque5,  turn'],  n., 

instrument  of  torture,  rack  ;  tor- 
ture; anguish,  pain. 
Torquatus,    -I,    m.,    Torquatus,    a 

family  name  ;   see  Manlius. 
tortor,   -oris    [torqueS,   turn],   m., 

torturer. 

tot,  indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 
totiens  [tot],  adv.,  so  many  times, 

so  often ;   quotiens  .  .  .  totiens, 

as  often  .  .  .  as. 
totus,  -a,  -um,  all,   whole,   entire; 

wholly,  entirely. 
tracto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 

traho],  handle,  conduct,  manage; 

touch,  treat ;  tractari  in,  be  engaged 

in,  have  experience  in,  be  drawn 

into. 
trado,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [trans  -f- 

d5],  give  over,  turn  over,  deliver, 

surrender ;   hand  down,  narrate, 

teach. 
tragoedia,     -ae      [rpaytfUta],     f., 

tragedy;  commotion. 
traho,  trahere,  traxi,  tractus,  draw, 

drag,  carry  away  ;  protract,  delay  ; 

attract,  allure,  influence. 
tranquillitas,  -atis  [tranquillus],  f., 

stillness,  calmness,  quiet,  serenity, 

tranquillity. 


tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  still,  quiet, 
peaceful,  untroubled. 

trans,  prep.  w.  ace.,  across,  over;  on 
the  other  side  of,  beyond. 

Transalpinus,  -a,  -um,  beyond  the 
Alps,  Transalpine. 

transcendo,  -scendere,  -scendi 
[trans  +  scziulib^limb^^limbover, 
cross. 

transfers,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latus  [trans 
+  fer5],  bear  across,  transport, 
transfer. 

transigo,  -igere,  -egi,  -actus  [trans 
+  ag5],  carry  out,  bring  to  an 
end,  accomplish,  finish,  transact. 

transmarinus,  -a,  -um  [trans  + 
marlnus,  of  the  sea],  beyond  the 
sea,  transmarine. 

transmitto,  -mittere,  -misi,  -missus 
[trans  +  mitto],  send  across,  send 
over;  pass  over,  cross ;  intrust; 
devote. 

Trebatius,  -I,  m.,  Trebatius,  a  gen- 
tile name  :  C.  Trebatius  Testa  ; 
see  note  on  p.  259,  1.  3. 

tremo,  -ere,  -ui,  shake,  tremble, 
quiver. 

tres,  tria,  pi.  adj.,  three. 

tribunal,  -alis  [tribunus],  n.,  judg- 
ment-seat, tribunal. 

tribiinatus,  -us  [tribunus],  m.,  office 
of  a  tribune,  tribuneship. 

tribunus,  -i  [tribus],  m.,  tribttne  ; 
tribunus  militum,  military  trib- 
une;  tribunus  plebis,  tribune  of 
the  people,  see  Introd.,  p.  58. 

tribuS,  -uere,  -ui,  -utus  [tribus], 
assign,  allot,  bestow,  confer  ;  yield, 
grant ;  give,  show,  pay. 

tribus,  -us,  f.,  tribe. 

triduum,  -i  [tres  +  dies],  n., period 
of  three  days,  three  days. 

tristis,  -e,  sad,  sorrowful,  gloomy, 
dejected ;  stern,  severe. 

triumphs,    -are,    -avi,    -atus    [tri- 


VOCABULARY 


umphus],  celebrate  a  triumph,  tri- 
umph ;  exult,  rejoice. 

triumphus,  -l,  m.,  triumphal  pro- 
cession, triumph  ;  victory ;  trium- 
phum  agere,  celebrate  a  triumph. 

tropaeum,  -I  [rpbiratov],  n.,  memo- 
rial of  victory,  trophy. 

trucido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [trux,  fe- 
rocious], cut  to  pieces,  butcher, 
slaughter,  massacre. 

tu,  tui,  pers.  pron.,  thou,  you. 

tuba,  -ae,  f.,  trumpet. 

Tubero,  -onis,  m.,  Tubero,  a  family 
name;  see  Aelius. 

tueor,  tueri,  tutus,  look  at ;  protect, 
preserve,  maintain,  %uard,  defend. 

Tullia,  -ae  [Tullius],  f.,  Tullia, 
daughter  of  Cicero  and  Terentia; 
see  note  on  p.  112,  1.  12.  * 

Tulliola,  -ae  [dim.  of  Tullia],  f., 
little  Tullia,  dear  Tullia. 

Tullius,  -I,  m.,  Tullius,  a  gentile 
name  :  ( i )  M.  Tullius  Cicero,  see 
Introd.,  pp.  1-21 ;  (2)  M.  Tul- 
lius Cicero,  the  son  of  the  orator, 
see  note  on  p.  1 1 2, 1. 1 3 ;  (3)  Q.  Tul- 
lius Cicero,  the  orator's  brother, 
see  note  on  p.  112,  1.  9. 

Tullus,  -I,  m.,  Tullus,  a  family  name  : 
/.  I'olcatius  Tullus ;  see  note  on 
p.  76,  1.  i. 

turn,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time,  there- 
upon ;  cum  .  .  .  turn,  both  .  .  . 
and,  not  only  .  .  .  but  also ;  etiam 
turn,  even  at  that  time  ;  iam  turn, 
at  that  very  time,  even  then  ;  turn 
demum,  then  only,  not  till  then  ; 
turn  etiam,  then  too;  turn  pri- 
mum,  then  for  the  first  lime; 
turn  .  .  .  turn,  now  .  .  .  now. 

tumultus.  -us  [tumeo,  swell],  m., 
uproar,  disturbance,  tumult ;  up- 
rising, insurrection. 

tumulus,  -I  [tumeo,  swell],  m., 
mound,  hill;  tomb. 


tunica,  -ae,  f.,  under-garment,  shirt, 
tunic. 

turba,  -ae,  f.,  uproar,  disorder,  tur- 
moil;  throng,  crowd,  mob. 

turbulentus,  -a,  -um  [turba],  up- 
roarious, boisterous,  disorderly, 
noisy  ;  troublesome,  seditious,  tur- 
bulent. 

turma,  -ae,  f.,  troop,  squadron. 

turpis,  -e,  ugly,  repulsive  ;  disgrace- 
ful, shameful,  dishonorable,  un- 
becoming, unseemly. 

turpiter  [turpis],  adv.,  repulsively ; 
disgracefully,  dishonorably. 

turpitude,  -inis  [turpis],  f.,  dis- 
grace, dishonor,  shame,  baseness, 
infamy. 

Tusculanus,  -a,  -um,  Tusculan,  of 
Tusculum,  an  ancient  town  of 
Latium;  as  subst.,  n.,  Tusculan 
villa,  see  note  on  p.  262, 1.  u. 

tuto  [tutus],  adv.,  safely,  securely, 
in  safety. 

tutor,  -an,  -atus  [freq.  of  tueor], 
watch,  guard,  protect,  defend. 

tutus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  tueor], 
guarded,  safe,  secure. 

tuus,  -a,  -um  [tui] ,  thy,  thine,  your, 
yours;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  your 
friends,  your  kinsmen,  your 
countrymen. 

tyrannus,  -i  \jvpa.vvos],  m.,  mon- 
arch, tyrant. 


uber,  -eris,  n.,  udder,  dug. 

ubertas,  -atis  [fiber,  rich],  f.,  rich- 
ness, fertility,  productiveness. 

ubi  [for  cubi  from  quis  and  quT], 
(i)  adv.,  in  which  place,  where; 
wherein,  wherewith;  (2)  conj., 
when,  whenever. 

ubinam  [ubi  +  nam],  adv.,  where, 
pray  ?  where  ?  ubinam  gentium, 
where  in  the  world? 


5M- 


VOCABULARY 


ubique    [ubi  +  -que],  adv.,   every- 

where, anywhere. 
ulciscor,  ulcisci,  ultus,  avenge  one- 

self on,  punish  ;  revenge  oneself  for, 

avenge. 
ullus,  -a,  -um  [for  unilus,  dim.  of 

unus],  any. 
ulterior,  -ius  [comp.  from  ultra,  on 

the  other  side],  farther. 
ultimas,  -a,  -um  [sup.  of  ulterior], 

farthest,  most  distant,  fur  ttier  most, 

last. 
ultor,  -oris  [ulciscor],  m.,  avenger, 

punisher. 
ultro    [ille],    adv.,  beyond;   besides, 

moreover;    voluntarily,   of  one's 

own  accord,  without  provocation. 
Umbrenus,  -I,  m.,  Umbrenus,  a  fam- 

ily  name  :     P.     Umbrenus  ;    see 

p.  103,  1.  21. 
umerus,  -I,  m.,  shoulder. 
umquam    [for     cum-quam],     adv., 

ever,  at  any  time. 
una    [unus],    adv.,   together,   at  the 

same  time,  along  with. 
unde  [for  cunde  from  quis  and  quT], 

adv.,    whence,  from   which,  from 

what  source,  from  whom. 
undecimus,  -a,  -um   [unus  +  deci- 

mus],  eleventh. 
undequinquagesimus,  -a,  -um  [un- 


ninth. 
undique  [unde  +  -que],  adv.,  from 

or  on  all  sides,  from  everywhere. 
unguentum,  -I  [unguo,  smear],  n., 

ointment,  perfume. 
unice  [iinicus,  remarkable],  adv.,  re- 

markably, extraordinarily,  singu- 

larly. 
universus,  -a,  -um  [unus  -f  vertn], 

whole,   entire,    universal,  wit/tout 

exception  ;  on  the  whole. 
unus,  -a,  -um,  one;    alone,   single, 

only  ;  una  voce,  unanimously. 


urbanus,  -a,  -um  [urbs],  of  the  city, 
in  the  city;  praetor  urbanus, 
praetor  urbanus,  see  Introd.,  p.  57. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city  ;  the  city  (Rome) ; 
post  urbem  conditam,  since  the 
founding  of  ttie  city. 

urgeo,  urgere,  ursi,  force, press,  urge, 
be  urgent ;  press  down,  oppress. 

usitatus,  -a,  -um  [part,  of  lisitor, 
use  often},  usual,  wonted,  custom- 
ary, familiar. 

usquam,  adv.,  anywhere,  in  any 
place. 

usque,  adv.,  all  the  way,  without  in- 
terruption, continuously,  even  ;  all 
the  time,  continually  ;  as  far  as,  up 
to;  quo  usque,  how  far?  how 
long?  usque  adeo,  even  so  far. 

iistor,  -oris  [uro,  burn~\,  m.,  burner ; 
corpse-burner. 

usura,  -ae  [utor],  f.,  use,  enjoy- 
ment; interest,  usury. 

usurpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [Gsus  + 
rapio],  use,  make  use  of,  employ, 
adopt ;  speak  of. 

USUS,  -US  [utor],  m.,  use;  experience, 
practice;  advantage,  benefit, profit; 
need. 

ut  or  utl  [for  cuti  from  quis  and 
quT],  (l)  z.&v.,how?  in  what  way? 
as;  (2)  conj.,  as  soon  as,  when; 
that,  so  that,  in  order  that;  after 
expressions  of  fear,  that  .  .  .  not, 
lest  .  .  .  not ;  ut  primum,  as 
soon  as. 

uter,  utra,  utrum  [for  cuter  from 
quis],  interrog.  pron.,  which  of 
the  tivo?  which? 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque  [uter 
-f  -que],  each  (of  two),  either, 
both. 

utl,  see  ut. 

Utica,  -ae,  f.,  Utica,  a  town  in  north- 
ern Africa  ;  see  p.  232,  1.  26. 

utilis,  -€    [utor],    useful,  beneficial, 


VOCABULARY 


515 


profitable,  advantageous,  expedi- 
ent. 

utilitas,  -atis  [utilis],  f.,  usefulness, 
advantage;  expediency,  benefit, 
profit. 

utinam  [uti  -f  nam],  adv.,  oh  that, 
would  that,  I  wish  that. 

utor,  uti,  usus,  use,  employ ;  enjoy, 
experience ;  exercise,  practise, 
a- 'ail  oneself  of,  take  advantage 
of;  find. 

utrum  [uter],  interrog.  adv.,  whetfier. 

uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife. 


vacillo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  stagger, 
totter. 

vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  be  empty,  be 
vacant;  be  free  from  ;  have  leis- 
ure, be  idle. 

vacuefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -factus 
[vacuus  +  facio],  make  empty, 
make  -vacant,  vacate. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um  [vaco],  empty,  de- 
serted; free  from,  destitute  of. 

vadimonium,  -I  [vas,  bail],  n.,  bail, 
security,  recognizance ;  vadimo- 
nium deserere,  forfeit  one's  bail. 

vagina,  -ae,  f.,  scabbard,  sheath. 

vagor,  -ari,  -atus  [vagus],  wander, 
stroll  about ;  spread  abroad,  be 
diffused. 

vagus,  -a,  -um,  wandering,  unset- 
tled; fickle. 

valde  [for  valide,  strongly],  adv., 
strongly,  very  much,  thoroughly. 

valens,  -entis  [part,  of  valeo],  adj., 
strong,  vigorous  :  influential. 

valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  be  strong, 
le  powerful;  be  -i'ell :  have  weight 
or  influence;  prosper;  prevail; 
vale  or  valete,  farr^ell. 

Valerius,  -l,  m.,  Valerius,  a  gentile 
name:  (l)  L.  Valerius  Flaccus, 


see  note  on  p.  98,  1.  21 ;  (2)  L. 
Valerius  Flaccus,  see  note  on  p. 
70,  1.  7;  (3)  P.  Valerius,  a  friend 
of  Cicero,  see  p.  249, 1.  2  ;  as  adj., 
Valerius,  -a,  -um,  of  Valerius,  see 
note  on  p.  249,  1.  3. 

valetudo,  -inis  [valeo],  f.,  health, 
state  of  health  (good  or  bad) ;  ill- 
health. 

vallo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vallum, 
rampart],  fortify  with  a  rampart, 
surround  with  a  wall;  defend, 
protect. 

varietas,  -atis  [varius],  f.,  variety, 
difference,  diversity ;  -vicissitude, 
change. 

vario,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [varius], 
change,  alter ;  pass.,  be  at  vari- 
ance, differ. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  changing,  varying, 
•varied,  diverse. 

Varius,  -I,  m.,  Varius,  a  gentile 
name  :  P.  Varius,  a  juror  in  the 
trial  of  Milo  ;  see  p.  190,  1.  22. 

Varus,  -l,  m.,  Varus,  a  family  name : 
P.  Attius  Varus ;  see  note  on  p. 
232,  1.  26. 

vastatio,  -6nis  [vasto],  f.,  devasta- 
tion, laying  waste,  ruin. 

vastitas,  -atis  [vastus,  empty],  f., 
devastation,  desolation. 

vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vastus, 
empty"],  devastate,  lay  waste,  ravage. 

vates,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  soothsayer,  seer. 

-VC,  enclitic  conj.,  or;  -ve  .  .  .  -VC, 
either  .  .  .  or. 

vectigal,  -alis  [veho],  n.,  tax,  reve- 
nue:  vectlgalia  exercere,  farm 
the  re^'enues. 

vectigalis,  -e  [vectigal],  of  taxes,  of 
revenue ;  as  subst.,  m.  pi.,  tribu- 
taries. 

vehemens,  -entis,  adj.,  violent,  im- 
petuous, fierce,  furious;  eager; 
vigorous,  forcible. 


5i6 


VOCABULARY 


vehementer  [vehemens],  adv.,  vio- 
lently, bitterly,  fiercely;  eagerly, 
earnestly  ;  exceedingly,  very  much ; 
vehementer  errare,  make  a  great 
mistake. 

vehiculum,  -I  [veho],  n.,  carriage, 
vehicle. 

veho,  vehere,  vexl,  vectus,  bear, 
carry ;  pass.,  ride,  sail. 

vel  [volo],  (i)  conj.,  or  if  you 
•wish,  or  at  least,  or  else,  or ;  vel 
.  .  .  vel,  either  .  .  .  or;  (2)  adv., 
or  even,  indeed,  even,  certainly. 

velum,  -I  [for  vexlum  from  veho], 
n.,  sail ;  veil. 

vena,  -ae,  f.,  blood-vessel,  vein, 
artery. 

vendo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditus  [venum, 
sale  +  -do,  put},  put  up  for  sale, 
sell. 

veneficus,  -a,  -um  [venenum  + 
facio],  poisonous;  as  subst.,  m., 
poisoner. 

venenum,  -I,  n.,  drug,  poison. 

veneo,  -ire,  -ii  [venum,  sale  +  e5], 
go  to  sale,  be  sold. 

veneror,  -an,  -atus  [venus,  loveli- 
ness^ ,  worship,  reverence  ;  implore, 
supplicate. 

venia,  -ae,  f.,  kindness,  favor,  indul- 
gence, liberty;  forbearance,  for- 
giveness, pardon. 

venio,  venire,  vem,  ventus,  come ; 
arrive. 

ventus,  -I,  m.,  wind. 

Venusinus,  -a,  -um,  Venusian,  of 
Venusia,  a  town  in  Apulia;  as 
subst.,  n.,  Venusian  villa. 

venustas,  -atis  [venus,  loveliness'],  f., 
loveliness,  charm, grace,  attractive- 
ness, beauty. 

ver,  veris,  n.,  spring. 

(verber),  -eris,  n.,  lash,  whip;  pi., 
blows,  scourging,  flogging. 

verbum,  -I,  n.,  word. 


vere  [verus],  adv.,  truly,  truthfully, 
in  truth,  in  fact ;  rightly,  justly. 

verecundia,  -ae  [verecundus, 
modest  ~\,  f.,  modesty,  shamefaced- 
ness,  timidity. 

vereor,  -eri,  -itus,  reverence,  respect; 
fear,  be  afraid  of. 

veritas,  -atis  [verus], f.,  truth,  truth- 
fulness. 

vero  [verus],  adv.,  in  truth,  indeed, 
truly,  surely;  however,  but:  an 
vero,  or  indeed ;  at  vero,  but 
assuredly;  enim  vero,  yes  in- 
deed, assuredly;  iam  vero,  now 
fitrthermore,  then  again ;  immo 
vero,  indeed  on  the  contrary,  nay 
rather,  nay  even ;  yes  indeed ; 
nisi  vero,  unless  indeed,  unless 
perhaps. 

versiculus,  -I  [dim.  of  versus], 
m.,  little  line,  short  line,  mere 
line. 

verso,  -are,  -avl,  -atus  [freq.  of 
verto],  turn  often;  carry  on, 
wage ;  pass.,  be,  dwell,  live,  exist, 
appear;  engage,  busy  oneself. 

versus, -us  [verto],  m.,  line,  verse. 

verto,  vertere,  verti,  versus,  turn. 

verum  [verus],  conj.,  but  in  truth, 
but  yet,  however,  but. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  true,  real,  genuine, 
actual;  as  subst.,  n.,  truth;  re 
vera,  in  reality,  in  fact. 

vesper,  -eri  or  -eris  [eWepos] ,  m., 
or  vespera,  -ae,  f.,  evening;  ad 
vesperam,  by  evening;  vesperi, 
in  the  evening. 

Vesta,  -ae,  f.,  Vesta,  the  goddess  of 
the  hearth  and  the  household. 

Vestalis, -e  [Vesta], of  Vesta, vestal; 
Vestalis  virgo,  vestal  virgin, 
priestess  of  Vesta,  see  note  on 
p.  100,  1.  24. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum  [vos],  your, 
yours. 


VOCABULARY 


51? 


vestibulum,  -I,  n.,  vestibulum,  court ; 
see  note  on  p.  191,  1.  4. 

vestigium,  -i  [vestlgo,  trace  out],  n., 
trace,  track ;  footstep,  step ;  pi., 
remains,  ruins. 

vestimentum,  -i  [vestis],  n.,  cloth- 
ing, garment,  dress. 

vestis,  -is,  f.,  clothing,  clothes,  dress. 

vestitus,  -us  [vestio,  clothe],  m., 
clothing,  dress,  apparel,  garb,  gar- 
ments. 

veteranus,  -a,  -um  [vetus],  old; 
veteran. 

veto,  -are,  -ui,  -tica*,  forbid,  prohibit. 

vetus,  -eris,  adj.,  old ;  ancient,  of 
former  times,  former. 

vetustas,  -atis  [vetus],  f.,  old  age, 
age,  antiquity,  long  existence; 
future  age,  posterity. 

vexatio,  -onis  [vexo],  f.,  troubling, 
persecution,  outrage. 

vexator,  -oris  [vexo],  m.,  disturber, 
opposer. 

vexo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [freq.  of 
veho],  trouble,  annoy,  disturb, 
harass ;  harry,  devastate,  ravage. 

via,  -ae,  f.,  way,  road,  path,  street ; 
journey  ;  course. 

viator,  -oris  [via],  m.,  traveler. 

Vibienus,  -i,  m.,  Vibienus,  a  family 
name  :  C.  Vibienus;  see  p.  1 78, 1.  5. 

vibro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  brandish, 
wield. 

vicesimus,  -a,  -um  [vlgintl],  twen- 
tieth. 

vicinus,  -a,  -um  [vlcus],  near,  neigh- 
boring ;  as  subst.,  m.,  neighbor. 

vicissim  [vicis,  change],  adv.,  on 
the  other  hand,  in  turn,  by  turns. 

vicissitude,  -inis  [vicissim],  f., 
change,  succession,  vicissitude. 

victima,  -ae  [vinco],  f.,  sacrifice, 
victim. 

victor, -oris  [vinco],  m.,  conqueror, 
victor  ;  as  adj.,  victorious. 


victoria,  -ae  [victor],  f.,  victory, 
success. 

victrix,  -icis  [victor],  f.,  she  that 
conquers,  conquer  ess ;  as  adj.,  vic- 
torious. 

victus,  -us  [vivo],  m.,  sustenance, 
living  ;  provisions,  food ;  manner 
of  living. 

vicus,  -i,  m.,  street,  quarter,  ward ; 
village,  hamlet ;  country-seat,  villa. 

videlicet  [forvidere  licet],  adv.,  one 
may  see,  it  is  evident,  clearly, 
doubtless,  naturally, certainly  ;  for- 
sooth, I  suppose. 

video,  videre,  vidi,  visus,  see,  dis- 
cern, notice,  perceive  ;  understand, 
comprehend ;  see  to  it,  look  out, 
provide  ;  pass.,  often  seem,  appear  ; 
seem  best. 

vigeo,  -ere,  -ui,  thrive,  flourish,  be 
vigorous,  live. 

vigilans,  -antis  [part,  of  vigilo], 
adj.,  wide-awake,  watchful,  vigi- 
lant, active. 

vigilia,  -ae  [vigil,  awake] ,  f.,  wake- 
fulness,  watching ;  pi.,  watchmen, 
sentinels,  guard,  watch. 

vigilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vigil, 
awake],  be  or  keep  awake,  u>atch  ; 
be  watchful,  be  vigilant,  look  out, 
be  on  one's  guard. 

viginti,  indecl.  adj.,  hoenty. 

vflis,  -e,  cheap  ;  worthless. 

vilitas,  -atis  [vilis],  f.,  cheapness, 
low  price. 

villa,  -ae,  f.,  country-house,  farm- 
house, villa. 

vincio,  vincire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  bind, 
put  in  chains  ;  bind  up,  restrain. 

vinco,  vincere,  vici,  victus,  conquer, 
overcome,  vanquish;  surpass ;  out- 
weigh, prevail  over. 

vinculum,  -I  [vinciS],  n.,  bond,  tie ; 
pi.,  bonds,  chains;  prison,  im- 
prisonment. 


5i8 


VOCABULARY 


vindex,  -icis  [vis  +  dlco],  m.  and  f., 
claimant;  defender,  protector; 
avenger. 

vindiciae,  -arum  [vindex],  f.  pi., 
legal  claim,  suit;  see  note  on 
p.  190,  1.  20. 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vindex], 
claim,  claim  as  one's  own  ;  deliver, 
save,  liberate  ;  avenge,  punish. 

Vinum,  -I,  n.,  wine. 

violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vis],  treat 
with  violence,  harm,  wrong,  vio- 
late, outrage  ;  profane,  desecrate. 

vir,  viri,  m.,  man  ;  husband. 

vires,  pi.  of  vis. 

virgo,  -inis,  f.,  maiden,  virgin. 

virtus,  -utis  [vir],  f.,  manhood, 
valor,  courage ;  merit,  worth, 
excellence,  virtue. 

vis,  vis,  f.,  strength,  force,  might, 
energy,  power ;  violence  ;  quan- 
tity ;  significance,  meaning;  pi., 
Vires,  -ium,  strength;  vim  ad- 
ferre,  use  force;  vim  et  manus 
inferre,  lay  violent  hands  upon. 

viscera,  -um,  n.  pi.,  entrails,  vitals. 

viso,  visere,  visi,  visus  [freq.  of 
videS],  look  at  attentively,  view ; 
go  to  see,  visit. 

vita,  -ae  [for  vlvita  from  vivo],  f., 
life,  existence. 

vitium,  -I,  n.,  fault,  vice,  sin,  crime. 

vito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  avoid,  shun, 
evade,  escape  from. 

vituperatio,  -6nis  [vitupero,  blame'}, 
f.,  blame,  censure,  reproach. 

vivo,  vivere,  vixi,  victus,  live,  be 
alive. 

vivus,  -a,  -um  [vivo],  alive,  living. 

vix,  adv.,  with  difficulty,  scarcely, 
barely,  hardly. 

vixdum  [vix  +  dum],  adv.,  scarcely 
yet,  barely,  but  just,  scarcely. 


voc5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vox"],  call, 
summon  ;  invite  ;  invoke,  call  upon. 

volito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [void,  fly}, 
flit  about,  hover  about. 

VOlo,  velle,  volui,  wish,  be  willing, 
desire,  be  anxious;  will,  design, 
plan,  propose  ;  mean. 

Volturcius,  -I,  m.,  Volturcius,  a 
name:  T.  Volturcius;  see  note  on 
p.  98,  1.  16. 

volubilis,  -e  [volvo],  turning, 
changeable,  fickle,  inconstant. 

Volumnia,  -ae,  f.,  Volumnia ;  see 
note  on  p.  259,  1.  9. 

voluntarius,  -a,  -um  [voluntas], 
willing,  voluntary. 

voluntas,  -atis  [vol5],  {.,  wish,  will, 
desire,  inclination,  disposition,  con- 
sent; good  will,  favor;  aim,  pur- 
pose. 

voluptas,  -atis  [volo],  f.,  satisfac- 
tion, enjoyment,  pleasure,  delight. 

vos,  pi.  of  tu. 

vosmet,  see  -met. 

votum,  -i  [part,  of  voveo,  vow~],  n., 
vow,  prayer  ;  votum  facere,  offer 
a  prayer. 

v5x,  vocis,  f.,  voice,  utterance,  ex- 
pression ;  word,  saying;  una 
VOCe,  unanimously. 

vulgaris,  -e  [vulgus],  ordinary, 
common,  vulgar. 

vulgo  [vulgus],  adv.,  generally,  pub- 
licly, commonly,  everywhere. 

vulgus,  -i,  n.,  mass,  crowd,  multi- 
tude. 

vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vulnus], 
wound ;  injure,  hurt,  harm. 

vulnus,  -eris,  n.,  wound;  injury, 
hurt. 

vultus,  -us,  m.,  countenance,  looks, 
face,  expression;  air,  mien,  ap- 
pearance. 


MACMILLAN'S   LATIN   SERIES 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS— Twenty  Lives 

Edited  by  J.  E.  BARSS,  Latin  Master  in  The  Hotchkiss  School,  Lake- 
ville,  Conn. 

Cloth       xiv  +  316  pp.       Maps  and  Illustrations       Price  go  cents 

The  aim  of  this  book  is  to  provide  a  good  working  edition  of  Nepos. 
The  first  twelve  Lives  with  the  Praefatio  and  the  Life  of  Epaminondas  are 
edited  with  full  commentary.  The  remaining  seven  Lives  are  edited  with 
foot-notes  for  more  rapid  reading  or  for  sight-reading.  The  vocabulary 
covers  both  divisions  of  the  text.  Thete  are  exercises  in  writing  Latin 
based  on  the  text,  and  simple  word-groups  for  the  study  of  word-formation. 
References  are  given  to  the  grammars  of  Allen  and  Greenough,  Bennett, 
Gildersleeve  and  Lodge,  Harkness,  and  Lane  and  Morgan. 


THE  POEMS  OF  OVID  —  Selections 

Edited  by  CHARLES  WESLEY  BAIN,  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  in 
South  Carolina  College,  and  recently  Head-master  of  the  Sewanee 
Grammar  School  of  the  University  of  the  South. 

Cloth  xiv +  461  pp.  Illustrations  Price  $1.10 

This  edition,  intended  primarily  for  the  use  of  schools,  consists  of  about 
three  thousand  verses  with  a  complete  commentary  and  about  one  thou- 
sand verses  for  rapid  reading,  with  brief  notes  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 
In  the  belief  that  the  Metamorphoses  are  best  adapted  for  an  introduction 
to  Latin  verse,  the  selections  therefrom,  which  form  the  greater  part  of 
the  book,  are  put  first,  and  aie  more  fully  annotated  than  the  selections 
from  the  other  writings.  The  notes  are  concise  and  as  few  as  possible  for 
elucidating  knotty  points.  Help  is  given  not  merely  in  explanation  of 
grammatical  matters,  but  also  in  the  interpretation  of  the  myths,  while 
special  attention  is  called  to  the  force  of  the  Latin  word-order,  and  fre- 
quent aid  is  given  for  making  a  correct  and  fluent  English  rendering.  As 
aids  to  the  study  of  verse,  a  brief  summary  of  the  general  laws  of  prosody 
is  given  in  the  introduction,  together  with  copious  exercises,  and  all  long 
vowels  are  indicated  in  the  earlier  selections. 


MACMILLAN'S  LATIN  SERIES 


COMMENTS 

"The  series  is  well  planned.  The  Nepos  of  Mr.  Barss  sets  a  high 
scholarly  mark." 

J.  P.  GUSHING,  Head-master,  Hillhouse  High  School, 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

"  I  am  sure  it  [Barss'  Nepos]  will  rouse  high  anticipations  for  the  use- 
fulness of  your  Latin  Series.  It  is  truly  not  'over-edited,'  —  a  most  ex- 
cellent feature  in  a  school  text-book,  —  and  it  contains  many  things  which 
will  assist  the  teacher  in  making  a  student  think  for  himself;  and  this, 
after  all,  is  the  great  object  of  all  our  teaching." 

CARLETON  L.  BROWNSON,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

"  We  have  used  the  Nepos  of  the  same  series  and  found  it  most  satis- 
factory, and  are  greatly  interested  in  the  other  publications.  The  Ovid 
seems  likely  to  reach  the  standard  of  excellence  set  by  the  Nepos.  We 
are  pleased  again  to  notice  that  the  illustrations  are  not  merely  attractive, 
but  really  throw  some  light  on  the  text.  The  Introduction  on  metre  is 
very  clear,  and  will  be  helpful  to  the  students." 

SUSAN  BRALEY  FRANKLIN,  Miss  Baldwin's  School,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 

"  We  have  used  it  [Barss'  Nepos]  in  connection  with  that  imperfect 
edition  to  which  I  referred  before,  and  so  far  find  nothing  lacking  in  notes 
or  vocabulary.  In  every  respect  it  seems  to  be  an  excellent  edition,  one 
which  we  shall  be  likely  to  use  in  the  future." 

JOHN  HYDE  PECK,  Principal  of  High  School,  West  Hartford,  Conn. 

"  It  seems  to  me  edited  with  good  judgment,  and  it  ought  to  prove  a 
useful  and  popular  book.  I  shall  be  glad  if  it  encourages  teachers  to  read 
Ovid  more  with  their  classes." 

WILLIAM  C.  COLLAR,  Roxbury  Latin  School,  Boston,  Mass. 

"This  book  [Bain's  Ovid],  like  the  Nepos  of  the  Macmillan  Latin  Series, 
seems  to  me  very  satisfactory.  1  waited  for  it  some  time  last  spring,  and 
shall  now  introduce  it  with  great  pleasure  in  my  classes." 

JOHN  C.  Fi.oui).  St.  Marks.  School,  Southboro,  Mass. 

"The  examination  of  it  [Bain's  Ovid]  has  given  me  unusual  pleasure, 
for  not  only  is  the  book  a  delight  to  the  eye,  but  is  well  edited  too.  It  is 
the  most  attractive  edition  of  Ovid  with  which  I  am  acquainted." 

WILLIAM  K.  DENNISON,  Professor  of  Latin,  Tufts  College,  Mass. 


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